Philippine Literature

A Module:
Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Prepared by:

PRIME ROSE V. SECO

BEED2B
College of Education

2020
 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Table of Contents

Page
Module Title………………………………………………………………..........1
Lesson 1 – Historical Background of the Japanese Occupation..................3
Period in the Philippines
Lesson 2 – The Filipino Poetry during the Japanese Occupation Period...6
Lesson 3 - The Filipino Drama and Filipino Short Story during the...........9
Japanese Occupation Period
Lesson 4 – The Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese…....11
Occupation Period

Lit.1 – Philippine Literature

 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

VISION
A provide of relevant and quality education to
a society where citizens are competent,
skilled, dignified and community- oriented.

MISSION
An academic institution providing
technological, professional, research and
extension programs to form principled men
and women of competencies and skills
responsive to local and global development
needs.

QUALITY POLICY
Northwest Samar State University commits to
provide quality outcomes-based education,
research, extension and production through
continual improvement of all its programs,
thereby producing world class professionals.

CORE VALUES
Resilience. Integrity. Service. Excellence.

INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATE OUTCOMES

Creative and critical thinkers
Life-long learners
Effective communicators
Morally and socially upright individuals

Lit.1 – Philippine Literature

 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Rationale
For the learner(s):
Welcome to the Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period
Module!
Methods of teaching and learning are one of the greatest challenges teachers
and students facing in this trying times. A Module is an effective tool in helping the
learners to learn in a most convenient way.
This module was designed to provide you with knowledgeable and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning while taking at different stages of
learning the lessons indicated in this module even outside the classroom and
school’s premises and even without the teacher’s personal supervision. This learning
resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully
achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your own hands and ability for independent learning!
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Let's Learn It. This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are
expected to learn in the module.

Let’s Try and Guess. This is a pre-assessment activity to engage the

learners to use their prior knowledge to the lesson they are about to learn.

Let’s Take A Look. This section provides a brief discussion and information
of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and
skills.

Let’s Do It. This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your
new knowledge or skills into real life situations or concerns. It is also aims to
evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Lit.1 – Philippine Literature

 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Let’s Learn It:

This module is designed and written in consideration of you, learners, and
your level of knowledge as well as your capacity to learn the Philippine Literature
during Japanese Occupation Period. It is made to train your mind on appreciating
reading based on real- life situations and to gain knowledge on understanding our
Philippine Literature.
To further your ideas and foresights in relation to the topic, this module offers
various activities that are contextualized and simplified to meet up your level of
comprehension skills.
There are four lessons covered by the module:
Lesson 1– Historical Background of the Japanese Occupation Period in the
Philippines
Lesson 2 – The Filipino Poetry during the Japanese Occupation Period
Lesson 3–The Filipino Drama and Filipino Short Story during the Japanese
Occupation Period
Lesson 4 – The Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese Occupation
Period

Lit.1 – Philippine Literature

 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Module Title
G PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION
PERIOD

Module Description: This module will discuss about Japanese Occupation Period
and its historical background. It will further deal with the condition of the Philippine
Literature during this period.

Module Outcomes:
Discuss brief history of Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
Explain the influences of Japanese Occupation in the Philippine Literature
Identify the three main types of poetry emerge during the Japanese Period
Discuss the Filipino Drama and Short Story during the Japanese Period
Discuss the Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese Period
Purpose of the Module: This module lets the students learn the importance of
knowing Philippine Literature especially during the Japanese Occupation Period
and to develop the students interest with the various forms of literature emerge
during this period.

Module Requirements:
At the end of this module, the students will come up a 10 Waray samples of
various literary genres emerged during the Japanese Occupation Period.

Module Pretest:

Time to check the knowledge you have as we start to embark on our journey to the
Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period Module.

Instructions: Read and understand the statements very well. Answer what is asked
by choosing your best response.
1. Like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables
and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
a. Usual Form
b. Haiku
c. Tanaga
d. None of the Above
2. Between ___________Philippine Literature was interrupted when the Philippines,
once again conquered by Japan
a. 1941-1945
b. 1942-1953
c. 1940-1945
d. 1941-1944
3. English Newspaper during Japanese Period in the Philippines were stopped
except for:

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

a. Tribune
b. Tribute
c. Preview
d. Both An and C
4. The common theme form of poem during Japanese Period are the following
except:
a.Faith and religion
b. Nationalism
c. Death
d. Love
5. A poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the
third, five.
a. Haiku
b. Tanaga
c. Usual Form
d. Epic Poem
6. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes got _______ during the best writings in 1945
a. First prize
b. Second prize
c. Third prize
d. Fourth prize
7. The _______________________ experienced a lull during the Japanese period
because movie houses showing American films were closed.
a. Filipino Comedy
b. Filipino Poetry
c. Filipino Short Story
d. Filipino Drama
8. The field of the __________ widened during the Japanese Occupation.
a. Filipino Comedy
b. Filipino Poetry
c. Filipino Short Story
d. Filipino Drama
9. Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote “Panday Sira”
a. True
b. False
10. “I saw the Fall of the Philippines” by Carlos Romulo won the Pulitzer Award.
a. True
b. falls

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 1

Lesson Title: Historical Background of the Japanese Occupation Period in the

Philippines

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Understand and explain the historical background of the Japanese Occupation in
the Philippines.

Let’s Try and Guess:

What comes first to your mind when you hear the word “Japanese Occupation
Period in the Philippines”? Discuss what do you think are the pros and cons of it.

Let’s Take a Look:

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines. Clark Air Base in
Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside Manila was
attacked, then on December 22, The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen
Gulf and continued on to Manila. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila
an open city on the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to
avoid its destruction. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2,
1942. MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the commonwealth
government withdrew to Corregidor island before proceeding to the United
States. The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered
on April 9, 1942. MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to
Australia. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the
infamous "Death March" to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north.
An estimated 10,000 prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion.

 In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded together

and created local brigades for their protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro
Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in
February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight
the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held the
following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva
Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they
agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP.
Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his right
hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

 In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge Vargas,

the Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and
compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under
the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942 the Philippine
Executive Commission was established, with Vargas as chairman. the
following was appointed as department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior;
Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto,
education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public works and
communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme court.
The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory
Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to
draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head.
Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on
July 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was
the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym
for "Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".

 The Second Republic - On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the

leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a
party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The
Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was
composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was
elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was
Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon
Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was inaugurated on
October 14 1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The
Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile,
the Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence
of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and
distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong
to the Filipinos." they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize
the same idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main
objectives of the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the
Filipinos.Gen. Douglas MacArthur Returns From Australia, Allied forces slowly
advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several Japanese strongholds until
they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The
bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on
October 20, 1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore,
General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have Shall Returned."

 Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L.

Quezon as president after the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on
August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged
Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval
battle in World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire
Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in
the battle of Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine
liberation from the Japanese. By mid-December, the American soldiers had
reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their
thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed

the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the
Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots);
but they failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also
deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds. On
December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon
orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The Japanese
forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the
Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari, and Cagayan.The
Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense
fighting before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur
continued to liberate other parts of the country. And finally proclaim general
freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945. 

Let’s Do This:
1. Give your opinions about the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
through graphic organizer.
2. Write your opinions about the quotation below and tell how this quotation
of General Douglas MacArthur influenced the Filipinos perspectives.

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 2

Lesson Title: The Filipino Poetry during the Japanese Occupation Period

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Discuss the Filipino Poetry during the Japanese Occupation Period.
Identify the types of poetry emerged during the Japanese Occupation Period.

Let’s Try and Guess:

Write an essay about your background knowledge in Filipino Poetry during the
Japanese Period.

Let’s Take a Look:

JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD INFLUENCE ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

 Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development

when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan.
The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines was one of the darkest chapter in
our history as the Filipinos’ freedom were not only oppressed but also their
form of expression - through literature was also strictly placed under
surveillance. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English
were stopped by the Japanese.
 This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced
renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan
Laya, who uses to write in English, turned to Filipino because of the strict
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English.
 The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was
managed by Japanese named Ishiwara. In other words, Filipino literature was
given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc.
Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.

THE FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was
nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were:
1. Haiku –a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17
syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7
syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers
a wide scope in meaning.

2. Tanaga –like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17
syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning.

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

3 .Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) –like those mentioned earlier in the beginning
chapters of this book. It is the usual and common form of poetry.

Let’s Do This:
1. Among the three types of poem emerged during Japanese Period, what do
you think is the easiest to do? Justify your answer.
2. Create at least 1 poem in each form from Haiku, Tanaga and Karaniwang
Anyo (Usual Form).

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 3

Lesson Title: The Filipino Drama and Filipino Short Story during the
Japanese Occupation Period

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Discuss the Filipino Drama and Short Story during the Japanese Occupation
Period.

Let’s Try and Guess:

How will you compare the evolution of the Filipino Drama and Filipino Short Story
then and now?

Let’s Take a Look:

THE FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD

The Filipino drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie
houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made
to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to
Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso
Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic
Philippines. A few of play writers were:

1. Jose Ma. Hernandez –wrote PANDAY PIRA

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo –wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI

3. Clodualdo del Mundo –wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and
Seek).
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda –wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and
HIGANTE NG PATAY.

THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD

The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote
short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batung bakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim,
Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a
group of judges composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio
Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the
following got the first three prizes:
First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales ’LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN

Let’s Do This:
What have you learned in the Filipino Drama and Short Story during the Japanese
Period?

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Learning Plan
Lesson No: 4

Lesson Title: The Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese

Occupation Period

Let’s Hit These:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Discuss the Philippine Literature in English during the Japanese Occupation Period.

Let’s Try and Guess:

If you have given a chance to decide whether to impose Philippine Literature In

English during Japanese Period, would you impose it or not? Why or Why not?

Let’s Take a Look:

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

PERIOD (1941-1945)
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and
publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark
period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for
propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature.
Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their
consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better
climate to publish their works.
Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for
his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES
RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists
include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Mang lapuz and Carlos
Bulosan. Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS.
Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine
Review. Carlos Bulosan’s works included THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944),
THE VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942, among others. Alfredo

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces
that Make a Nation Great. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to
meritorious writers. Those who won were:
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry)

Not yet, Rizal, not yet. Sleep not in peace;

There are a thousand waters to be spanned;
There are a thousand mountains to be crossed;
There are a thousand crosses to be borne,
Our shoulders are not strong; our sinews are
Grown flaccid with dependence, smug with ease
Under another's wing.

Rest not in peace;

Not yet, Rizal, not yet. The land has need
Of young blood and, what younger than your own,
Forever spilled in the great name of freedom,
Forever oblate on the altar of
The free?

Not you alone, Rizal

O souls
And spirits of the martyred brave, arise!
Arise and scour the land! Shed once again
Your willing blood! Infuse the vibrant red
Into our thin, anemic veins; until
We pick up your Promethean tools and, strong,
Out of the depthless matrix of your faith
In us, and on the silent cliffs of freedom,
We carve for all the time your marmoreal dream!
Until your people, seeing, are become
Like the molave, firm, resilient, staunch,
Rising on the hillside unafraid,
Strong in its own fibre; yes, like the molave!

We, the Filipinos of today, are soft,

easy going, parasitic, frivolous
Inconstant, indolent, inefficient.
Would you have me sugarcoat you?
I would be happier to shower praise upon
my countrymen... but let us be realists...
let us strip ourselves...
Youth of the land, you are a bitter pill to swallow.
This is a testament of youth borne on the four pacific winds;
This is a parable of seed four ways sown in stone;

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

This is a chip not only on the President's shoulder,

The nation of our fathers shivers with long longing expectation

Shall we, sons and daughters, brother youths of the land,

Walk up now and forever knock the flirting chip off?

Or will the nation of our fathers be forever and forever
Lighting candles in the wind?

They say the molave is extinct,

But they are blind or will not see.
Stand on the span of any river, and lo!
Relentlessly to and fro, cross and recross, molave!

Yes, molave strides roads into the darkest core!

Yes, molave builds seven thousand bridges in blood!

Bagumbayan planted the final seed.

Balintawak nurtured the primal green

Molave, uprooted and choked, will not succumb.

Molave presses on and will not be detained.

Let Spain speak.

Let American speak.
2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E.
Arguilla (Short Story)

Let’s Do This:
1. In two paragraphs, write an essay about how English influence the Philippine
literature then and now.
2. Discuss the meaning of the poem “Like the Molave” by Rafael Zulueta da Costa

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Module Post-test:

Time to check the knowledge you have as we finish to embark on our journey to the
Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period Module.

Instructions: Read and understand the statements very well. Answer what is asked
by choosing your best response.
1. Like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables
and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
a. Usual Form
b. Haiku
c. Tanaga
d. None of the Above
2. Between ___________ Philippine Literature was interrupted when the Philippines,
once again conquered by Japan
a. 1941-1945
b. 1942-1953
c. 1940-1945
d. 1941-1944
3. English Newspaper during Japanese Period in the Philippines were stopped
except for:
a. Tribune
b. Tribute
c. Preview
d. Both And and C
4. The common theme for most poem during Japanese Period are the following
except:
a. Faith and religion
b. Nationalism
c. Death
d. Love
5. A poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the
third, five.
a. Haiku
b. Tanaga
c. Usual Form
d. Epic Poem
6. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes got ___________ during the best writings in
1945
a. First prize

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

b. Second prize
c. Third prize
d. Fourth prize
7. The ___________________ experienced a lull during the Japanese period
because movie houses showing American films were closed.
a. Filipino Comedy
b. Filipino Poetry
c. Filipino Short Story
d. Filipino Drama
8. The field of the __________ widened during the Japanese Occupation.
a. Filipino Comedy
b. Filipino Poetry
c. Filipino Short Story
d. Filipino Drama
9. Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote “Panday Sira”
a. True
b. False
10. “I saw the fall of the Philippines” by Carlos Romulo won the Pulitzer Award.
a. True
b. False

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 Philippine Literature during Japanese Occupation Period

Internet References/Sources:
http://aprilmaynjune.weebly.com/lit-1/the-japanese-period-1941-1945
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines
http://filipinoliterature.blogspot.com/2011/08/like-molave.html?m=1
http://www.pdfdrive.com/philippine-literature/philippine-culture
http://www.philippine-history.org/japanese-occupation.htm?
utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed
%3A+StillTheBestMedicine+%28Still+the+Best+Medicine.....%29
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ferlaine_cruz_canlas/the-japanese-period-
1941-1945
https://www.slideshare.net/xenhiroshima/elena-23726607#:~:text=Victoria
%20Abelardo%20has%20described%20Filipino,as%20being
%20pessimistic%20and%20bitter.&text=Tagalog%20was%20favored
%20by%20the,in%20developing%20the%20vernacular%20literature.

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