Go, Charles Warren M.

RETAINING WALLS:
8.1 For the cantilever retaining wall shown, let the following data be given: k1 = k2 = 2/3, Pp = 0
Wall dimensions: H = 8m, x1 = 0.4m, x2 = 0.6m, x3 = 1.5m, x4 = 3.5m, x5 = 0.96m, D = 1.75m, α =10o
Soil Properties:γ 1=16.8 kN /m3 , ϕ 1=32o, c1 = 0kPa
γ 2=17.6 kN /m3 ,ϕ 2=28o, c2 = 30kPa

- Solve Total height:

H=0.96+8+3.5 tan 10=9.577

- Solve ka
cos (10 )−√ cos2 ( 10 )−cos2 (32 )
k a=cos ( 10 )
( 2 2
cos ( 10 ) + √ cos ( 10 )−cos ( 32 ) )
=0.3210

- Solve Pa and its components

1
Pa= ( 16.8 )( 9.577 )2 ( 0.3210 )=247.311 kN / m
2

P a H =247.311 cos ( 10 ) =243.554 kN /m

P aV =247.311 sin ( 10 )=42.945 kN /m

- Determine all the forces

Section Area (m2) Weight per unit Moment arm from Moment (kNm/m)
length (kN/m) toe (m)
1 0.800 18.864 1.633 30.805
2 3.200 75.456 1.900 143.366
3 5.376 126.766 2.800 354.945
4 28.000 470.400 3.850 1811.04
5 1.080 18.144 4.433 80.432
Pv 42.945 5.6 240.492
Total 752.575 2661.08

 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING:

 2661.08
F SO = =3.42> 2.0(OKAY !)
9.577
243.554
3 ( )
 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING:

F S S=
752.575 tan ( 2 (328) )+30( 23 ) ( 5.6) +0 =1.504 >1.5(OKAY !)
243.554

 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE:

- Solve eccentricity:

e=
5.6
−
2661.08−243.554 ( 9.577
3 )
2 752.575
e=0.2972
- Solve for maximum bending stress:

752.575 6 ( 752.575 ( 0.2972 ) )

q max = + =177.181 kN /m2
5.6 5.6 2

- Solve for bearing capacity:

1
q u=c '2 N C F CD F ci +qNq Fqd F qi+ y 2 ( B ' ) ( N y ) ( F yd )( F yi )
2
Where:

 c2 = 30kPa
 Nc = 25.80
1−Fqd
 F cd =Fqd − =1.113
N c (tan ϕ'2 )
φ 2
 (
F ci= 1−
90 ) =0.641

 q=17.6 ( 1.75 )=30.80 kPa

 Nq = 14.72
 F qd=1+2 tan ⁡(ϕ'2 )¿
P aH

φ=tan
−¿
(∑ )
V
=17.933 ¿

φ 2
 (
F qi = 1−
90 )=0.641

 γ 2=17.6 kN /m3

 B' =B−2 e=5.006

 Ny = 16.72
 F yd =1.0
φ 2
 ( )
F yi= 1−
ϕ'2
=0.129

1
q u=c '2 N C F CD F ci +qNq Fqd F qi+ y 2 ( B ' ) ( N y ) ( F yd )( F yi )
2
 17.6(5.006)(16.72)(1.0)(0.129)
q u=30 ( 25.80 ) ( 1.113 ) ( 0.641 )+ 30.8 ( 14.72 ) ( 1.105 ) ( 0.641 )+
2
q u=968.342 kPa

968.342
F S B= =5.47>3 ( OKAY ! )
177.181

8.3 A gravity retaining wall is shown in the figure. Calculate the factor of safety with respect to overturning and sliding.
Given the following data: k1 = k2 = 2/3, Pp = 0

Wall Dimensions: H = 6m, x1 = 0.6m, x2 = 2m, x3 = 2m, x4 = 0.5m, x5 = 0.75m, x6 = 0.8m, D = 1.5m
' o o
Soil Properties: Y1 = 16.5kN/m3,ϕ 1=32 , Y2 = 18kN/m3, ϕ 2=22 , c2 = 40kPa

- Solve Total height:

H=6.0+ 0.8=6.80m

- Solve ka
32 2
(
k a=tan 45−
2 ) =0.307

- Solve Pa
1
Pa= ( 16.5 )( 6.80 )2 ( 0.307 )=117.114 kN /m
2

- Determine all the forces

Section Area (m2) Weight per unit Moment arm from Moment (kNm/m)
length (kN/m) toe (m)
1 3.60 84.888 2.800 237.686
2 6.00 141.480 1.833 259.333
 3 6.00 141.480 3.767 532.955
4 4.68 110.354 2.925 322.785
5 6.00 99.000 4.433 438.867
6 4.50 74.250 5.475 406.519
Total 651.444 2198.145

 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING:

2198.145
F SO = =8.28>2.0 (OKAY !)
6.80
117.114 ( )
3
 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING:

F S S=
651.444 tan ( 2(322) )+ 40( 23 ) ( 5.85)+ 0 =2.789>1.5(OKAY !)
117.114
SHEET PILES:
9.1. Figure P9.1 shows a cantilever sheet pile wall penetrating a granular soil. Here, L 1 = 4m, L2 = 8m,γ =16.1 kN /m3 ,
γ sat =18.2kN /m3 and ϕ ' =32o.
A. What is the theoretical depth of embedment, D?
B. For a 30% increase in D, what should be the total length of the sheet piles?
C. Determine the theoretical maximum moment of the sheet pile.
Solution:
- Determine the Rankine active and passive earth coefficients.

( 322 )=0.307
k a=tan 2 45−

32
k =tan ( 45+ )=3.255
2
p
2
' '
- Determine σ 1 and σ 2

σ '1 =16.1 ( 4 ) (0.307)=19.771

σ '2=16.1 ( 4 ) ( 0.307 ) +(18.2−9.81)(8)(0.307)=40.377

- Determine L3:

40.377
L3 = =1.632 m
( 18.2−9.81 ) (3.255−0.307)

- Determine the value of P:

19.771(4 ) (40.377−19.771)(8) 40.377 (1.632)

P= +19.771 ( 8 ) + +
2 2 2

P=39.542+158.168+ 82.424+32.948=313.082

- Determine the value of ź :

ź=
39.542 ( 43 +8+1.632)+158.168 ( 82 +1.632)+82.424 ( 83 + 1.632)+32.948( 1.6323 ( 2) )
313.082

ź=5.486

- Determine σ '5

σ '5 =( 16.1 ( 4 )+ (18.2−9.81 ) ( 8 ) ) (3.255 ) (18.2−9.81)(1.632)(3.255−0.307)

σ '5 =468.463
- Determine the value of A1, A2, A3 and A4

σ '5
A1= =18.940
γ ' (k p−k a)

8P
A2= '
=101.437
γ ( k p−k a )

6 P (2 ź γ ' ( k p −k a ) + σ '5 )
A3 = =2271.795
γ '2 ( k p−k a )2

P(6 ź σ '5+ 4 P)
A 4= 2
=8532.447
γ ' 2 ( k p−k a )
- Determine the value of L4:

L44 + A 1 L34 −A 2 L24− A3 L4 −A 4 =0

L4 =11.692 m

- Therefore, the theoretical depth of embedment is:

D=L3 + L4 =1.632+11.692

D=13.324 m

- Total length of sheet pile for 30% increase in D

Ltotal=4+8+ 13.324 ( 1.30 )

Ltotal=29.321 m

- Theoretical maximum moment in the sheet pile.

2P
z' =
√ ( k p−k a ) γ '
=5.032

1 z'
2
()
M max =P ( ź + z ' )− ( γ ' ) ( z ' ) ( k p −k a )
2 3

M max =2767.754 kNm

 3
9.4. Refer to figure P9.4, for which L1 = 2.4m, L2= 4.6m,γ =15.7 kN /m 3, γ sat =17.3 kN /m , ϕ ' =30o and c = 29kPa
A. What is the theoretical depth of embedment, D?
B. Increase D by 40%, what length of sheet piles are needed?
C. Determine the theoretical maximum moment in the sheet pile.
Solution:

- Determine the Rankine active and passive earth coefficients.

 ( 302 )=1/3
k a=tan 2 45−

30
k =tan ( 45+ ) =3
2
p
2
' '
- Determine σ 1 and σ 2

σ '1 =15.7 ( 2.4 ) (1/ 3)=12.56

σ '2=15.7 ( 2.4 ) ( 13 )+( 17.3−9.81 ) ( 4.6) ( 13 )=24.045

- Determine P1∧ź :

12.56(2.4) ( 24.045−12.56)(4.6)
P 1= +12.56 ( 4.6 )+
2 2

P1=15.072+57.776+26.416=99.264

ź=
15.072 ( 2.43 + 4.6)+57.776( 4.62 )+26.416( 4.63 ) =2.567
99.264

- Determine the theoretical value of D:

D2 ¿

D2 ¿

D=6.99m

- Total length of sheet pile for 40% increase in D

Ltotal=2.4 +4.6+ 6.99 ( 1.40 )

Ltotal=16.79 m

- Theoretical maximum moment in the sheet pile.

σ 6=4 c−( γ L1+ γ ' L2 )=4 ( 29 ) −15.7 ( 2.4 )−( 17.3−9.81 ) ( 4.6 ) =44.004

P1 99.264
z' = = =2.256
σ 6 44.004

σ 6 z' 2 2
' 44.004 ( 2.256 )
M max =P1 ( z +ź )− =99.264 ( 2.256+ 2.567 )−
2 2

M max =366.77 kNm

9.6. An anchored sheet pile bulkhead is shown in figure P9.6. Let L 1 = 4m, L2 = 9m, l1 = 2m,
17 kN 19 kN
γ= 3
, γ sat = 3
∧ϕ' =34o
m m

A. Calculate the theoretical value of the depth of embedment, D.

B. Draw the pressure distribution diagram.
C. Determine the anchor force per unit length of the wall.
Use the free earth support method.

Solution:
 - Determine the Rankine active and passive earth coefficients.

( 342 )=0.283
k a=tan 2 45−

34
k =tan ( 45+ )=3.537
2
p
2

' '
- Determine σ 1 and σ 2

σ '1 =17 ( 4 ) (0.283)=19.244

σ '2=17 ( 4 )( 0.283 )+(19−9.81)( 9)(0.283)=42.651

- Determine L3:

42.651
L3 = =1.426 m
( 19−9.81 )( 3.537−0.283)

- Determine the value of P:

19.244(4) (42.651−19.244)(9) 42.651(1.426)

P= +19.244 ( 9 ) + +
2 2 2

P=38.488+ 173.196+105.332+ 30.410=347.426

- Determine the value of ź :

ź=
38.488 ( 43 + 9+1.426)+ 173.196 ( 92 +1.426)+105.332 ( 93 +1.426)+30.410 ( 1.4263 ( 2) )
347.426

ź=5.682

- Determine the value of L4:

3 2
3 P ( L1 + L2 + L3−ź−l 1 )
L4 +1.5 ( L4 ) ( l 2 + L2 + L3 )− =0
γ ' ( k p −k a )

3 ( 347.426 )( 4 +9+1.426−5.682−2 )
L34 +1.5 ( L4 )2 ( ( 4−2 ) +9+1.426 ) − =0
( 19−9.81 )( 3.537−0.283 )

L4 =3.275 m

- Therefore, the theoretical depth of embedment is:

D=L3 + L4 =1.426+3.275

D=4.70 m

- Determine the anchor force per unit length.

γ ' ( k p−k a ) ( L4 )2
F=P−
2

( 19−9.81 )( 3.537−0.283 ) ( 3.275 )2

F=347.426−
2

F=187.055
9.7. In problem 9.6, assume Dactual = 1.3Dtheory.
A. Determine the theoretical maximum moment.
B. Using Rowe’s moment reduction technique, choose a sheet pile section. Take E = 210GPa and σ all=210 MPa

Solution:

- Determine the location of zero shear

σ '1 L1 '
k a γ ' ( z−L1 )2
−F +σ 1 ( z−L1 ) + =0
2 2

19.244(4) 0.283 (19−9.81 ) ( z−4 )2

−187.055+19.244 ( z−4 ) + =0
2 2

z=9.60 m

- Determine the maximum moment

2
19.244 ( 4 ) 4 (2) 9.6−4 ( 19−9.81 )( 9.6−4 ) ( 0.283 ) 9.6−4
M max =
2 ( 9.6−
3 )
−187.055 ( 9.6−2 )+19.244 ( 9.6−4 ) (2
+ ) 2 (
3 )
M max =776.899 kNm/m

- Determine the total height of the sheet pile, H’

H ' =4+9+ 1.3 ( 4.70 )=19.11

- Determine the pile section modulus

Section I(m4/m) H’ (m) ρ log ⁡( ρ) S(m3/m) Md (kNm/m) Md/Mmax

PZ – 40 670.5x10-6 19.11 10.334x10 -4
-2.986 326.4x10-5 685.44 0.882
PZ – 35 493.4x10-6 19.11 14.043x10-4 -2.853 260.5x10-5 547.05 0.704
PZ – 27 251.5x10-6 19.11 27.549x10-4 -2.560 162.3x10-5 340.83 0.439

10.91 x 10−7 H 4 M d =σ all (S )

Note: ρ=
EI

Where:
H = height in meters
E = modules of elasticity in MPa
I = moment of inertia in m4
It can be seen in the figure that both PZ – 40 and PZ – 35 are suitable sections unlike PZ-27. For economical reason, we
choose PZ – 35.

BRACED EXCAVATIONS:
10.1. Refer to the braced cut shown in Figure P10.1. Given: γ =16 kN /m 3, ϕ=38o and c’ = 0. The struts are located at
3.5m center to center in the plan. Draw the earth pressure envelope and determine the strut loads at levels A, B and C.

Solution:

- Determine the value of apparent lateral earth pressure

38
(
σ =0.65 γH k a=0.65 ( 16 ) ( 8 ) tan 2 45−
2 )
=19.792 kPa

- Solve the reactions assuming simple supports at each strut.

 Consider section AB:

 Take ∑ M B=0

RA=
19.792 ( 3.5 ) ( 3.52 ) =48.490
2.5
  Consider section BC:

 Take ∑ M B=0

RC =
19.792 ( 4.5 ) ( 4.52 ) =66.798
3.0

 Consider whole section:

 Take ∑ F H =0

48.490+ R B +66.798=19.792(8)

R B=43.048

- THEREFORE, THE STRUTLOADS ARE:

R A =48.490 ( 3.5 ) =169.716 kN

R B=43.048 ( 3.5 )=150.667 kN

RC =66.798 ( 3.5 )=233.793 kN

10.2. For the braced cut described in Problem 10.1, determine the following:

A. The sheet pile section modulus.

B. The section modulus of the wales at level B
Assume σ all=170 MPa

Solution:
- Determine the maximum moment acting on the sheet pile:

 From the moment diagram, we can see that the maximum moment is 22.267kNm

- Determine the section modulus of the sheet pile

M 22.267 x 103 −4 3
S= = 6
=1.31 x 10 m
σ all 170 x 10

- Determine the section modulus of the wales at B.

 43.048 (3.5 )2
(1000)
M 8
S= = 6
=3.877 x 10−4 m3
σ all 170 x 10

10.7. Refer to Figure P10.7. Given: γ =17.5 kN /m3 , c = 30kPa, and center to center spacing of struts in the plan = 5m.
Draw the earth pressure envelope and determine the strut loads at levels A, B and C.

- Determine the value of apparent lateral earth pressure

γH 17.5 ( 7 )
= =4.083> 4
c 30
σ a=γH −4 c=17.5 ( 7 ) −4 ( 30 )=2.5

σ a=0.3 γH =0.3 ( 17.5 ) ( 7 )=36.75−−−governs

- Solve the reactions assuming simple supports at each strut.

 Consider section AB

 Take ∑ M B=0

36.75 ( 1.75 ) 1.75 2.25

RA=
2 (2.25+
3 )
+36.75 (2.25 ) ( )
2
3.0

R A =61.378
  Consider section BC

 Take ∑ M B=0

RC =
36.75 ( 3 ) ( 32 ) =82.688
2

 Consider section ABC

 Take ∑ F H =0

5.25+7
61.378+ R B +82.688= (36.75)
2

R B=81.028

- THEREFORE, THE STRUTLOADS ARE:

R A =61.378 ( 5 )=306.89 kN

R B=81.028 ( 5 )=405.14 kN
RC =82.688 (5 )=413.44 kN

10.8. Determine the sheet pile section modulus for the braced cut described in problem 10.7. Use σ all=170 MPa

- Determine the maximum moment acting on the sheet pile.

 From the moment diagram, we can see that the maximum moment is 38.89kNm

- Determine the section modulus of the sheet pile

M 38.89 x 103 −4 3
S= = 6
=2.288 x 10 m
σ all 170 x 10
10.10. Determine the factor of safety against bottom heave for the braced cut described in Problem 10.7. Use eq. 10.16
and assume the length of the cut, L = 18m

0.2 B '' cH
FS=
(
5.14 c 1+
L )
+
B'
γH + q

Where:

B 6.0
 B' = = =4.423
√2 √ 2
 B' ' =√2 B' =√ 2 ( 4.423 )=6.0

 q=surcharge load =0

0.2 ( 6.0 ) 30(7)

FS=
(
5.14 ( 30 ) 1+
18 ) +
4.423
=1.747
17.5 (7 )+ 0