ExS-Ch.3 - Knowledge Acquisition

EXPERT SYSTEMS
(INSY 3092)
3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

Knowledge
Acquisition

Objectives
 Describe sources of Knowledge
 Identity Major categories of Knowledge
 Describe what Knowledge Acquisition is
 Identify difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition process and how to

overcome the difficulties
 Identity existing KA techniques
 Identify different styles of knowledge sharing
 Overview important issues in KA exercise

• Sources of knowledge
• Major Categories of Knowledge
• What is Knowledge Acquisition
• Difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition

process and overcome the difficulties
• Existing Techniques of KA
• Knowledge Sharing Styles
• Important Issues in KA

3.1. Sources of knowledge
 Activity 3.1.
 Discuss
 what are Sources of knowledge
 what is knowledge Acquisition processes
What do you think about techniques of Knowledge
Acquisition

 Knowledge is a collection of specialized facts, procedures
and judgment rules
 Sources of knowledge
 Documented (books, manuals, etc.)
 Books, manuals, journal articles, technical reports, records
containing case histories, etc.
 This will almost never be sufficient to provide the knowledge base
for a real-world expert system.
 The range of problems which a book examines and solves is always
smaller than the range of problems that a human expert is master of.
 Undocumented (in people's minds)
 It is necessary to find out what the expert(s) know, and how they use
their knowledge
 Undocumented (in people's minds) cont’d…
 Expert knowledge includes: domain-related facts & principles; problem-
solving strategies; meta-knowledge - for instance, knowledge about when to
use a particular piece of knowledge; explanations and justifications.
 Knowledge Acquisition from Databases
 Many ES are constructed from knowledge extracted in whole or in part from
databases.
 Knowledge Acquisition Via the Internet
 The acquisition, availability, and management of knowledge via the Internet
are becoming critical success issues for the construction and maintenance of
knowledge-based systems

3.2. Major Categories of Knowledge
 Declarative Knowledge
 Procedural Knowledge
 Explicit Knowledge
 Tacit Knowledge.

1) Declarative Knowledge:-
 also descriptive knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the
species of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in
declarative sentences or indicative propositions.
 Expressed in a factual statement
 Important in the initial stage of knowledge acquisition
 Descriptive knowledge relates to a specific object
 It includes information about the meaning, roles, environment,
resources, activities, associations and outcomes of the object
 It is knowledge by acquaintance (the knowledge of something's
existence).
2) Procedural Knowledge:-
 also known as imperative knowledge, is the knowledge exercised in
the performance of some task.
 procedural knowledge, also know how knowledge (the knowledge of
how, and especially how best, to perform some task),
 Procedural knowledge is different from other kinds of knowledge, such
as declarative knowledge, in that it can be directly applied to a task.
For instance, the procedural knowledge one uses to solve problems
differs from the declarative knowledge one possesses about problem
solving.
 Information about courses of action. Procedural knowledge contrasts with
3/29/2018 declarative knowledge By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18
Procedural Knowledge contd…
 Considers the manner in which things work under different sets of
circumstances:
 Includes step-by-step sequences and how-to types of instructions
 May also include explanations
 Involves automatic response to stimuli
 May tell how to use declarative knowledge and how to make
inferences

Procedural Knowledge contd…
 One advantage of procedural knowledge is that it can involve more
sense, such as:
 hands-on experience,
 practice at solving problems,
 understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc.
 One limitation of procedural knowledge is its job-dependence; thus it
tends to be less general than declarative knowledge.

3) Explicit Knowledge:-
 Explicit knowledge is knowledge that has been or can be articulated,
codified, and stored in certain media.
 It can be readily transmitted to others.
 The most common forms of explicit knowledge are manuals,
documents, procedures, and how-to videos.
 The information contained in encyclopedias are good examples of
explicit knowledge.

4) Tacit Knowledge.:-
 Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal or explicit knowledge) is
knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of
writing it down or verbalizing it.
 For example, stating to someone that London is in the United Kingdom
is a piece of explicit knowledge that can be written down, transmitted,
and understood by a recipient. However, the ability to speak a language
requires all sorts of knowledge that is not always known explicitly,
even by the original speaker, and which is difficult to explicitly transfer
to users.

Tacit Knowledge contd…
 With tacit knowledge, people are not often aware of the knowledge
they possess or how it can be valuable to others
 Effective transfer of tacit knowledge generally requires extensive
personal contact and trust.
 Tacit knowledge is not easily shared.
 It involves learning and skill, but not in a way that can be written
down.
 Tacit knowledge consists often of habits and culture that we do not
recognize in ourselves

Tacit Knowledge contd…
 Tacit knowledge has been described as “know-how” - as opposed to
“know-what” (facts), “know-why” (science), or “know-who”
(networking).
 The process of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit or
specifiable knowledge is known as codification, articulation, or
specification.
 The tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be easily codified,
but can only be transmitted via training or gained through personal
experience.

3.3. What is Knowledge Acquisition
 Knowledge Acquisition is one of the processes
in transferring knowledge from human expert to
machine or computer
 It is the Process by which the expert’s
thoughts and experiences are captured
 It is a sort of mind automation, but the
knowledge can be captured from other
sources such as books as well.

 Knowledge acquisition is the extraction of
knowledge from different sources of expertise
and transfer to the knowledge base and
sometimes to the inference engine.
 It needs to “know” how experts know and what

they know
 There are three main topic areas central to

knowledge acquisition that requires consideration
in all ES projects.

1. The domain must be evaluated to determine if
the type of knowledge in the domain is suitable
for an ES.
2. The sources of expertise must be identified and
evaluated to ensure that the specific level of
knowledge required by the project is provided.
3. If the major source of expertise is a person, the
specific knowledge acquisition techniques and
participants need to be identified.

 This has proved KA to be the most difficult
component of the knowledge engineering
process. It's become known as the 'knowledge
acquisition bottleneck', and expert system
projects are more likely to fail at this stage than
any other.
 This is also the principal reason why expert
systems have not become more widespread.

 Problem Domains
 Several domain features are frequently listed for
consideration in determining whether an ES is
appropriate for a particular problem domain.
Several of these caveats(cautions) relate directly to
knowledge acquisition.
a) Bona fide (genuine)experts, people with

generally acknowledge expertise in the
domain, must exist.

b) There must be general consensus among
experts about the accuracy of solutions in a
domain.
c) Experts in the domain must be able to

communicate the details of their problem
solving methods.
d) The domain should be narrow, well defined

and solutions within the domain must not
require common sense.

 Domain Experts
 Although an ES knowledge base can be developed from a range of sources
such as textbooks, manuals and simulation models, the knowledge at the core
of a well developed ES comes from human experts.
 Although multiple experts can be used, the ideal ES should be based on the
knowledge of a single expert. In light of the pivotal role of the expert, the
following are caveats for choosing a domain expert :
a) The expert should agree with the goals of the project.
b) The expert should be cooperative and easy to work with.
c) Good verbal communication skills are needed.
d) The expert must be willing and able to make the required time commitment (there
must
3/29/2018 also be adequate administrative/managerial
By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18 support for this too).
3.3. 1. Using Single Experts vs. multiple Expert
Advantages Disadvantages
Using a single  Ideal when building a simple KM system  Sometimes expert’s knowledge is not
Expert  A problem in a restricted domain easy to capture
 Easier to coordinate meetings  Single expert provides only a single line
 Conflicts are easier to resolve of reasoning
 Shares more confidentiality than does  Expert knowledge is sometimes dispersed
multiple experts  Single expert more likely to change
scheduled meetings than experts in a
team
Using Multiple  Complex problem domains benefit from  Scheduling difficulties

Experts expertise of more than one expert  Disagreements often occur among
 Working with multiple experts stimulates experts
interaction  Confidentiality issues
 Allow alternative ways of representing  Requires more than one knowledge
knowledge developer
 Formal meetings often a better  Overlapping mental processes can lead to
environment for generating thoughtful “process loss”
contributions
3.3.2. Types and stages of KA
 Types of Knowledge Acquisition
 Knowledge Elicitation
conversion of human knowledge into a format suitable for
computers
 Machine Learning
extraction of knowledge from data

 The five stages in the KA Process:
1) Identification- Identifies the problem characteristics
2) Conceptualization - Finds Concepts to represent the knowledge
3) Formalization - Designs the structure to organize the knowledge
4) Implementation - Formulates rules, frames etc. to represent the
knowledge
5) Testing - Validates the rules that organize the knowledge
 Or we can see the steps as:
1. Collect: (elicitation) 3. Analyze:

 getting the knowledge out of the  determining types of knowledge,
expert conceptual relationships
 most difficult step  determining appropriate knowledge
 lots of strategies representation & inference structure
2. Interpret: 4. Design:
 review collected knowledge, organize,  extracting more knowledge after using
filter above principles
Stages of KA
Find Design Formulate Validate

Identify
concepts structure rules to rules that
problem
characteris to to embody organize
tics. represents organize knowledge. knowledge
knowledg knowledg
e. e
Identification Conceptualization Formalization Implementation Testing

3.4. Difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition process
 Problems in Knowledge Acquisition
 There may be some problems with transferring knowledge in the process
of knowledge acquisition like:
1) Experts expressing his/her knowledge. (the expert uses a process to solve
problems & this process is internal)
2) Transferring the Knowledge to a machine. (in an organized way, In
order for the machine to understand or make any sense of the knowledge it
may be in a more detailed/lower level than a human would use).
3) The number of participants involved in the transfer. (May cause
problems between participants.)
4) Extracting not only the knowledge but its actual structure too(Structuring
the Knowledge).
 Other difficulties
 Experts may lack time or not cooperate
 Testing and refining knowledge is complicated
 Poorly defined methods for knowledge elicitation
 System builders may collect knowledge from one source, but
the relevant knowledge may be scattered across several sources
 May collect documented knowledge rather than use experts.

 Other difficulties
 The knowledge collected may be incomplete
 Difficult to recognize specific knowledge when mixed with irrelevant
data
 Experts may change their behavior when observed and/or interviewed
 Problematic interpersonal communication between the knowledge
engineer and the expert

 Overcoming the Difficulties
 Using knowledge acquisition tools to decrease the representation mismatch
between the human expert and the program (“learning by being told”)
 Computer-aided knowledge acquisition tools
 Use simplified rule syntax

 Use natural language processor to translate knowledge to a specific
representation
 KA impacted by the role of the three major participants(Knowledge
Engineer, Expert, End user)
 Good ability and personality of the knowledge engineer
 Must develop a positive relationship with the expert
 The knowledge engineer must create the right impression
 Extensive integration of the knowledge acquisition efforts
Knowledge Acquisition
Manual Methods of Knowledge Acquisition
Knowledge
Users Experts
Documented, Knowledge
feedback DB & Internet
KE’s analyzed,
structured and
organized
Knowledge
3/29/2018
Knowledge Base
By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18
manual Knowledge Elicitation
Expert
data, problems,
questions
knowledge
concepts
solutions Formalized
structured
knowledge Knowledge
Knowledge
Base
Needs,
Engineer
usability,
feedback
Prototypes,
needs queries
End-user
3.5. Existing Techniques of KA
 Knowledge Acquisition Techniques.
 Depending on the type and nature of the knowledge, different
acquisition techniques are used. Reviewing literature, interview,
surveys and questionnaire, observation, diagram based,
prototype, concept sorting
1. Reviewing the Literature
 The primary knowledge that is readily available from
published sources; physical and digital media like the
Internet, and other sources can be reviewed without
burdening the experts for this knowledge, given that their
time is valuable.

2. knowledge elicitation
 It is the most important part of knowledge acquisition
through which KE obtaining knowledge from a human
expert for use in an expert system.
 Since knowledge elicitation is difficult. It is the main reason
for knowledge acquisition bottleneck mentioned.
 It is necessary to find out what the expert(s) know, and how
they use their knowledge

Knowledge Elicitation methods
 Manual :- are slow, expensive and sometimes inaccurate
– Based on interview
– Track reasoning process
– Observation
 Semiautomatic (Expert-driven)
– Build base with minimal help from knowledge engineer
– Allows execution of routine tasks with minimal expert input
– Ability to add knowledge to base
– Ability to assess, refine knowledge

 Semiautomatic (Expert-driven) contd…
– Visual modeling for construction of domain
– Creation of decision trees and rules
– Ability to analyze information flows
– Integration tools
 Automatic (Computer Aided - Induction driven)

– Minimal input from both expert and knowledge engineer
– Data mining by computers
– Inductive learning from existing recognized cases
– Neural computing mimicking human brain
– Genetic algorithms using natural selection

 Knowledge Elicitation (using manual method)
 knowledge is already present in humans, but needs to be
converted into a form suitable for computer use
 requires finding at least one expert in the domain who:
is willing to provide his/her knowledge;
has the time to provide his/her knowledge;
is able to provide his/her knowledge
 requires the collaboration between a domain expert and a
knowledge engineer :
 domain expert has the domain knowledge, but not necessarily the
skills to convert it into computer-usable form
 knowledge engineer assists with this conversion
3/29/2018  this can be a very lengthy,
By Meseretcumbersome
Hailu, 2017/18 and error-prone process
 Knowledge Elicitation contd…
 It is the process of KA from domain expert as a Source.
 The process involves one or more of the following techniques:
interview, surveys and questionnaire, observation depending on the
nature of the problem
3. Interview and Protocol Analysis

 The main aim of the interview is to elicit information regarding how a
particular task is performed or how a particular decision is made.
 Some of the interview techniques used in knowledge elicitation:
 Unstructured interview.
 Structured interview.
 Semi structured interview.
 Unstructured interview.
 A general discussion of the domain, designed to provide a list of

topics and concepts.
 The knowledge engineer asks spontaneous questions based on

the response of the experts. This opens new dimensions
and aspects of the knowledge acquisition process
 It is an interview in which the knowledge engineer has no pre-

defined questions. Basically it is a chat to find out broad aspects
of the expert’s knowledge
 It is natural means to let expert talk freely on anything in domain

 Unstructured interview contd…
 expert and knowledge engineer are free to explore the domain.

This type of interview can prove useful as an initial interview
when known of the domain is little
 stream of consciousness sometimes used

 KE keeps a minimal level of focus on topics discussed
 goal: not to let KE unduly influence early explorations of
knowledge
 This opens new dimensions and aspects of the knowledge

acquisition process
 Semi structured interview
 It is an interview in which pre-prepared questions are used to

focus and scope what is covered.
 Also involves unprepared supplementary questions for

clarification and probing.
 The questions for a semi-structured interview are ideally

constructed some time before the interview and are sent to the
expert so he/she can start to prepare responses.

 Structured interview.
 It is an interview in which the knowledge engineer follows a pre-defined set

of structured questions but can ask no supplementary questions.
 A significant benefit of the structured interview is that it provides structured

transcripts that are easier to analyze than unstructured conversation.
 Concerned with a particular concept within the domain - a particular problem-

solving skill or small group of skills.
 In structured interview, the knowledge engineer prepares himself or herself

for as per the structured questions in the interview
 In this case, spontaneous problems should be considered in a limited way.
 is a formal version of the interview in which the person eliciting the

knowledge plans and directsBythe
3/29/2018 session.
Meseret Hailu, 2017/18
4. Protocol Analysis
 is a kind of interview in which the domain expert is asked not only to
solve a problem, but also to think aloud while doing so
 Qualitative expert knowledge – also called tacit knowledge – is typically

acquired with this technique.
 In protocol analysis, protocols also called cases or scenarios are collected

by asking the expert to solve a problem and verbalizing what goes
through their heads, stating directly what they think
 The expert keeps talking, speaking out loud what ever thoughts come to
his/her mind while solving problem
 Knowledge engineers do not interrupt

 Protocol Analysis contd…
 PA involves the identification of basic knowledge objects within a
protocol (procedures) (code of behavior) usually a transcript.
 For most projects, this makes use of categories of fundamental

knowledge such as concepts, attributes, values, tasks and
relationships.
 PA is a generic term for a number of different ways of performing some

form of analysis of the expert(s) actually solving problems in the domain.
 These techniques such as goals, decisions, relationships and attributes.
 This acts as a bridge between the use of protocol-based techniques and

knowledge modeling techniques.
5. Surveys and Questionnaires
 When gathering quantitative factual knowledge – also called explicit
knowledge – surveys and questionnaires are useful.
 These techniques are comparatively easy.

6. On-Site Observation
 Observing experts in a living environment sometimes gives a better
picture of the solution strategy and may help clear up any confusion
 On-site observation is a process of observing, interpreting and

recording an expert’s problem solving behavior while it takes place
 It requires concentration on over all steps that the domain expert

takes as well as the more difficult details of the process
 The knowledge engineer does more listening than talking, avoids

judging on what is being observed, does not argue with the expert
while the expert is performing the task
7. Diagram-Based Techniques
 These techniques include the use of process-flow diagrams,
conceptual maps, and event and state charts to clarify the
conceptual and logical frameworks of the system
8. Generating Prototypes
 Experts have acquired a high amount of tacit knowledge, which
is difficult to extract without using scenarios or problems
 Domain experts often share their knowledge through the use of

anecdotes and examples, but for knowledge-based system, more
general principles are required
 For the domain experts, a working prototype can be developed

to collect necessary knowledge
9. Concept Sorting
 Concept sorting is a psychological technique that is useful in tapping an
organization’s knowledge
 The knowledge engineer performs the following steps during the process:
Step 1:
 ask a domain expert or experts for the basic concepts and
standards of the domain
 Then codify each major concept on separate cards
Step 2:
 With the help of the experts, arrange these cards into various
groups according to their use or category

 Concept Sorting contd…
Step 3:
 The knowledge engineer asks the expert questions regarding
the order and placement of the concept cards in order to
arrive at conceptual knowledge
Step 4:
 Step 2 and 3 are repeated until the expert is finished
answering questions asked by the knowledge engineer
and/or a sufficient amount of knowledge is acquired
Step 5:
 If the expert runs out of knowledge, the knowledge engineer
takes any three cards and ask for the relationship between
the cards
10. Developing Relationship with experts
 Before meeting experts, the knowledge engineer is supposed to acquire
explicit knowledge from the available sources so as to utilize the expert’s
valuable time most effectively.
 Making a good impression on the expert positively affects the knowledge

extraction process
 The knowledge engineer may use psychology, informed common sense,

and domain knowledge to attract the expert’s respect and attention
 The knowledge engineer should use domain knowledge jargon and show
glimpses of informed common sense about the domain to create a sense of
trust and reliability
 Developing Relationship with experts
 If the project is going to take a long time, the knowledge engineer may
develop personal working relationships with experts
 The location for the knowledge acquisition session must provide the basic
facilities and necessary tools
 The style of expert and type and nature of knowledge are the main factors
in determining the location and required facilities
 For example, if the concept-sorting technique is going to be used, the

concept cards and comfortable seating arrangements must be available

3.6. Styles of Sharing Knowledge
11. Sharing Knowledge
 Experts have gained their knowledge by learning and practicing in
different situations and places.
 One expert, has the same qualifications and background as another, will
have a different knowledgebase if learned and practiced in a different
setting.
 They may share the meaningful outcomes of their learning process to

enrich and generalize their knowledge.

 Styles of Sharing Knowledge
1. Problem Solving
 In this style, the expert solves a real-life problem and the knowledge
engineer observes him or her doing so;
2. Talking and Storytelling
 In this style, the expert shares his or her knowledge by explaining
logical, procedural, and conceptual fundamentals of the domain
3. Supervisory Style
 In this style, the expert supervises the process of problem solving, and if
there is some confusion or difficulties, may take over the process

 Dealing with Experts
 While an expert is a reliable knowledge source, he or she may make
mistakes
 It is always desirable to collect the views and knowledge from multiple

experts, cross-verify them, and represent the views and knowledge in the
system
1) Handling Individual Experts

 the expert’s knowledge is acquired on an individual bases
 Such an individual assessment gives full freedom and opportunity to

both the knowledge engineer and the expert to elaborate on this
knowledge without many restrictions
 Dealing with Experts contd…
2) Handling Experts in Hierarchical Fashion
 Here, the knowledge developer meets the expert, who is most important
in the organization hierarchically, early in the knowledge-capture
process to clarify the objectives, key functions, and plan
 The knowledge engineer may seek necessary permission to access

resources and get information about personnel or specialists in the
domain
 The knowledge engineer may then meet the other experts individually or
in a group according to requirements

 Dealing with Experts contd…
3) Small-Group Approach
 Experts are classified into various small groups according to the type of
knowledge required and their expertise
 Different knowledge acquisition techniques may be applied to each

group
 The experts’ responses are monitored, and the functionality of each

expert is tested against the expertise of the others
 There may be conflict when experts’ opinions differ

 Updating Knowledge
 The development of knowledge-based systems is not a one-time job
 What ensures the quality of the system is the domain knowledge

incorporated within it
 The knowledge-base undergoes continuous updating
Means Updating Knowledge

1. Self-Updates
 The system may learn from the cases it handles and update itself
accordingly, i.e machine learning

 Updating Knowledge contd…
2. Manual-Updates
 The knowledge engineer keeps a constant eye on the trends and
advancements of the domain and updates the knowledgebase as
needed
 The knowledge-based system is developed in conjunction with a

general editor or knowledge acquisition tool;
 Due to the interactive nature of such tools the expert may also take
the responsibility to update the knowledgebase.

3.7. Important Issues in KA
 Most knowledge rests with experts, so it cannot be extracted
directly
 Experts have vast amounts of knowledge, but it is continuously

changing
 Thus, knowledge can be said to have a “shelf life”
 Experts are rare, and it is difficult to prepare them for the

knowledge acquisition process
 Experts may not have the required attitude to communicate their

knowledge, or may have insufficient time or resources to do so
properly
 Some do not want to share their knowledge.

3.7. Important Issues in KA
 Some times knowledge is subconscious; in such cases it is difficult for the
expert to interpret or explain that kind of innate knowledge
 No single expert knows everything; one has to contact multiple experts
 An expert is not always correct
 Experts frequently provide incomplete and even incorrect knowledge, or

may not be able to articulate their knowledge at all
 The knowledge engineer is supported to acquire knowledge from multiple

experts, however, opinions among multiple experts may differ
significantly
 Experts have a lot of tacit knowledge, they do not know all that they know
and use as tacit knowledge is hard to describe
The End of Unit Three
Manual Methods of Knowledge Acquisition
Users Experts
Knowledge
feedback
KE’s analyzed,
structured and
organized
Knowledge
3/29/2018
Knowledge Base
By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

ExS-Ch.3 - Knowledge Acquisition

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EXPERT SYSTEMS

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

 Describe sources of Knowledge

 Identity Major categories of Knowledge

 Describe what Knowledge Acquisition is

 Identify difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition process and how to

 Identity existing KA techniques

 Identify different styles of knowledge sharing

 Overview important issues in KA exercise

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

• Major Categories of Knowledge

• What is Knowledge Acquisition

• Difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition

• Knowledge Sharing Styles

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 It needs to “know” how experts know and what

 There are three main topic areas central to

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

a) Bona fide (genuine)experts, people with

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

c) Experts in the domain must be able to

d) The domain should be narrow, well defined

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

b) The expert should be cooperative and easy to work with.

c) Good verbal communication skills are needed.

Using Multiple  Complex problem domains benefit from  Scheduling difficulties

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

1. Collect: (elicitation) 3. Analyze:

Find Design Formulate Validate

Identification Conceptualization Formalization Implementation Testing

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

 Computer-aided knowledge acquisition tools

 Use simplified rule syntax

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

 Automatic (Computer Aided - Induction driven)

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18

3. Interview and Protocol Analysis

 A general discussion of the domain, designed to provide a list of

 The knowledge engineer asks spontaneous questions based on

 It is an interview in which the knowledge engineer has no pre-

 It is natural means to let expert talk freely on anything in domain

 expert and knowledge engineer are free to explore the domain.

 stream of consciousness sometimes used

 This opens new dimensions and aspects of the knowledge

 It is an interview in which pre-prepared questions are used to

 Also involves unprepared supplementary questions for

 The questions for a semi-structured interview are ideally

3/29/2018 By Meseret Hailu, 2017/18