OPTICS

B2 – AMSN & EPE

nguyen-thi-thanh.ngan@usth.edu.vn

10/2020
1
 Lectures

1 Electromagnetic and basic optics:

- Maxwell’s equations
- Plane electromagnetic waves
- The electromagnetic properties of dielectric media
- Elementary electromagnetic waves
- Gaussian beam
- Properties of Gaussian beam
- Interference
2 Polarization of light:
- Malus’s law
- Jone’s vector/ Jone’s matrix
3 Fourier optics:
- Propagation of light in free space
- Diffraction:
- Fresnel’s diffraction
- Fraunhofer’s diffraction
4 Holography
- Introduction
- Applications
2
The paraxial approximation

3
 Gaussian beam

- Recalling that for a time-harmonic wave of frequency, the Maxwell’s equations in

free space has the form called the Helmholtz equation:

(Ñ + k )E(x, y, z) = 0
2 2 (1)

Where E(x, y, z) is the complex field amplitude for any polarization

component of the vector electric field
k = nω/c

- Assuming that the light propagate along the z axis  write E(x, y, z) in the form:

E(x, y, z) = y (x, y, z)e-ikz (2)

Where ψ(x, y, z) describes transverse profile of electric field in variation

of propagation.

- Substituting E into the Helmholtz equation:

 ikz
(  k ) E  {   2ik
2 2
}e  0
2
(3)
z 4
 Gaussian beam

- We have the variation of propagation is slow on the scale of λ

¶2y ¶y
<< 2k (4)
¶z 2
¶z
- And the variation of propagation is slow on the scale of transverse extent of the
wave:
¶2y ¶2y ¶2y
<< 2 , 2
¶z 2
¶x ¶y
 The Helmholtz equation can be written as:
2
¶y ¶y 2
¶y
+ 2 - 2ik =0 (5)
¶x 2
¶y ¶z
Or it can be written as:

(  2ik ) ( x, y, z )  0
2
 Paraxial wave equation (6)
z
T

Where ÑT2 = ¶2 / ¶x 2 +¶2 / ¶y2is the transverse part of the Laplacian operator
5
 Gaussian beam

- Now, let’s solve the paraxial wave equation.

- Assuming the solution has cylindrical symmetry. The paraxial wave equation
now can be written as:
1 ¶ ¶y ¶y
(r ) - 2ik =0 (7)
r ¶r ¶r ¶z
- Assume the solution to the paraxial wave equation has the form:

kr 2
y0 µ exp{-i[P(z) + ]} (8)
2q(z)
Where: q(z) is complex beam radius
P(z) is the phase shift

- Plug this trial solution into the paraxial wave equation:

¶y0 dP(z) k 2r 2 dq(z)

 -2ik = {-2k + 2 }y0 (9)
¶z dz q (z) dz
6
 Gaussian beam

And
¶y0 kr
 = -i y0 (10)
¶r q(z)

1 ¶ ¶y 0 1 ¶ kr 2
 (r )= {-i y0 }
r ¶r ¶r r ¶r q(z)
2k kr ¶y 0
= -i y0 - i
q(z) q(z) ¶r
k 2r 2 2k
= {- 2 - i }y 0 (11)
q (z) q(z)
- The paraxial equation becomes:

k 2r 2 2k dP(z) k 2 r 2 dq(z)
{- 2 - i }y0 + {-2k + 2 }y0 = 0
q (z) q(z) dz q (z) dz
or
k 2 dq(z) dP(z) i 0
{ 2 [ -1]r - 2k[
2
+ ]r } = 0 (12)
q (z) dz dz q(z)
7
 Gaussian beam

- The equation has to hold for all value of r  we can separate the coefficient of r2
and r0
dq(z)
=1 (13)
dz

dP(z) i
=- (14)
dz q(z)

- The solution of the first equation (13) is simply:

q(z) = q0 + z (15)
Where q0 is the value of q at z = 0

- Because of a beam has most of its energy concentrated near the beam center (r
close to 0) and gradually decaying in amplitude  q0 can not be a real number (if q0
is real  the beam has the infinite energy!!!)
 Assume q(z) is complex. In (15), z is real  q0 = izR is imaginary. We have:
q(z) = izR + z (16) 8
 Gaussian beam

- zR is a constant to be determined, and q(z) is called the complex radius of curvature.

Since:
1 1 z zR
= = 2 2 -i 2 2 (17)
q(z) z + izR z + zR z + zR
- The solution ψ0 is now:
kzR r 2 kzr 2
y0 µ exp[- 2 2 ]exp[-i 2 2 ]exp[-iP(z)] (18)
2(z + zR ) 2(z + zR )
- Now we need to solve for P(z):

dP(z) i i
=- =-
dz q(z) z + izR
z
dz'
iP(z) = ò z'+ izR
0

z z (19)
= ln(z'+ izR ) 0 = ln[1- i ]
zR 9
 Gaussian beam

- We use the fact that we can represent a complex number by its amplitude and
phase. So,
æzö æ z ö 1/2 æ ö
2
-1 z
1- i ç ÷ = [1+ ç ÷ ] exp[-i tan ç ÷] (20)
è zR ø è zR ø è zR ø
and
æzö
exp{-iP(z)} = exp{-ln[1- i ç ÷]}
è zR ø
æ z ö -1 æ z ö -1/2 æzö
2
-1 (21)
= [1- i ç ÷] = [1+ ç ÷ ] exp[i tan ç ÷]
è zR ø è zR ø è zR ø
- The complete expression for the fundamental Gaussian beam is:

1 kzR r 2 kzr 2 æ ö
-1 z
E(x, y, z) = E0 exp[- 2 2 ]exp[-i 2 2 ]exp[i tan ç ÷]exp(-ikz)
[1+ (z / zR ) ]
2 1/2
2(z + zR ) 2(z + zR ) è zR ø
(22)

10
 Gaussian beam

- If we define:

2zR l0 zR
w0 = = Beam waist or minimum spot size, ω0 (23)
k np

æzö
2
Beam parameters

w (z) = w 0 1+ ç ÷ Spot size, ω(z) (24)

è zR ø
é æ z ö2 ù
R(z) = z ê1+ ç R ÷ ú
êë è z ø úû Radius of curvature, R(z) (25)

æzö
f (z) = tan ç ÷
-1 Guoy phase shift, φ(z) (26)
è zR ø
- The fundamental Gaussian beam can be written as:

w0 r2 kr 2
E(x, y, z) = E0 exp[- 2 ]exp[-i ]exp{-i[kz - f (z)]} (27)
w (z) w (z) 2R(z) 11
 Properties of Gaussian beam

- Equations (23) to (27) are used to determine the properties of the Gaussian beam
- Set the origin (z = 0) of Gaussian beam in a position where the phase front at the
origin having a radius of curvature from infinity R = ∞  the wave is like a plane
wave at the origin.
- At the origin, the spot size ω(z) of the Gaussian beam is called beam waist ω(0) = ω0
 the beam waist is a special case of the spot size where R = ∞
- From (23), we have: p nw 02
zR =  Rayleigh length (28)
l0 12
 Properties of Gaussian beam

 A Gaussian beam is completely determined by ω0 or zR, the wavelength beam (λ0),

and the material refractive index (n)…

ω0 ω0

zR

 The size of Gaussian beam expands by a factor

When z = zR:
of √2
 zR, Rayleigh length is a parameter to measure
æzö
2

w (z) = w 0 1+ ç ÷ = 2w 0 (29) how far the beam is collimated.

è zR ø  2zR denotes the depth of focus or confocal
13
parameter
 Properties of Gaussian beam

Beam spreading:
- The Gaussian beam spot size (ω(z) ) can be simplified when z is far from the beam
waist.
æzö
2

w (z) = w 0 1+ ç ÷
è zR ø (30)

z
» w0 ( ) when z >> zR
zR
- Since the relation between ω and z becomes linear  we can define a beam
spreading angle θ as:

w w0 l0
= = = tanq » q
z zR npw 0
- The beam spreading angle is: ω(z)

l0
q= (31)
2ω0

npw 0 ω0
θ 14
-zR zR
 Properties of Gaussian beam

Radius of curvature:
- Electric field of the spherical wave with limited extent emitting from a point source
at z = 0 has the form:
1
E µ exp(-ikR) (32)
R Where R = (r2 + z2)1/2
- When z >> r, i.e R or z is far away from the point source

r 2 1/2 1 r2 1 r2
R = z(1+ 2 ) ~ z + ~ z+ (33)
z 2 z 2R
 The electric field of a spherical wave close to the z axis varies in the following
manner:
1 kr 2
E µ exp(-ikz)exp(-i ) (34)
R 2R 15
 Properties of Gaussian beam

- Comparing (34) to the second exponential term of the Gaussian beam  the radius
of curvature R(z) describe how the wavefront of the Gaussian beam evolves at it
propagating along the z axis.
- The radius of curvature of an Gaussian beam is:
zR2
R(z) = z + (35)

z
- The value of R(z) can be discussion in three different regions:

ì¥ at z << zR  Near waist ~ a plane wave

ï
R(z) @ í2zR at z = zR (36)
ïz at z >> zR
î  Spherical wave

16
 Properties of Gaussian beam

Phase:
- From (27)  the phase of Gaussian beam is:

kr 2
j (r, z) = kz - f (z) + (37)
2R(z)
- On the beam axis (r = 0) the phase:

z
j (0, z) = kz - f (z) = kz - tan ( ) -1
(38)
zR
 (38) comprises 2 components
 The first, kz, is the phase of a plane wave
 The second, φ(z), represents a phase retardation

17
 Properties of Gaussian beam

- φ(z) has the range from –π/2 at z = -∞ to +π/2 at z = ∞

 The total accumulated excess retardation as the wave travels from z = -∞ to z = ∞ is π
 This phenomenon is know as Guoy effect.
- The phase retardation of wave corresponds to an excess delay of the wavefront in
comparison with a plane wave of a spherical wave.

- In plane wave, the phase velocity is a constant, vp = n/c.

- In Gaussian beam, due to the Guoy phase shift, the phase velocity is actually a
function of z. The phase of the Gaussian beam is:

z
f = kz - tan ( ) -1

zR
and the phase velocity is:
wz wz c/n
vp = = =
f kz - tan -1 ( z ) 1- ( l0 )tan-1 ( z )
(39)

zR 2p nz zR 18
 Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens

- When a Gaussian beam crosses the lens, its complex amplitude, given in (27), is
multiplied by the phase factor  its wavefront bent but the beam radius is not
altered
- A Gaussian beam centered at z = 0 with a waist radius ω0 is transmitted through a thin
lens located at a distance z
 The phase at the plane of the lens is (kz + kr2/2R – φ), where R = R(z) in (25) and φ =
φ(z) in (26).
 The phase of the transmitted wave is altered to:

r 2
r 2
r 2
kz + k -f - = kz + k -f (40)
2R 2f 2R'
1 1 1
where = - (41)
R' R f

19
 Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens

ω0 ω ω' ω0'
θ θ'
θ

zR z'R

Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens

 The transmitted wave is ifself a Gaussian beam with:

- Width ω = ω’
- Radius of curvature R’ which satisfy (41)
 R is Positive since the wavefront of the incident beam is diverging
 R’ is Negative since the wavefront of the transmitted beam is converging.
20
 Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens

- The waist radius of the new beam is:

w
w0 ' = (42)
[1+ (pw / l R') ]
2 2 1/2

- And the center is located a distance from the lens:

R'
-z' = (43)
1+ (l R'/ pw 2 )2
 The minus sign since the waist lies to the right of lens.
- Substituting (24), (25) into (42), (43) we obtain the relationship between parameters of
the two beams as follow:

21
 Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens

w 0 ' = Mw 0  Waist radius (44)

(z'- f ) = M (z - f )
2
 Waist location (45)

2zR ' = M (2zR )

2
 Depth of focus (46)

2q
2q ' =  Divergence (47)
M
Mr zR f
M= with r = and M r =  Magnification (48)
(1+ r )
2 1/2
z- f z- f

Parameter transformation by a lens

22
 Exercises 1

A 1mW He-Ne laser produces a Gaussian beam of wavelength λ = 633 nm and spot size
2ω0 = 0.1 mm.
a) Determine the angular divergence of the beam, its depth of focus and its diameter at
z = 3.5 x 105 km (approximately the distance to the moon)
b) What is the radius of curvature of the wavefront at z = 0, z = zR, and z = 2zR

23
 Exercises 2

Determination of a beam with given Width and Curvature?

Assuming that the width ω and the radius of curvature R of a Gaussian beam are known
at some point on the beam axis (Fig.), show that the beam waist is located at a distance z
to the left:
R
z=
1+ (l R / pw )
2 2

And the waist radius is

w
w0 = ω0 ω
[1+ (pw / l R) ]2 2 1/2

24