Introduction to the Theory

of Ferromagnetism
Exact solution of the Ising model in one
dimension. Antiferromagnetism

Ising model for antiferromagnets. Mean-field

approximation
 Ising model for antiferromagnets.
Mean-field approximation
 J  0, for the nearest neighbors,
Exchange integral J ij  
0, otherwise.
1 /
Beginning Hamiltonian H    J ij ˆ iz ˆ jz  h ˆ iz
ˆ
2 i, j i

Considering mean-field approximation Hˆ  E0   / J ij ˆ iz ˆ jz  h ˆ iz

i, j i

 
Finally, we obtain H   ˆ iz  h   J ij ˆ jz 
ˆ
i  i j 

For two neighboring magnetic moments energy is equal

to −𝐽σ𝑖𝑧 σ𝑗𝑧
Energy has the minimal value if σ𝑖𝑧 σ𝑗𝑧 = −1
 Ising model for antiferromagnets.
Mean-field approximation
One-dimensional case Embedded sublattices

Two-dimensional case

Sum throughout the whole lattice consists of two sums:

 ˆ
i
iz   ˆ iA z   ˆ iB z
iA iB

     
H   iz  h   J ij  jz    iA z  h   J iA j ˆ jz
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ    iB z  h   J iB j ˆ jz
ˆ 
i  j i  iA  j  iA  iB  j  iB 
Ising model for antiferromagnets.
Mean-field approximation
Only neighboring magnetic moments interact with each other

J
j  iA
iA j ˆ jz   J iA jB ˆ jB z  zJxB ; J iA jB  J ; ˆ jB z  xB
jB

J
j  iB
iB j ˆ jz   J iB jA ˆ jA z  zJxA ; J iB j A  J ; ˆ j A z  xA
jA

Hamiltonian Hˆ   ˆ iA z  h  zJxB    ˆ iB z  h  zJx A 

iA iB

heffA  h  zJxB
Effective magnetic fields  B
heff  h  zJx A

Hamiltonian again… Hˆ  heffA  ˆ iA z  heffB  ˆ iB z

iA iB
Ising model for antiferromagnets.
Mean-field approximation
Denote Hˆ A   heff  ˆ iA z ; Hˆ B   heff  ˆ iB z  Hˆ  Hˆ A  Hˆ B
A B

iA iB


 x  ˆ  ˆ
Tr ˆ iA z e  H A T   heffA   h  zJxB 
iA z   tanh    tanh  
 A

Tr e  Hˆ A T
 
 T   T 



 xB  ˆ iB z 

Tr ˆ iB z e  Hˆ B T

 heffB 
  
 h  zJx A 
 
 
tanh tanh
 Hˆ B T
 Tr e  T   T 


  zJxB 
 x A  tanh  T 
  
 in the absence of magnetic field
 x  tanh  zJx A 
 B  
 T 