DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY

VSU, Visca, Baybay, Leyte

Name: Piolo Julius G. Cabagnot Date Performed: Nov. , 2018
Lab. Schedule: T 1-4 PM Date Submitted: Nov. , 2018
Group No.: 5 Rating:
Experiment No. 9
Calorimetry
OBJECTIVES
 To evaluate the calorimeter constant;
 To determine the experimental heat of fusion of ice (ΔHf); and
 To determine experimentally heat of neutralization.

RESULTS & OBSERVATION

A. Calorimeter Constant mix of hot and 27 ºC water
Time (Sec) 0 3 6 9 12 15 6 9 12 15
Temperature 26 26 26.5 27 29 27 39 39 39 39
(oC)

Calorimeter Constant Graph

45
Distilled Water Column1
40
35
Temperature (oC)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 3 6 9 12 15

Time (Seconds)
 Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Distilled Water 25 g 25 g
Mass of Hot Water 25 g 25 g
Initial Temperature of 29 oC 29 oC
Distilled Water
Initial Temperature of Hot 50 oC 50 oC
Water
Equilibrium Temperature 41 oC 41 oC
Calorimeter Constant, cal/oC 6.25 cal/oC 6.25 cal/oC

Calorimeter Constant
1. Energy lost by the hot water
q=mCpΔT
=(25g)(4.184 J/g oC)(9 oC)
=941.4 J or 224.9 cal
3. The calorimeter got the rest
299.87 cal – 224.9 cal
=74.97 cal
2.Energy gained by the cold water
q=mCpΔT
=(25g)(4.184 J/g oC)(12 oC)
=1255.2 J or 299.87 cal
4.Heat capacity of the calorimeter
74.97 cal/ 12 oC = 6.25 cal/ oC

B. Heat of Fusion
Time (Sec) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Temperature (oC) 14 14 13 13 12 12 12

HEAT OF FUSION GRAPH

14.5
14
Temperature (oC)

13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
3 6 9 12 15 18 21

Time in Seconds

Trial 1 Trial 2
 Mass of Tap Water 25 g 25 g
Mass of Ice 25 g 25 g
Initial Temperature of Tap 27 oC 27 oC
Water
Initial Temperature of Ice 8 oC 8 oC
Equilibrium Temperature 12 oC 12 oC
Calorimeter Constant, cal/oC 68.74 cal/oC 68.74 cal/oC
Heat of Fusion ice, cal/g 4.00 cal/g 4.00 cal/g

Calorimeter Constant
1. Energy Lost by the Tap Water
q=mCpΔT
=(25g)(4.184 J/g oC)(15 oC)= 1569 J or 374.83 cal
2. Energy Gained by the Ice
q=mCpΔT
=(25g)(4.184 J/g oC)(4oC)= 4184.4 J or 99.96 cal
3. The Calorimeter got the Rest
374.83cal-99.96 cal= 274.98 cal
4. Heat Capacity of the Calorimeter
274.98 cal/12oC= 68.74 cal/ oC
Heat of Fusion of Ice
H= q/m= 99.96 cal/25 g= 4.00 cal/g
C. Heat of Reaction
Set 1
Time (Sec) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Temperature 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38
(oC)

Set 2
Time (Sec) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Temperature 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
(oC)

Set 3
Time (Sec) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Temperature 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
(oC)
 HEAT OF REACTION
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
39
38
Temperature oC

37
36
35
34
33
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

Time in Seconds

Table 6.1
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
Volume of acid, mL 25.5 mL 25.5 mL 25.5 mL
Volume of base, mL 24.5 mL 24.5 mL 24.5 mL
Initial Temperature of 31 oC 31 oC 31 oC
NaOH, oC
Initial Temperature of 36 oC 36 oC 36 oC
HCl, oC
Min/Max Temperature 38 oC 35 oC/ 36 oC 35 oC/ 36 oC
Reached, oC
Difference in 2 oC 0 oC -1 oC
Temperature, oC
Heat Evolved by the 0.418 kJ 0 kJ -0.209 kJ
Reaction, kJ
Expt’l Molar Heat of -0.0105 kJ/mole 0 kJ/mole 0.0052 kJ/mole
Neutralization, kJ/mol

Heat evolved by the reaction:

Set 1: q= msΔT= (50g)(4.184 J/g oC)(2 oC) = 418.4 J or 0.418 kJ

Set 2: q= msΔT= (50g)(4.184 J/g oC)(0oC) = 0 kJ

Set 3: q= msΔT= (50g)(4.184 J/g oC)(-1 oC) = -209.2 J or -0.209 kJ

Expt’l Molar Heat of Neutralization
 Calculation of the moles of Solute
Moles (NaoH)= mass/molas mass= 24.5 g/ (22.99+16.00+1.008) = 39.998
Set 1:
ΔH = -q/ #mole of NaOH= -0.418 kJ/ 39.998 mole = -0.0105 kJ/mole
Set 2:
ΔH= -q/ #mole of NaOH= 0 kJ/ 39.998 mole= 0 kJ/mole
Set 3:
ΔH= -q/ # mole of NaOH= 0.209 kJ/ 39.998 mole= 0.0052 kJ/mole

DISCUSSION
The conducted experiment showed the basic process of calorimetry. It was done to
measure heat transfer by evaluating the calorimeter constant, heat of fusion and heat of
neutralization. The activity utilized a Styrofoam cup to be the calorimeter because it is a
container with good insulated walls which prevents heat exchange with the environment and thus
yielding to a record of data value with less error. Furthermore, since Styrofoam cup is a good
insulator, most of the heat goes only into the water and not much into the cup. But to be sure, the
calorimeter was calibrated in order to know exactly how much heat it absorbs. One way to
calibrate a calorimeter is by getting its calorimeter constant which was done in the first part of
the experiment. In part 1, equal masses of water at different temperatures were combined
together in the calorimeter. The amount of heat lost by the hot water (– (mCsΔT)hot ) is equal to
the heat gained by the cold water and the calorimeter [(mCsΔT) cold +(CΔT)calorimeter] . (The
specific heat of water, Cs, is 4.184 J/g °C). With this, the group was able to get the calorimeter
constant of 6.25 cal/°C.
In Part 2 of the experiment involved finding the heat required to melt an ice cube. This
number is called the molar enthalpy of fusion of ice (or the molar enthalpy of melting) and has
symbol ΔHfusion. At constant pressure (like on a lab bench, where the atmospheric pressure is
constant, and the system is not enclosed [like a bomb calorimeter]), enthalpy = heat ( q = ΔH p),
so the words heat and enthalpy are often used interchangeably (since we usually operate at
constant pressure). When an ice cube melts, it is absorbing heat from the surroundings. That heat
goes into not only melting the ice cube, but also into warming the resulting “water from ice” to
the temperature of the surroundings. (This analysis also assumes that the ice cube is at 0°C, and
not less than 0. If it were less that 0°C, then first the ice has to warm to 0 before can it melt). The
phase change from ice to water (melting) is a constant temperature process, meaning all the
melting happens at 0°C. The energy is going in to the ice cube to separate the atoms (melt) rather
than warm them up. In order to get the heat of fusion, the amount of heat energy gained by the
ice was divided by the mass of the ice resulting to a heat of fusion of 4.00 cal/g.
In the last part of the experiment, heat of reaction was obtained by making 3 different
reagents that will be mixed and obtain the equilibrium temperature. Heat of Reaction or also
known as the Enthalpy of Reaction is the change in the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that
occurs at a constant pressure. It is a thermodynamic unit of measurement useful for calculating
the amount of energy per mole either released or produced in a reaction. This was obtained by
dividing the negative value of q by the number of moles of the limiting reactant (NaOH). Using
this formula, the group was able to arrive to a heat of reaction of -0.0105 kJ/mol for Set 1, 0
kJ/mol for Set 2 and 0.0052 kJ/mol for Set 3.

CONCLUSION

After the activity was successfully done, the students were able to learn that calorimeter
is very useful for through it we can get the amount of energy, heat of fusion and heat of reaction
of a given substance. In order to know exactly how much heat is being absorbed, the calorimeter
has to be calibrated and one way of doing it is by getting its calorimeter constant which can be
obtained through the formula given in the discussion. Through this activity, the experimental
heat of fusion of ice was also obtained by dividing the amount of heat energy gained by the ice
by the mass of the ice. Lastly, this experiment also gave way in obtaining the heat of reaction
known as the change of enthalpy. It was concluded that if the enthalpy is a positive value then
the reaction is endothermic and exothermic if it is negative.

POST-LABORATORY QUESTIONS
1. Why are Styrofoam cups often used as improvised calorimeters? What would be the
effect on the determined calorimeter constant if glass were used instead of
Styrofoam?
A Styrofoam cup is used as a calorimeter because it is a container with good insulated
walls that prevents heat exchange with the surroundings and thus, greatly helps in not
obtaining a record of incorrect value.
2. Why is water used as the liquid inside the calorimeter?
Water works best to be used as liquid due to its high and easy to handle specific heat (Cs)
of 1 calorie per gram per oC (4.186 Joules/g oC).
3. Determine if the reactions carried out are exothermic or endothermic reaction. Give
the balanced chemical reaction of each.
Set 1:
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O ΔH= -0.0105 kJ/mole (Exothermic)
Set 2:
CH3COOH+ NaOH  H2O+ CH3COONa+ ΔH= 0 kJ/mole
Set 3:
HCl+ NH4OH  NH4Cl + H2O ΔH= 0.0052 kJ/mole (Endothermic)