Formation evaluation

and well log correlation

S WA P N I L PA L
IMT GEOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
Overview
Well log definition and its importance
Fundamentals of qualitative and quantitative log interpretation
Formation evaluation with well logs
Processing and interpretation of well log data
Conclusion
Well log
The continuous recording of
a geophysical parameter
along a borehole produces a
geophysical well log.

The value of the

measurement is plotted
continuously against depth
in the well.
Basic Logs Tools and their
Measurements
Gamma Ray log
Basic Logs Tools and their
Measurements
Calliper log
Basic Logs Tools and their
Measurements
Electrical log
Basic Logs Tools and their
Measurements
Density log
Basic Logs Tools and their
Measurements
Neutron log
 Petrophysical Interpretation

Qualitative assessment Quantitative assessment

Assessment of reservoir Numerical estimation of

properties, fluid type form reservoir properties viz. % of
log pattern. oil, water etc.
Basic steps for quick look evaluation
Gas bearing

Hydrocarbon
bearing

Oil bearing
Reservoir

Water bearing
ROCK

Non-Reservoir
Qualitative Interpretation

Identification of Reservoir or Non-reservoir

Low gamma ray

(Reservoir rock)
Qualitative Interpretation

Identification of hydrocarbon or water bearing zone

Low gamma ray

+
High Resistivity value
 Qualitative Interpretation

Identification of oil or gas bearing zone

Low gamma ray

+
High Resistivity value
+
Large deviation in RHOB and NPHI value
(cross-over region)
Qualitative Interpretation

Gas bearing zone

Oil bearing zone

Water bearing zone

Quantitative Interpretation

 Estimation of effective porosity & permeability.

 Estimation of volume of clay fraction.
 Estimation of hydrocarbon saturation.
 Determination of the depth and thickness of net
pay.
 Estimation of reserves of hydrocarbon.
Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
 Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
gas bearing zone
effective
Depth (m) Vsh PHID PHIdc PHIN PHInc (Gas)

1940 0.710526 0.278788 0.106539 0.46 0.175789 0.145349

1945 0.078947 0.418182 0.399043 0.09 0.058421 0.285174

1948 0.052632 0.381818 0.369059 0.07 0.048947 0.263249

1950 0.039474 0.424242 0.414673 0.06 0.044211 0.29488

1953 0.039474 0.484848 0.475279 0.14 0.124211 0.34736

1957 0.697368 0.327273 0.158214 0.33 0.051053 0.117554

1958 0.644737 0.266667 0.110367 0.41 0.152105 0.132885

 Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
oil bearing zone

effective
Depth (m) Vsh PHID PHIdc PHIN PHInc (Gas)

1970 0.657895 0.236364 0.076874 0.36 0.096842 0.086858

1972 0.644737 0.218182 0.061882 0.325 0.067105 0.064494

1974 0.118421 0.272727 0.244019 0.19 0.142632 0.193325

1976 0.460526 0.272727 0.161085 0.34 0.155789 0.158437

1978 0.276316 0.254545 0.18756 0.22 0.109474 0.148517

1980 0.434211 0.272727 0.167464 0.275 0.101316 0.13439

1982 0.263158 0.284848 0.221053 0.24 0.134737 0.177895

1984 0.723684 0.254545 0.079107 0.43 0.140526 0.109817

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
water bearing zone

Depth (m) Vsh PHID PHIdc

2025 0.236842 0.278788 0.212759

2028 0.565789 0.230303 0.1

2029 0.328947 0.212121 0.142344

2030 0.276316 0.260606 0.188596

2031 0.342105 0.242424 0.15949

2034 0.394737 0.278788 0.16874

2035 0.223684 0.260606 0.202313

2036 0.223684 0.260606 0.202313

2037 0.197368 0.236364 0.189713

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of hydrocarbon saturation
Can not be measured directly but inferred from determination of
WATER SATURATION (Sw) from RESISTIVITY and POROSITY logs.

• Sw – Fraction of pore space occupied by water.

• Sh – Fraction of pore space occupied by hydrocarbon.

S h + Sw = 1

Oil

Water
Quantitative Interpretation
Archie’s equation
Quantitative Interpretation
Calculation of formation water resistivity : Rw
Using Inverse Archie’s equation

Depth Rt Rw
2025 0.95 0.073837
2028 0.7 0.037128
2029 0.1 0.0045
2030 0.8 0.054332
Water bearing zone
2031 0.9 0.052893
2034 0.7 0.054406
2035 0.7 0.047541
2036 0.7 0.047541
2037 0.85 0.047488

Rw= 0.05, this is used in Archie’s equation to calculate water

saturation in oil and gas bearing zone
 Quantitative Interpretation
Calculation of water saturation in oil and gas zones

Depth PHId Rt Sw (Archie)

1940 0.278788 0.65 0.994843

1.2
1945 0.418182 15 0.138062

1948 0.381818 35 0.098991 1

1950 0.424242 48 0.076076

Sw: water saturation

0.8
1953 0.484848 33 0.080283

1957 0.327273 0.9 0.720201 0.6

1958 0.266667 0.85 0.909509

0.4
1970 0.236364 1 0.946029
1972 0.212121 1.5 0.860707 0.2

1974 0.272727 2 0.579751

0
1976 0.272727 4 0.409946 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
1978 0.254545 2.9 0.515847 Depth (m)
1980 0.272727 3 0.473365
1982 0.290909 1.2 0.701677
1984 0.254545 0.8 0.982143
 Qualitative Interpretation
V/s
Quantitative Interpretation

1.2
Sw: water saturation

1
0.8
Gas bearing zone

0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Oil bearing zone
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Depth (m)

Hurray!
Oil found!!

Water bearing zone

Conclusion
Well logs contains key information about the formation drilled in
different petro-physical measurements. i.e.

 Prospective zones of hydrocarbon.

 Reservoir type and thickness.
 Estimation of Porosity, permeability.
 Fluid type present in the pores and saturation level.

To economically establish the existence of producible

hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil & gas).
References

Archie II: Electrical conduction in hydrocarbon bearing zone. (n.d.). In Rock Physics (Vol.
36).
Archie III: Electrical conduction in shaly sand. (n.d.). In Rock Physics (Vol. 1).
Archie's law: Electrical conduction in clean, water bearing rock. (n.d.). In Rock
physics/History (Vol. 36).
Halliburton. (n.d.). Log Interpretation Charts.
M H Rider. (1991). The Geological Interpretation of well logs. Glasgow: Whittes Publishing.
(1989). Open hole well logging Interpretation. Texas: Schlumberger Wireline & Testing.
Serra, O. (1984). Fundamentals of well log interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Thank you