2.

2 (b) Harmonic Motion

What is Harmonic Motion?
Consider a point Z, which moves along the circular orbit R with constant speed ω

Im (y)

ω
z

R
ωt+α Re (x)

R – radius of orbit or magnitude of Z (m or in.)

ω – circular frequency (rad/s)
α – initial phase angle (rad)
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What is Harmonic Motion?

Im (y) y
y = R sin(ωt + α )
ω
z
R
ωt+α t
Re (x)
α
ω

Projection of motion of point z on Im (y) -axis

x
x = R cos(ωt + α )

This projection motion (sine or cosine) is

called simple harmonic motion
t

α
ω
Projection of motion of point z on Re (x) -axis
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 Three Elements of Harmonic Motion
Three elements of harmonic motion are:

time Initial phase angle

R
x = R sin (ωt + α )
t
α
ω amplitude circular frequency

• Period of harmonic motion T:

• frequency f and circular frequency ω:

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Lead Phase and Lag Phase

Im (y)
z1
z0
α z2
ψ
ωt Re (x)

relative to Z (reference)
Point Z1 is always
Point Z2 is always
The corresponding projection (harmonic motion):

Z1 y1 = R sin (ωt + α ) x1 = R cos(ωt + α ) α-

Z2 y2 = R sin (ωt − ψ ) x2 = R cos(ωt −ψ ) ψ-

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2
 Trig Formula for Sin and Cos
Review of Some Trig Formula:

sin(θ1 ± θ 2 ) = sin θ1 cos θ 2 ± cosθ1 sin θ 2

cos(θ1 ± θ 2 ) =

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
a γ
a b c
Sine theorem: = =
sin α sin β sin γ
β b
α
Cosine theorem: c = a + b − 2ab cos γ
2 2 2

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Find Amplitude and Phase Angle (1)

Problem: It is easy to write Rsin(ωt+α) or Rcos(ωt-ψ) as Acosωt+Bsinωt by using trig formula

showed in previous page. But a typical problem in SD is write Acosωt+Bsinωt as Rsin(ωt+α) in
lead phase or Rcos(ωt-ψ) in lag phase.
How to calculate R and lead phase α or lag phase ψ from A and B ?

Method 1 (use trig formula)

R sin(ωt + α ) = R sin ωt cos α + R cos ωt sin α = ( R sin α ) cos ωt + ( R cos α ) sin ωt

R sin α = A R = A2 + B 2
R cos α = B α = tan −1
A
(α = ATAN 2( A, B ))
B
R cos(ωt −ψ ) = R cos ωt cosψ + R sin ωt sin ψ = ( R cosψ ) cos ωt + ( R sin ψ ) sin ωt

R cosψ = A R = A2 + B 2
R sin ψ = B ψ=
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 Find Amplitude and Phase Angle (2)
Method 2 ( use schematic plot)
A
cosωt

ψ
B α R

sinωt
R = A2 + B 2
α= ψ=

Note: Do not confuse it with complex plane.

This schematic is just help you memorize
the formula to calculate MAG and PHASE
from A and B
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