RECTILINEAR MOTION

Average Velocity (in an interval) :

Total displacement r  ri
v av = v = <v> = = f
Total time taken t
Average Speed (in an interval)
Total distance travelled
Average Speed =
Total time taken
Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant) :

  r 
v inst = lim 
t  0  t 


Average acceleration (in an interval):

  
 v v f  vi
a av = =
t t
Instantaneous Acceleration (at an instant):

 dv  v 
 
a = = lim
dt t 0  t 
 

Graphs in Uniformly Accelerated Motion along a straight line

(a  0)
 x is a quadratic polynomial in terms of t. Hence x  t graph is a
parabola.
x
x
a<0
xi xi
a>0

t t
0 0
x-t graph
 v is a linear polynomial in terms of t. Hence vt graph is a straight line of
slope a.
v v
a
= slo
e u pe
op =
sl a
u
a is positive a is negative
t t
0 0

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 v-t graph
 at graph is a horizontal line because a is constant.
a a
positive
acceleration
a
0
negative
acceleration
t a
0

a-t graph
Maxima & Minima
dy d  dy 
=0 &   < 0 at maximum
dx dx  dx 

dy d  dy 
and =0&   > 0 at minima.
dx dx  dx 
Equations of Motion (for constant acceleration)
(a) v = u + at
1 2 1 2 1 2
(b) s = ut + at s = vt  at xf = xi + ut + at
2 2 2
(c) v 2 = u2 + 2as
(u  v ) a
(d) s= t (e) sn = u + (2n  1)
2 2
For freely falling bodies : (u = 0)
(taking upward direction as positive)
(a) v = – gt
1 2 1 2 1 2
(b) s=– gt s = vt  gt hf = hi – gt
2 2 2
(c) v 2 = – 2gs
g
(d) sn = – (2n  1)
2

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 PROJECTILE MOTION & VECTORS
2u sin 
Time of flight : T= g

u 2 sin 2
Horizontal range : R=
g

u 2 sin 2 
Maximum height : H=
2g
Trajectory equation (equation of path) :

gx 2 x
y = x tan  – 2 2 = x tan  (1 – )
2u cos  R
Projection on an inclined plane

y



Up the Incline Down the Incline

2u 2 sin  cos(    ) 2u 2 sin  cos(   )
Range
g cos 2 
g cos 2 

2u sin  2u sin 
Time of flight
g cos  g cos 
Angle of projection with
   
incline plane for maximum  
range 4 2 4 2
u2 u2
Maximum Range
g(1  sin  ) g(1  sin  )

RELATIVE MOTION
  
v AB ( velocity of A with respect to B )  v A  v B

  
a AB (acceleration of A with respect to B )  a A  aB

  
Relative motion along straight line - x BA  x B  x A

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CROSSING RIVER
A boat or man in a river always moves in the direction of resultant velocity
of velocity of boat (or man) and velocity of river flow.

1. Shortest Time :

Velocity along the river, v x = v R.

Velocity perpendicular to the river, v f = v mR
2
The net speed is given by v m = v mR  v R2

2. Shortest Path :
velocity along the river, v x = 0
2
and velocity perpendicular to river v y = v mR  v R2

2
The net speed is given by v m = v mR  v R2

at an angle of 90º with the river direction.

velocity v y is used only to cross the river,

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 d d
therefore time to cross the river, t = v = 2
y v mR  v R2
and velocity v x is zero, therefore, in this case the drift should be zero.
 v R – v mR sin  = 0 or v R = v mR sin 
 vR 
or  = sin–1  

 v mR 
RAIN PROBLEMS
  
v Rm = v R – v m or v Rm = v R2  v m
2

Page # 7