Personality Traits Of Managers at

Different Level Of Management

Principles Of Organisational Behaviour
PSDA 2

Khwaish - Saksham - Paras. - Amritansh - Gaurang

 WHAT IS PERSONALITY?

Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic

patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of
personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding
individual differences in particular personality characteristics,
such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how
the various parts of a person come together as a whole.

Many clinical techniques for counseling and therapy have evolved

out of the need to establish helping strategies based on personality
theories. Following theories has been used in the project:
 BIG 5 PERSONALITY MODEL
The Big Five Model, also known as the Five-Factor Model, is the
most widely accepted personality theory held by psychologists
today. The theory states that personality can be boiled down to five
core factors, known by the acronym CANOE or OCEAN.

• Openness - People who like to learn new things and enjoy new
experiences usually score high in openness. Openness includes
traits like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide
variety of interests.
• Conscientiousness - People that have a high degree of
conscientiousness are reliable and prompt. Traits include being
organized, methodic, and thorough.

• Extraversion - Extraverts get their energy from interacting with

others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves.
Extraversion includes the traits of energetic, talkative, and
assertive.

• Agreeableness - These individuals are friendly, cooperative, and

compassionate. People with low agreeableness may be more
distant. Traits include being kind, affectionate, and sympathetic.

• Neuroticism - Neuroticism is also sometimes called Emotional

Stability. This dimension relates to one’s emotional stability and
degree of negative emotions. People that score high on
neuroticism often experience emotional instability and negative
emotions. Traits include being moody and tense.
 Myers Briggs Traits Indicator
The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a self-report inventory designed to
identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences. Isabel Myers and her
mother Katherine Briggs based on their work with Carl Jung’s theory of personality
types developed the questionnaire. Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the most
widely used psychological instruments in the world.. The questionnaire itself is made
up of four different scales.

Extraversion and Introversion - The first pair of styles is concerned with the
direction of your energy. If you prefer to direct your energy to deal with people,
things, situations, or "the outer world", then your preference is for
Extraversion. If you prefer to direct your energy to deal with ideas,
information, explanations or beliefs, or "the inner world", then your preference
is for Introversion.

Sensing and Intuition - The second pair concerns the type of information/
things that you process. If you prefer to deal with facts, what you know, to have
clarity, or to describe what you see, then your preference is for Sensing. If you
prefer to deal with ideas, look into the unknown, to generate new possibilities
or to anticipate what isn't obvious, then your preference is for Intuition. The
letter N is used for intuition because I has already been allocated to
Introversion.

Thinking and Feeling - The third pair reflects your style of decision-making.
If you prefer to decide on the basis of objective logic, using an analytic and
detached approach, then your preference is for Thinking. If you prefer to decide
using values - i.e. on the basis of what or who you believe is important - then
your preference is for Feeling.

Judgment and Perception - The final pair describes the type of lifestyle you
adopt. If you prefer your life to be plannedand well-structured then your
preference is for Judging. This is not to be confused with 'Judgmental', which is
quite different. If you prefer to go with the flow, to maintain flexibility and
respond to things as they arise, then your preference is for Perception.
 CATTELL’S MODEL
Raymond Cattell analyzed Allport's list and whittled it down to 171
characteristics, mostly by eliminating terms that were redundant or
uncommon. He then used a statistical technique known as factor
analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. With this
method, he was able to whittle his list to 16 key personality factors.

The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive

terms used for each of the 16 personality dimensions described by
Cattell.
1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
4. Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
6. Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
10.Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
11.Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
12.Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
13.Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
14.Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
15.Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
16.Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
 THE CATERING COMPANY
COMPANY PROFILE

The catering company evolves out of a rich experience of quality food

catering in Gurgaon, Delhi, steered by management professionals with a
preferred focus on service excellence and render credible services to our
customers.

They have witnessed continuous grown in diverse areas of catering service

in gurgaon, Delhi & Noida that attracted angel investors along the way that is
helping the organisation to formally expand in a diverse area with the launch
of “THE CATERING COMPANY” focussed on following verticals:
Backed by a world-class multi-cuisine menu, offerings of International Salads
and Soups, International offerings we aim to provide an edge and commit
excellence in services to the delight of our customers, following are the
verticals:
Home Party Caterers In Gurgaon
Corporate Catering Services In Gurgaon
Corporate bulk catering
Hospitals Catering
con Institutional Catering
Corporate Thalis
Pre / Post marriage functions catering
No Onion No garlic Catering
 TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT
Catering managers are supposed to maintain their brand image and are
responsible for monitoring the quality of the food and service and for making
sure that their outlets perform well.They make sure the middle management
lead teams of chefs and catering assistants. The most important part of the
job is achieving good quality within a budget and maintaining high standards
of hygiene and customer satisfaction.
 CATTELL’S MODEL
It shows that top level managers are very confident and self reliant.They don’t
depend on others for decisions or policy formulation.They are also practical
and take decisions logically by assessing the whole situation properly.However,
they don’t usually consider the ideas or concerns of their employees working in
levels below them as they believe that middle level managers would take care
of that.So, they focus on more important activities but they do take care of the
employee’s issues and give proper training and guidance

o BIG FIVE MODEL

Openness: They are very open as they have to manage the managers
under them occasionally ,so they have to interact

Conscientiousness : They have this trait as well as they have to plan

ahead for the the future and constantly make plans for the organisation

Extraversion : They do not have much of this trait as they maybe

friendly but they have to maintain a professional barrier between them
and the mangers.

Neuroticism: They do not posses this skill because they cannot be

stressed as they represent the top level and if they do not act
professionally the organization does not function.

By giving a rating to all the factors from 0-5 we can tell about their
personality

1.Openness- 3

2.Conscietiousness- 5

3.Extroversion- 4

4.Agreeableness- 3

5 Neuroticism- 4
 MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT
Middle management is the intermediate leadership level of a hierarchical
organization, being subordinate to the senior management but above the lowest
levels of operational staff. For example, operational supervisors may be
considered middle management. Their main duty is to supervise the work of the
lower management and report all the happenings of the company to the top
management.
 CATTELL’S MODEL
This shows that middle level managers are more sensitive to their employees and are
always ready to listen to them even when taking decisions.They don’t have trust
issues and believe in their subordinates.However, they remain more stressed than the
top level managers considering the work and hence are not much spontaneous. They
are more flexible to change within the organization. They tend to follow the policies
religiously and hence are high in perfectionism

o BIG FIVE MODEL

Openness : Your desire for new knowledge and experience, the appreciation
of others work and creativity.
Conscientiousness : How much they take care of their staff and how hard they
work for the best results. Managers must possess high conscientiousness or
take firm action to develop it further—otherwise, no one will trust them to get
things done.
Extraversion : How sociable and comfortable managers are with their
employees Many modern workplaces favor a fast, team-oriented, extraverted
approach. Introverts should adapt to this or find situations and roles that better
suit the way they prefer to work.
Agreeableness :Their friendliness and kindness to others. Agreeable people are
often easier to work with.
Neuroticism : How volatile they are and how well they are in control of their
emotions. People with high neuroticism are unsettling to work with,
particularly in high-stress work environments.

By giving a rating to all the factors from 0-5 we can tell about their personality
1.Openness- 3
2.Conscietiousness- 4
3.Extroversion- 2
4 Agreeableness- 4
5 Neuroticism- 3
 LOWER LEVEL MANAGEMENT
They handle all aspects of the day-to-day work of a catering business. The job
entails everything from interacting with clients, to preparing menus, to
overseeing the presentation and serving the food.
 MBTI MODEL
They are more organized and make decision quickly without much
brainstorming.They strive to finish their work and achieve targets
quickly.However they are not much spontaneous.They care for their
employees safety as they communicate properly and guide them about the
work to be done and hence are sensitive towards them.They are not much
social as they do not like to express themselves other than a manager .They
work on facts and are specific in work targets.

BIG FIVE MODEL

Openness : This trait involves people who are creative, curious and cultured. The
study concluded that people at this level of management are very creative and can
even handle presentations to the CEOs of companies. Hence they are open to new
experiences and challenges in life.

Conscientiousness: People at this level have high conscientiousness as

they are in charge of every day to day work as they usually have a target to
achieve in a given time.

Extraversion: it concerns where an individual draws their energy from and how they
interact with others. They are usually high here too as they are the ones who interact
with the customers on a daily basis.

Aggreableness :This factor concerns how well people get along with others. The
study concluded that supervisors were high in agreeableness and thus tend tobe well-
liked, respected, and sensitive to the needs of others.

Neuroticism : It captures one’s tendency to experience a variety of disruptive

emotions and thoughts. The study concluded that they were low on neuroticism.
They were self confident, calm and relaxed. Thus they were emotionally stable and
less reactive to stress. By giving a rating to all the factors from 0-5 we can tell
about their personality

1.Openness- 3 4 Agreeableness- 4

2. Conscietiousness- 3 3.Extroversion- 2
5 Neuroticism- 2

 CONCLUSION

TOP MIDDLE LOWER

TRAITS
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

OPENESS YES YES YES

CONSCIENTIOUS
YES YES YES
NESS

EXTRAVERSION YES YES YES

AGREEBLENESS NO YES YES

NEUROTISM YES NO NO
 People at the Top Management are usually goal oriented and are mostly
concerned with the brand image. They are usually high on openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism Whereas they are Low on
agreeableness.

People in the Middle Management usually maintain the gaps between the
Lower Management and Top Management. They are high on openness,
conscientiousness, extroversion and agreeableness and are low on
neuroticism.

People in the lower management are concerned with the day to day work.
They are high in openness, conscientiousness, extroversion and
agreeableness as compare to top and middle management.