Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of the Philippines Diliman

Quezon City, Philippines

ES 230 Continuum Mechanics I

Long Examination 1 Due date: 24 September 2018

Directions: Show your solutions explicitly, i.e., do not just write the final answer. Always
simplify your final answer. Unless otherwise stated, the indices take the values 1, 2, 3.

1. In Cartesian coordinates, the constitutive equations for a linear, isotropic and elastic
material is given by

σij = λ kk δij + 2µ ij ,

where σij is the stress tensor, ij is the strain tensor, δij is the Kronecker delta, λ and
µ are material constants.

(a) White out the equations in explicit notation.

(b) Determine the invariant quantity σkk by contraction.
(c) Solve for ij in terms of σij and σkk .

2. Consider the scalar function φ = eijk xi xj xk , where eijk is the permutation symbol.
Determine φ,ml .

3. A matrix [A] can be written in indicial notation as Aij and a vector {z}, as zi . Express
the following matrix expressions or equations in indicial notation.

(a) [A]T
(b) [C] = [A] + [B]
(c) [D] = [A] [B]
(d) g = {z}T [A] {z}

4. Using the indicial notation, prove the following equations in Gibb’s notation.

(a) a × b = −b × a
(b) ∇ • ∇ × A = 0, where ∇ is the del operator

5. Aij is a second-order anti-symmetric tensor and Sij , a symmetric tensor. Determine

c = Aij Sij .

6. If Aij is a tensor of rank two amd bk is a first-order tensor, show that Aij bj is a
first-order tensor using the transformation laws.

1
7. Evaluate the following:

(a) Aij δik δjl δkl

(b) eijk eijk

8. Consider the second-order tensor

 
10 −3 0
 
 −3
Aij =  7 2 

0 2 9

(a) Compute the invariants of Aij which are given by

I1 = Aii
1
I2 = (Aii Ajj − Aij Aij )
2
I3 = eijk A1i A2j A3k

(b) Write out the characteristic equation of Aij .

(c) Calculate its eigenvalues (λi ).
(d) Determine the corresponding eigenvectors.