Module 3:

The Philippines During American

and Japanese Occupation

Instructor: Rezza C. Torbela, LPT, MAED

Subject: Teaching Social Studies in Elementary (SS 101)
Section: BEED 2A
Reporters: Group 2
Pamela Rico, Irish Coronel, Jonalyn Tugado, Judelyn Marquez, Rosalie Alitao
 Brain Teaser

D E E E I S O Y

INDEPENDENCE HISTORY
R E I E N C O I Z

PRESIDENT COLONIZE
 Contents of the discussion:

Topic: The Philippines During American and Japanese Occupation

A. The Philippines During American Rule

B. The Birth of a Nation
C. The American Legacy
D. The Second World War and Japanese Invasion in the Philippines
E. Life During the Wartime Years
F. The Third Philippine Republic
-Presidents of the Third Republic (6)
G. The Marcos Dictatorship
 Learning Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, students are expected to:

1. Describe the environmental condition of the country at the time of

American and Japanese rule in the Philippines.
2. Determine past events in order to appreciate the present status of the
Philippines including history and governance.
3. Identify the importance of the accomplishments of the different
administration in the Philippine government.
4. Critically understand the significance of the different stages of our
history.
 Timeline of the Philippine History (19th Century)
Year Date Event
1891 March 28 Rizal finishes writing El Filibusterismo in Biarritz, France
El Filibusterismo published in Ghent, Belgium
Eulogio Despujol appointed Governor-General (1891–1893)
June 26 Rizal arrives in the Philippines from Europe via Hong Kong
July 3 Rizal forms the La Liga Filipina
1892  July 7 Rizal is arrested for establishing the La Liga Filipina
Andres Bonifacio secretly established the Katipunan.
July 7
Rizal is exiled to Dapitan

July 8 Bonifacio forms the Katipunan

1894 Recorded "earliest" day of celebration of independence, when Andres Bonifacio and other

April 12 Katipuneros go to Pamitinan Cave in Montalban (now Rodriguez), Rizal to initiate
new Katipunan members.
 July 1 Rizal is recruited as a physician for the Spanish Army in Cuba by Governor Ramon Blanco
August 6 Rizal returns to Manila from Cuba
August 19 Katipunan is discovered by the Spanish authorities. Katipuneros flee to Balintawak
August 23 Revolution is proclaimed by Bonifacio at the Cry of Balintawak. Katipuneros tear up their cedulas
Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros board Rizal's ship to Barcelona. They offer
August 26
his rescue but Rizal refused
October 4 Rizal is imprisoned in Montjuich by order of Capt. Gen. Despujol
October 6 Rizal returns to Manila as a prisoner
1896
October 31 A new group of the Katipunan is formed in Cavite headed by Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo issues his manifestos in Kawit, Cavite, declaring the aim of the revolution and
October 31 announcing the formation of a central revolutionary committee for the municipal government.
Filipino forces, under Emilio Aguinaldo, defeat the Spaniards in a battle in Kawit, Cavite.
November 13 Rizal arrives in Manila and is incarcerated in Fort Santiago
November 20 Rizal is interrogated for charges against the Spanish Colonial Government
December 13 Camilo Polavieja becomes acting Governor-General (1896–1897)
December 30 Rizal is executed at Bagumbayan.
 January 11 Thirteen La Liga Filipina members are executed at Luneta, Manila.

February 6 Katipunan leader Roman Basa and eight members are executed in Bagumbayan.

The Katipunan creates a revolutionary government and holds its election, during Tejeros
March 22 Convention in Cavite, said to be the first election ever held in country's electoral history. Emilio
Aguinaldo is elected as president.
April 23 Fernando Primo de Rivera appointed Governor-General (1897–1898)
Katipuneros arrest Andres Bonifacio and his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco on orders of Aguinaldo
April 29
with sedition and treason before a military court of the Katipunan.
1897 May 8 The Katipunan convicts and sentences Bonifacio brothers to death

May 10 Andres Bonifacio and his brothers are executed at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite.
May 31 Aguinaldo establishes a Philippine republican government in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan.
Aguinaldo begins negotiating with the Spaniards colonial government in Manila with Pedro
August 10
Paterno as representative.
November 1 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato is promulgated by the revolutionaries, including Aguinaldo.

December 14 Pact of Biak-na-Bato, between Filipinos (Aguinaldo) and Spaniards (Gov. Primo de Rivera), signed.

December 27 Aguinaldo is self-exiled to Hong Kong following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato

 A. The Philippines During American Rule
 November 1, 1897, when the Biak-na-Bato Republic was
inaugurated, and Emilio Aguinaldo was then the President.

 The struggle between the Spanish government and the Biak-na-

Bato Republic had reached a deadlock. Gov. General Primo
de Rivera sent Pedro Paterno to Biak-na-Bato revolutionaries
for peaceful negotiations which ended in December.

 The agreement between the Spaniards and the Filipino

revolutionaries were called Pact of Biak-na-Bato which
resulted to voluntary exile of Emilio Aguinaldo and his men to
Hongkong. The pact consisted of 3 conditions or documents: The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-
Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and
1. Gov. Primo de Rivera will pay 800, 000 pesos to those who fight Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions
against the Spaniards and let Aguinaldo and his men to retire in
voluntary exile in Hongkong
2. The granting of amnesty to Filipino who will surrender their arm to the Spanish government and to move
freely in the Philippines and abroad.

3. Spain will pay a total of 1, 700, 000 pesos, of which will go to those Filipino who surrender and the
remaining 900, 000 will be distributed to civilian population as indemnity for the damages created by war.

 On December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo together with his men went to Hongkong. The Spanish government
announced the end of hostilities on January 23, 1898. However, after the peace pact, neither side fully
complied with the terms of the agreement.

Spain declared war against the United States on April 24, 1898.

At the time of the Spanish-American war, Aguinaldo was in Singapore having negotiations with
American consul general regarding the Americans’ offer to support the Philippines in fighting the
Spaniards.

 Aguinaldo rushed to Hongkong but Commodore Dewey had already sailed to Manila to destroy the
Spanish fleet.

The Battle of Manila Bay began on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon.
 Battle of Manila Bay Commanders and leaders
Date: May 1,1898
Location: Off Manila, Pacific Ocean George Dewey Patricio Montojo
Result: American Victory
Belligerents
United States  Spain

Strength
Battle of Manila Bay, 1 4 protected cruisers 2 protected cruisers
May 1898, Fred S. Cozzens
2 gunboats 5 unprotected cruisers
1 revenue cutter 5 gunboats
2 transport ships 1 transport ship

Casualties and losses

"Battle of Manila Bay", 1 dead of illness 77 killed
painting by W. G. Wood, 9 wounded 271 wounded
circa 1898. Reina 1 protected cruiser 2 protected cruisers
Cristina (foreground) in
action against Dewey's
damaged scuttled
squadron (right). 5 unprotected cruisers
sunk
1 transport ship sun
General Emilio Aguinaldo went back to Philippines on
May 19, 1898 and reassumed command of rebel forces. He
established a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898 upon
the advice of Rianzares Bautista to unite the revolutionary
forces.
Gov.General Basilio Augustin, head of Spanish army in
Manila surrendered on August 7, 1898.
B. The Birth of a Nation
 On June 12, 1898, between four and five in the
afternoon, General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the
independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite after
333 years of Spanish domination.
The Proclamation of Independence on 12 June 1898, as
 Doña Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter
depicted on the back of the Philippine five peso bill.
Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
(niece of Dr. Rizal) sewn the Philippine flag that was
used during the proclamation of independence. The
national anthem titled, Marcha Nacional Filipina
composed by Julian Felipe, was played during the
celebration.

 At present, Republic Act 8491 provides the rules and

guidelines on the proper display and use of the Philippine
flag as well as the singing of the National Anthem. The detail of Fernando Amorsolo's The Making of the Philippine
flag depicting Agoncillo and company's manual sewing
After the proclamation of Philippine independence,
Apolinario Mabini became the adviser of General
Aguinaldo. Upon Mabini’s advice, Aguinaldo
changed the form of the government from dictatorial
to revolutionary in which Aguinaldo was the
president.
By a decree of June 18, 1898, President Aguinaldo
organized the municipal and provincial governments.
On August 1. 1898, the first convention of municipal
presidents was held in Bacoor, Cavite, capital of
Revolutionary Government.
On John Hay, Secretary of State, signing the
November 1899, all Spanish forces were shipped memorandum of ratification on behalf of the
back to Spain. The pull out of Spanish forces in the United States
Philippines was provided in the Treaty of Paris
wherein Spain had to cede the Philippines, Guam and
Puerto Rico to the United States, which in turn paid
Spain the sum of ＄ 20 million.
 On September 29, 1898, the
Declaration of Philippine
Independence made on June 12,
1898 in Cavite was confirmed in
Special ceremonies but it was not
recognized by the United States and
Spanish Government.
The constitution of the said republic
was called the “Malolos
General Aguinaldo (seated, center) and ten of the delegates to the first
assembly that passed the constitution, in Barasoain Church, Malolos
Constitution” because it was written
(Taken December 8, 1929) in Malolos, Bulacan and the principal
Ratified January 21, 1899 author was Felipe G. Calderon, a
Location Malolos, Bulacan famous Filipino lawyer. It was
Author(s) Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino approved by the Malolos Congress on
Signatories Malolos Congress November 29, 1898 and proclaimed
Purpose Basic law of the First Philippine Republic by General Aguinaldo on January 21,
1899.
 On December 21, 1898, US President William McKinley issued Benevolent Assimilation
Proclamation. It indicates American policy regarding the Philippines to exercise sovereignty over the
entire archipelago.

 On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued counter-proclamation and specified that his forces were
prepared to fight any American attempt to take over the country.

 The Philippine Republic, the first republic in Asia by Asians, lived only for two years from
January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901.

 The war between Filipino and the Americans began on the night of February 4, 1899 when an
American soldier Private Robert W. Grayson shot and killed a man who happens to be a Filipino
soldier at Silencio corner Sociego St. in Sta. Mesa, Manila.

 At daybreak of February 5, 1899, the American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila.
Manila fell to the Americans, and the Filipinos retreated to the provinces.

 March 31, 1899, the Americans headed by General MacArthur captured Malolos, Aguinaldo fled to
Pampanga and later the mountain of Northern Luzon.
April 23, 1899, the American
cavalry suffered heavy losses under
General Gregorio del Pilar.
December 2, 1899, Major Peyton
G. March and his men stormed the
Pass but were repulsed by General
del Pilar and his troops. The
General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, c. 1898.
Americans did had not locate so far
the exact position of the Filipinos. Date December 2, 1899
Through Januario Galut, an Igorot Location Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

guide of the Americans, the secret Strength

trail to the pass was known. During 300 60
the battle, General del Pilar was hit Casualties and losses
and killed. 2 killed 52 killed
9 wounded
 Aguinaldo was captured and
taken to Manila. On April 19,
1901, he took an oath of
allegiance to the United States.
This meant that he surrendered to
the Americans. Miguel Malvar in
Batangas fought until April 16,
1902.
The last Filipino general who
surrendered to the Americans was
Simeon Ola of Albay province.
He gave up on September 25,
The tricolor flag of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (in the Battle 1903.
of Pasong Balite, Bulacan & Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos
Sur, December 2, 1899, patterned after the Flag of Cuba)
  The Philippine Commisions were composed of Special american advisers to the U.S.
President. There were two such commissions, but only the second one was really
important.

1. Schurman Commission led by Dr. Jacob C. Schurman. It came to the Philippines on

1899 but it did not stay and finish its work.

2. Taft Commission led by Judge William Howard Taft. It came on 1990-1916. It stayed
and organized the civil government in the Philippines.

The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907. Sergio Osmeña was
chosen as Speaker of the Assembly while Manuel L. Quezon became the majority floor
leader.

The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law which
appropriated one million pesos for barrio schools.
 C. The American Legacy
 Philippine life changed tremendously as an American colony. Some of
these include:

1. Filipinos are now free to choose their own religion, and especially to
have and read the Bible. Isabelo de los reyes and Gregorio Aglipay
started their own Christian denomination - the Philippine Independent
Church.
Thomasites Aboard the USAT Thomas

2. America’s next greatest legacy was to train the Filipinos for democracy.
In 1946, the Philippines got its dream of independence from the
Americans.

• During the American era, all children could study in schools. The first
American teachers were the soldiers. In 1901, the first batch of
professional teachers came from United State onboard the U.S. Army ship
Thomas. These first teachers were called Thomasites. Hundreds of
Filipino scholars were sent to the U.S. to study. They were called as
pensionados.
4. The Americans introduced health and sanitation. The government built the free Philippine
General Hospital in Manila.

5. The Americans improved land policy by reselling friar lands to Filipino farmers. Filipinos
are allowed to own up to 24 hectares of public land under Homestead Act in 1924 and all the
lands had to be registered to have Torrens title.
The Filipinos lost the war to the Americans in 1901 but they did not really stop fighting for
independence. The Filipinos carried on the fight in three ways:
(1) theater and literature;
(2) peasant revolts; and
(3) peaceful pressure by the Filipino politicians ending in the establishment of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
To prepare for independence and the Commonwealth, Filipinos wrote a new constitution
and 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention on July 10, 1934.
On February 8, 1935, a new constitution was approved by
delegates.
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt sign it on March 23,1935.
On May 4, 1935, the constitution was approved by Filipino
people in a plebiscite.
September 17, 1935, first national elections in the
Philippines was held.
November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines
was inaugurated with the newly-elected President Manuel L.
Quezon.
D. The Second World War and Japanese Invasion
in the Philippines
 The worst war in the country was the Second World War (1941-1945). It was also the worst war
in the world. The war started and the Japanese invaded the Philippines. They occupied the country
for three years (1942-1945). They established a puppet government, the Second Philippine
Republic.

 The WWII was between the Allied Nation (U.S, Britain, China, France, and Soviet Russia) and
the Axis nations (Germany, Italy and Japan). It really started in Europe because Hitler and his
Nazi German troops attacked Poland on September 1, 1939.

 December 8, 1941, Japan made a sneak attack on the military bases of America and Britain in
Pearl Harbor, Singapore and Philippines. Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in the
Philippines. They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Field.

 General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East
(USAFFE), could not stop the Japanese invasion.
 President Roosevelt wired President Quezon to escape to the United States on February 20,
1942 to October 3, 1944.
 President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944, and he was succeeded by Vice-President
Osmeña.
 General MacArthur was ordered to leave by President Roosevelt, but when he landed on Australia
on March 17, 1942 MacArthur told the world “I shall return!”
 The Filipino and American soldiers made their last stand at Bataan and Corregidor. General
Jonathan Wainwright took over the command of the Fil-American forces from Gen. MacArthur.
 However, the brave Filipino and American soldiers were taken prisoner by the Japanese. Some
62, 000 Filipinos and 11, 000 American soldiers were forced to march from 7 to 11 days
without food, water and medicine. They marched from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell
in Capas, Tarlac. It was recorded in history as the Bataan Death March that happened on April
1942.
 The Philippines was under Japanese military occupation for three years from January 3, 1942 to
July 5, 1945.
A burial detail of American and Filipino prisoners of war uses
improvised litters to carry fallen comrades at Camp O'Donnell,
Capas, Tarlac, 1942, following the Bataan Death March.

American survivors of the Battle of Bataan under Japanese

guard before beginning the Bataan Death March.

Fallen soldiers during the Death March

January 3, 1942, the Japanese
military administration was set up
in Manila. It was headed by
General Yoshihida Hayashi and
the late military head was General
Takazi Wachi.

The Japanese circulated new

money with Japanese script. The
Filipinos called it “Mickey Mouse
Money,” because nobody really
wanted it.
 Leaders Luis Taruc
 January 21, 1942, the Japanese Casto Alejandrino
Premier, Hideki Tojo came to
Dates of operation 1942–1954
Philippines and announced the
“Independence” of the Philippines and Headquarters Pampanga
said Japan was the “Liberator” of the Active regions Central Luzon
Asians from Western powers. He Ideology Marxism-Leninism
launched a new plan called “Greater Anti-Japanese
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.” imperialism (until 1945)
Anti-Americanism (from
1946 until 1954)
 October 14, 1943, the Second Flag of the Hukbalahap (from 1950)
Philippine Republic was inaugurated Allies  Commonwealth of the
Philippines (1942–1946)
in front of the Legislative Building at  United States of
Manila. It was headed by President America (during World
Jose P. Laurel. The Filipino voters War II recapture of the
Philippines)
did not elect the officials.
Opponents  Empire of Japan (during World
 Communist army formed a guerilla War II occupation)
army called Huk or Hukbo ng Bayan  Second Philippine
Laban sa Hapon. Republic (1942–1945)
 Government of the Philippines
Luis Taruc, the leader of Huk
E. Life During the Wartime Years
Neighborhood and district
associations were organized. It
should be composed of 10
families, and the head of each
family had to report everything
to the Constabulary officers.

The Japanese Army propaganda Japanese propaganda leaflet distributed

during the Battle of the Philippines
section was called Hodoo-Bu.
It circulated posters and other
materials to glorify Japan.
Poster of Manchukuo promoting harmony between Japanese, Chinese,
and Manchu. The caption says: "With the help of Japan, China, and
Manchukuo, the world can be in peace." 
Barangays were organized into groups called the Samahang Magkakapit-
Bahay. These were really spy networks. The top agency of Japanese
propaganda was the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas).
Party flag Election symbol

Leader: Directors-General: Benigno S. Aquino (1942–1943), Camilo Osías (1943–1945)

Founder: Philippine Executive Commission
Founded: December 8,1942
Headquarters: Manila, Second Philippine Republic
Ideology: Filipino nationalism, National conservatism, Fascism, Pro-Japan
 Violation of Japanese orders and laws was considered a hostile act, which
meant death penalty.
 The schools were again made open to the public. Books were used again
except those with pictures and stories about the Americans. Japanese
culture and language were taught and disseminated.
 The Japanese controlled the movement of commodities especially foods.
The prices of the commodities had increased to the point that the Filipino
could no longer afford to buy.
 For three years, Filipino suffered under the Japanese and lived in fear of
the cruel kempeitai (Japanese military police.)
 October 20, 1944, the American liberation forces
landed at Palo, Leyte with more than 650 ships and
four army divisions. General MacArthur announced to
the people: “I have returned!”

 The Japanese invaders were doomed. Filipino and

American guerillas met the Allied troops and together
won the battle. The U.S. Navy won the big Battle of
Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, 1944.

 In February 1945, the Battle of Manila ended. The

Fil-American troops liberated the city on February 23,
1945. Finally, on July 5, 1945, General MacArthur MacArthur landing at Leyte, October 20, 1944.
announced the liberation of the Philippines. Photograph by Gaetano Faillace that served as
the basis for the statues.
 February 22, 1945, President Osmeña was installed
at Malacañang Palace after the liberation of Manila.
 On August 6, 1945, the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
first atomic bomb was
dropped on the city of Date: 6 August and 9 August 1945
Location: Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Hiroshima and three days Japan
later, another bomb was Result: Allied Victory

dropped on the city of Casualties and losses

Nagasaki. These atomic 1 British, Hiroshima:
bombs made the Japanese 7 Dutch, and •20,000 soldiers
12 American killed
surrender on August 15, Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over prisoners of •70,000–126,000
Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) war killed civilians killed
1945.
Nagasaki:
 The last Commonwealth Belligerents 39,000–80,000
killed
election were held on United States Japan •At least 150
Manhattan Project:
April 23, 1946. Manuel United Kingdom
soldiers killed
• Total
A. Roxas of the new killed:129,000–
Canada 226,000
Liberal Party won the
election for president.
 F. The Third Philippine Republic
 The First Republic was headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo from 1899 to 1901.

 The Second Republic was headed by President Laurel during the Japanese occupation in 1942 to 1945.

 The Third Philippine Republic lasted from July 4, 1946 to September 21, 1972. The Third Philippine Republic was
born after the worst war in history. It faced serious problems. These problem of the nation were:

1. Reconstruction. The government buildings and records were destroyed. The factories, schools, and roads were ruined by
the war.

2. Poor government and poor people. There was no money in the national treasury. Millions of people were jobless and
homeless and the prices of basic needs were very high.

3. Peace and order. Manila and other cities were full of criminals and rebels. Communists led by HUKBALAHAP
terrorized the countryside.

4. Moral and spiritual decline. Filipino people had poor moral and spiritual values.
 Presidents of the Third Republic

1. Manuel A. Roxas
 Roxas was the first president of the Third Republic. He took office on
May 26, 1946. He died of a heart attack on April 15, 1948, while he
was visiting Clark Air Base in Pampanga.

 He adopted two laws legislated by the United States to grow and 5th President of the Philippines
industrialize our economy. These laws include: In office
May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948
(1) The Philippine Trade Act - (Bell Trade Act). Provide the Vice President Elpidio Quirino
continuation of free trade with the Philippines and United States from
1946 to 1954. For the next 20 years, Philippine exports to U.S. will pay a
Born: Manuel Roxas y Acuña
gradually increased tariff rate.
January 1, 1892, Capiz,
Died: April 15, 1948 (aged 56)
(2) Philippine Rehabilitation Act- Resulted to the creation of the Clark Air Base, Pampanga, Philippines
Philippine War Damage Commission to take charge of war damage Cause of death: Heart attack
payments. Profession: Lawyer, Soldier
In order to rebuild the Philippine economy, the government amend the 1935
Philippine Constitution and give parity rights to the Americans. This obliged the
country to grant U.S. the same right with the Filipinos in the utilization and
exploitation of Philippine natural resources in exchange of American support.
The  Military Bases Agreement was signed on March 4, 1947. Where it gave the
U.S. free use of 23 base sites for 99 years renewable on expiration of this treaty. A
provision of the Military Bases Agreement granted American military authorities an
exclusive jurisdiction overall the offenses of American personnel.
He issued a proclamation on March 6, 1948 declaring the Hukbalahap and the
Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid as illegal associations organized and
maintained to commit acts of sedition.
 During his term, he asked the Congress to pass the law giving tenant farmers 70% of
the rice harvest and the landlord will get 30% but there were instances wherein the
landlords did not follow the order stated in Republic Act 34 (approved on September
30, 1946).
2. Elpidio Quirino
 President Quirino became the president on April 17, 1948. He completed
the term of Roxas and won the 1949 election. He served the country until
December 30, 1953.

 He continued the policies of President Roxas. He gave special radio talks

to the people. He also helped the poor by starting rural banks in the
6th President of the Philippines
provinces.
In office
April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953
 The president saw his mission as restoring the people’s faith in
government. He negotiated with the Taruc, head of the Hukbalahap. Vice President None (1948–1949)
Fernando
Lopez (1949–1953)
 President Quirino created the: President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration (PACSA) to aid the needy families,
Born: Elpidio Quirino y Rivera
 The Labor Management Advisory Board, to advise him in labor matters November 16, 1890, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Died: February 29, 1956 (aged 65)
 Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines
Profession: Lawyer
to help the farmers market their crops.
Nongovernmental organizations were also given approval from the administration.

In 1949, the Philippine Jaycees (Junior Chamber of Commerce) was organized.

In September 1951, the Philippine government signed a peace treaty with Japan.

To ensure peaceful, clean, and honest elections throughout the country, the
National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) was formally inaugurated
in August 1951 with Jaime Ferrer, as the director.
3. Ramon Magsaysay
 Ramon Magsaysay was the defense secretary under President
Quirino. He took oath into office on December 30, 1953. President
Magsaysay opened the gates of the Malacañang Palace to the masses.

 He band nepotism and prohibited the naming of towns, plazas,

bridges and avenues after him. He implemented legislations on land
reform such as;
7th President of the Philippines
 The Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 resulted to the shift of share In office
tenancy to leasehold system. This law also provide reduction of land December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
rentals as well as prohibition of ejection of tenants except for just Vice President Carlos P. Garcia
cause.
Born: Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay- August
31, 1907Iba, Zambales, Philippine Islands
 The Court of Agrarian Relations was created to determine if there Died: March 17, 1957 (aged 49)
was a just cause in the ejection of the tenant. Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death: Airplane crash
 The Land Reform Act of 1955 to improve landlord-tenant relations. Profession: Soldier, Automotive Mechanic
 The Presidential Assistant for Community Development (PACD) was also established to ensure rural
development.

 Community roads and irrigation project were expanded. Loans were extended to farmers through ACCFA.
Marketing associations, known as Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association (FACOMAs) were
organized throughout the country.

 On August 11, 1955, the legislation approved by Congress was passed to empower the president to break up
large landed estates.

 It was Magsaysay’s term that Japan agreed to pay for the damage brought by World War II.

 He sent Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino, Jr., a journalist to confer with Taruc. On May 17, 1954, Luis Taruc
unconditionally surrendered to the government and duly recognized authority of President Magsaysay.

 To counteract the communist activities in the Philippines and the rest of neighboring countries in the Southeast
Asian region the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was established in Manila.

 President Magsaysay, who was hoping for reelection died in a fatal airplane crash at Mt. Manunggal in Cebu
on March 17, 1957.
 4. Carlos Garcia
First term: March 18, 1957-December 30, 1957 (succeeded)

Second term: December 30, 1957-December 30, 1961

(elected)  

 On December 30, 1957, President Carlos P. Garcia and

Vice-President Diosdado Macapagal were inducted into
8th President of the Philippines
office.  
In office
March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961
 Anchored his program in austerity, which involves temperate
Vice None (March 18 – December 30, 1957)
spending, less imports, less extravagant consumption.   President Diosdado Macapagal (1957–1961)

 President Garcia expressed himself against alien domination

in the national economy. On August 28, 1958, the National
Economic Council passed Resolution No. 204,
promulgating Filipino First Policy.
Born: Carlos Garcia y Polistico, November 4, 1896,
Talibon, Bohol, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died: June 14, 1971 (aged 74), Quezon City, Metro Manila,
Philippines
Profession: Lawyer
OnNovember 16, 1958, a coup d’ etat plan of a group of military
men was revealed by Bartolome Cabangbang.  
There was also a revival of Filipino Culture. The government
sponsored the annual Republic Cultural Heritage Awards for
Filipino scientists, artists, musicians, fictions, writers, and historians.
Garcia’s administration was also criticized for graft and corruption.  
The administration failed to stop inflation, smuggling and
criminality. President Garcia lost his bid for reelection on November
14, 1961.  
  
5. Diosdado Macapagal
 December 30, 1961, with his running mate Emmanuel Pelaez
were inducted into office. In addressing the Congress on
January 22, 1962, President Macapagal targeted the
following areas for his administration:

1. Self-sufficiency in the staple food of the people

2. Conditions that will provide more income and a well- 9th President of the Philippine
formulated socioeconomic program. In office
December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
3. Strengthen the sense of morality of government by instituting Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez
modes of reform and set the example of honest and simple
living. Born: Diosdado Pangan Macapagal- 28
September 1910, Lubao, Pampanga, Philippine
 Established Islands
the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the
Died: 21 April 1997 (aged 86), Makati, Metro
purchase of private farmland to be distributed in expensive Manila, Philippines
small lots to the landless on easy terms of payment. Profession: Lawyer, Professor
 The president also sponsored notable projects like the construction of North and South Expressway, housing for
soldiers and government employees.

 Placed Philippine peso on the currency exchange market.

 Declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day from the traditional July 4.

 Encouraged the use of the Filipino Language in diplomatic passports, diplomatic credentials, school diplomas, traffic
signs and stamps as well as in naming typhoons.

 It was during his term that the Philippines officially filed their claim over North Borneo (Sabah) on June 22, 1962.

 President Macapagal cultivates closer relations with other Asian countries that resulted to the agreement known as
Manila Accord. These three national leaders direct their countries as MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines and
Indonesia)

 He claimed North Borneo as part of Philippine territory.

 Signed the Minimum Wage Law.

 Created Philippine Veteran’s Bank.

 6. Ferdinand E. Marcos
 He was the longest-serving president of our country 10th President of the Philippines
(1966-1986). He was also the first and only president
In office
to declare martial law in the Philippines (1972- December 30, 1965 – February 25,
1981).   1986

Prime Himself (1978–1981),

 The only Philippine president to be ousted by a Minister Cesar Virata (1981–
bloodless revolution called “People Power” in 1986.   1986)

Vice Fernando Lopez (1965–

 He was the president who built the most number of
roads, bridges, schoolhouses, government buildings,
and irrigation systems.  
 He supported the program Green Revolution.
Production of rice was increased through promoting
the cultivation of IR8 hybrid rice also known as
Miracle Rice.  
President 1972)
Born: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos- September 11,
1917
Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippine Islands
Died: September 28, 1989 (aged 72), Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Profession: Lawyer, Jurist, Politician
Vigorous campaign against smuggling, kidnapping, drug trafficking, and other crime
syndicates was also given emphasis.  

Access to free education widened during the term of President Marcos.  

Marcos was reelected to an unprecedented second term in 1969.  

By 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972.  

His popularity started to decline due to the perceived dishonesty in the 1969 campaign,
alleged government corruption, and worsening peace situation.  

There was also the upsurge of communism and subversion.  

By early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the communist New
People’s Army (NPA) waged guerrilla warfare against Marcos administration.  
 On the evening of August 21, 1971, a large bombing happened
while in the middle of proclamation rally of the Liberal Party at
Plaza Miranda.
 President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 880, suspending the
writ of habeas corpus in order to maintain peace and order and
preserve the authority of the state.
 On September 23, 1972, President Marcos appeared on nationwide
radio and television to formally announce that he had placed the
entire Philippines under martial law. It was pursuant to
Proclamation No. 1081, which he had signed on September 21,
1972.
G. The Marcos Dictatorship
 Marcos became a dictator for 14 years -- from 1972 to
1986. So while President was a dictator, democracy
died in our country.  P - Peace and Order
 L - Land Reform
 For many years, Marcos celebrated September 21 as the
 E - Economic Development
anniversary of martial law but our people considered it
the national day of “mourning” for the death of our  D - Development of Moral
democracy. Values
 G - Government Reforms
 The President claimed that martial law was the prelude  E - Educational Reforms
to creating a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) based on
 S - Social Services
new political and social values. His proposed reform
are based on the acronym PLEDGES.
 Under martial law, several changes in the government was made;

1. A new constitution.

2. Death of democracy.

3. Reorganization of the government.

4. Marcos family together with his cronies controlled business in the country. Imelda Marcos, his wife had
several government positions.

5. Military had a major role in government under Marcos administration.

 On January 17, 1981, President Marcos ended martial law. However, he retained his strong power. On
June 16, 1981, the first presidential elections were held after martial law. President Marcos won 88% of
the votes.

 OnJune 30, 1981 the new Philippine Republic was inaugurated. Marcos became the first and only
president of this Fourth Republic.
References:
• Halili, MC. (2010). Philippine History. Sampaloc, Manila. Rex Bookstore, Inc.

• Zaide, S. (1999). Philippine History and Government. Cubao, Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.

• http://tumblr.malacanang.gov.ph/

• http://tumblr.malacanang.gov.ph/page/61

• http://www.pinoyvote.net/ramon-magsaysay/

• http://www.malacanang.gov.ph/

• http://www.malacanang.gov.ph/

• http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imagery. FerdinandMarcos
Thank you for
listening
Hope u learned
something!
Assessment
1. When did General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Independence
in Kawit, Cavite after 333 years of Spanish domination ?
2. When was the Biak-na-Bato Republic inaugurated, and Emilio Aguinaldo was
then the President ?
3. The first batch of professional teachers came from United State onboard the
U.S. Army ship Thomas. What were they called?
4. It was the worst war in the world.
5. When MacArthur landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, what did he told to
the world ?
6. It is the top agency of Japanese propaganda.
7-10. These are the serious problems that the Third Philippine Republic faced
after the worst war in history.
11. The law that provide continuation of free trade with the Philippines and United States from 1946 to
1954.
12. The law that resulted to the creation of the Philippine War Damage Commission to take charge of
war damage payments.
13. He was the defense secretary under President Quirino.
14. He anchored his program in austerity, which involves temperate spending, less imports, less
extravagant consumption.
15. He established the first Land Reform Law.
16. The President who was inducted on December 30, 1957
17. The first president of the Third Republic.
18. The president who became a dictator for 14 years.
19. What was called to the agreement between the Spaniards and the Filipino revolutionaries
which resulted to voluntary exile of Emilio Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong?
20. In the Treaty of Paris, Spain cede the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. What
was the amount of money which Spain in turn paid to the U.S?