Ramon Magsaysay

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Ramon Magsaysay

7th President of the Philippines

3rd President of the Third Republic

In office

December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957

Vice President Carlos P. García

Preceded by Elpidio Quirino

Succeeded by Carlos P. García

Secretary of National Defense

In office
 January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954

President Himself

Preceded by Oscar Castelo

Succeeded by Sotero B. Cabahug

In office

September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953

President Elpidio Quirino

Preceded by Ruperto Kangleon

Succeeded by Oscar Castelo

Member of the Philippine House of

Representatives from Zambales' Lone District

In office

May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950

Preceded by Valentin Afable

Succeeded by Enrique Corpus

Personal details

Born Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay

August 31, 1907

Iba, Zambales, Philippines

Died March 17, 1957 (aged 49)

Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
 Resting place Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila,

Philippines

Political party Nacionalista Party (1953–1957)

Liberal Party[1][2] (1946–1953)

Spouse(s) Luz Banzon

Children Teresita

Milagros

Ramon

Alma mater José Rizal University

Profession Engineer, Soldier

Religion Roman Catholicism

Signature

Military service

Allegiance  Republic of the Philippines

Years of service 1942–1945

Rank Captain

Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 – March 17, 1957) was the seventhPresident of the Republic
of the Philippines, serving from December 30, 1953 until his death in a 1957 aircraft disaster. An automobile
mechanic, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerilla
leader during the Pacific War. He then served two terms as Liberal Party congressman for Zambalesbefore
being appointed as Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected President
under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century.

Contents
   [hide] 

 1 Life

o 1.1 Early life

 1.1.1 Career during World War II

o 1.2 Family

 1.2.1 Descendants

o 1.3 House of Representatives

o 1.4 Secretary of National Defense

 1.4.1 1951 Negros Occidental incident

 1.4.2 Presidential election of 1953

o 1.5 Presidency

 1.5.1 Cabinet

 1.5.2 Domestic policies

 1.5.2.1 President's Action Body

 1.5.2.2 Agrarian reform

 1.5.2.3 HUKBALAHAP

 1.5.3 Foreign policies

 1.5.3.1 SEATO

 1.5.3.2 Defense Council

 1.5.3.3 Laurel-Langley Agreement

 1.5.3.4 Bandung Conference

 1.5.3.5 Reparation agreement

o 1.6 Death

 2 Popular references

 3 See also

 4 External links

 5 References

Life[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources.Please
help improve this section by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (March 2011)
Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907 to Exequiel Magsaysay (1874-
1968), a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro (1887-1980), a schoolteacher. [3]

Early life[edit]
He spent his elementary life somewhere in Castillejos and his high school life at Zambales Academy at San
Narciso, Zambales. After high school, Magsaysay entered the University of the Philippines in 1927, where he
enrolled in a pre-engineering course.[3] He worked as a chauffeur to support himself as he studied engineering;
and later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (1928–1932), where he received a
baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic in a bus company and shop
superintendent.[3]

Career during World War II[edit]

At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army.
When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on at
least four occasions. There he organised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain
on 5 April 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit & saw action at
Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply officer codenamed Chowand later as commander of a
10,000 strong force.[3] Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of the
Japanese prior to the landing of American forces together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops on
January 29, 1945.

Family[edit]
He was married to Luz Magsaysay (née Banzon) in June 16, 1933 and they had three children: Teresita
Banzon-Magsaysay (1934-1979), Milagros "Mila" Banzon-Magsaysay (b. 1936) and Ramon "Jun" Banzon-
Magsaysay, Jr. (b. 1938).

Descendants[edit]

Several of Magsaysay's descendants became prominent public figures in their own right:

 Ramon Magsaysay, Jr., son; former Congressman and Senator

 Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator

 Vicente Magsaysay, uncle; Congressman and former Governor of Zambales

 JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; politician

House of Representatives[edit]
On 22 April 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Liberal Party [1] to
the Philippine House of Representatives. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go
to Washington as Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs, to help to secure passage of the Rogers
Veterans Bill, giving benefits to Philippine veterans. In the so-called "dirty election" of 1949, he was re-elected
to a second term in the House of Representatives. During both terms he was Chairman of the House National
Defense Committee...

Secretary of National Defense[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
articleby adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (March 2011)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a plan to fight the Communist guerillas, using his
own experiences in guerrilla warfare during World War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was
no alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence on August 31, 1950. He intensified the
campaign against the Hukbalahap guerillas. This success was due in part to the unconventional methods he
employed and developed alongside an American adviser, General Edward Lansdale. The counterinsurgency
the two deployed utilized soldiers distributing relief goods and other forms of aid to outlying, provincial
communities. Prior to Magsaysay's appointment to Defense Secretary, rural citizens perceived the Philippine
Army with apathy and distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced the Army's image, earning them respect
and admiration.

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour to the United States and Mexico. He visited New York,
Washington, D.C. (with a medical check-up at Walter Reed Hospital) and Mexico City where he spoke at the
Annual Convention of Lions International.

By 1953, President Quirino thought the threat of the Huks was under control and Secretary Magsaysay was
becoming too weak. Magsaysay met with interference and obstruction from the President and his advisers, in
fear they might be unseated at the next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had at that time no intention
to run, he was urged from many sides and finally was convinced that the only way to continue his fight against
communism, and for a government for the people, was to be elected President, ousting the corrupt
administration that, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communist guerrillas by bad administration. He
resigned his post as defense secretary on February 28, 1953, and became the presidential candidate of
theNacionalista Party, disputing the nomination with senator Camilo Osías at the Nacionalista national
convention.

1951 Negros Occidental incident[edit]

Theatrical poster of the 1961 film The Moises Padilla Story that narrates the 1951 event.

When news reached Magsaysay that Moises Padilla was being tortured, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but
was too late. He was then informed that Padilla's body was swimming in blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and
was positioned on a police bench in the town plaza. [4] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare
hands and delivered it to the morgue, and the next day, news clips showed pictures of him doing so.
[5]
 Magsaysay even used this event during his presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men presented enough evidence to
convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.[4] In August 1954, Judge Eduardo Enriquez ruled the men were
guilty and Lacson, his 22 men and three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned to
the electric chair.[6]

Presidential election of 1953[edit]

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio
Quirino lost his opportunity to get a second full term as President of the Philippines to former Defense
Secretary Ramón Magsaysay. His running mate,Senator José Yulo lost to Senator Carlos P. García. Vice
President Fernando López did not run for re-election. This was the first time that an elected president did not
come from the Senate. Moreover he started the jingles during election, for one of his inclinations and hobbies
was dancing.

The United States government, including the Central Intelligence Agency, had a strong influence on the 1953
elections, and candidates in the election fiercely competed with each other for U.S. support. [7]

Presidency[edit]
 Presidential styles of

Ramon F. Magsaysay

Reference style His Excellency

Spoken style Your Excellency

Alternative style Mr. President

In the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He
was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. He was then called
"Mambo Magsaysay".

As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against
communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization also known
as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in South East Asia, South Asia
and the Southwestern Pacific. During his term, he made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening
its gates to the public. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane
belonging to the Philippine Air Force (PAF): President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour
were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight.In history,
he is the first Philippine president to wear a barong Tagalog in his inauguration. He brought back the people's
trust in the military and in the government.

His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as
the Philippines' Golden Years. Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was at its prime, and the
Filipino people were given international recognition in sports, culture and foreign affairs. The Philippines ranked
second in Asia's clean and well-governed countries.

Cabinet[edit]
OFFICE NAME TERM
President Ramon Magsaysay December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia December 30, 1953 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources Salvador Araneta March 10, 1954 – 1955
Juan Rodriguez April 12, 1956 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports Cecilo Putong December 30, 1953 – January 13, 1954
Justice Pastor Endencia January 13, 1954 – June 30, 1954
Gregorio Hernandez, Jr. July 1, 1954 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos P. Garcia March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Finance Jaime Hernandez March 10, 1954 – May 27, 1956
Secretary of Justice Pedro Tuazon March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Labor Eleuterio Adevoso March 10, 1954 – April 21, 1954
 Angel Castano August 22, 1954 – March 18, 1957
Ramon Magsaysay
Secretary of National Defense January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
(in concurrent capacity asPresident)
Sotero Cabahug April 4, 1954 – January 2, 1956
Eulogio Balao January 3, 1956 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Commerce and Industry Oscar Ledesma March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
Secretary of Public Works,
Vicente Orosa March 10, 1954 – 1955
Transportation and Communications
Florencio Moreno April 30, 1955 – March 18, 1957
Administrator of Social Services and Development Pacita Madrgial-Warns 1954 – 1955
Executive Secretary Fred Ruiz Castro December 30, 1953 – October 26, 1955
Fortunato de Leon April 12, 1956 – March 7, 1957

Domestic policies[edit]

Economy of the Philippines under

President Ramon Magsaysay

1953–1957

Population

1954  21.40 million

Gross Domestic Product

1954  Php 157,054 million

1956 Php 179,739 million

Growth rate, 1954-56 7.13 %

Per capita income

1954  Php 7,339

1956  Php 8,073

Total exports

1954  Php 36,462 million

1956  Php 34,727 million

Exchange rates
 1 US US$ = Php 2.00

1 Php = US US$ 0.50

Sources: Philippine Presidency Project

Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of

the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

President's Action Body[edit]

Ushering, indeed, a new era in Philippine government, President Magsaysay placed emphasis upon service to
the people by bringing the government closer to the former.[2] This was symbollically seen when, on
inauguration day, President Magsaysay ordered the gates of Malacañan Palace open to all and sundry, who
were allowed to freely visit all the dependencies of the presidential mansion. Later, this was regulated to allow
weekly visit.[2]

True[2] to his electoral promise, President Magsaysay created the Presidential Complaints and Action
Committee.[2] This body immediately proceeded to hear grievances and recommend remedial action. Headed
by soft-spoken, but active and tireless, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly sixty
thousand complaints in a year, of which more than thirty thousand would be settled by direct action and a little
more than twenty five thousand, referred to government agencies for appropriate follow-up. This new entity,
composed of youthful personnel, all loyal to the President, proved to be a highly successful morale booster
restoring the people's confidence in their own government. [2]

Agrarian reform[edit]

See also:  Land reform in the Philippines

To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay
worked[2] for the establishment of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). [2] This
body took over from the EDCOR and helped in the giving some sixty five thousand acres to three thousand
indigent families for settlement purposes.[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty five thousand to a little more
than one thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.[2]

As further aid to the rural people,[2] the President Established the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to make available rural credits. Records show that it did
grant, in this wise, almost ten million dollars. This administration body next devoted its attention to cooperative
marketing.[2]

Along this line of help to the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian wells
campaign. A group-movement known as the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record time managed
to raise a considerable sum for the construction of as many artesian wells as possible. The socio-economic
value of the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude. [2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar ones,
went along way towards bringing to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.
[2]

President Ramon Magsaysay at the Presidential Study, Malacañan Palace.

President Ramón Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program:

 Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954—Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement
and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly
aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

 Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the
security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.

 Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA)
which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200
hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.

 Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent. [8]
HUKBALAHAP[edit]

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was appointed by President Ramón Magsaysay to act as personal emissary
to Luís Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap, a rebel group. Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, the former head
of Force X of the 16th PC Company, assumed command of the 7th BCT, which had become one of the most
mobile striking forces of the Philippine ground forces against the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force X
employed psychological warfare through combat intelligence and infiltration that relied on secrecy in planning,
training, and execution of attack. The lessons learned from Force X and Nenita were combined in the 7th BCT.

With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 by 1954 and
without the protection and support of local supporters, active Huk resistance no longer presented a serious
threat to Philippine security. From February to mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation
Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted to the surrender of Luis Taruc on May 17. Further cleanup
operations of guerillas remaining lasted throughout 1955, diminishing its number to less than 1,000 by year's
end.[9]

Foreign policies[edit]

Eleanor Roosevelt with President Ramón Magsaysay and then First Lady Luz Magsaysay of the Philippines in Manila

SEATO[edit]

The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the expansion of communism in the
Asian region. He made the Philippines a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which
was established in Manila on Sept. 8, 1954 during the "Manila Conference". [10]Members of SEATO were
alarmed at the possible victory of North Vietnamover South Vietnam, which could spread communist ideology
to other countries in the region. The possibility that a communist state can influence or cause other countries to
adopt the same system of government is called thedomino theory.[11]

The active coordination of the Magsaysay administration with the Japanese government led to the Reparation
Agreement. This was an agreement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to pay
$800 million as reparation for war damages in the Philippines.[11]

Defense Council[edit]
Taking the advantage of the presence of U.S. Secretary John Foster Dulles in Manila to attend
the SEATO Conference, the Philippine government took steps to broach with him the establishment of a Joint
Defense Council. Vice-President and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos P. Garcia held the opportune
conversations with Secretary Dulles for this purpose. Agreement was reached thereon and the first meeting of
the Joint United States-Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following the end of the Manila
Conference. Thus were the terms of the Mutual Defense Pact between the Philippines and the United States
duly implemented.[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement[edit]

At Malacañan Palace, 1955. Clockwise, from top left: Senator Edmundo Cea, Former President José P. Laurel Sr., Senator
Primicias, Senate President Eulogio A. Rodriguez, Sr., President Ramón F. Magsaysay, & House Speaker José B. Laurel Jr.

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a trade agreement
between the Philippines and the United States which was signed in 1955 and expired in 1974. Although it
proved deficient, the final agreement satisfied nearly all of the diverse Filipino economic interests. While some
have seen the Laurel-Langley agreement as a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Laurel and other
Philippine leaders recognized that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom to industrialize
while continuing to receive privileged access to US markets. [12]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Act, which tied the economy of the Philippines to that of
United States economy.

Bandung Conference[edit]

Billed as an all Oriental meet to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose
colonialism orneocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union in the Cold War, or any other
imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Bandung (Java) in April 1955, upon invitation
extended by the Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia. The conference is
commonly known as the Bandung Conference. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant
to send any delegation. Later, however, upon advise of Ambassador Carlos P. Romulo, it was decided to have
the Philippines participate in the conference. Ambassador Romulo was asked to head the Philippine
delegation.[2] At the very outset indications were to the effect that the conference would promote the cause of
neutralism as a third position in the current cold warbetween the democratic bloc and the communist
group. John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of Ceylon, however, broke the ice against neutralism. [2] He was
immediately joined by Philippine envoy Romulo, who categorically stated that his delegation believed that "a
puppet is a puppet",[2] no matter whether under a Western Power or an Oriental state. [2]

At one time in the course of the conference, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against
the SEATO. Quick to draw, Ambassador Romulo delivered a stinging, eloquent retort that prompted Prime
Minister Nehru to publicly apologize to the Philippine delegation. [2]

Records had it that the Philippine delegation ably represented the interests of the Philippines and, in the
ultimate analysis, succeeded in turning the Bandung Conference into a democratic victory against the plans of
its socialist and neutralist delegates.[2]

Reparation agreement[edit]

Following the reservations made by Ambassador Romulo, on the Philippines behalf, upon signing the
Japanese Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, for several years of series of negotiations
were conducted by the Philippine government and that of Japan. In the face of adamant claims of the Japanese
government that it found impossible to meet the demand for the payment of eight billion dollars by the way of
reparations, president Magsaysay, during a so-called "cooling off" [2] period, sent a Philippine Reparations
Survey Committee, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for an "on the spot" study of that
country's possibilities.[2]

When the Committee reported that Japan was in a position to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief
negotiator, went to Tokyo. On May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with
Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: The Japanese government
would pay eight hundred million dollars as reparations. Payment was to be made in this wise: Twenty million
dollars would be paid in cash in Philippine currency; thirty million dollars, in services; five million dollars, in
capital goods; and two hundred and fifty million dollars, in long-term industrial loans. [2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed the Japanese government, through Prime Minister Ichiro
Hatoyama, that the Philippines accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement. [2] In view of political developments in
Japan, the Japanese Prime Minister could only inform the Philippine government of the Japanese acceptance
of said agreement on March 15, 1956. The official Reparations agreement between the two government was
finally signed at Malacañan Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a rather satisfactory conclusion this long
drawn controversy between the two countries.[2]
Death[edit]
Main article:  1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

The crash site of Ramon Magsaysay's presidential plane at Mount Manunggal, Cebu

Tomb of President Magsaysay at the Manila North Cemetery.

Monument at the crash site in Manunggal, Balamban, Cebu

Magsaysay's term that was to end on 30 December 1957 was cut short by a plane crash. On 16 March 1957,
Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu City where he spoke at three educational institutions. That same night, at
about 1 am, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. In the early
morning hours of 17 March, the plane was reported missing. By late afternoon, newspapers had reported the
airplane had crashed on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu, and that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed (the actual number
on board was 25, including Magsaysay). Only newspaperman Néstor Mata survived.Vice-President Carlos
García, who was on official visit to Australia at the time, assumed the presidency to serve out the last eight
months of Magsaysay's term.

An estimated 5 million people attended Magsaysay's burial on 31 March 1957. [13][14][15] He was posthumously
referred to by the people the "Idol of the Masses".

Popular references[edit]

 The First Team, a 1971 thriller by author John Ball, hinges on the effort to recapture the USS Ramon
Magsaysay, an American ballistic missile submarine. Freeing the submarine from control of the Soviet
Union will force the Soviets to surrender their occupation of the United States.

 In Robert A. Heinlein's novel Starship Troopers, the smallest starships are named after footsoldiers.
Upon reading some of their names, Filipino protagonist Johnnie Rico remarks "There ought to be one
named Magsaysay."

 In Gundam Seed, an Agamemnon class carrier is named after Magsaysay; in episode 48: "The
Magsaysay will take command of space divisions 48 and 211 from this point on", and this reference is
further related to Starship Troopers' tribute: "The remaining vessels of the 15th carrier group are to gather
at the signal coordinates of the Heinlein"
See also[edit]

 President of the Philippines

 Ramon Magsaysay Award

 Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has original
works written by or about:

Ramon Magsaysay

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Ramon
Magsaysay.

 The Philippine Presidency Project

 Ramon Magsaysay on the Presidential Museum and Library

 Ramon Magsaysay on the Official Gazette

 Stanley J. Rainka Papers Finding Aid, 1945-1946, AIS.2009.04, Archives Service Center, University of
Pittsburgh. (Correspondence with Ramon Magsaysay)

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Molina, Antonio.The Philippines: Through the centuries.

Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.

3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Manahan, Manuel P. (1987). Reader's Digest November 1987 issue: Biographical

Tribute to Ramon Magsaysay. pp. 17–23.

4. ^ Jump up to:a b "THE PHILIPPINES: Justice for the Governor". Time Magazine. September 6, 1954.

Retrieved February 3, 2010.

5. Jump up^ "Remembering President Ramón Magsaysay y Del Fierro: A Modern-Day Moses".

Retrieved Fedman totoobruary 3, 2010. A privileged speech by Senator Nene Pimenteldelivered at the

Senate, August 2001.

6. Jump up^ "THE PHILIPPINES: Justice for the Governor". Time. September 6, 1954. Retrieved

February 3, 2010. Second page of Time Magazine's coverage of Rafael Lacson's case.

7. Jump up^ Cullather, Nick (1994). Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-

Philippines relations, 1942–1960. Stanford University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8047-2280-3.

8. Jump up^ Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart

9. Jump up^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length

biography

10. Jump up^ Ramon Magsaysay (president of Philippines) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia

11. ^ Jump up to:a b Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006

12. Jump up^ Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-Philippines. By Nick

Cullather

13. Jump up^ Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore

Printing Press.

14. Jump up^ Townsend, William Cameron (1952). Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas.       See

the SIL International Website at:   Establishing the Work in Mexico.

 15. Jump up^ Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray: The Magsaysay Story(The John Day Company,

1956, updated – with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death – re-edition by Pocket Books, Special

Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957)

Ramon Magsaysay with his parents by Presidential Museum and Library