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Qip Ice 05 Engine Efficiencies
Qip Ice 05 Engine Efficiencies
Losses
Loss to coolant,
radiation and exhaust
2
Transmission Loss (from piston to crankshaft
via the connecting rod)
Friction loss
Pumping loss fp
∴ ip− fp= bp
The brake power is always less than the
indicated power because of frictional losses.
Indicated power (ip), is the power actually
developed in the cylinder.
Brake power (bp), is the output power
measured at the crankshaft.
3
Indicated power (ip) can be expressed as
( imep ) LAnK
ip =
60×1000
4
Brake power (bp) can be expressed as
(bmep ) LAnK
bp =
60×1000
5
Specific Fuel Consumption: It is defined as the
fuel flow rate per unit power output, and can be
expressed as
m f
sfc =
P
Depending upon whether it is brake power or
indicated power, the terms brake specific fuel
consumption (bsfc), or indicated specific fuel
consumption (isfc) is used. Accordingly,
m f m f
bsfc = & isfc =
bp ip
sfc is a measure of how efficiently the fuel supplied
to the engine is used to produce power. Clearly, a
low value of sfc is desirable since for a given power
level less fuel is consumed.
6
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Engine Size
¾ bsfc generally
decreases with
engine size due to
reduced heat losses
from gas to cylinder
wall.
• There is a
minimum in the bsfc
versus engine speed
curve
9
Combustion Efficiency
As time available for combustion is very short, a
small fraction of fuel does not react and exits with
the exhaust flow.
A Combustion Efficiency is defined to account for
the fraction of fuel burnt, and typically has values in
the range of 95 % to 98 % when an engine is
operating properly.
Qin = m f Q f ηc
where mf = mass of fuel
Q f = calorific value of fuel
η c = combustion efficiency
∴ Q in = m f Q f ηc
10
Thermal Efficiency: It is the ratio of power produced
to the energy in the fuel burned to produce this
power, and can be expressed as
P
ηth =
f Qf
m
Depending upon whether it is brake power or indicated
power, the terms brake thermal efficiency or indicated
thermal efficiency is used. Accordingly, following two
expressions can be used.
bp ip
η bth = ; η ith =
fQf
m fQ f
m
isfc ηbth
ηm = =
bsfc ηith
12
Air-Fuel Ratio:
A ma
=
F mf
A m a
=
F m f
13
Chemically Correct or Stoicheometric F/A: The
mixture that contains optimum proportion of fuel
air ratio.
φ = Equivalence Ratio
Actual F Ratio
= A
Stoicheometric F Ratio
A
φ = 1; Chemically Correct
φ 〈 1; Lean M ixture
φ 〉 1 ; Rich M ixture
ρ a vd N and
N = engine speed (revolutions per minute)
n = number of revolutions per cycle
15
Volumetric Efficiency:
16
Improving Volumetric Efficiency:
Engine volume Vd
Specific Volume = =
Engine power bp
Indicates the relative effectiveness
with which engine space is utilized.
Engine power bp
Specific Power = =
Piston face area ( all pistons ) Ap
19
Two-stroke Engines:
Cylinder Volume = Swept Volume = V d
Cylinder M ass = ρ aV d = m c
M ass of Fresh Ch arg e Delivered / Ingested = m i
M ass of Fresh Ch arg e Re tained / Trapped = m t
M ass of Ch arg e Lost ( Short − circuiting ) = m i − m t
M ass of Ch arg e Trapped ( including Exh . Re siduals ) = m tc
mi
Delivery Ratio: λ dr =
mc
mt
Charging Efficiency: λ ce =
mc
∴ λ dr 〉 λ ce Because some mixture is
lost out of exhaust port
before it is closed
20
Two-stroke Engines:
Cylinder Volume = Swept Volume = V d
Cylinder M ass = ρ aV d = m c
M ass of Fresh Ch arg e Delivered / Ingested = m i
M ass of Fresh Ch arg e Re tained / Trapped = m t
M ass of Ch arg e Lost ( Short − circuiting ) = m i − m t
M ass of Ch arg e Trapped ( including Exh . Re siduals ) = m tc
mt
Trapping Efficiency: λte =
mi
mt
Scavenging Efficiency: λ se =
m tc
Relative Charge: m tc λ ce
λ rc = =
mc λ se
21
Charging Efficiency
= Delivery Ratio x Trapping Efficiency
Charging Efficiency
= Relative Charge x Scavenging Efficiency
Typical values
0.65 〈 λ dr 〈 0.95
0.50 〈 λ ce 〈 0.75
0.65 〈 λ te 〈 0.80
0.75 〈 λ se 〈 0.90
0.60 〈 λ rc 〈 0.90
22
Road-Load Power
Pr = (C R M v g + 1 ρ 2
C D Av Sv ) ⋅ Sv
2 a
23
Road-Load Power
Pr = (C R M v g + 1 ρ 2
C D Av Sv ) ⋅ Sv
2 a
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References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
4. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
5. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com
7. http://www.me.psu.edu
8. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
9. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
10. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
11. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
12. http://webpages.csus.edu
13. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
14. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
15. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
16. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
17. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
18. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
19. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
20. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
21. http://www.me.udel.edu
22. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
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