ME 006-ME41S1 - Materials Engineering

Ceramics Group Report Outline

Ceramics

1. Definition:
A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant
materials made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high
temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
2. Composition/Chemical bonding:
Most Ceramics are compounds of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur. Is Chemical bond being
Covalent and Ionic.
3. Product Examples:
A. Earthenware
B. Porcelain
C. Brick
4. Materials testing:
A. Destructive:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Tr3h5dgVGQw&ab_channel=HydraulicPressChanne

B. Non-destructive
5. How to reuse or recycle:
Ceramics can be crushed and used for construction aggregate

Abrasives

1. Definition:
Abrasive ceramics are used to grind or cut away other softer material. Primarily, when
considering the design of an abrasive material it is hardness and wear resistance that
are of the most importance. Toughness is also considered as a necessary requirement so
that the abrasive material does not shatter during grinding. Ofan abrasive material it is
hardness and wear resistance that are of the most importance. Toughness is also
considered as a necessary requirement so that the abrasive material does not shatter
during grinding.
 2. Composition/Chemical Bonding
Commonly used abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, zirconium and
increasingly, industrial diamonds.
3. Product Examples:
A. Pumice
B. Sandpaper
C. Steel wool
D. Nylon abrasive pad
4. Materials Testing:
A. Destructive
B. Non-Destructive
5. How to reuse or recycle:
Abrasives can be recycled in vacuum blast machines, blast rooms and other systems
where they can be collected, cleaned and reused again.

Clay
1. Definition:
Clay is a soft, loose, earthy material containing particles with a grain size of less than 4
micrometers (μm). It forms because of the weathering and erosion of rocks containing
the mineral group feldspar (known as the ‘mother of clay’) over vast spans of time.
During weathering, the feldspar content is altered by hydrolysis (reaction with water) to
form clay minerals such as kaolinites (the principal minerals in kaolin clays)
and smectites (the principal minerals in bentonite clays).
2. Composition/Chemical bonding:
Clay minerals are composed essentially of silica, alumina, or magnesia or both, and
water, but iron substitutes for aluminum and magnesium in varying degrees, and
appreciable quantities of potassium, sodium, and calcium are frequently present as well.
The chemical bond of a clay material is mostly ionic and some are covalent.
3. Product Examples:
A. Building brick
B. Paving Brick
C. Terracotta facing tile
D. Roofing tile
E. Drainage pipe
4. Materials Testing:
A. Destructive:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2Spj8_ED0TA&ab_channel=HydraulicPressChannel
B. Non-destructive
 5. How to reuse or recycle:
Adding water to used and broken clay will make it soft again and now it can be used for
making new pottery.

Glass
1. Definition:
Glass ceramics are two-phase materials constituted by nanocrystals embedded in
a glass matrix, and the volume fractions of crystalline and amorphous phases govern
their properties. Glass is actually a type of ceramic, but to be specific, glass has no
ordered molecular structure. Solid glass is actually not completely solid; it flows like a
very viscous liquid over very long periods of time (hundreds of years).
A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride or
carbide material. Some elements, such as carbon or silicon, may be considered
ceramics. Glass is often not considered a ceramic because of its amorphous (non-
crystalline) character.

2. Composition/Chemical bonding:
While many different glass ceramic compositions exist, there are 3 main families:
 LAS – A mixture of lithium, aluminium and silicon oxides (Li 2O- Al2O3-SiO2),
with other glass forming agents (e.g. Na2O, K2O and CaO)
 MAS – A mixture of magnesium, aluminium and silicon oxides (MgO- Al2O3-
SiO2) with glass forming agents
 ZAS - A mixture of zinc, aluminium and silicon oxides (ZnO- Al2O3-SiO2) with glass
forming agents

3. Product Examples:
A. Soda lime glass
B. Crystal Glass
C. Borosilicate Glass
D. Special Glass
4. Materials Testing:
A. Destructive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2Spj8_ED0TA&ab_channel=HydraulicPressChannel
B. Non-destructive
5. How to reuse or recycle:
 Researchers at Britain's University of Central Lancashire are combining recycled
glass and ceramics into a 100 percent recycled material that can be used for kitchen
 countertops and building cladding. The material is recyclable, because
the glass and ceramics are fused together through heating instead of resins.

 “Glass is 100% recyclable ,It has an unlimited life and can be melted and

recycled endlessly to make new glass products with no loss in quality”. 

Cement

1. Definition:
A cement is a powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay. A cement is
commonly a binder, a substance that sets, hardens or adheres to other materials to bind
them together. Cement, in general, adhesive substance of all kinds, but in a narrow
sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering constructions.
Cement of this kind are finely ground powders that when mixed with water, set to a
hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical
combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals
or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties,
constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called
hydraulic cements.
 
Cements may be used alone, but the normal use is in mortar and concrete in which the
cement is mixed with inert material known as aggregate. Mortar is mixed with sand or
crushed stone that must be less than approximately 5mm (0.2 inch) in size. Concrete is a
mixture of cement, sand or other fine aggregate, and a coarse aggregate that for most
purposes is up to 19 to 25mm (0.75 to 1inch) in size, but the coarse aggregate may also
be a large as 50mm (6inches) when concrete is placed in large masses such as dams.

2. Composition/Chemical bonding:
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium,
silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufactured
cement includes limestone, shells and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate
blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
3. Product Examples:
A. Concrete Pavement
B. Concrete Pipes
C. Interlocking Concrete Pavement
D. Porous Concrete Pavement
E. Hollow Blocks
 4. Materials Testing:
A. Destructive:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYmil0luMEs&ab_channel=DavidGarber
B. Non-destructive
5. How to reuse or recycle:

Refractory

1. Definition:
Refractory materials are used in furnaces, kilns, incinerators, and
reactors. Refractories are also used to make crucibles and moulds for casting glass and
metals and for surfacing flame deflector systems for rocket launch structures.
2. Composition/Chemical bonding:
Refractories are produced from natural and synthetic materials, usually nonmetallic, or
combinations of compounds and minerals such as alumina, fireclays, bauxite, chromite,
dolomite, magnesite, silicon carbide, and zirconia.
3. Product Examples:
A. Fire Brick
B. Fire Clay
C. Silicon Carbide
D. Ceramic Fiber
4. Materials Testing:
A. Destructive
a) Rigidity and maintenance of size, shape and strength at the operating
temperature, which will presumably be “high”.
b) An ability to withstand thermal shock such as is met in heating up and
cooling down of furnaces, or in fluctuations which occur during charging
or during normal operation.
c) Resistance to chemical attack by whatever gas, slag or metal is likely to be
encountered.
d) https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=X35CZ0uj2x8&ab_channel=Anime_Edu-CivilEngineeringVideos
 B. Non-destructive
5. How to reuse or recycle:
A. Open-loop recycling of refractories
B. Closed-loop recycling

Group members:
Ceramics:

Espiritu, Angelo Judge

Abrasives:

Matanguihan, Roi

Arias, Jerome Vince

Clay:

De Leon, Norwin Leynard

Torres, Christian Kim

Glass:

Peñafiel, Marc Jhomel

Dela Cruz, Csalch Goethe

Cement:

Pastrana, Von Cedrick

Medina, Emil Arthur Jan

Refractory:
Adolfo, Stephen Lorenz

Go, Jan Mario