PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

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According to the body site, results showed majority of the teacher population experienced pain in lower back followed by neck and right shoulder which could be explained in
relation to the hand dominance and least in both the elbows. Individual factor, as well as working conditions under which the teachers perform their work could explain the
presence of specific musculoskeletal disorders for each region of the body. The literature suggests that the cause of MSD is multifactorial (Erick PN, 2011, Smith DR, 2006,
Smith DR, 2006) with individual factors such as female gender (Erick PN, 2014, Erick P, 2013), smoking, sleep disturbance, previous injury and number of children having been
found to contribute (Beyen TK, 2013). Back and lower extremities including knees and ankles are found to be affected owing to long hours of standing while teaching, postural
overloads in the classroom, recurrent trunk twisting, lifting and handling equipment, laboratory work and prolonged static postures. Chiu et al reported that, working with a
‘head-down’ posture for more than 4 hours has been found to contribute to the development of neck pain in teachers due to work tasks such as frequent reading, marking of
assignments and writing on a blackboard (Chiu TT, 2007). Cardoso in 2009 proved, intense physical activity and inappropriate furniture have been associated with back pain
among teachers (Cardoso JP, 2009). On the other hand, 33% of the participants were able to decrease their pain with the coping strategies they used. Erick and Smith found
out, factors such as regular exercise and satisfaction with one’s environment may have a protective effect against MSD within this occupational group (Erick P, 2013). MSD
leads to increase in absenteeism from work due to pain and adaptations of the coping strategies to reduce pain episodes. In addition to the physical symptoms, psychosocial
factors like stress, anxiety, depression and job satisfaction also play a major role in determining the risk factors of Musculoskeletal disorders in teachers. Chiu et al reported
that, high anxiety, high workload and low colleague support were positively correlated with upper limb and neck pain (Chiu TT, 2007). Stress among Ethiopian teachers was
found to be a risk factor for lower back pain (Beyen TK, 2013). The same study reported that, the more psychological demands needed for a certain task, the greater the
possibility to develop MSD regardless to the anatomical area. A recent study by Erick et al, on school teachers showed, MSD prevented some teachers from carrying out their
normal activities, and caused to change jobs or duties, reduce their activity at home and seek medical attention (Erick PN, 2014). In the teaching profession, MSD has been
shown to lead to early and ill health retirement of school teachers in Scotland (Brown J, 2006). Thus, one can hypothesise that the number is probably high in the developing
countries and as well in the College teachers owing the lack of ergonomics and postural training awareness and difference in the frequency and duration of breaks. This
clearly suggests, it is crucial to curb the workplace problems by emphasising on raising awareness regarding MSD in teaching profession by conducting Cost-effective
intervention strategies, awareness programmes, ergonomics training in institutions, etc. It is especially important to minimize the progression of MSD in developing
countries to reduce health care costs in future. Clinical Implication: Ergonomics training programmes should be implemented in the colleges for prevention and control of
work-related MSDs. Intervention strategies that are aimed at curbing the development of MSD should be incorporated within the teaching profession. Appropriate
intervention strategies may include ergonomically designed workplace, appropriate strategies to cope with stress, amongst many others. Scope of the study: Further studies
are needed to study the number of observations over a longer period of time. Teachers of different streams and a larger sample size is needed to study the findings in a
more varied population. Conclusion: The study found prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in Junior college teachers, majorly in the lower back region followed by neck
and the right shoulder. This study also found that along with the physical symptoms, psychosocial factors also influenced the pain episodes. Factors like inability to cope or
deal with the pain episodes, high perceived stress levels, depression, anxiety, work routines and low job satisfaction, heavy or monotonous work are most likely associated
with MSD in Junior college teachers.

Sources Similarity

The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain & its associated ...www.researchgate.net › publication › 293074649_The_prevalence_of_...
Computer use and lack of ergonomic training were associated with WMSDs in most of the body regions. ... Individual factors, as well as working conditions under 10%
which the teachers perform their work could explain the presence of specific musculoskeletal disorders for each region of the body.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293074649_The_prevalence_of_musculoskeletal_pain_its_associated_factors_among_female_Saudi_school_teachers

Musculoskeletal disorders in the teaching profession: an ...pdfs.semanticscholar.org › ...

On the other hand, factors such as regular exercise and satisfaction with one's work environment may have a protective effect against MSD within this
occupational. 5%
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4dca/79ad7fd2e27e710a180fdaf640f2f766d420.pdf