Fluid Properties

Basic Fluid Parameters Used in Fluid Flow Calculations in the

Reservoir and Pipes
(Viscosity, Compressibility, Volume Factor, GOR, Phase
Diagrams)

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 API Gravity

141.5
API = − 131.5
γ
or
141.5
γ=
API + 131.5

Where
γ : Specific
S ifi Gravity
G it
API: API Gravity (60degF)
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 Specific Gravity

γo = Oil Density
D it
Water Density

Water Density = 62.4 lb/ft3

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 Types of Crude Oil according to API Gravity.

Light 30 < °API < 40

M di
Medium 20 < °API < 30
Heavyy 10 < °API < 20
Extra Heavy °API < 10

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 Crude Oils

Light Crude Heavy Crude

Palo Pinto Field Humble Oil Field
North Texas Southwest Texas

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 Crude Oils

Extra Heavy Oil

(Orinoco Belt, Venezuela)

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 Viscosity (μ)

„ A measure of resistance to flow

„ Symbols: μo, μg, μw
„ Units: cp
„ Sources: Lab measurements, correlations
„ Range
g and typical
yp values
– 0.25 to 10,000 cp, Black oil
– 100 cp > µ > 10 cp, Medium Heavy (25° > °API > 18°)
– 10.000 cp > µ > 100 cp, Heavy/Extra-heavy (20° > °API > 7°)
– > 10,000 cp. Bitumen (12° > °API > 7°)
– 0.5
0 5 to 1.0
1 0 cp
cp, Water
– 0.012 to 0.035 cp, Gas
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 Variation of Viscosity with Pressure

Viscosity
μo
cps

Pb
Pressure, psi

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 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature (dead oil)

1000 slope
l = 35 cp / °F 12 °API
Viscosity, ccp

100
slope = 4 cp / °F

10

1
100 200 300 400 500

Temperature, °F
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 Fluid Compressibility (Co, Cg, Cw)

Fractional change in volume due to a unit change in pressure

Symbol: co, cg, cw
Units: psi-1, microsips (1 microsip = 1x10-6 psi-1)
Source: Lab measurements, correlations

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Fluid Compressibility

Typical Values
• Oil
– 15x10-6 psi-1, undersaturated oil
– 180x10-66 psi-11, saturated oil
• Water
– 4x10-6 psi-1
• Gas
– 1/p, Ideal gas
– 60x10-6 psi-1, at 9000 psi
– 1.5x10-3 ppsi-1, at 680 ppsi
– 9x10-3 psi-1, at 115 psi
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 Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Oil at Surface

Gas at Surface
Oil Volume in Place Pb
Bo =
Oil Volume at Surface

Oil in Place

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 Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)

Oil at Surface

Gas at Surface
Gas Volume at Surface Pb
GOR =
Oil Volume at Surface

Oil in Place

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 GOR is different from Gas in Solution (Rs)

GOR is the ratio of ALL the gas at surface and the oil at
surface, while Rs is the ratio of gas in solution in the oil in the
reservoir

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 GOR ≠ Rs Vg 1 + Vg 2 + Vg 3
GOR =
Vo
Surface
GOR
Vg3
GWR Vo
Vg1
Vg2

Bo
Bw
Bg
Oil
Water Rs
Gas
Reservoir
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Formation Volume Factor

• Range and typical values

– Oil
• 1 – 2 res bbl/STB, Black oil
• 2 – 4 res bbl/STB,
bbl/STB Volatile
V l til oilil
– Water
• 1 – 1.1
1 1 res bbl/STB
– Gas
• 0.5
0 5 res bbl/Mscf,
bbl/Mscf at 9000 psi
• 5 res bbl/Mscf, at 680 psi
• 30 res bbl/Mscf,
bbl/Mscf at 115 psi

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 Typical PVT Data for Differential Vaporization of an
Undersaturated Oil at Constant Temperature (305
(305°F)
F)

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 HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES

EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS

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STANDING CORRELATION
Rs(Solution Gas
Gas, SCF/STB) and Bo (Oil volume factor,
factor Bbl/STB) calculation

P 10 0.0125 o API 1.205

Rs = γg x when P ≤ Pb
18 10 0.00091 T

γg 0.6
F = Rs + 1.25 T Rs: Gas in solution, SCF/STB;
γo Bo: Oil volumetric factor , STB/STB;
P: Pressure, psi;
T: Temperature °F;
γg: Gas Specific gravity (air = 1);
Bo = 0.972 + 0.00014 F 1.175 γo: Oil Specific gravity (water = 1) ;
o API: Oil API Gravity
ρo: Oil density, lb/ft3

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 OIL DENSITY

62.4 γo + 0.0764 γg Rs / 5.615

ρo =
Bo

Where ρ o= Oil density, lb/ft3 @ P,T

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 GAS VOLUMETRIC FACTOR, Bg

The ggas volumetric factor,, Bg, can be determined usingg followingg

equation, which is derived from state equation (PV = znRT)

zT
Bg = 0.028269 (vol./vol.)
P

P: pressure, psia,
T: temperature oR ((= oF + 460)
and z: supercompressibility factor.

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 Gas density at P and T

ρg = ρgSC / Bg ,

Where ρgSC = 0.0764 γg

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 HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIBILITY

UNDERSATURATED CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES (above bubble point pressure)

C
Compressibility
ibilit Bo = Bob e-Cob
C b (P
(P-Pb)
Pb)

Co
psi-1 ρo = ρob eCob (P-Pb)

µo = µob + α (P-Pb)/1000
Pb
Pressure, psi

where α is obtained from Beal

Beal´ss correlation
α = 0.54797424 x 10-5 x °API – 0.80487628 x 10-3
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 HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES
HOW TO DETERMINE FREE GAS AND CRUDE OIL VOLUME AT A GIVEN PRESURE AND
TEMPERATURE CONDITION

LIQUID 1 GAS

TWO PHASES
P 3

4
14.7 psi

60o F
T

Vo ((P,T)=
) Bo x VoSC

Vg (P,T)= Bg X (GOR - Rs) x VoSC

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 Exercise

A well is producing with an ESP 1000 STB/D

oil and 500 SCF/STB GOR

Calculate the percentage per volume of gas at the

pump intake where the pressure is 800 psi and the
temperature 140 F degrees.

Under these conditions from PVT data:

Rs=152 SCF/STB Bo=1.089 vol/vol

Bg=0.0189 vol/vol
1 Bbl=5.615 ft3
P
Procedure:
d
Qo(800 psi, 140 F) = Bo x Qo((SC)

Qg(800 psi, 140F) = = BgxQo(SC)x(GOR – Rs)

Calculations
1 barril = 5.615 pie3 y 1dia=86400 seg

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