Lung Cancer Detection and Classification Using Digital Image Processing

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The intent of this research is to help doctors detect lung cancer using smartphone camera. Using
an image classifier model, we plan on helping doctors in all the detection of diseases on their
lungs and get the right medications to treat the patient.

The artificial intelligence model works on the device CPU which signifies that there will be no
need for broadband data for doctors to use the application, which will help them in reducing
unnecessary costs.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cancer continue to be a major danger to the humans if not identified at its early stages across the
world, but their identification is always challenging due to lack of necessary technologies to
identify them.  The arrangement of adding global smartphone infiltration and modern
improvements in computer idea made probable by deep learning which has made the way for
smartphone-assisted infection diagnosis.

Lung cancer signifies a range of biologically diverse tumours. Which consist of very antagonistic
units with hurried development (tumour size doubling up in weeks) and the blowout of
metastases within a range of weeks or months for example small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and
particular smaller groups of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for instance poorly
distinguished large cell lung cancer. Whereas, some tumours take a lot of years to binary their
size and grow lymphatic or haematogenous metastases, for example bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma (BAC) as well as some form of clearly distinguished adenocarcinoma. Nonetheless,
lung cancer is recognized as the foremost cause of decease from menace worldwide using an
assessed 1.3 million deaths each year. Regardless of extensive investigation plus enhancement in
medical, oncologic as well as radiation treatment in the past years, its prediction remains
depressing with a total of 5-year survival of less than 15% on average. This is mainly because of
the point that, in a large number of patients, a discovery is done at later phases either with
intrusion of contiguous structures otherwise distant metastases. Even so, if the identification is
done on a premature stage without metastases, a 5-year existence in NSCLC might be greater
than 65% (>65%) and insignificant lesions which are more than 80% (>80%). In place of SCLC,
the change in treatment rates at early phases as opposed to later tumour stages, unluckily, is
almost insignificant. Though, SCLC presently is responsible for merely around 20% of lung
cancer cases. Hence, faith for enhanced treatment of lung cancer sufferers was centered on
methods to spot minor and commonly asymptomatic premature stages of NSCLC by means of
characteristic tests.

Of late, such determinations have also been sustained by giving facts for ailment diagnosis
virtual, investing the growing Internet diffusion worldwide. Presently, tools centered on
cellphones have multiplied, taking favor of the known history of unmatched rapid application of
mobile phone expertise in every part of the world [1]. Smartphones to be specific offer unique
tactics that helps detect infections because of their computing influence, high-resolution displays,
and widespread built-in sets of equipment, like high-tech High Definition (HD) cameras. The
joint influences of extensive smartphone infiltration, HD cameras, as well as high-performance
mainframes in mobile phones prime to a position where infection diagnosis centered on
computerized image recognition, if technically achievable, can be successfully obtainable at an
extraordinary proportion.

Computer vision, as well as object recognition to be specific, has made remarkable progresses in
the previous years.  Despite the fact that training huge neural networks is time-consuming, the
adept prototypes can categorize images fast, which sorts them fit for end user applications on
mobile phones. To come up with precise image classifiers for the determinations of lung cancer
identification, we need a big, confirmed dataset of pictures of ailing and healthy lungs.

1.3 PROBLEM DEFINATION

It is completely vivid, that the most effective thanks to avoid lung cancer mortality is for an
individual to under no circumstances smoke, then if happening, to quit smoking straightaway. On
the other hand, regrettably, the achievement degrees of the whole smoking preventions and
ending plans are deprived. If a testing database is to be established, consequences on smoking
behaviors must be evaluated. Equally the affirmative as well as the negative consequences may
possibly be probable. If an invite to a diagnosis check may upsurge responsiveness of the solemn
health problems of smoking, possibly braced by signifying the degree of smoking-related non-
tumorous changes ( for example emphysema, induration of the arteries disease (atherosclerotic)),
the check together with the smoking stop program may come out doubly useful. If, on the other
hand, the diagnosed individual (speciously) trusts, that there’s no got to quit smoking because the
check “will detect any cancer in time to cure it and there is, therefore, no need for them to stop
smoking” the check will increase the probability of dying from carcinoma rather than lessening
it. This method is inconclusive and has many obstacles such as expensive broadband data and too
many search marks that the patients won’t understand.

As a consequence, I am proposing a lung cancer detection software that help doctors and patients
detect cancers in their lungs and works on device CPU which means no mobile data will be
required.

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

An aim is defined as the major goal a company desires to meet and to add value within a given
season [2].The determination of this study is the development and implementation of a Lung
Cancer Detection and Classification application using digital image processing that will improve
the screening methods as well as producing results in a short period of time.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the Lung Cancer Detection and Classification Application are:

 Detect lung cancer stages in humans

 Offer solutions on how to treat various stages of lung cancer
 Integrate technology in the medical industry
 Provide information on how to prevent lung cancer to the coming generations
 To increase doctors acceptance of latest technology
 To reach 100% accuracy in our AI model

1.6 METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS

To implement such a project, we need to make use at the open-source technologies to help us
have a functional AI model.

Methods

Rapid Application Development

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a responsive project management approach which is
relatively common in the instance of application development otherwise software development.
The main benefit of this method is its fast task improvement which makes it a far more attention-
grabbing prime for the application developers who works in fast-paced surroundings such as
application development. This specific hurried step can be made probable by focusing on
reducing the whole preparation phase and capitalizing on the trial product development in RAD,
this permits task supervisors to measure the whole process precisely plus link in existent time on
diverse developing problems and also variations, which promotes greater efficiency, faster
development as well as effective communication.
Image Acquisition
In this stage, images of lung cancer x-rays are collected by means of digital media such camera
as well as mobile phones with anticipated resolution plus dimension. The images may be
obtained from the web. Creation of an archive of pictures is entirely reliant on the application
system maker. The image archive is the one accountable for enhanced productivity of the
classifier in the most recent segment of the recognition scheme.

Image Segmentation
This stage purposes at streamlining the illustration of a picture so that it turn out to be more
significant as well as easy to analyse. This segment is the major method of image processing
especially in the idea of feature abstraction.

GITHUB
A version control system that is used by developers track the changes of their software projects
and also gives an online repository where you can keep your project files. GitHub makes
development faster and easier for the developer.

Instruments

 Android Studio
 Mobile phone & laptop
 Tensor Flow
 Google Core Lab
  Keras Library
 Dataset
 Matlab

1.7 DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Limitations

1. Small dataset size problem

2. Noise on images
3. Lighting problems
4. Occlusion problems
5. Detection speed limits

Delimitations

1. Data amplification and generation

2. Transfer learning and fine-tuning classical model
3. Reasonable network structure design

1.8 JUSTIFICATION AND RATIONAL

At the beginning, we notice that datasets that have multiple class labels, casual predicting can
only attain a total precision of 2.62% on average, but with the use of AI trained model the
application will have an accuracy of 85% +. These results with repeated training and the use of
architectures like Alex Net and Google Net.

In the application of lung cancer identification, the manifestation signs are unobservable, so
premature identification is hard regardless of it being done visually or by machine analysis.
Though, the inquiries impact and plea of premature tests are high, which is more favorable to the
avoidance and control of lung cancer, prevent its spread as well as its growth. The best image
quality can be obtained on an x-ray increasing the convolution of image preprocessing as well as
lessen the recognition outcome. Furthermore, during the premature phase of lung cancer
manifestation, even high-resolution pictures are hard to examine. Therefore, it is crucial to use
images which are in gray.
The future of this project will be to have a 100% accuracy in detection of lung cancer stages and
give informed decision to doctors on how to deal with the tumour and control them so we can
have low deaths.

This research will help in the improvement of cancer detection in patients. This research will
improve the quality of image production and also help in the advancement of cancer researches
and prevention cases. The use of such technology in the medical industry shows us how deep AI
and technology is impacting the world and how this technology can be manipulated to make our
lives simpler.

1.9 WORK PLAN

Research -120 usd

Laptop – 450 usd

Project estimated time 4 months

Gantt chart

Activity/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Introduction
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Documentation

1.10 CONCLUSION
The chapter gave the introduction of the study outlining the difficulties being presently faced as
well as the conceivable solution which is the development and implementation of a Lung Cancer
Detection and Classification Using Digital Image Processing application. The desired aim and
objectives to be met are given as well as the benefits which will come with the development of
the new system. The background information of the disease and diagnosing method is clearly
given. This chapter thus paves a way for the literature review stage of the project.