Talent SBWB 3

DIDATTICA INCLUSIVA
Student’s Book & Workbook

with eBook, virtual classroom and online expansion 3
Elizabeth Kilbey and Annie Cornford Vivere
with Ciaran Ward and Teresa Ting
Welcome to Talent
your new course from Cambridge University Press
6 66
GRAMMAR 6
A
RTER
A Wor d wonders 6
Fest vals World wonders
Starter Unit Presentation
A
STARTER
A 6
Festivals World wonders
for revision spreads
3 Rewrite the sentences adding the adverbs 5 Complete the dialogues with the correct form PRACTICE 5 Read the active sentences, and rewrite
in brackets. of the verbs in brackets. 3 [2.08] PAIRWORK Read, listen and watch them in the passive.
Grammar: adverbs of frequency; present simple v present continuous
Vocabulary: music genres 0 Clare is tired. (always) Clare is always tired. 1 A Look! Tom .......................... (stand) over there! the video again and discuss these questions. 0 In the future the sea will cover some coastal towns.
1 Do you play tennis? (often) B Oh yes! And he .......................... (wave) at us. 1 The text mentions two reasons why Venice is In the future some coastal towns will be
covered by the sea.
of the basic
2 2 A Hi! I .......................... (often, not / see) you at the
introduce key
It doesn’t snow. (usually) a wonder of the world. What are they?
1 [1.02] Read and listen to the text. Then answer the questions. 3 I’m wrong. (never) bus stop! EXAM STRATEGIES 2 What are the main threats to Venice? 1 They have built flood defences in Venice.
1 What is WOMAD?
4
5
We go out on Monday nights. (sometimes)
Is Sam bad-tempered? (sometimes)
B I .......................... (know). Dad usually
.......................... (give) me a lift on his way to the
■ FIRST: Speaking 3 What led to the discovery of Canopus? 2 Pollution is destroying buildings.
3 Climate change causes some of the damage.
2 MandyV writes about different kinds of events at WOMAD. What are they? and Listening 4 Which city did the statue guard?
3 Why is the festival global?
6 We have pizza on Fridays. (often) office, but he .......................... (not / work) today. ■ IGCSE: Reading, Writing, 5 What caused the statue to fall? 4 Before they found the cities, they were just legends.
structures. language
7 Does Joe wear the same T-shirt? (always) 3 A I .......................... (write) a shopping list. Speaking and Listening 6 What are the main similarities and differences 5 People had described the lost cities in ancient
MandyV’s big blog

8 Jed plays in a band. (sometimes) .......................... (you / need) anything? ■ IELTS: Listening between Venice and Thonis-Heracleion? books.
M
B No, thanks. I .......................... (not / think) so. and Academic 6 They didn’t discover the ancient cities
GRAMMAR GUIDE 4 A Where’s the bus? It .......................... (usually, GRAMMAR GUIDE for thousands of years.
Thursday: A muddy field in Wiltshire, England SPEAKING SKILLS
MM U
not / be) late. 7 Sea creatures, sand and mud were slowly covering
Present simple v present continuous The passive: be + past participle
■
through topical
Hi from WOMAD! We come here every year. We usually just stay for a day but this year we’re
B You’re right. I .......................... (often, not / wait) Describing people the ruins all that time.
camping – so we’ve got more time. It’s very easy to miss events because there’s so much going We usually come for the day. Present simple: The waterways are constantly eroded
MM U
very long. and places 8 They won’t complete the excavation for many years.
on, so this time I’m making a list. (We use the present simple for habits and things by both pollution and water.
There are so many cool acts, it’s difficult to decide. WOMAD is a really global festival because that are generally true.) 6 Complete the text. Write the present simple LEAD IN 6 Write the questions in the passive.
Present continuous: Action is being taken to defend Venice.
5
there are performers from all over the world. I definitely want to see Imarhan. They’re an African or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 PAIRWORK Describe what you can see in the photo above. Future simple: It will not be submerged.
This year we’re camping. 0 Have they found anything?
Grammar Guide and thought-

band and they play a mix of jazz and blues. It’s great dance music and there are great lyrics, too! (We use the present continuous for actions Present perfect: Many things have been preserved. anything been found
Has .................................................................................. ?
2 [2.08] Read, listen and watch the video.
We like dancing to Kachupa, too (they’re a folk-rock band from Italy). in progress at the moment of speaking.) Celebrate Edinburgh ACADEMIC SKILLS
Past continuous: Canopus was being excavated. 1 When will they publish the results?
What else? I’m looking forward to visiting the human library this year. The books are people, and Past perfect: It had been covered by the sea.
■ When will ........................................................................ ?
Ano he Venice
Ven e
With state verbs: Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
10
they tell true stories about their lives. What a cool idea!
Food and music go together at WOMAD. Cooks from all over the world give demonstrations –
It smells so good. don’t live (not / live) there,
I 0 ..........................
Interpreting a graph
Another questions 2 Who built the city?
Who was ......................................................................... ?
but I 1 .......................... (think) it’s really active When did they discover the city?
boxes and provoking texts.

in fact right now someone’s singing and cooking Mexican food at the same time. It smells so good, See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 108
cool, and I 2 .......................... (go) there Venice is sometimes called the eighth wonder of the world. It’s not only famous 3 Did an earthquake destroy it?
passive When was the city discovered?
I need to try it out! So bye for now! for its beauty – the fact that it’s there at all makes it an engineering miracle. Was it ............................................................................... ?
every year. Why 3 .......................... (I / active Who saw the ruins?
4 [1.04] Complete the dialogues. Choose
love) it so much? Because of the Every year it’s flooded, and every year it sinks a little more. The magnificent 4 Are they still discovering new things?
Festival Facts the correct option. Then listen and check.
amazing Edinburgh Festival. Every buildings that line the waterways are constantly eroded by both pollution and
passive Who were the ruins seen by?
Are .................................................................................... ?
15 ■ The letters WOMAD stand for World Of Music Arts and Dance. 5 water. The problem is made even worse by rising sea levels (which are caused active Where do they display the discoveries?
1 A What kind of music 0 do you like / are you liking? August the population 4 .......................... 5 How do they pay for these projects?
practice
■ 30‒40,000 people visit British WOMAD every year. by climate change). It’s not helped by the crowds of tourists who go there every passive Where are the discoveries displayed?
B Hmm, I 1 don’t know / am not knowing really – (increase) as thousands of visitors 5 .......................... How are ........................................................................... ?
■ About 900 performers come from about 50 different countries. (arrive) to watch all kinds of performers – from classical year. In addition, Italian cities like Venice have the ever-present threat of To indicate the person or thing doing the action we use by.
I 2 listen / am listening to all kinds. But I 3 hate /
earthquakes too. 7 SPEAKING In pairs, brainstorm what you know
Grammar
■ The main festival is in the UK, but there are WOMAD festivals in other ’m hating background music in cafés – it’s musicians to rappers, from ballet dancers to street See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119
countries too, for example Spain, Chile, Italy, Australia and New Zealand. entertainers. Learning goals Action is being taken to defend Venice. It will not necessarily be submerged. about Pompeii and / or Herculaneum. Use some
horrible.
In this photo the musicians 6 .......................... (perform) 10 However, no such action was taken to protect the ancient Egyptian port of of the words and expressions below and your
activities. Ano he Ven ce

A Yes, I 4 agree / ’m agreeing! I 5 don’t like / ’m not Grammar 4 Look at the Grammar guide and complete
Thonis-Heracleion. Like Venice, this magnificent city was constructed on own ideas.
liking it either.
in the street. They 7 .......................... (look) fantastic!
■ The passive (all tenses) the rules. Write passive or active. Then find
B It’s really hard to talk. I 6 don’t understand / ’m
The audience are lucky because it 8 ..........................
(not / rain). It’s often wet in Scotland!
■ Passive with can, could
marshland, intersected by waterways, and located in an earthquake zone. Until
recently, very little was known of this ancient wonder – except that it had been
examples in the text. ■ AD 79 ■ covered ■ volcanic lava
boxes
and verbs with two objects 1 In .......................... sentences, the subject of the verb ■ Mount Vesuvius ■ buried ■ heat
VOCABULARY: Music genres GRAMMAR GUIDE not understanding why they have background
music.
In this one they 9 .......................... (watch) a fire eater. ■ Passive with say, believe,
covered by the sea over 2,000 years ago. Then in 1933 a pilot noticed some
underwater ruins as he flew over the Mediterranean. That led to the extraordinary performs the action. For example, They discovered ■ volcano ■ killed ■ preserved
2 Listen to six pieces
[1.03] He 10 .......................... (do) a weird dance at the same know, think
15
of music. Write the order you hear.

Adverbs of frequency 2 A Hey, what’s funny? Why 7 do you laugh / are discovery of an ancient city called Canopus. Then, in 2001, and while Canopus the statue. ■ erupt / eruption ■ escaped ■ discovered
time. He’s either very brave or crazy!
Vocabulary was still being excavated, Thonis-Heracleion itself was located. Archaeologists 2 In .......................... sentences, the object becomes ■ destroyed ■ volcanic ash ■ excavated
Which ones do you like? ■ We always watch TV on Friday nights. you laughing?
■ I don’t often get up early on Saturdays. B I 8 watch / ’m watching a video. A dog 9 rides / ’s ■ Buildings and materials were rewarded for years of research when divers found an enormous stone the subject. For example, The statue was discovered.
with clear and

............. blues statue which had fallen into the sea during an earthquake. The pieces had lain on 3 In a .......................... sentence, we don’t always say In AD 79 the city of Pompeii was destroyed
■ What do you usually have for breakfast? riding a bike. Look!
............. classical 20 the sea bed for centuries. Now they showed where the great city lay. who or what performed the action (the agent). when / after ...
But … A Oh, I 10 don’t think / ’m not thinking that’s very
kind. I 11 feel / ’m feeling sorry for it. Poor thing!
Glossary This sunken city, which is three times the size of Pompeii, is of enormous If we want to name the agent, we use by.
............. electronic ■ I am often hungry.
flooded : allagata significance. So far only a small part has been excavated, but already important For example, The statue was discovered by divers.
............. folk ■ You aren’t usually fed up. B The dog 12 seems / is seeming happy! And it
sinks : affonda discoveries have been made. Many things have been perfectly preserved, including 4 We form the .......................... with the appropriate
■ Is he always late?
13
gets / is getting a biscuit every time it does
succinct rules.
1 jazz
............. line : fiancheggiano stone monuments covered with inscriptions, which are invaluable to historians.
a complete circle. tense and form of be + past participle.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 108 marshland : paludi 25 These amazing cities have many things in common – but let’s hope historians of
............. pop
sea bed : fondale marino the future won’t be wondering what happened to the ancient city of Venice.
6 Starter A Starter A 7 60 Unit 6 Unit 6 61
6 6Wor
Disagree? agreeably!
G AMMA AC C
d wonders
MM U
Workbook WRITING SKILLS Grammar
Do it
GRAMMAR PRACTICE GRAMMAR REFERENCE
World wonders Grammar Reference
contains three Reference
7 Correct the mistakes. 9 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean We can use when, while and as to describe situations in which Use
G AMMA
GRAMMARAC C
one event interrupts another. While and as are followed by the
the same. Use the words in brackets. The past simple is used for:
0 When was the Shard build? past continuous, when is followed by the past simple.
PRACTICE ■ completed actions in the past:
LEAD IN
3 Rewrite the sentences to make them passive. STARTER A Use
When was the Shard built? 0 Everyone knows who painted the Mona Lisa. (by) ■ Mr Neale was sitting in the airport when he received We studied together yesterday.
The present simple is used for habitual actions, while the present the phone call.
0 People visit Venice all year round. 1 Her favourite crime story was written Everyone knows who the Mona Lisa was ■ a completed period in the past:
pages of extra
Adverbs of frequency
with explanation
continuous is used for actions happening now.
The passive: be + past participle Venice is visited all year round. Andrea Camilleri. painted by. ■ He often gets up late. / He is getting up at the moment.
■ While the couple were walking, they met Jamie.
He played football for six months.
We often use the present simple tense with adverbs We can use the conjunctions while and as to join two sentences ■ narrative tenses:
12 PAIRWORK Answer the questions.

Choose the correct option. 1 People take thousands of photos. 2 International football plays in this stadium. 1 Karl Benz produced the first German car. (was) The present simple is used for permanent actions, while
of frequency such as always, usually, often, sometimes, describing simultaneous actions.
2 They are preserving the city. 3 White dresses are usually wearing by brides. 2 The stolen jewellery hasn’t been found yet. (nobody) the present continuous is used for temporary actions. He checked his email, then contacted his boss.
In active / passive sentences, the subject of the verb hardly ever, and never.
■ Jane lives in Rome. / Jane is living in London at the moment. ■ While we were talking in the garden, a bee was flying from
performs the action. 3 We give tourists a lot of information. 4 Where was found the world’s biggest diamond? 3 They don’t pay the archaeologists very much money. flower to flower. Expressions of past time
Form and use We use different time expressions to identify the different tense
In active / passive sentences, the object becomes 4 We speak English here. 5 Thomas Mann’s Death in Venice made into a film. (aren’t)
grammar of main
forms: We often use time expressions with the past simple to state when
5 They are protecting the most beautiful buildings. 6 It thinks that climate change will cause 4 Someone was cleaning the café floor after the flood. We use adverbs of frequency to talk about the frequency Past simple: Regular and irregular verbs
the subject.
1 Do you ever read and / or write
something happened. Some common time expressions include
present simple present continuous
e you ever disagreed with someone

6 They are using modern engineering techniques. of an action.
In active / passive sentences, we don’t always say who great damage. (being) affirmative the following:
Always means 100% of the time and never means 0% of the time. ■ always ■ at the moment
or what performed the action. 5 Everyone agreed that the plan was a good one. (it) regular verbs ■ last week / month / year
4 Write sentences in the future passive. 8 Choose the correct option. Never is used with affirmative sentences even though it has ■ usually ■ now
6 The new engineering project has to be tested. (they) ■ at ten / twelve o’clock
We form the active / passive with the appropriate tense
So how should we behave? The best way is to be comments below the line?
Use by and the words given. a negative meaning. ■ often ■ this evening I / You / He / She / It / delivered it.
ended up having a big argument?

0 All the plants on the balcony ............. in the storm ■ in 1492 / 2012
■ sometimes ■ this weekend
assertive – in other words, to say what you think, practice along2 Think of some more examples language.
and form of to be + past participle. The adverbs are usually placed in between the subject We / You / They irregular verbs
0 this city / save / engineers yesterday. 10 Complete the article with the words below.
and the verb. ■ hardly ever ■ today
■ last night
This city will be saved by engineers. broke it. ■ ten minutes / two hours / six weeks ago
Disagree?
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119 A were ruined ■ He always listens to music. ■ never ■ tonight
but
carried ■ was done ■ won’t be forgotten ■ was given ■
it 25 ■ on Sunday / Monday (morning, afternoon, evening)
......... Could you have handled

negative
agreeably!
1 precious monuments / destroy / the sea B ruined ■ She never eats meat. ■ every day
were hit ■ were left ■ was needed ■ had been made ■ ■ yesterday
READ NG SK LLS
2 new buildings / construct / an Italian company But they are placed after the verb be. ■ once / twice a week regular verbs
C have been ruined ■ last Christmas / summer
between the media WR T NG SK LLS

1 Complete the sentences with the tense had been picked ■ was reported ■ were ruined ■ ■ He is often late. ■ on Saturdays
3 the air / not / pollute / car exhausts 1 He had to step into the road because I / You / He / She / It / did not / like it.
with cumulativeof interaction
We place the time expressions at the beginning or end
other person
Grammar maps,
of to be suggested in brackets.
the
had been submerged ■ were swallowed
er, or would it have happened anyway? respect

■ at the weekends
side,
Do – andit
other
We use the question How often to ask about frequency.
to the
4 roads and bridges / erode / flood water We / You / They didn’t
also to listen
the pavement ............. . irregular verbs of the sentence.
is
0 Venice .......................... shaken by earthquakes. 5 sea levels / affect / climate change ■ How often do you get up early? I always get up early.
A isn’t repaired VERBS OF STATE AND VERBS OF PERCEPTION have it. ■ My uncle and aunt emigrated to Australia last year.
In negative sentences, adverbs of frequency usually precede
(present simple) 6 this village / not / flood / the river We don’t usually use the present continuous with state verbs. ■ Last year, my uncle and aunt emigrated to Australia.
stay and the public.

B was repairing questions
even if you disagree with what they say

the main verb but follow the auxiliary.
n friends fall out, there are usually 5

1 Action .......................... taken to defend it. C was being repaired ■ He doesn’t always play football. Some examples are be, believe, hate, know, like, love, understand, Look!: we do not use the with these time expressions:
5 Match the beginnings and ends
think, want, remember.
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they like it?
(present continuous) ✗ He came home from hospital the last week.
practice and of interaction is valuable? verb tables and

of the sentences. 2 The work ............. when we arrived But they always follow the verb be. short answers
■ I believe in God.
D N D N
2 It .......................... (not) submerged. (future simple) ■ He isn’t usually late.
tips: 3 Do you think this kind
at the scene.
ts on both sides – but it’s always a calm. ............. Here are some assertiveness
0 e The city of Pompeii was destroyed ■ I don’t understand the question. Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did.
STARTER C
3 Protective flood barriers ..........................
1 The floods in London will be stopped 5 A was already been done In interrogative forms, adverbs of frequency follow the subject
of the sentence.
However, there are occasions when we can use the present No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t.
built to support high tide. (present continuous) B had already been done continuous if we are referring to an action.
2 The Taj Mahal was built in memory ■ Does Kelly often play football on Saturdays? Perfect tenses
◗ Speak in a normal, conversational voice – not too

4 Buildings .......................... preserved. (present perfect) C is already being done ■ What do you think of this programme? (opinion) Form
me when it happens. .............

2 3 The tomb of Tutankhamun was
■ What are you thinking of? (action)
■ He’s applied to medical school.
concept irregular verb list

5 The village .......................... excavated. 3 The bridges .......................... against the risk Expressions of frequency The regular past simple is formed by adding -ed to the base form
■ He’s been studying really hard.
4 The 2004 tsunami in Thailand was
(past continuous) of high winds. We don’t usually use the present continuous with verbs of the verb without to.
5 The citadel of Machu Picchu was In August 2005, a hurricane warning 0 .......................... We also talk about frequency using expressions of frequency.
was given ■ play ➝ played; visit ➝ visited PRESENT PERFECT
Why / Why not? 30
6 It .......................... swallowed by the sea. (past perfect) A are being fortified of perception like taste, sound, smell, look.
up for quietly, not too loudly. m

6 The wonders of Venice will be in the US and shortly afterwards, many
course, it’s important to stick

Form There are some spelling variations:
B are been fortified ■ That coat looks good on you. affirmative
2 Are the sentences active or passive? a discovered in Egypt in the 1920s. neighbourhoods of New Orleans 1 .......................... Expressions of frequency are usually placed at the end ■ The lasagne tastes wonderful. ■ Verbs that end in -e: live ➝ lived;
C will fortify by Hurricane Katrina. It was a disaster that I / You have / ’ve
Write A or P. b built by the Incas in the fifteenth century. of the sentence:
m
◗ Make eye contact – but don’t glare or stare!
checking PRACTICE provide a
4 The discussion ............. by the Minister arrive ➝ arrived He / She / It has / ’s left.
2
.......................... . By the next day, 80% of New Orleans ■ I go to the gym every day. STARTER B
rself and state your own opinion. If you

P The damage was done years ago. c protected against rising sea levels.
0 ............. for the Environment. 3
.......................... under water, nearly 2,000 people ■ I play football once a week. ■ Verbs that end in consonant + -y: marry ➝ married; We / You / They have / ’ve
A The flood water did the damage. d by the Thames barrier. Past simple v past continuous try ➝ tried
............. A will lead had died and over 400,000 people 4 .......................... These are the most common expressions following the frequency negative
e by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
◗ Watch your body language. Try to relax, and look

1 ............. A submerged treasure was found B will be leading homeless. It was clear that aid (clean water, food question How often: past simple past continuous ■ Verbs that end in vowel + consonant: stop ➝ stopped; I / You have not / haven’t
you lack
f of a Mughal emperor’s wife.
’t, it’s probably because last century.

10 g caused by an Indian Ocean earthquake.
C will be led and shelter) 5 .......................... urgently. As is often ■ once / twice / three times a week / a month / a year
■ every day
Ellie won her first two medals Ellie was wearing a big coat.
travel ➝ travelled;
regret ➝ regretted
He / She / It has not / hasn’t left.
activities in 13 Read complete

2 ............. The bridges and pavements were 5 The necessary research on climate the case, people living in the poorer neighbourhoods when she was 13. We / You / They have not / haven’t
comments below two online

■ two times a week
old and broken. 6 Rewrite the questions in the passive. change ............. yet.
6
.......................... the hardest. The past simple of irregular verbs can be completely different
friendly and interested.

■ on Saturdays / Tuesdays questions
-confidence, and you’re too afraid of

We often use the past simple and the past continuous together
For those who survived, what damage 7 .......................... ? from their base form:
3 ............. Everyone’s balconies were full 0 Who found the hidden treasure? A won’t be doing ■ in the morning / afternoon / evening to describe the relationship between two actions. The past Have I / you
Some homes 8 .......................... structurally undamaged, ■ have ➝ had; swim ➝ swam, etc.
articles. What were the articles

of colourful flowers. B hasn’t been done ■ at weekends continuous is used to describe a continuous action Has he / she / it left?
Who was the hidden treasure found by? The form does not change for all subjects.
◗ Listen to the other person, and consider their points.

but it 9 .......................... that nobody in the entire city
m 4 ............. The visitors weren’t invited C isn’t been done or to set the scene for a shorter completed action. Have we / you / they
ting other people’s feelings – you’d m

1 Who wrote The Merchant of Venice? The interrogative and negative forms of the past simple are
every unit. reference section.

Present simple v present continuous
into the museum’s basement. 2 Where do they send the damaged articles for repair? 6 The reconstruction won’t go ahead
had escaped without some losses. When residents
m A bee stung Jane when she was sitting in the garden. obtained by adding did and did not to the clause. These forms short answers
about?
finally returned to see what they could salvage, they do not change for all subjects.
5 ............. Children are warned not to climb 3 When will they complete the renovation of the castle? unless a financial agreement ............. . present simple present continuous Yes, he / she / it has.
◗ Respect the other person’s feelings, and their right 35

found that pieces of furniture 10 .......................... up Jane was sitting in the garden
m
Did and did not are followed by the base form of the verb without to.
on the walls. 4
m
Why are they closing that bridge to heavy traffic? A will be reached They usually come This year we’re camping. Yes, I / you / we / they have.
her hurt your own! 3 .............

and 11 .......................... away by the water. In other Short answers use the auxiliary form Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
6 ............. The discoveries are being restored 5 Where have they displayed the Degas collection? B won’t be reached for the day. a bee stung Jane No, he / she / it hasn’t.
words, they 12 .......................... . In short answers, only the negative can be contracted.
by art experts. 6 Who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon? C is reached For a list of irregular verbs see page 284. No, I / you / we / they haven’t.
mto their own opinions. thread A What an interesting review.

opposite extreme is to behave
184 Unit 6 Unit 6 185 108 Grammar Reference Grammar Reference 109
M
gressively. That doesn’t necessarily 15 ◗ Remember it’s OK to say no – it’s possible to say it I wouldn’t normally think of going to a
without being rude. It’s fine to agree to disagree. photograph exhibition, especially not mm
an you hit anyone – but it does mean
on the theme of war. However, I’ve
t you intimidate the other person in SOUNDS
now decided to get some tickets, and SPEAKING SKILLS ENGLISH
me way, perhaps by interrupting them, or
m I’m looking forward to seeing it for
shouting. 4 ............. This kind of
SKILLS
m m The /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds
myself. Thank you!
haviour never ends happily – if both 20 28 [1.33] PAIRWORK Listen
m
m W w to a British English speaker
ople are aggressive, it could even develop thread B I’m afraid I don’t agree that and a learner of English say
m the same sentence. Discuss
R ADfight,
o an actual NG but RAeven G if it doesn’t, m m
toy guns are just a bit of fun. Just
the differences.
SOUNDS
agree? 1
Do your new shoes fit your feet?
SPEAKING SKILLS
agreeably!
meone gets hurt. WRITING because children play fight
EXPANSION doesn’t
WRITING SKILLS
1 ENGLISH
Do it Disagree?
SOUNDS
agreeably!
READING SKILLS WRITING SKILLS WRITING EXPANSION SPEAKING SKILLS ENGLISH LISTENING SKILLS
LEAD IN
Do it LEAD IN A travel blog
A travel blog
mean we should encourage it, and we
Debating The /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds
When pronouncing words
7 Look at the photo and answer the questions.

LEAD IN 12 PAIRWORK Answer the questions.
Question
certainly Debating
shouldn’t let them think that 23 PAIRWORK Read and discuss the questions. The28/ɪ/ and /iː/
PAIRWORK Listensounds
[1.33]
1 What’s happening? Have you ever disagreed with someone 1 Do you ever read and / or write
Question What will our future be?
It took ages to collect our bags and get out
1 Fifty years ago, people believed that they would have more free to a British English speaker
12 PAIRWORK Answer
2 How could we avoid situations like this? So how should we behave? The best way is to be comments below the line? and a learner of English say
and ended up having a big argument?
1 m
............. Could you have handled it assertive – in other words, to say what you think, but
the
2 Think of some
25 morequestions.
examples
Travel blogs wanted
Travel blogs wanted of the airport,killing
23
people
PAIRWORK
is out.
fun.Read and discuss the questions.
of the airport, but the metro was easy to work out.
time in the future because computers would free them from work.
Were they right? 28 [the same PAIRWORK
1.33] sentence. Discuss Listen
What will our future be?
PRACTICE of interaction between the media We are looking for travel blogs for our new online but the metro was easy to work
I practised my GCSE Spanish (grade A last year!) and the differences.
also to listen to the other side, respect the other person
better, or would it have happened anyway?
We are looking for travel blogsmagazine
English-language for our for
new online
teenagers. I practised
managed to mygetGCSE Spanish
directions
1 Fifty years ago, people believed that they would have more free
(grade
to the hotel. It’s A last
quite year!) and
small
2 Brainstorm examples of machines that have liberated us
to a British English speaker
8 Read the gapped text. What does agree When friends fall out, there are usually even if you disagree with what they say – and stay 1 Do you ever3read and / or write
and the public.
thesomeone
5 (for example, washing machines). What do we do with the extra time? Do your new shoes fit your feet?
] Readwith
disagreed
3.03 text again and putto disagree
sentences
mean? faults on both sides – but it’s always a calm. 5 ............. Here are some assertiveness tips: Do you think this kind Your blog must begin with this sentence: We got
English-language magazine for teenagers.
and friendly, very modern with bright colours
managed to get directions to the hotel. It’s quite small
and a learner of English say
time in the future because computers would free them from work.
everywhere, and a wonderful smell of coffee! 24
WRITING
Were STRATEGY
here this morning. What an amazing place! [1.32] Listen and watch the video. Why is Grace worried? SOUND STRATEGY
having a big argument? So how should Ofwe
9 Read the text again and decide if the sentences behave? The best way is to◗ Speak
shame when it happens. ............. be in a normal, conversational voice – not too comments below
2
the line?
of interaction is valuable?
Your blog must begin withinclude:
this sentence:
• The sea We got andThefriendly,
first thingvery
we didmodern with was
was eat. There bright colours
a tapas bar
the same sentence. Discuss
in the correct gaps 1–5. There isareAccording one extra
Why / Why not? 30 Your blog must • Food
course, it’s important to stick up for quietly, not too loudly.
everywhere, andThere
a wonderful
was lots ofsmell of coffee! When pronouncing words that
true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
◗ but 25 – but don’t glare or stare! 2 Think of some more examples here this morning.
Write your What
blog.an amazing place! next to the hotel.
they right? weird–looking sea
ld you have handled it to the article, assertive – in other words, to say what you think,
yourself and state your own opinion. If you Make eye contact contain the short sound /ɪ/, Italian
don’t, it’s probably because you lack ◗ Watch your body language. Try to relax, and look
PRACTICE Your blog must include: • The sea • Food Thefood, which
first I avoided
thing we did(I will
was tryeat.
it before we leave,
There was a tapas bar the differences.
10
ntence. Then listen and check. 1 byarguments

honestly!) so I stuck with things that looked familiar – learners often lengthen the sound
are usually caused 13 Read comments below two online next to the hotel. There was lots of weird–looking sea
anyway? F to the other side, respect the other person of interaction between the media Write your blog. Answer LEAD IN
Comment(I will try it beforeonline
friendly and interested.
d it have happened both sides. also to listen T
self-confidence, and you’re too afraid of
it was delicious. Then we hit the tourist trail!
food, which I avoided we leave,
and say /iː/. Practise each sound,
28 Describe what’s happening in the photos.
hurting other people’s feelings – you’d Barcelona: dream city (for example, washing machines). What do we do with the extra time? Do mouth
yourchanges.
new shoes fit your feet?
and notice how the shape of your
WR NG RA G GRAMMAR GUIDE
2 confident people are more likely to worry about?
F disagree with what they say – and stay
◗ Respect the other person’s feelings, and their right and the public. 35
fall out, there are usually 5 rather hurt your own! ............. Then answer the questions.
honestly!) so I stuck with things that looked familiar –
if you
3
about other people’s even
feelings. T We got here this morning. What an amazing place!
Answer Luckily, I’d managed to get a window seat on the plane,
to their own opinions. thread A What an interesting review. Comparative and superlative adverbs
Insides
many cases,
it’s ifalways
one oraboth sides had behaved
The opposite extreme is to behave it was delicious. Then we hit the tourist trail! 1 What do you think these people are demonstrating
People24often write theirandown

3 aggressive behaviour always hurts people. T F
– but calm. 5 ............. Here areThat some doesn’tassertiveness
necessarily tips: ◗ Remember it’s OK to say no – it’s possible to say it
15 3 Do you thinkI wouldn’tthisnormally
kindthink of going to a [1.32] Listen watch the video. Why is Grace worried? 29 [1.34] Listen and repeat. about?
Barcelona: dream city SOUND STRATEGY
4 it’s best to avoid disagreements. T F aggressively.
without being rude. It’s fine to agree to disagree. photograph exhibition, especially not so I was watching as we landed. I could see the beaches comparative
happens. 2 .............
5 assertive people don’t mind being rude.
◗ Speak in a normal,
T F mean you hit anyone – but it does mean
the other person in voice – not too
conversational of interaction is valuable?
on the theme of war. However, I’ve clearly (it felt like we were heading straight for them!). mm Then practise. 2 Have you ever seen a demonstration? Would you
much / regular adverbs irregular adverbs
differently, the whole thing could have been avoided.

ever take part in one? Why / Why not?
comments after they’ve read online
that you intimidate A /ɪ/ B /iː/
now decided to get some tickets, and We got here thisThere were rows
morning. What of colourful
an amazing umbrellas
place!and the sea a lot / (quickly, slowly) (fast, well, badly)
READING STRATEGY some way, perhaps by interrupting them, or
Insert sentences into the textquietly, not too loudly.

30 Why / Why not?
I’m looking forward to seeing it for was sparkling blue (not like the sea back home in
Luckily, I’d managed to get a window seat on the plane, key expressions
When pronouncing words that
1 sit seat
LISTENING STRATEGY far / more / less faster / better /
important to stick up for
by shouting. ............. This kind of 4
myself. Thank you! Britain!). Maybe because Barcelona is quite a big city, presenting argument asking questions 2 hit heat even / quickly than worse than
But be careful – it’s easy to think you’re In some examsbeing
behaviour never ends happily – if both so I was watching as we landed. I could see the beaches
articles or reviews. Comments
20
you will need to complete a text
but don’t
– aggressive, glare or stare!
I hadn’t imagined anything so beautiful.
contain the short sound /ɪ/, Italian
3 fit feet Listen for more detailed content a little / more / less
your ability eye contact
The first thing we have to Could you explain what you
ate your own opinion. If you with missing sentences. This◗testsMake
people are it could even develop thread B I’m afraid I don’t agree that
clearly (it felt like we were heading straight for them!). 4 did deed In these tasks you are listening for specific a (little) bit slowly than
into an actual fight, but even if it doesn’t,
Try to relax, and look PRACTICE because children play fight doesn’t There were rows1 ofRead
colourful umbrellas
and theand the sea
consider … mean by …?
learners often lengthen the sound
5 mill meal information. This is usually names, numbers
assertive when actually
you lack you’re becoming
the question answer. superlative
someonelanguage.
to understand the structure and development of a text.
obably because 10 ■ Read the gapped text through ◗ first, for the generalyour
Watch body gets hurt.
mean we should encourage it, and we was sparkling blue (not likethe the sea back home in the writer might agree or disagree with the
I am convinced that …
It is clear to me that …
Can you define …?
Where did you get your
6 fill feel or details within sentences. regular adverbs irregular adverbs
13 Read comments Glossary
Underline two pieces of information
meaning.
and interested. below
shouldn’t lettwo online
that Britain!). Maybe because neededBarcelona
to include. is quite a big city, Anybody can see that … information from? and say
30 /iː/. Practise
PAIRWORK
[1.35] Listen, read each sound,
■ Listen to the whole text and try and identify (quickly, slowly) (fast, well, badly)
, and you’re too afraid of ■ Read it again, until the end of thefriendly
certainly them think
aggressive – especially if you’re angry.

what it is about on a general level.
main text, or continue the

sentence after killing people is fun. You can’t deny that … and repeat. Then practise reading. the most / the fastest /
consider their points. articles. What were the articlesI hadn’t imagined2anything Now readso beautiful.
the blog again and answer these
and notice how and sitthe
down.shape of your
■ Read the questions and ensure you know what they by far
people’s feelings – you’d

the first gap.
■ Look through all the options. out for linkingto the
◗ LookListen other
10 Read the text again and
person, and put sentences
a–f in the correct gaps 1–5. There is one extra
[3.03]
about? fall outComment : litigano

WRITING STRATEGY
questions.
G 4 TASK Think of a holiday you’ve been on
and write a short blog (about 150 words)
25 [1.32] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key
1 Please take a seat
2 It was so hot that the heat hit us.
are asking for. Look for clues and predict
the least quickly
the most /
the best /
the worst
On the3 .............
other hand, if they’re obviously upset person’s feelings, and their right 35
1 Where was the writer while writing the blog?
mouth changes. the answers.
discussion. A sequence of
words and pronouns that might connect expressions Grace uses to present her argument. the least slowly
ur own! the sentences before and ◗ Respect
after the gap. Identify the othersentence. Then listen and check. online 1 Read the question 2 How and didthe
they answer.
travel?
to recount events. Include information about your 3 These shoes don’t fit my feet. ■ Then listen again and do the task.
stick up for yourself : farsi valere

travel, the food you ate and any interesting people 4 When did you do the deed?
a In many cases, if one or both sides had behaved People often write their own 3 Why was the writer surprised? SPEAKING STRATEGY See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116
any sentences you think might fit the gap.
in this way with the resttoof thetheir own opinions. thread A What an interesting review. Underline the two pieces of information the writer you met. FIRST IGCSE IELTS
or out of
extreme control,
is to wouldbehaveit be better■ Continue
to avoid
differently, the whole thing could have been avoided. comments after they’ve read online 5 Let’s have a meal at the mill.
comments that form a

text. 4 What were their first impressions of the hotel? Challenging information / facts
b But be careful – it’s easy to think you’re being needed to include.
– it’s possible to say it articles or reviews. Comments 5 What kind of food did the writer not eat?
29 Listen
I wouldn’thit normally think ofwithgoing ato aNow read the blog hear. Yourand
partnerrepeat.
31 [1.34]GAME Listen and repeat
nobecoming PRACTICE
assertiveto sayyou’re
: picchi, prendi 2 botte
Remember there will be one option you don’t need. [1.36]
That doesn’t necessarily 15 ◗ Remember it’s OK

As usual, look out for distractors.
when actually
Glossary
might agree or disagree the 6 What does ‘we hit the tourist trail’ mean?
again and answer these Steps to writing
Oh, come on!
You’re exaggerating.
But surely … (+ counter-
statement) the sound you 29 [1.28] Listen and complete the sentences.
30 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
an argument and walk away?

anyone – but it does mean
■ Try reading it through with your chosen options.
without beingc rude.
Does it make sense? Adjust your answers
On the other It’s
hand, if they’re to agree
fineobviously upset to disagree. fall out : litigano
photograph exhibition, especially
discussion. A sequence of notquestions. 3 PAIRWORK What does the blog tell you about
the writer? Answer these questions.
4 TASK Think conversation
of a holiday you’ve beenis
1 Read the question and note down
what you need to include.
on called a thread. Be reasonable!
I doubt that very much.
I’m not so sure.
That’s not the point …
Then practise.
guesses and shows you if it’s
short or long. 1 Demonstrators are blocking ....................................... .
0 My sister is better than me at playing guitar. (good,
much)
plays guitar much better than me .
or out of control, would it be better to avoid comments that form a and write a short blog (about 150 words) 2 They are protesting about cuts to .............................. . My sister ..........................................................................
if necessary.
on the theme ofconversation
hit : picchi, prendi a botte
war. However,is called a thread. I’ve
1 Where was the writer while writing the blog? 2 Read the Writing strategy box on page 19 again.
Did you
midate thelose your
other temper
person in and say things
■ Read the whole text through again and check
d Did you lose your temper and say things ■ Keep your comments short.
1 Has the writer ever been to Barcelona before?
2 How did they2travel?
travel, the■foodKeep your comments
to recount events. Include information about your
3 Think of a catchy title which describes
short.
FIRST IGCSE
A /ɪ/ B /iː/ 3 Protesters include people in wheelchairs
and people with ............................................................. .
1 We don’t shop as carefully as we should. (less)
We ..................................................................................... .
11
Where does the writer come from? you ate and any interesting people
Critical thinking Discuss the questions
11 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs. now decided to get some tickets, and
in pairs.
your answers. the events. 26 [1.32] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions
/ɪ/
haps by interrupting them, or FIRST
you shouldn’t have said? ■ Style is informal. 3 Why was the 3writer surprised?
Roughly how old is she / he?
you met. key expressions 1 sit seat 4 The police have arrested .............................................. . 2 He is a far harder worker than me. (hard)
you shouldn’t have said?

from the strategy box you hear.
■ Stylepresenting
4 Ensure your writing style is informal.
is informal. 5 Andy Jackson is the organiser of the ..........................
e This is known as passive behaviour, and it doesn’t 1 Is it ever OK to show anger? If so, when, why and how? ■ Remember that anyone can read 4 Which of these words best describe her / him? He works ......................................................................... .
usually do you any good. If not, how can we avoid it? I’m looking forward toSoseeing itnotfor 4 What were theirWhy do first impressions of the hotel? Include abbreviations, slang expressions and
2 hit heat
campaign. 3 The person who sings better than everyone else
............. This kind of
your post. be assertive but you think so? 27 GROUPWORK Discuss in groups of four. Pair A: brainstorm
4
f You don’t listen to other points of view, 2 Do you think boys are more aggressive than girls? rude. 5 What kind of food did the writer not eat?adventurous
fearless
contractions. argument asking questions reasons why the jobs below are in danger because of technology. 6 He says the cuts don’t affect the .................................. wins a prize. (the)
Thisends
ver is knownhappily as–passive
if bothbehaviour,
20 and it doesn’t and you don’t really care about how the other
person feels.
1 Is it3 ever OK to show anger?
Are they more assertive?
Do you think assertiveness is important? Why / Why not?
myself. If so, you!
Thank when, why and 6how?
■ Do not write in capital letters. What does ‘we hit the tourist trail’ mean?
excited lazy
■ Remember
Steps to writing
and grammar. that anyone can read Could you explain what you
5 Do a rough draft. Check spelling, punctuation Pair B: brainstorm reasons why the jobs will always exist.
3 fit feet
and ............................................................... worst of all.
7 They are going to interview somebody
The person who ............................................................. .
4 My new bike goes much faster than my old one. (more)
enthusiastic unimaginative
See WRITING EXPANSION page 259 3 PAIRWORK What does the blog tell you about
6 Write a final draft. The first thing we have to ■ shop ■ farmers ■ firefighters /iː/
from .................................................................... later on. My old bike goes ............................................................ .
assistants ■ teachers ■ nurses
4 did deed
anydevelop
youeven thread
it? B I’m afraid I don’t agree that the writer? Answer these questions.
nervous inquisitive
usually could
ressive, itdo good. If not, how can we avoid
98 Unit 10 Unit 10 99 250 Writing Expansion your post.
So be
consider … assertive but not mean by …?
2 Read the Writing strategy box on page 19 again. 5 mill
Unit 4 47
meal
40 Unit 3
fight, but even if it doesn’t, toy guns are just a bit of fun. Just 1 Has the writer ever been to Barcelona before?
2 Do you think boys are more I am convinced that … Can you define …?
You
hurt.don’t listen to other points of view, becauseaggressive than girls?2 Where does the writer come from? the events. rude.
children play fight doesn’t 6 fill feel
3 Roughly how old is she / he? It is clear to me that … Where did you get your
and you don’t really care about how the other Are they more assertive?
mean we should encourage it, and we4 Which of these words best describe her / him? ■ Do not
write
Anybody in capital
andcan see thatletters.
… information from? 30 PAIRWORK Listen, read
Reading Skills to promote critical thinking Writing Skills and Speaking Skills with functional Listening Skills lessons
Include abbreviations, slang expressions [1.35]
certainly shouldn’t let them think that Why do you think so?
contractions.
person feels. 3 Do you think assertiveness is important? Why / Why not?
killing people is fun.
fearless
excited
adventurous
lazy
You can’t deny that …
5 Do a rough draft. Check spelling, punctuation
and repeat. Then practise reading.
Unit 4 47
and grammar.
enthusiastic
See WRITING EXPANSION page 259
unimaginative 1 Please take a seat and sit down.
e text again and put sentences
and stimulate class debate. Writing Expansion dialogues on film and Strategy 25 Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key
with a variety of text
nervous inquisitive 6 Write a final draft. [1.32]
ct gaps 1–5. There is one extra WRITING STRATEGY expressions Grace uses to present her argument.
2 It was so hot that the heat hit us.
250 Writing Expansion
listen and check. 3 These shoes don’t fit my feet.
Comment online
, if one or both sides had behaved
whole thing could have been avoided.
Strategy boxes give practice in task types People often write their own
with model texts SPEAKINGUnit boxes
10
STRATEGY 99
to develop your confidence. Challenging information / facts
4
5
When did you do the deed?
Let’s have a meal at the mill. types, voices and
– it’s easy to think you’re being
n actually you’re becoming
for exams: Cambridge
Glossary
English: First (FCE) articles or reviews. Comments
might agree or disagree with the
and guided practice. Sounds English section to Oh, come on!
You’re exaggerating.
But surely … (+ counter-
statement)
31 [1.36] GAME Listen and repeat
the sound you hear. Your partner accents.

and IGCSE.
specially if you’re angry.
hand, if they’re obviously upset
fall out : litigano
discussion. A sequence of improve your pronunciation. Be reasonable!
I doubt that very much.
I’m not so sure.
That’s not the point …
short or long.
rol, would it be better to avoid comments that form a
hit : picchi, prendi a botte FIRST IGCSE
and walk away? conversation is called a thread.
our temper and say things ■ Keep your comments short. 26 [1.32] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions
11 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs. /ɪ/
have said? ■ Style is informal. from the strategy box you hear.
as passive behaviour, and it doesn’t 1 Is it ever OK to show anger? If so, when, why and how? ■ Remember that anyone can read
u any good. If not, how can we avoid it? 27 GROUPWORK Discuss in groups of four. Pair A: brainstorm
your post. So be assertive but not
VIDEOS
reasons why the jobs below are in danger because of technology.
en to other points of view, 2 Do you think boys are more aggressive than girls? rude.
Pair B: brainstorm reasons why the jobs will always exist.
really care about how the other Are they more assertive? ■ Do not write in capital letters.
3 Do you think assertiveness is important? Why / Why not? ■ shop ■ farmers ■ firefighters /iː/
See WRITING EXPANSION page 259 assistants ■ teachers ■ nurses
Unit 10 99 CHANG NG
Unit 4 47
LANGUAGE
Funct ona anguage v deos Chang ng Language v deos use he a es

Documen a y s y e presentat on p esen anguage n un and nd ngs om co pus esea ch and on s ee
v deos w h onsc een ac v es memo ab e con ex s n e v ews o show how Eng sh s ea y
p ov de a dynam c s a o he un spoken oday
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Writing a conclusion PRACTICE
34 Look at the title, introduction and conclusion
LEAD IN below. Complete the gaps with words
33 Look at the titles of essay questions below and expressions from the strategy box.
and the notes. Tick (✓) the items that
ified.’
should be in the final paragraph (the conclusion) ‘War is never just
of each essay. Do you agree?
1 ‘War is never justified.’ Do you agree? Introduction
to say that war is never
your opinion It is easy for ordinary people have
harder for the people who
other viewpoints justified, but it’s much are
However, even though there
arguments for and against to make the decisions. war
ts in favour of going to
a reference back to the first paragraph a lot of strong argumen never right.
I still believe it is
(the introduction) and / or the title in some circumstances,
Paragraph 2 …
EXAMS ACADEMIC
EXAM SK LLS SKILLS
examples and details
Paragraph 3 …
a summary of points
Conclusion
EXAM SK LLS 2 Write about your favourite place. 1
.........................., I believe
that war can never be
worse and more people
a detailed description justified. War makes things
although many people
reasons why you like it die. 2 ..........................,
.............., killing people
disagree with me, ............
3
memories of the place
M G M G
Academic Skills
is always wrong.
EXAM SKILLS EXAM SKILLS AM
EXAM SKILLS a summary
ACADEMIC SKILLS
a reference back to the first paragraph
31 Match each of the following words to the right 7 Complete with the future or future perfect form
sections prepare
EXAM STRATEGY
synonym from exercise 30.
EXAM STRATEGY 37 [3.04] You hear two friends talking about
a school rule. of the verbs in brackets.

FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 1 (the introduction)Writing
and / ora the title
conclusion PRACTICE
Reading and Use of English Part 1 – Listening Part 4 – Multiple choice 10 Choose the correct option. 34 Look at the title, introduction and conclusion
0 0 remark What do they agree about? 0 David will be very tired when he gets off the plane LEAD IN below. Complete the gaps with words
Multiple-choice cloze
With multiple-choice questions, it is important
1 separated While you are listening, you may hear all
the keywords, but only one option will answer
A Their new headteacher is unfair. and he won’t have slept (not / sleep) properly
.................................... 3 Write an article about33sports
Look at the facilities
titles of essayin yourbelow
questions town. and expressions from the strategy box.
2 choice B There should be a compromise. for 24 hours. and the notes. Tick (✓) the items that
a summary d.’
you for further study

‘War is never justifie
to read each option very carefully before deciding 3 start the question fully. Underline the keywords should be in the final paragraph (the conclusion)
C Smartphones are great educational tools. 1 Andy is travelling round the world. By the time Will robots change our lives?
Do you agree?
which fits the gap correctly. Never choose more than 4 troubled in the question. This will help you focus on the of each essay.
he comes home he .................................... (visit)
one option. Different kinds of words are tested. 5 compassion important information. Then listen out for words 38 [3.05] You hear a teacher talking to his class. 20 countries.
In the 0 ............. future, we will all have
domestic robots in our homes. However,
explanation of who1uses them
‘War is never justified.’ Do you agree? Introduction
It is often necessary to choose between words that mean the same as the keywords. to say that war is never
6 stop What does he want the class to do? 2 I’m not really tired. I don’t think It is easy for ordinary people
with a similar meaning. FIRST
A Write a group article for the blog. I .................................... (go) to bed until later.
they won’t 1 ............. like the robots in Star
Wars – no, they will be much 2 .............
details about the good your pointsopinion
other viewpoints
and bad points justified, but it’s much
harder for the people who
have
and academic
32 Below is a paragraph taken from a novel. are
FIRST However, even though there
B To try and be original. 3 They’re still building the new hospital. I’m sure to make the decisions.
30 What kinds of words are they? Tick (✓) the right
For questions 1–6, read the text and decide
which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
33 Read an exam question with its choice
of answers. Underline the keywords that you will C Remember the school trip. they .................................... (not / complete) it
mechanical and a lot more human.
Perhaps this sounds like sci-fi – but it is
your own viewpoint arguments for and against
a reference back to the first paragraph a lot of strong arguments
in favour of going to war
right.
I still believe it is never
category (Noun, Verb or Adjective). listen out for. by the end of the month. (the introduction) and / or the title in some circumstances,
3
............. going to happen (or so scientists say!).
0 A time B ring C alarm D call 39 [3.06] You hear part of a programme about
Paragraph 2 …
Noun Verb Adj 1 A catch B stop C lose D miss You hear a man making a telephone call. Why has he social media books.
4 Do you think people .................................... ever
.................................... (live) on Mars?
We’ll have fewer 4 ............. to perform around
ACADEMIC STRATEGY
35 WRITING Complete the following tasks in pairs.
Paragraph 3 …
success!
the home. 5 ............. of doing housework a summary of points
0 2 A walked B skipped C jumped D ran phoned? Conclusion
comment ✓ ✓ What is the presenter saying? 5 If we aren’t careful, in 20 years’ time there will be that war can never be
and preparing meals, we’ll be relaxing and .........................., I believe
2 Write about your favourite place.
1 Read the essay title below and the first part of the
1
1 3 A managed B succeeded C resulted D achieved A To arrange a factory visit.
option A They don’t last very long. office blocks everywhere and all our green spaces worse and more people
socialising. Does all this 6 ............. too good justified. War makes things
2 prevent 4 A strange B difficult C uneasy D tricky B To ask for a lift. B They sell very well. .......................... (disappear). to be true? Well, perhaps it is. We can’t be
The conclusion of an essay should contain a brief
a detailed description
die. 2 ..........................,
although many people
3 worried 5 A remind B recall C realise D repeat C To change plans. C They don’t take very long to write. 6 Hurry up! By the time we get there, the party
reasons why you like it
Introduction.
disagree with me, .......................
3 ..., killing people
6 A heat B move C shake D perspire certain, but we might end 7 ............. with too
summary of the main points, andamemories yourofpersonal
the place
IELTS exam
4 detached .................................... (finish)! is always wrong.
34 Read the transcript for the exam question in ............. free time – because robots will have
2 Make some notes for the rest of the Introduction
8
5 launch
40 You hear two friends talking about
[3.07] summary
exercise 33. Is the answer A, B or C? Why were their phones. ............. over many of our jobs! So, on the
opinion with a quick justificationa(the introduction)
for it. It does not
9
6 sensitivity 8 Choose the correct option. reference back to the first paragraph
the two other options not exactly right?
What do they both agree? 0 What ............. tomorrow? Would you like to meet up
one hand, we’ll be 10 ............. less busy, but and / or the title
and then try and complete it.
A Phones are good for everything. for a coffee?
on the other hand, we 11 ............. not have
have to be more than a few sentences
3 Write an article long.
about sports facilities in your town.
enough money to enjoy our new freedom.
3 Then make notes for paragraphs 2 and 3.
development is
B They couldn’t live without social media. A are you doing B will you do a summary
Hello! I’m calling about our trip to C Watching things on a screen is fun. 1 This time tomorrow I ............. my driving test.
Only time will 12 ............. .
■ Useful phrases for the beginning of the
explanation concluding
of who uses them
Teresa’s morning had started badly that day. She hadn’t
the factory. I’ve just picked up your Wish me luck! details about the good points and bad points Title: Do video games have a bad effect on teenagers?
heard her 0 ............. and in fact, she was still sleeping when message saying you want to change it 41 [3.08] You hear a photographer talking about
A will do B will be doing paragraph include: to conclude,yourinownconclusion,viewpoint to
her mother shouted up the stairs: ‘I’m off now – early to the Friday. That’s fine with me but
his work.
2 They ............. a good film next week. Shall we go? What do you think?
sum up. Note: Do not begin the conclusion
ACADEMIC STRATEGYwith 35 WRITING Complete the following tasks in pairs.
clearly highlighted.
meeting! You’ll have to get the bus today, love, sorry. you know we had already planned to What is important for him before taking a photo? A ’re showing B will show
Don’t 1 ............. it!’ The next 15 minutes had been a meet there? Well , I won’t have my A Thought. 3 I’m excited about the party. We ............. fun.
0 A close B far C near D ready
1 Read the Introduction:
essay title below and the firstMany people say that video games are
part of the
complete nightmare. She’d got dressed much faster than own transport that day, so could I
B Excitement. A ’re having B ’re going to have
1 A see B look C watch D touch
Finally, … (this goes in theThe
main part of the essay,
conclusion of an essay should contain a brief
Introduction.
C Processing.
2 A less B not C little D least summary of the main points, and your personal
2 Make some bad notesfor teenagers,
for the for lots of reasons. On the other
rest of the Introduction
usual and had 2 ............. breakfast. Grabbing her school
possibly come with you in your car? 4 John’s on his way to Paris. In a few hours’ time, 3 A surely B nearly C not D certainly
when you state your last point).
opinion with a quick justification for it. It does not
bag, Teresa raced to the bus stop and just 3 ............. to
It’d be very helpful if you could pick he ............. along the Champs-Élysées! 4 A chores B work C duties D housework have to be more than a few sentences long.
3 Then make hand,
notes forthere
paragraphs are
2 andplenty
3. of people who believe that
catch her bus. But as soon as she got on the bus, she
me up from the station.
A ’s walking B ’ll be walking 5 A Instead B Rather C Whereas D Alternatively ■ These words and expressions are also useful
■ Useful phrases for the beginning of the concluding
Title: Do video games have a bad effect on teenagers?
began to feel strangely 4 ............. . She was sure there was 5 Really, don’t worry. You ............. your exams. 6 A hear B tell C sound D mention paragraph include: to conclude, in conclusion, to
What do you adolescents
think? can benefit from them. […]
something she’d planned to do but she couldn’t 5 ............. A ’ll pass B ’ll be passing 7 A on B up C over D down in a conclusion: in my opinion, I think, I believe, on
sum up. Note: Do not begin the conclusion with
Introduction: Many people say that video games are
what it was. Reaching into her pocket for her phone to
35 Read another exam question and again
6 The weather forecast says it ............. tomorrow. 8 A plenty B many C lots D much Finally, … (this goes in the main part of the essay,
Paragraph
bad for teenagers, 2 On
for lots of reasons. …the other
check her online calendar, she realised it wasn’t there.
underline the keywords.
A ’s raining B ’s going to rain 9 A got B taken C made D given the one hand … on the other hand, however, but,
hand, there are plenty of people who believe that
adolescentsParagraph 3[…]…
In a sudden panic, she felt around in her bag as she began 10 A very B more C few D far ■ These words and expressions are also useful
9 TRANSLATION Translate the text into English. can benefit from them.
to 6 ............. and sweat. Since she had been in such a rush,
she’d left the phone beside her bed and now she was on
You hear part of a radio programme about the media.
Credo che fra trent’anni la vita sarà migliore di com’è
11 A could B would C might D going although, even though, while, despite, moreover,
in a conclusion: in my opinion, I think, I believe, on
the one hand … on the other hand, however, but,
Paragraph 2 …
What is the speaker reviewing? 12 A say B speak C tell D see Paragraph 3 …
her way to school! And she knew that without the support
of her smartphone, her day would be a disaster.
A A film about Bill and Melinda Gates. adesso. Le persone vivranno più a lungo e saranno più
felici e più in salute. Io e i miei amici potremmo vivere
therefore, for this reason. therefore,
although, even though, while, despite, moreover,
for this reason.
36 WRITING Now write the conclusion of the essay
36 WRITING Now write the conclusion of the essay
B A new Windows application.
C A book about the creation of Windows. fino a diventare centenari. Sicuramente ci proverò! ■ If appropriate, try to echo ■what youtryhave
If appropriate, written
to echo what you have written in exercise 35. Follow the steps below.
in exercise 35. Follow the steps below.
Credo anche che presto andremo a vivere su Marte. Non in the opening paragraph, and / or the title 1 Think of your main points.
36 Now listen to the review and choose
[3.03]
the best answer.

è così folle come sembra. E forse, quando avrò l’età dei in the opening paragraph, and / or the title
of the essay.
1 Think of your main points.
2 Give a short summary.
nonni, la smetteremo di distruggere il pianeta. Speriamo. FIRST IGCSE IELTS 3 Express your own viewpoint.
of the essay.
146 Unit 1 Unit 1 147
H m Units 3–4 51
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
2 Give a short summary.
Unit 10 103
3 Express your own viewpoint.
m Unit 10 103
Exam Skills sections in the workbook Exam revision everyT two units
m
provide practice of the Cambridge providing exam-style

m W practice
m
English: First (FCE) exam. of unit language.m

m m LIFE SKILLS
Being a responsible citizen
THE GOOD CITIZEN We are all citizens of a country, and all citizens have rights.
5
But we also have responsibilities – in particular, a normal
VOCABULARY LIFE SKILLS

citizen must obey the laws of his or her country. However,
VOCABULARY EXTENS ON
being a good citizen involves much more than not
breaking the law.
A good citizen must respect others, participate
in decision-making and contribute to the well-being
of all. Consider these examples of bad,
C me and he u ce y em normal and good behaviour:

THE BAD CITIZEN crosses the road
5 Like Skills
when the light’s red;
VOCABULARY VOCABULARY EXTENSION LIFE SKILLS
5
THE NORMAL CITIZEN crosses
the road when the light’s green;
World resources THE GREEN Crime and the justice system Being a responsible citizen
sections help
THE GOOD CITIZEN helps
THE GOOD CITIZEN
16 Look at the webpage
ZONE
HOME | ABOUT | PHILOSOPHY | CONTACT 1 Complete the sentences with the nouns given. Check a dictionary for words We are all citizens of a country, and all citizens have rights.
and describe a disabled person to cross the
road.
you don’t know.
the pictures. citizen must obey the laws of his or her country. However,
statement about what
The witness must make a ..........................
0 being a good citizen involves much more than not
they saw.
develop the
LEAD IN breaking the law.
The .......................... for a speeding .......................... is
1
usually a fine.
36 Look at the title of the text. What do you think citizen means? in decision-making and contribute to the well-being
Tick (✓) the phrases below (more than one is correct): of all. Consider these examples of bad,
normal and good behaviour:
Education and training are part of the prisoners’
self-awareness and
accusation ■ 2
.......................... . any adult who lives in your country / town
THE BAD CITIZEN crosses theanybody
road who was born in your country
defence ■ defendant ■ when the light’s red;
investigation ■ offence ■ any adult who has the right to vote THE NORMAL CITIZEN crosses
anybody who lives in your country (including children)
Are you sure that boy stole your phone? That’s
A Don’t throw B C Fair for penalty ■ prosecution ■ 3
a serious .......................... . the road when the light’s green;
Keep it local! everyone rehabilitation ■
it away
social skills needed

Buy fresh
statement ■ suspect ■ PRACTICE a disabled person to cross the road.
Think of your A fair deal for trial 4 A judge is in charge of the .......................... .
world! produce grown workers in 37 PAIRWORK Read the magazine article. 39 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
Remember to use on your doorstep!
Support your
developing LEAD
What areINthe differences between a good citizen
the recycling bins
and reduce our farmers’ market!
countries. And a
5
The .......................... lawyer defends the ..........................,
36 Look at the title of the text. What do you think citizen means? 1 Read the tips for being a responsible citizen.
for today’s world.

landfill sites.
great-tasting
product for you!
and argues with the .......................... lawyer. and a normal citizen?
Tick (✓) the phrases below (more than one is correct): Which of them do you already do?
6
After a thorough .......................... the police arrested
38 THINKING
any adult who lives in your country / town
FURTHER What about you? Discuss 2 Do you agree that they are all necessary?
anybody who was born in your country
their .......................... . any adult who has the right to vote anybody who lives in your country (including children)
17 Look at the groups of words 18 Complete the text with the words below. 3 Are there any that you would find difficult
below and match each group
these questions.
minimum wage ■ landfill sites ■ working conditions ■
to the headings A, B or C in PRACTICE to do?
exercise 16. Use a dictionary standard of living ■ seasonal food ■ greenhouse gases ■ 1 How often do you behave like a good citizen? 39 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
climate change ■ bottle bank ■ farmers’ market ■ 2 PAIRWORK Make pairs of words and expressions that mean 37 PAIRWORK Read the magazine article.
to help you.
vegetable patch ■ developing countries ■ homegrown the same. 2 Look Whatat the
are photos in between
the differences the article a goodand decide what a good
citizen 40being
1 Read the tips for TASK Plancitizen.
a responsible to help your community.
and a normal citizen?
Fair trade means farmers and workers in 1 .......................... receive fair pay accused ■ against the law ■ crime ■ criminal ■ defendant ■ citizen should do in these situations. Which of them do you already do?
1 2 Do you agree that 1 areInallgroups
they necessary?of four, look at the list below
fair trade, working for their products, so that they have better 2 .......................... . They are evidence ■ illegal ■ innocent ■ interview ■ jail ■ not guilty ■ 38 THINKING FURTHER What about you? Discuss
3 Are there any that you would of ways you can help your community.
find difficult
conditions, standard paid a 3 .......................... so they have a better 4 .......................... at home, too. offence ■ offender ■ prison ■ proof ■ question LIFE these questions.
STRATEGY to do?
of living, minimum Waste disposal is important because the rubbish we put accused defendant 1 How often do you behave like a good citizen? ■ Pick up litter.
in 5 .......................... contributes to 6 .......................... because it produces
wage Tips for being a responsible citizen
2 Look at the photos in the article and decide what a good 40 TASK Plan to help your community.
■ Recycle your rubbish.
7
.......................... . So always remember to recycle your glass citizen should do in these situations.
3 Use words from exercise 2 to complete the sentences. 1 In groups of four, look at the list below
in the 8 .......................... ! ■ Know or find out about the law and follow it. ■ Research a local charity and see if you
2 bottle bank, Locally produced food doesn’t travel very far – so it doesn’t cause much accused / defendant is found ..........................,
0 If the .............................................. LIFE STRATEGY of ways you can help your community.
greenhouse gases, pollution. In addition, 9 .......................... is healthier than food that has he / she is free to go. ■ Report crimes. This will help protect others from possible ■ Pick up litter. can help out in any way (fundraising,
Tips for being a responsible citizen ■ Recycle your rubbish.
climate change, travelled round the world to reach you. So buy fresh food from your 1 The police need .......................... before they arrest future criminal activity. helping in charity shops, etc.).
local 10 .........................., or even start your own 11 .......................... their suspect and .......................... him / her. ■ Know or find out about the law and follow it. ■ Research a local charity and see if you
waste disposal
in the garden and enjoy 12 .......................... food! 2 Serious ..........................s go to high-security
■ Learn about
■ Report theThis
crimes. differences between
will help protect the
others from political parties can help out in any2wayDecide
possible which one you are going to do.
(fundraising,
..........................s. in your country
future criminaland vote if you can.
activity. helping in charity shops,Tryetc.).and do that task for a month.
3 19 Critical thinking Discuss in pairs. What do you think of these 3 Dangerous driving is ■ Learn about the differences between the political parties 2 Decide which one you are going to do.
seasonal food, statements and opinions? Do you think these things matter?
a serious .......................... .
■ Get involved in charity
in your country and vote ifwork.
you can. Try and do that task 3for a After
month. one month, report back to your group
locally produced, Why / Why not?
homegrown, 4 It’s .......................... ■ Help■ keep yourinneighbourhood
Get involved charity work. clean. 3 After one month, report back andto give a quick summary of what you did.
your group
1 I don’t buy that kind of chocolate. They treat their workers badly. ■ Help keep your neighbourhood clean. and give a quick summary of what you did.
to drink and drive.
■ Hand
RESEARCH
vegetable patch in lost property. If you find it, don’t keep
■ Hand in lost property. If you find it, don’t keep it for yourself.
it for yourself. 4 As a group,
4 As a group, decide on the best activity. This
decide on the best activity. This
2 I don’t care if these mangoes come from the other side of the world.
LITERATURE SKILLS 2
They’re delicious. ■ Try and findfindout
■ Try and outabout
about thethe different
different views andviews
beliefsand beliefs person then presents theirperson
task to thethen
class. presents their task to the class.
in your community and respect those differences. 5 The class can then vote on the best activity.
SKILLS
3 I want the apples but I don’t want the packaging, thanks.
CLIL A
38 Unit 3 See VOCABULARY EXTENSION page 262 264 Vocabulary Extension Unit 5 59
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Acting autonomously and responsibly ✓
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Acting autonomously and responsibly ✓ Unit 5 59
Vocabulary
3 pages present
Why should we
The wordsscience-fiction
not overuse antibiotics? in realistic
Complete
novel contexts.
the text with the
[3.19] Practice
words and phrases below.
7 Critical thinking Choose
one of the questions below
Then listen and check.
and production activities help
LEAD IN
you memorise new words. R and discuss
ARCHin groups.
e Vocabulary Extension lessons

changed ourusing infographics
lives dramatically.
L TERATURE
1 Inventions like the printing press and the internet have
What invention would
The and
en maps
e
SK LLS 2
on help
no e C t zensh p and Competency Sk s
K
1 Imagine that you are
in a classroom in a hundred
antibiotic resistance ■ genetic
you like to diversity ■ germ theory of disease ■
see in the future? years’ time. In what ways will
e people’s awareness of infectious
you to organise new words and
overused, abused expand
and misused your■ vocabulary.
■ pasteurisation penicillin deve opmen a e c ea y s gna ed classrooms be different
from today?
2 Was the quality of people’s
In 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that diseases are carried by microorganisms (1895) The Time Machine
that are too small to see
lives better in the past when
ases spread when pathogens with the naked eye. It took another 300 years before Fracastoro’s 1
.......................... was accepted in the late
by Herbert George Wells they didn’t have the internet
ia and viruses are transferred
of an infected organism into
1800s, when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch demonstrated the relation between Themicroorganisms
T me M hand ne or smartphones or has
disease. Pasteur showed that heating beer and
In this novel H. G. wine Wells stops their degradation
popularised the ideabecause high temperatures
of travelling W kill
CLIL LITERATURE
technology made our lives
the microorganisms. Today, we still usepast
into the
2
..........................
and the future. to eliminate
The main bacteria
character suchis as simply and E. coli
Salmonella
called RESEARCH
found in raw milk. LITERATURE SKILLS 2 more interesting and fun?
SKILLS
AA
the Time Traveller and in this excerpt he is telling a group of
sequence: CLIL CLIL A 8 PAIRWORK Do some research
In 1928 Alexander Fleming found friends about
that 3 his first trip, nearly
.......................... a million
a substance years into
produced by the future. (Penicillium
a mould
hand holding the handrail to find out how far in the future
GermsThe science-fiction novel
notatum), could stop bacterial growth. The discovery of3 penicillin
CLIL section with is we
recognised as one of thethe greatest these well-known sci-fi books
Why should not overuse antibiotics? Complete text with the words and phrases below.
[3.19]
etro or bus. CLIL Then listen and check.

PRACT CSKILLS 7 Critical thinking
RESEARCH Choose
oor of a restaurant and resistance
moments in medicine. However, Fleming also warned against resistance. He noted
CLIL A
fromthat ifCHAPTER
too little penicillin XI m L TERATURE
LITERATURE
SK2LLS 2 oneand films
of the are set. below
SKILLS
questions
Germs
topics carefully chosen The science-fiction novel
3
was used or if the treatment time was too short to eliminate most of theantibiotic bacteria,
resistance the bacteria developed
Why should we not overuse antibiotics? Complete the text with the words and phrases below.
[3.19]
pening the door. LEAD
plan a publicityIN
■ genetic
Then listen and check. diversity ■ germ theory of disease ■ and discuss in groups.
■ The Martian Chronicles (1950)
Science and 4 resistance

In this Module, we will
......................... .
diseases.
campaign to raise people’s awareness of infectious I have
overused, abused already
and misused told ■you
■ pasteurisation about how confusing travelling on the
penicillin LEAD IN
w and discuss in groups.
e table where three friends 1 Inventions like the printing press and the internet have
■ Dune (1965)

them slightly different, to compliment other
antibiotic resistance ■ genetic diversity ■ germ theory of disease ■
1 Imagine
changed our lives dramatically. What invention would
that you are
Science
In this Module, we will plan a publicity campaign to raise people’s awareness of infectious
diseases. Time Machine is and how it made me feel ill. For an indefinite overused, abused and misused ■ pasteurisation ■ penicillin you like to see in the future? years’ time. In what ways will
ey shake hands. Why does resistance ■ Blade Runner (1982)

changeddevelop? our livesBacteria divide inWhat
a way that makes genetically.
1 LEAD IN Read the descriptions of four videos In 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that diseases are carried by microorganisms that are too small to see classrooms be different
designed to show
1 LEAD IN Readhow infectious
the descriptions diseases
of four videos can dramatically. invention would time I hung on to the machine as it vibrated violently. I looked
Infectious diseases spread when pathogens
In 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that diseaseswith thebynaked
are carried eye. Itthat
microorganisms took another
are too small to see 1
300 years before Fracastoro’s 1 .......................... was accepted in the late
The Time Machine
from today?
ee his hands taking some such as bacteria and viruses are transferred
pathogens
■ The Matrix (1999)
at the controlareasdials andof the national
Infectious diseases spread when
This .......................... within a population of bacteria allows some of the cells to survive the antibiotic treatment
designed to show how infectious diseases can 5 with the naked eye. It took another 300 years before Fracastoro’s 1 .......................... was accepted in the late (1895)
you like to see in the future? 1800s, when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch demonstrated the relation between microorganisms and lives better in the past when
spread. Which do you think
think is the most effective? such as bacteria and viruses are transferred
spread. Which do you is the most effective?
from the body of anfrom theorganism
infected of an infected organism into
body into 1800s, when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch demonstrated
I was amazed to find where I had
the relation between
disease. Pasteur showed that heating beer and wine disease.
microorganisms and
Pasteur because
stops their degradation showed highthat heating
temperatures
2
killbeer and wine stops their degradation because high temperatures kill
by Herbert George Wells
m years’ time. In what ways will
they didn’t have the internet
nto his mouth. another body. another body.

if the treatment is not strong enough. When these surviving cells then replicate, the next generation of the microorganisms. Today, we still use 2 .......................... to eliminate bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli 2 ■ Inception (2010)
or smartphones or has
m
Video 1 – Five friends are exercising. When they In this novel H. G. Wells popularised the idea of travelling
Video 1 –stop, Five friends are exercising. When they the microorganisms. Today, we still use .......................... to eliminate bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli technology made our lives
they pick up one bottle of water
arrived. One dial records days, and another thousands of days,
found in raw milk. into the past and the future. The main character is called simply
classrooms be different
curriculum.
more interesting and fun?
screen. stop, theyand they pick up onefrom
all drink bottle of water
this bottle. A close-up Video 3 – Four scenes in sequence:
bacteria is genetically more resistant to that antibiotic. What is worrying is that resistance can form against
found
In 1928 Alexander Fleming found that 3 .......................... in rawproduced
, a substance milk. by a mould (Penicillium the Time Traveller and in this excerpt he is telling a group of
■ Independence Day: Resurgence
of the bottle and a slogan appears on the screen.
all drink from this bottle. A close-up
and they ..............................................................................................
1 A close-up of a man’s hand holding the handrail
Video 3 – Four scenes in sequence: notatum), could stop bacterial growth. The discovery of penicillin is recognised as one of the greatest m
friends about his first trip nearly a million years into the future.
8 PAIRWORK Do some research
from today?
to find out how far in the future
another millions of days, and another thousands of millions. In 1928 Alexander Fleming found that 3 .........................., a substance produced by a mould (Penicillium
of an escalator in a metro or bus.
................................................. of the bottle and a slogan appears on the screen. 2 The man runs 1 toAtheclose-updoor of a restaurant of a man’s hand holding the handrail moments in medicine. However, Fleming also warned against resistance. He noted that if too little penicillin
all antibiotics. Unfortunately, since their discovery, antibiotics have been .......................... . The World Health 6bacteria developed
m M PRACTICE (2016)
these well-known sci-fi books
and we see his hand of an opening
escalator the door.in a metro or bus. was used or if the treatment time was too short to eliminate notatum), most of could
the bacteria,stopthebacterial growth. The discovery of penicillin is recognised as one of the greatest
mfrom CHAPTER XI and films are set.
Real-life tasks 2 Was the quality of people’s

..............................................................................................
The Time Machine

2 [3.11] Read and listen to the extract. Does the Traveller feel
I pushed the levers forward and saw that the thousands dial
Video 2 – Many people are walking along the street 4
......................... .
3 The man rushes to the table where three friends
2 The moments in medicine. However, Fleming also warned against resistance. He3 noted that if too little penicillin I have already told you about how confusing travelling on the better at the end of the text? Explain your answer. ■ The Martian Chronicles (1950)
theyman shakeruns hands.to the door of a restaurant
and a person sneezes freely and does not
Organisation (WHO) warns that, (1895)we might find ourselves with superbacteria,
if we are not careful,
are already eating,
against Why does resistance develop? Bacteria divide in a way that makes them slightly different, genetically.
wassome used orcells
if the treatment time was too short to eliminate most of the bacteria, the bacteria developed W mTime Machine is and how it made me feel ill. For an indefinite
9 lives
■
RESEARCH
Dune (1965)
better inChoose
the pastawhen
sci-fi
cover his mouth. The people walking into the 4 The man sits andand we see we see his hands his hand opening the door.
taking some This 5 .......................... within a population of bacteria allows of the to survive the antibiotic treatment 3 Read the extract again and order the events. ■ Blade Runner (1982)
was moving round as fast as the seconds hand of a watch
sneeze are disgusted and a slogan appears. time I hung on to1 the machine as it vibrated violently. I looked
Many people are walking along the street bread and putting
Video 2 –.............................................................................................. 3 The
it into his mouth.
man rushes to the table where three friends if the treatment is not strong enough. When these4surviving cells then .replicate, the next generation of
......................... a The Time Machine slowed down. ■ The Matrix (1999)
which weby have no antibiotics.

at the control dials2 and I was amazed to find where I had
Herbert George Wells

to encourage
A slogan appears on the screen.
book or film and find out what
■
sequence:
bacteria is genetically more resistant to that antibiotic. What is worrying is that resistance can form against b The Time Traveller felt sick because of the vibrations. Inception (2010)
and a person sneezes freely and does not are already eating, they shake hands.
.............................................................................................. Why does resistance develop?
. The WorldBacteria divide in a way that makes them slightly different, genetically. arrived. One dial records days, and another thousands of days, 5

all antibiotics. Unfortunately, since their discovery, antibiotics have been 6
.......................... Health c ■ Independence Day: Resurgence
— into the future.
The Time Traveller pushed the levers forward.
another millions of days, and another thousands of millions.
cover his mouth. The people walking into the 4 The man sits and we see his hands taking some Organisation (WHO) warns that, if we are not careful,This we might find ourselves with superbacteria, against (2016)
within a population of bacteria allows some of the cells to survive the antibiotic treatment
m technological or scientific
5
.......................... d The Time Machine landed on a beach.
g a Frisbee from the edge sneeze are disgusted and a slogan appears. Video 4 – Four scenes in sequence:
bread and putting it into his mouth.
which we have no antibiotics.
I pushed the levers3 forward and saw that the thousands dial
e The Time Traveller was breathing quickly. 9 RESEARCH Choose a sci-fi
if the treatment is not strong enough. When these surviving cells then replicate, the next generation of
As I drove on, everything started to look different. There seemed
1 A cute dog is retrieving a Frisbee from the edge f The sun didn’t set. book or film and find out what
independent study innovations are described.

.............................................................................................. of a stream Aandslogan appearsrat.on the screen. — into the future.
a sick-looking rat.
sees a sick-looking bacteria is genetically more resistant to that antibiotic. What is worrying is that resistance can form against g The sun stopped moving. technological or scientific
In this novel H. G. Wells popularised the idea of travelling

The dog nudges the sick rat. 4 GROUPWORK Work in groups of four and prepare
.............................................................................................. 5 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four,
all antibiotics. Unfortunately, since their discovery, antibiotics have been 6 ..........................
4 . The World Health
As I drove on, everything started to look different. There seemed 10
4 [3.12] Listen as the Traveller continues his journey into the future.
innovations are described.
to be an eternal
groups of four,twilight , a twilight only broken now and then
a leaflet for your campaign. Follow these steps. create a video storyboard. to be an eternal twilight4, a twilight only broken now and then
4
2 A close-up shows fleas jumping from the rat
sick rat. GROUPWORK Work in groups of four and prepare 5 REAL-LIFE TASK In
into the hairy coat of the dog. 1 Choose one message from the text above that the Organisation 1 Use the(WHO) video descriptions warnsinthat, exerciseif1 to
we helpare
you not careful, we might find ourselves with superbacteria, against
W
when a comet flew across the sky. The sun did not set5 any more
Which adjective best describes his vision of the future?
10 Which aspects of the fictional
into the past and the future. The main character is called simply when a comet flew across the sky. The sun did not set any more world in the film / book do you
in areas of personal
3 The dog runs back to his best friend and they — it simply rose6 and fell in the west very quickly, and grew 5 [3.12] Listen again. Match the adverbs and adjectives to the nouns.
10 more
Whichinteresting
aspects ofand
thefun?
campaign should communicate to the public. generate ideas.
as jumping from the rat a leaflet for your campaign. Follow these steps. create a video storyboard.
run home. Video 4 – Four scenes in sequence:
4 Later the two are sleeping in bed and a flea bites
Here are some examples:
■ High temperature can kill bacteria.
which 2weDivide
have no antibiotics.
your video into scenes and decide what will
5 wider and redder and the moon had completely disappeared. At
last, the sun, red and very large, stopped motionless on the
1 bitterly a silence fictional
think will become reality
in the future? Give reasons
1 A cute dog is retrieving a Frisbee from the edge happen in each scene. 15
2 bright b fingers for your answers.
the boy’s arm which is hugging the dog.
ofthea screen.
■ Always finish a course of antibiotics.
— it simply rose and fell in the west very quickly, and grew
stream and sees a sick-looking rat.
3 Draw each scene and write a caption underneath
6
horizon. The earth had come to rest with one face to the sun,
M
3 chilling c cold
world in the film / book do you
the dog. A slogan appears on
1 Choose one message from the text above that the
■ Pathogens can become resistant to describing what is happening.
8 PAIRWORK
think willDo somereality
research
2 Decide which of the slogans below would conclude just as in our own time the moon faces the earth. I decided to
1 Use the video descriptions in exercise 1 to help you
4 complete d hills
interest.
.............................................................................................. 4 GROUPWORK Workideasin groups
class. Actof
outfour and prepare 5 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four,
The dog nudges the sick rat.
become
each video most effectively. Write these slogans in antibiotics and develop into superbugs. 4 Present your to the the scene, slow down and pulled back the levers. The machine started to 5 distant e stars
his best friend and they

the spaces provided. There are three extra slogans.
friends about his first trip nearly a million years into the future. wider and redder and the moon had completely disappeared. At
■ Using antibiotics too often helps pathogens
a leaflet for your
record it andcampaign.
play your video Follow
to the class.these steps.
create a video storyboard. go slower and slower until a desolate beach grew visible. 6 great f wind
campaign should communicate to the public.

1 Sneezing is a problem if you have an allergy.
generate ideas.
into the hairy coat of the dog.
to become resistant. I stopped very gently and sat upon the Time Machine, looking 20 7 frozen g darkness
to find out how far
COMPETENCY
in the future? in reasons
Give the future
COMP NCY
2 Now try and think of a slogan, like the ones SKILLS
2 Sneeze it, share it! Don’t infect the world … trap your germs in a tissue! 1 Choose one message from the text above that the
Glossary 1 Use the video descriptions in exercise 1 to help you 1. hung on to : mi sono tenuto round. The sea stretched away7 to the south-west but there
6 Choose one of the following tasks.
2 Divide your videolast, into the sun, red and very large, stopped motionless on the
in exercise 2, for your leaflet.

3 Don’t wash your hands before you eat? Yummy … you are eating everything3 The dog runs back to his best friend and they
that you have touched. Here are some examples: Present your leaflet
scenes and decide what will
bugs : insetti
campaign
close-up : primo piano
nudges : spinge
should communicate to the public. generate ideas. 2. dials : quadranti were no waves because not a breath8 of wind was stirring. Only
1 Imagine you are an anthropologist in the year 3017. What four
■Kfor your answers.
PRACTICE
delicatamente 3. levers : leve a slight rise and fall like a gentle breathing showed that the
4 Great to share time with friends … NOT great to share pathogens.
run home. to the class. Here are
fleas some
: pulci examples: raw : crudo 2 Divide your video into scenes and decide what will 4. twilight : crepuscolo objects best represent society in 2017? What do they tell you Acting autonomously
ping in bed and a flea bites ■ High temperature

5 Your pets are innocent but the bugs they may carry can be dangerous.
6 Always use a tissue when you open doors.
can kill bacteria.
4
from
Later the two are sleeping in bed and a flea bites The class can vote
happen
on the best one. CHAPTER horizon.
in each scene. XI The earth had come to rest with one face to the sun,
■ High temperature
mould : muffa can kill bacteria.
tissue : fazzoletto happen in each scene.
5.
6.
set : tramontava
rose : saliva
eternal sea was still moving and living. And along the beach
there was a thick incrustation of salt — pink under the lurid sky. 25
about the way life is lived in 2017?
2 Choose a year: 817, 1117, 1517, 1817 or 3017. You are 16 years old. and■ films are set.
and responsibly (ex 7)
Communicating (ex 8)
the boy’s arm which is hugging the dog. ■ Always finish a course of antibiotics. ■
2
There was a sense of oppression in my head, and I noticed that
3 Draw each scene and write a caption underneath
s hugging the dog. Read and mlisten to the extract. Does the Traveller feel
7. stretched away : si distendeva
7 Dogs … man’s best friend.
[3.11] Write a short account of your daily routine. Say where you are living. Learning to learn (ex 10)
2 Decide240 ■
ofAthe slogans below wouldAlways finish
A slogan a course
appears on the ofscreen.
antibiotics. 3 Draw each scenejust andas in aour
write ownunderneath
caption time the moon faces the earth. I decided to
■ Pathogens can become resistant to describing what is happening.
8. breath : alito I was breathing very fast.
screen.
which
CLIL conclude
each video most effectively. Write these slogans in ..............................................................................................
I have
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS
already told you about
Communicating ✓
how confusing travelling on the started to
antibiotics and develop into superbugs.
CLIL A 241
4 Present your ideas to the class. Act out the scene,
better at the end of the text? Explain your answer.
232 Literature Skills 2
(abridged excerpt)
■ The Martian Chronicles (1950)
Literature Skills 2 233
the spaces provided. There are three ■extra Pathogens

slogans. can become resistant to describing what slow down
is happening. and pulled back the levers. The machine
■ Using antibiotics too often helps pathogens record it and play your video to the class.
................................................. to become resistant. ■ Dune (1965)
antibiotics and develop into superbugs.
4 Time Machine
Present is
your ideas
goto andthehow
slower class.
anditActmadeout the
slower me feel
scene,
until ill. For beach
a desolate an indefinite
grew visible.
2 Sneeze it, share it! Don’t infect the world … trap your germs in a tissue! Glossary
2 Now try and think of a slogan, like the ones
3 Read the extract again and order the events. ■ Blade Runner (1982)
3 Don’t wash your hands before you eat? ■ Using
Yummy … antibiotics
you are eating everything too often helps pathogens record
time it andon
I hung playItostopped
yourthevideo to bugs
machine
very the class.
gentlyas itand
: insetti vibrated
sat
nudges upon violently.
: spinge the Time
Present your leaflet I looked
Machine, looking 1
COMPETENCY
that you have touched.
to tobecome resistant.
close-up : primo piano delicatamente
to the class. a The Time Machine slowed down. ■ The Matrix (1999)
SKILLS
1. hung on to : mi sono tenuto at the control round. dials and The seaI fleas
was stretched
amazedaway
Literature Skills w section introduces popular
4 Great to share time with friends … NOT great share pathogens. : pulci raw to to the
: crudo7find south-west
where I had but there 2
■
The class can vote
2 doors.
Now try and think of a slogan, like2.thedials ones mould : muffa tissue : fazzoletto
b The Time Traveller felt sick because of the vibrations. Inception (2010)
6
on the best one.
6 Always use a tissue when you open : quadranti Glossary
arrived. One were
dial no waves
records days, because
and not a breath
another thousands 8
of windof was stirring.
days, 5 Only
■ Independence Day: Resurgence
literary genres and provides
m Traveller pushed the levers forward.
extra
W
skills practice.
in exercise 2, for your leaflet. 3. levers : leve c The Time
Wo your
Present d won leaflet de bugs : insetti
another
6
millionsa slight
of days, rise and
nudges and : spinge
another thousands w
241of millions.
W ■ Acting autonomously
(2016)
E-BOOK
240 CLIL A CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Communicating ✓ CLIL A
4. twilight : crepuscolo d The Time Machine landed on a beach.
w m
Critical thinking activities stimulate class
to the class. 5. set : tramontava I pushed the levers forward and saw that the thousands dial
3
and responsibly (ex 7)
e The Time Traveller was breathing quickly.
The class can vote 6. rose : saliva
fleas : pulci w raw : crudo
mould : muffa w tissue : fazzoletto
—
f The sun didn’t set.
■ Communicating
9 RESEARCH
book
Choose(ex a
8)sci-fi
on the best one. 7. stretched away : si distendeva — into the future.
8. breath : alito
m
w g discussion W and
The sun stopped moving. debate. ■ or film and find out what
Learning to learn (ex 10)
technological or scientific
As I drove on, everything started to look different. There seemed
Research
Listen as theprojects deepen your knowledge
10
Literature Skills 2 to be an eternal twilight4, a twilight only broken now and then • n eg a ed v deo 4 [3.12] Traveller continues his journey into the future.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Communicating ✓when a comet flew across the sky. CLILThe
A sun241
did not set5 any more
and aud o and develop independent study skills. 10 Which aspects of the fictional
world in the film / book do you
— it simply rose and fell in the west very quickly, and grew 6
5 Listen again. Match the adverbs and adjectives to the nouns.
[3.12]
• moon
wider and redder and the n had
e ac ve ac
completely v es
disappeared. At
1
Competency
bitterly
Skillsa development
silence
is clearlythink will become reality
in the future? Give reasons
2signposted.
• Ex a esou ces
last, the sun, red and very large, stopped motionless on the 15
bright b fingers for your answers.
horizon. The earth had come to rest with one face to the sun, 3 chilling c cold
just as in our own time the moon faces the earth. I decided to 4 complete d hills
slow down and pulled back the levers. The machine started to 5 distant e stars
go slower and slower until a desolate beach grew visible. 6 great f wind
I stopped very gently and sat upon the Time Machine, looking 20 7 frozen g darkness COMPETENCY
1. hung on to : mi sono tenuto round. The sea stretched away7 to the south-west but there
SKILLS
2. dials : quadranti were no waves because not a breath of wind was stirring. Only 8
3. levers : leve 1 Imagine you are an anthropologist in the year 3017. What four
4. twilight : crepuscolo
a slight rise and fall like a gentle breathing showed that the
objects best represent society in 2017? What do they tell you ■ Acting autonomously
5. set : tramontava about the way life is lived in 2017? and responsibly (ex 7)
CONTENTS
Starter p. 6 A Music genres; adverbs of frequency; present simple v present continuous B Sport; past simple v continuous; time expressions with
past simple, while and when; C Transport; present perfect and continuous; been v gone; time expressions D Jobs; future simple and first conditional;
degrees of certainty E Shops; subject and object questions; direct and indirect questions
GRAMMAR VOCABULARY READING SKILLS WRITING SKILLS
1 Past tenses review Correspondence Welcome to the Travel blogs

COMMUNICATION Past simple v past perfect blogosphere!
p. 16 Vocabulary Extension: Strategy
Word building p. 260 Strategy Write a travel blog
Understand paragraphs
FIRST IGCSE IELTS Writing Expansion p. 250
2 ADVERTISING Direct and reported speech Emotive words DreamGlamp: Holidays with Formal emails
p. 24 Reported questions a difference
Vocabulary Extension: Strategy
Strong adjectives and Strategy Read between the Write a formal email FIRST
intensifiers p. 261 lines FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Writing Expansion p. 251
Revise and Round Up pp. 32–33 • Exam Skills – FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 2 / FIRST Writing Part 1 p. 33
3 A BETTER WORLD Revision of comparative World resources A tale of two fridges Opinion essays
p. 34 and superlative adjectives
Comparative and Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Strategy
superlative adverbs Stem words p. 262 Detect purpose Write an opinion essay
and point of view FIRST IGCSE IELTS
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
4 OUR FUTURE Future predictions: Technology of the future Shop and drop Informal letters
p. 42 will v way / might
Future perfect Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Strategy
Future continuous Formal and informal Complete a text FIRST Write an informal letter
verbs p. 263
Revise and Round Up pp. 50–51 • Exam Skills – FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 1 p. 51
5 Defining and non-defining Crime and the justice Stranger than fiction … News reports
LAW AND ORDER relative clauses system the missing canoeist
p. 52 Strategy
Articles
Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Write a news report
Crime and the justice Understand narrative texts
system p. 264 IGCSE Writing Expansion p. 254
The passive (all tenses) Buildings and materials The world from above Summaries
6 WORLD WONDERS Passive with can, could
p. 60 Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Strategy
and verbs with two objects
Passive with say, believe, Descriptive adjectives Take notes from a text Write a summary IGCSE
know, think p. 265 IGCSE
7 Conditionals Cooking Reality bites Online reviews

GLORIOUS FOOD should / shouldn’t have;
wish
Mixed conditionals; when, Taste and texture p. 266 Insert the correct word Write an online review FIRST
unless, until, as soon as for text completion FIRST
8 used to / would + infinitive The mind Brain power Stories

ALL IN THE MIND without to
p. 78 Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Deal with four- Strategy
be / get used to
+ something / -ing Idioms with mind p. 267 option multiple choice Write a story FIRST IGCSE
Gerunds and infinitives (1) FIRST IELTS
9 Gerunds and infinitives (2) Money and business Into the dragons’ den! Articles
BUSINESS RULES have / get something done
p. 88 Vocabulary Extension: Strategy Strategy Write an article
Business p. 268 Match questions to multiple FIRST
texts FIRST IGCSE
10 CONFLICT Revision of modals War and conflict Disagree? Do it agreeably! Comments

Modals of deduction (past
and present)
Permission and obligation: Idioms with battle p. 269 Insert sentences into Comment online
can / can’t, be allowed to, the text FIRST
let, be supposed to
Revise and Round Up pp. 104–105 • Exam Skills – FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 4 p. 105
Grammar reference p. 108 • Grammar Maps p. 125 • Workbook p. 140 • Literature Skills p. 230 • CLIL p. 240 • Wordlist p. 270
CONTENTS
CHANGING LANGUAGE / LIFE ACADEMIC

SPEAKING SKILLS LISTENING SKILLS
SOUNDS ENGLISH SKILLS SKILLS
Recounting Changing Language: Talk about communication Life Skills: Communication skills
a story Narrative tenses
Strategy Use context to Citizenship and Competency Skills:
Strategy understand unknown words Collaborating and participating
Ask for clarification FIRST IGCSE IELTS
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Persuading Sounds English: Conversations about advertising Academic Skills: Note taking
The /ə/ sound IGCSE
Strategy Strategy
Agree in part Understand inference
FIRST IGCSE IELTS FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Expressing Changing Language: Information about a demonstration Life Skills: Giving a presentation
an opinion Use of like
Strategy Citizenship and Competency
Strategy Listen for more detailed content Skills: Communicating
Support an argument FIRST IGCSE IELTS
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Debating Sounds English: Dialogue about travelling Academic Skills:

The /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds Preparing a speech for a debate
Strategy Strategy
Challenging Take notes and fill in tables
information / facts FIRST IGCSE and charts IELTS
Giving advice Changing Language: Conversation about the internet Life Skills:
and warnings Accents Being a responsible citizen
Strategy
Strategy Understand a point of view Citizenship and Competency
Make suggestions FIRST IGCSE IELTS Skills: Acting autonomously
FIRST IGCSE IELTS and responsibly
Describing people Sounds English: Talk about a journey Academic Skills:
and places The /ɪə/ and /eə/ sounds Interpreting a graph
Strategy IELTS
Strategy Listen and fill in sentences
Check facts FIRST IGCSE FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Giving Changing Language: Monologues about food Life Skills:

instructions Gender pronouns Time management
Strategy
Strategy Link speakers to summaries Citizenship and Competency
Check information FIRST IGCSE Skills: Planning and prioritising
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Talking Sounds English: Information about sleeping Academic Skills:
about habits The /e/ and /eɪ/ sounds Proofreading your work
Strategy FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Strategy Choose the correct option
Generalise information FIRST IGCSE IELTS
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Interviewing Changing Language: Information about work schemes Life Skills: Non-verbal
New words communication
Strategy Strategy
Use fillers Listen for detail: true / false Citizenship and Competency Skills:
FIRST IGCSE IELTS questions Acting autonomously and responsibly
Expressing Sounds English: Short dialogues Academic Skills:

annoyance The /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ sounds Writing a conclusion
Strategy FIRST IGCSE IELTS
Strategy Listen for detail FIRST IGCSE
Sympathise and agree
Speaking Skills – Dialogues p. 276 • Verb Tables p. 280 • Irregular Verbs p. 284 • UK Map p. 285
A
STARTER
Festivals
Grammar: adverbs of frequency; present simple v present continuous
Vocabulary: music genres
1 [1.02] Read and listen to the text. Then answer the questions.
1 What is WOMAD?
2 MandyV writes about different kinds of events at WOMAD. What are they?
3 Why is the festival global?
MandyV’s big blog

Thursday: A muddy field in Wiltshire, England
Hi from WOMAD! We come here every year. We usually just stay for a day but this year we’re
camping – so we’ve got more time. It’s very easy to miss events because there’s so much going
on, so this time I’m making a list.
There are so many cool acts, it’s difficult to decide. WOMAD is a really global festival because
5
there are performers from all over the world. I definitely want to see Imarhan. They’re an African
band and they play a mix of jazz and blues. It’s great dance music and there are great lyrics, too!
We like dancing to Kachupa, too (they’re a folk-rock band from Italy).
What else? I’m looking forward to visiting the human library this year. The books are people, and
they tell true stories about their lives. What a cool idea!
10
Food and music go together at WOMAD. Cooks from all over the world give demonstrations –
in fact right now someone’s singing and cooking Mexican food at the same time. It smells so good,
I need to try it out! So bye for now!
Festival Facts
15 ■■ The letters WOMAD stand for World Of Music Arts and Dance.
■■ 30‒40,000 people visit British WOMAD every year.
■■ About 900 performers come from about 50 different countries.
■■ The main festival is in the UK, but there are WOMAD festivals in other
countries too, for example Spain, Chile, Italy, Australia and New Zealand.
VOCABULARY: Music genres GRAMMAR GUIDE

2 [1.03]
Listen to six pieces
of music. Write the order you hear.
Adverbs of frequency
Which ones do you like? ■■ We always watch TV on Friday nights.
■■ I don’t often get up early on Saturdays.
............. blues
■■ What do you usually have for breakfast?
............. classical
But …
............. electronic ■■ I am often hungry.
............. folk ■■ You aren’t usually fed up.
1 jazz ■■ Is he always late?
.............
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 108
............. pop
6 Starter A
A
3 Rewrite the sentences adding the adverbs 5 Complete the dialogues with the correct form
in brackets. of the verbs in brackets.
0 Clare is tired. (always) Clare is always tired. 1 A Look! Tom .......................... (stand) over there!
1 Do you play tennis? (often) B Oh yes! And he .......................... (wave) at us.
2 It doesn’t snow. (usually) 2 A Hi! I .......................... (often, not / see) you at the
3 I’m wrong. (never) bus stop!
4 We go out on Monday nights. (sometimes) B I .......................... (know). Dad usually
5 Is Sam bad-tempered? (sometimes) .......................... (give) me a lift on his way to the
6 We have pizza on Fridays. (often) office, but he .......................... (not / work) today.
7 Does Joe wear the same T-shirt? (always) 3 A I .......................... (write) a shopping list.
8 Jed plays in a band. (sometimes) .......................... (you / need) anything?
B No, thanks. I .......................... (not / think) so.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 4 A Where’s the bus? It .......................... (usually,
not / be) late.
Present simple v present continuous
B You’re right. I .......................... (often, not / wait)
We usually come for the day.
very long.
(We use the present simple for habits and things
that are generally true.) 6 Complete the text. Write the present simple
or present continuous of the verbs in brackets.
This year we’re camping.
(We use the present continuous for actions
in progress at the moment of speaking.) Celebrate Edinburgh
With state verbs: Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
It smells so good. don’t live (not / live) there,
I 0 ..........................
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 108 but I 1 .......................... (think) it’s really
cool, and I 2 .......................... (go) there
every year. Why 3 .......................... (I /
4 [1.04]
Complete the dialogues. Choose love) it so much? Because of the
the correct option. Then listen and check.
amazing Edinburgh Festival. Every
1 A What kind of music 0 do you like / are you liking? August the population 4 ..........................
B Hmm, I 1 don’t know / am not knowing really – (increase) as thousands of visitors 5 ..........................
I 2 listen / am listening to all kinds. But I 3 hate / (arrive) to watch all kinds of performers – from classical
’m hating background music in cafés – it’s musicians to rappers, from ballet dancers to street
horrible. entertainers.
In this photo the musicians 6 .......................... (perform)
A Yes, I 4 agree / ’m agreeing! I 5 don’t like / ’m not
in the street. They 7 .......................... (look) fantastic!
liking it either.
The audience are lucky because it 8 ..........................
B It’s really hard to talk. I 6 don’t understand / ’m
(not / rain). It’s often wet in Scotland!
not understanding why they have background In this one they 9 .......................... (watch) a fire eater.
music. He 10 .......................... (do) a weird dance at the same
2 A Hey, what’s funny? Why 7 do you laugh / are time. He’s either very brave or crazy!
you laughing?
B I 8 watch / ’m watching a video. A dog 9 rides / ’s
riding a bike. Look!
A Oh, I 10 don’t think / ’m not thinking that’s very
kind. I 11 feel / ’m feeling sorry for it. Poor thing!
B The dog 12 seems / is seeming happy! And it
13
gets / is getting a biscuit every time it does
a complete circle.
Starter A 7
B
STARTER
Champions
Grammar: past simple v continuous; time expressions with past simple, while and when
Vocabulary: sport
7 Which of these statements do you agree with?

1 I can’t stand sport at all.
2 I support a team but I don’t play much sport myself.
3 I love sport!
8 [1.05]
Read and listen to a text about two sports
stars. In what ways are they the same?
The Two Ellies
Ellie Simmonds won her first two Paralympic medals for swimming
when she was 13. That was in Beijing in 2008. Four more medals
followed four years later, in London (she was studying for school exams
while she was training!). Then, in Rio in 2016, she added another two.
Not bad for someone who was still only 21!
Back in 2012, 11-year-old Ellie Robinson was watching when the other Ellie
won gold. The two Ellies have the same disability – restricted growth
(they are both about 1.2 metres tall). The younger Ellie was a swimmer
too – and now she had a new hero.
Fast forward to Rio 2016. A tiny figure approached the pool.
Ellie Robinson was wearing a huge coat, and she was holding her arms
out straight – gangster style. Back home in the UK, her classmates
were watching on a big screen. Along with the crowd (and Twitter!)
they cheered as she swam to victory.
9 Answer these questions.

1 How many medals did Ellie Simmonds have in 2016?
2 How old was Ellie Robinson when she was in Rio?
VOCABULARY: Sport
10 [1.06]
Match the sports below to the symbols. Then name the people
and the verbs. Then listen and check.
sport person verb sport person verb

swimming swimmer swim 6
0
■ basketball ■ rowing
1 7
■ climbing ■ running
■ cycling ■ skating 2 8
■ diving ■ skiing
■ football ■ swimming 3 9
■ horse riding ■ tennis
4 10
5 11
8 Starter B
B
GRAMMAR GUIDE 13 Use the prompts to make sentences in the past
simple.
Past simple v past continuous 1 The match / start / at 3:30 and / finish / an hour
past simple past continuous ago. We / win!
Ellie Simmonds won her Ellie Robinson was 2 The police officer / stop / us because our bikes /
first two medals when wearing a huge coat. not have / lights. He / tell / us to walk home.
she was 13. 3 I / leave / my bag on the bus but somebody / find /
it and / give / it back. Lucky!
Simultaneous actions: 4 We / go / to France last summer. What about you?
She was studying for school exams while she was Where / you / go?
training. 5 I / drop /my little sister’s favourite cup and it /
Interrupted actions: break. She / cry / and I / feel / awful.
Ellie Robinson was watching when the other Ellie won
14 Complete the text with the past simple or past
gold. continuous of the verbs in brackets.
11 Write the past continuous of the verbs Climber

r
Joe Baxttehis
in brackets.
wasn’t watching (not / watch),
1 Who won? I ....................................... ou
tells us ab
I ....................................... (check) my phone. nd best —
worst — a e.
2 Sorry I’m late. I ....................................... (look) for my wallet. experienc
3 It ....................................... (rain) hard and people
....................................... (hurry) home.
4 The accident happened because the driver happened (happen) two years ago,
It 0 ..........................
....................................... (use) his mobile phone. in Scotland. My friend Jimmy and I 1 ..........................
5 I saw you at the station yesterday. Where (climb) Ben Nevis*. Everything 2 ..........................
....................................... (you / go)? (go) well when suddenly, without warning,
a rock 3 .......................... (hit) me on the head.
GRAMMAR GUIDE I 4 .......................... (wear) a helmet but I
5
.......................... (fall). I 6 .......................... (land)
Past simple: Regular and irregular verbs
on a ledge and 7 .......................... (pass) out. When
Regular: watched – called – walked – jumped
I 8 .......................... (wake) up it 9 ..........................
Note the spelling of these forms:
(get) dark. I 10 .......................... (try) to keep calm
phoned; robbed; travelled; cried
when I 11 .......................... (hear) a helicopter.
Irregular: be ➝ was / were; come ➝ came They 12 .......................... (send) a man down to rescue
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 109 me and soon after that I was safely in hospital.
It 13 .......................... (be) a scary experience, but
I 14 .......................... (learn) a good lesson.
12 Write the past simple of these irregular verbs.
Then check on page 284. What 15 .......................... (I / learn)? I can trust my
friend Jimmy!
0 do did
* Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK.
1 get 7 put 13 have 19 sit
It’s 1,346-metre high.
2 hit 8 feel 14 lie 20 take
3 make 9 go 15 see 21 tell
4 fall 10 leave 16 hear 22 win
5 give 11 read 17 lose 23 write
6 learn 12 find 18 send
Starter B 9
C
STARTER
New beginnings
Grammar: present perfect and continuous; been v gone; time expressions
Vocabulary: transport
15 Describe the pictures. Guess what the text is about.

16 [1.07] Read and listen to the text. Why did Mo leave his home?
A hard journey
This is Mo. Six years ago, he was a
normal, happy 13-year-old with big
plans. He dreamt of becoming a doctor.
Then war came to his city, and everything
5 changed. Mo managed to escape from
Aleppo, along with his parents and little
brother. Suddenly, they were refugees. been here for four years, so we’ve
Together they travelled 150 km through settled in now. We’ve been lucky.’
Syria to the border with Turkey. It was a very Mo has never given up his dream, and 25
10 dangerous journey. Most of the time they he hasn’t wasted any time. He’s been
were on foot, but sometimes they travelled studying hard and he’s learnt fluent
by lorry, hiding in the back with other terrified English. In fact, he’s just taken three A
people. They continued through Turkey and level exams (and he’s already passed
then went on, by boat, to Greece. It’s a short 8 GCSEs). 30
15 distance, but the boat was small and held ‘I haven’t had the results yet, of course,
too many people. They were lucky to survive. but I’ve applied to medical school,’ he
A lot has happened since then. After two explained. ‘My dream hasn’t changed.’
long years in refugee camps, the family British students take national exams
flew to the UK and started a new life in called GCSEs (General Certificate
20 Bradford, in West Yorkshire. of Secondary Education) when they
‘It was a big culture shock at first,’ he are 16. They take further exams, called
told me. ‘And it was so cold! But we’ve A (Advanced) levels, when they are 18.
VOCABULARY: Transport GRAMMAR GUIDE

17 PAIRWORK Which of these methods of transport
do you use? Put them in order (1 = often, 6 = never / Perfect tenses
almost never). Then compare your answers. Present perfect
I’ve applied to medical school.
I often go to town by bus. I never travel by boat.
train taxi (Past activities connected to present and recently
bus lorry finished – time period continues.)
tram van Present perfect continuous
the tube / underground plane He’s been studying hard.
ferry car (Activities started in the past and continuing.)
boat ship
motor bike bike
10 Starter C
C
20 Look back at the text on page 10 and underline
GRAMMAR GUIDE examples of just, already, yet, since and for. Then
Past participles: Regular and irregular forms choose the correct answer.
Regular: walk – walked – walked 0 We use just / yet to show that an action has
Irregular: drive – drove – driven recently happened.
Been v gone 1 We use already / yet when an action happened
Jack has gone to France. sooner than expected.
(He’s in France now.) 2 We use already / yet for an action that we expect to
Jack has been to France. happen soon.
(He isn’t there now, but it’s part of his experience.) 3 We use for / since to talk about when a past activity
started.
4 We use for / since for talk about the duration of an
action.
18 Complete with the past simple and past
participles of these irregular verbs. 21 Complete with just, yet, already, for or since.
Then check on page 284. just
0 Hey! I’ve .......................... had a text from Joe! Look!
0 be was / were – been 1 I don’t want to watch that film. I’ve ..........................
1 drive .......... 6 fall .......... 11 forget .......... seen it three times.
2 fly .......... 7 hide .......... 12 give .......... 2 Have you chosen your subjects for next year
3 go .......... 8 lie .......... 13 write .......... .......................... ?
4 see .......... 9 take .......... 14 tell .......... 3 Amy has been interested in history ..........................
5 come .......... 10 do .......... 15 sing .......... she went to Rome.
4 Hurry up! You’ve been getting ready ..........................
19 Write the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous of the verbs in brackets. ages!
5 Don’t tell me the end of the story. I haven’t finished
has been packing (pack) for his holiday
0 Sam ....................................... the book .......................... .
has forgotten (forget) to
all morning but he .......................................
book his ticket. 22 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
1 Wake up! We ....................................... (just / arrive).
0 We’ve lived in this apartment for six years.
You ....................................... (sleep) for the whole six years ago .
We moved to this apartment ...............................
journey!
2 I ....................................... (be) to London twice 1 My dad’s been a teacher since
but I ....................................... (not / be) to Paris yet. 2015.
3 ....................................... (you / see) Katie? My dad .......................... for
....................................... (she / text) you? .......................... years.
She’s very late. 2 How long ago did you meet Ben?
4 Oh no! I ....................................... (miss) the ................................................................
bus, and it ....................................... (just / start) known Ben?
to rain. 3 They built our school in 1900.
5 We ....................................... (wait) for hours. Our school has been here
....................................... (the plane / land) yet? ............................................ .
6 My parents ....................................... (have)
4 They started dancing hours ago
the same car for ten years. It
and they’re still dancing.
....................................... (never / go) wrong.
They’ve .............................................. .
7 The baby ....................................... (cry)
5 She started working on that
for hours. We ....................................... (try)
everything! chapter this morning.
8 I ....................................... (know) Jamie since She’s ...................................................
we were both five. We ....................................... all day.
(always / be) best friends.
Starter C 11
D
STARTER
My future
Grammar: future simple and first conditional; degrees of certainty
Vocabulary: jobs
23 Have you thought about what to do when you

leave school? What are your options?
http://www.focusonapprenticeships.com
__
Focus on ... APPRENTICESHIPS
rs
Traditionally, apprentices trained to become skilled worke
like plumbers, electricians or mechanics. Howe ver, these
days there are many other apprentice schemes, for
example for lawyers, accountants and engineers.
Apprentices earn money while they learn how to do a job.
They often go to college or university part-time. Their
companies pay the tuition fees, and when they qualify, they
already have a job.
ative to university; university courses
In the UK apprenticeships are becoming a popular altern
debt.
are very expensive and students graduate with a very big
My sister’s a student. When she I’m not sure about university.

I’ll go to university if I pass my It’s very expensive and it won’t
exams. If I don’t get the right graduates, she’ll definitely owe a lot
of money to the government. guarantee a job. I’d like to be
grades, maybe I’ll try again
And unless she’s lucky she a lawyer. I think I’ll apply for
next year. I won’t know
probably won’t even get an apprenticeship.
for sure until I get my
a job at the end! On the That way, I’ll start
results in August. I
other hand, she loves her earning money as soon
think I’ll probably be
subject, she’ll get as I leave school
OK.
a degree – and she’s and I’ll learn lots
having a great time! of relevant skills.
Maya Josh
Rosa
VOCABULARY: Jobs
25 Find the names of six jobs mentioned in the text.
Use them to complete the notes.
0 accountant someone who prepares financial records
..........................:
1 ..........................: someone who works with gas and water
2 ..........................: someone who works with electrical things
24 [1.08]
Read and listen to the text. Decide 3 .............................: someone who designs machinery or roads
if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct
4 ..........................: someone who works with legal problems
the false ones.
5 ..........................: someone who repairs cars
1 There are more apprentice schemes
these days than in the past. T F 26 Write your own notes about these jobs
2 Apprentices don’t study because
as in the previous exercise.
they are working. T F 0 carpenter: someone who …
3 Rosa is planning to go to university. T F 1 pilot 4 builder 7 surgeon
4 Maya’s sister hasn’t graduated yet. T F 2 soldier 5 actor 8 vet
5 Josh thinks university is worth the money. T F 3 architect 6 lecturer 9 dentist
12 Starter D
D
29 Complete with if, unless, when, until or as soon as.
GRAMMAR GUIDE More than one answer is possible.
Future simple and first conditional if
0 Jenny will be very upset .......................... she doesn’t
future simple get good grades.
It won’t guarantee a job. 1 .......................... I leave school, I won’t waste any
She’ll get a degree. time – I’ll look for a job .......................... I can!
2 .......................... our team wins the match, we’ll
first conditional
definitely celebrate.
I’ll go to university if I pass my exams.
3 We’ll be broke .......................... we get jobs soon.
I won’t know for sure until I get my results in August.
4 I think I’ll wait .......................... I’m 18, and then
When she graduates, she’ll definitely owe a lot decide what to do.
of money to the government. 5 You’ll never understand .......................... you ask
Unless she’s lucky she probably won’t even get questions.
a job at the end!
I’ll start earning money as soon as I leave school. 30 [1.09]
Write the future simple or present simple
of the verbs in brackets. Then listen and check.
Degrees of certainty:
■■ She’ll definitely owe a lot of money. (100% sure) Becky I’d like to be an architect. But I
■■ I’ll probably be OK. (90% sure) won’t have (not / have) enough
..........................
0
■■ Maybe I’ll try again next year. (50% sure) money to go to university unless I 1 ......................................
(get) a part-time job. If I 2 ..................................... (do) that,
there 3 ...................................... (not / be) time to study.
Help!
27 Use the words below to make sentences David My dream is to be an actor. I want to go
in the future simple.
to drama school. It 4 ...................................... (be) so cool
tell you ■ be a doctor one day ■ stop now if I 5 ...................................... (get) in. The trouble is,
and relax ■ probably / go to the cinema ■ I probably 6 ..................................... (not / be) successful –
go to school today ■ maybe / go to Spain it’s very hard. Maybe I 7 .....................................
(not / apply).
0 He’s a medical student. He’ll be a doctor one day.
Stu I’ve got a university place for next year, but I’m
1 She doesn’t feel well this morning.
worried about my mum. She’s disabled and I usually
2 They’re thinking about a holiday.
help my dad look after her. If I 8 ......................................
3 I’ve been working for hours. (leave) home, he 9 ...................................... (probably
4 We’re hoping to go out tonight. need) to give up his job. It’s a horrible problem.
5 Sorry. It’s a secret.
28 Complete the questions. 31 Look at exercise 30 again. Match the replies

to Becky, David and Stu. What do you think they
will I need
0 What books .................................................... for next should do?
term? (I / need)
0 Go for it! You’ll never know unless you try! David
1 When .................................................... our exam
1 If you borrow the money, you won’t need
results? (we / know)
a part‑time job.
2 .................................................... food at the party?
2 If you talk it over together, I’m sure you’ll find
(there / be) a solution.
3 .................................................... me at the station? 3 If you don’t get in, there will be another chance
(anybody / meet) next year.
4 How .................................................... ? (the story / end) 4 I think your parents will be happy if you’re happy.
5 How old .................................................... on your next 5 If you qualify as an architect, you won’t have any
birthday? (you / be) more money problems.
Starter D 13
E
STARTER
Cheap clothes
Grammar: subject and object questions; direct and indirect questions
Vocabulary: shops
32 Describe the photos and look at the title of the text.

What do you think it is about?
http://www.susiejacksonreports.com
SUSIE JACKSON REPORTS Ethical Fashion – What Is It, And Why Does It Matter?
We all love a bargain, especially when we’re clothes shopping – but why are some clothes so much cheaper
than others? I asked ethical fashion designer Tania Roberts.
Can you tell me where these cheap clothes come from? Who makes them?
FA I R
A lot of the clothes in high-street shops come from factories in poor countries
5 like Bangladesh or India. Wages for the workers are very low there.
But they have jobs. That’s good, isn’t it? TR ADE

Yes, it is, except often their lives are terrible.
What do you mean?
They work very long hours and often the conditions aren’t safe. Worst of all, quite young
10 children often work in those factories. They should be at school but their parents don’t
earn enough.
That’s terrible! Next time I buy clothes, I’ll want to know if the workers had fair pay
and good working conditions – so what can I do?
Look for a fair-trade label on your clothes. OK, you might pay more but it’s worth it.
15 But I’ve never seen a fair-trade label on clothes! Do you know where I can buy them?
It’s not very easy at the moment, it’s true.
But more and more independent shops are
taking an interest, as well as some high-end
designer shops and department stores.
20 You can also research it online. Try googling
ethical fashion and you’ll be surprised.

If you care enough, you can find out.
VOCABULARY: Shops
33 [1.10]
Read and listen to the text. Decide
if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). 34 Match the shops to the descriptions. Can you think
Correct the false ones. of local examples?
1 The article is mainly about factories 0 a chain store

in poor countries. T F 1 corner shop 2 delicatessen
2 Tania Roberts says that factory 3 department store 4 supermarket
workers often don’t get enough money. T F a a shop that has branches all over the country
3 If you see a fair-trade label, b a very large shop that sells lots of different kinds of things
you’ll know the clothes are expensive. T F c a small shop that sells basic, everyday things
4 You can buy fair-trade clothes only d a large food shop where the customers walk around
in a few shops. T F e a shop that sells special luxury food
14 Starter E
E
GRAMMAR GUIDE GRAMMAR GUIDE
Subject and object questions Direct and indirect questions
Subject questions: ■■ What’s your name?
■■ ‘Who likes fashion?’ ‘I like fashion.’ Could you tell me what your name is?
■■ ‘What caused the accident?’ ■■ What do you think?
‘The rain caused the accident.’ Would you mind telling me what you think?
Object questions: ■■ Who did you see?
■■ ‘Which jacket do you like?’ ‘I like the blue jacket.’ Can you say who you saw?
■■ ‘Who did they ask?’ ‘They asked the teacher.’ ■■ Are you ready?
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113 Could you tell me if you’re ready?
■■ Do they live here?
35 Complete the questions. Which ones are subject Would you mind telling me whether they live here?
questions?
did you buy (you / buy) yesterday? ■■ Has it started yet?
1 A What 0 ..........................
Do you know if it’s started yet?
B I bought some new shoes and a T-shirt.
A What colour 1 .......................... (be) the T-shirt?
B Red.
2 A Where 2 .......................... (go) at the weekend? 37 Write the direct or indirect questions.
B I went to a rock concert in London. Use expressions from the Grammar guide.
A Wow. Who 3 .......................... (pay) for the ticket? More than one answer can be correct.
B My parents. It was my birthday present. 0 How old are you?
3 A Which cake 4 .......................... (look) the nicest? Could you tell me how old you are?
What 5 .......................... (you / think)? 1 Could you tell me where the post office is, please?
B The chocolate one! 2 How long does the journey take?
4 A Who 6 .......................... (you / wait) for? 3 Do you know what the weather is like in Milan?
B I’m waiting for Harry. 4 Is that Henry over there?
A Oh. Who 7 .......................... (be) Harry? 5 Would you mind telling me what you thought
B He’s my brother. of the film?
6 Are we nearly home?
36 Write the questions. Start with What, Which
7 Can you tell me if this is the train to Manchester,
or Who.
please?
What are you reading ?’ ‘I’m reading a sci-fi
0 ‘...............................................
book.’ 38 Rewrite the questions using the verbs
1 ‘....................................... ?’ ‘English is my favourite in brackets.
subject.’ 0 How much does it cost? (know)
2 ‘....................................... ?’ ‘I chose the blue dress.’ Do you know how much it costs?
3 ‘....................................... ?’ ‘My uncle taught my sister 1 Can you tell me if the supermarket is open? (is)
to drive.’ 2 Are these Toby’s books? (tell)
4 ‘....................................... ?’ ‘Jack gave his mum 3 Do you know when the term starts? (does)
some flowers.’ 4 What’s this? (do)
5 ‘....................................... ?’ ‘I was chatting to Bernie.’ 5 What do they want to eat? (could)
6 Is Sally OK? (can)
7 Which room is the exam in? (do)
8 Could you tell me the answer to the question? (is)
Starter E 15
1
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Reading,
Speaking and Listening
Communication
■■ IGCSE: Reading,
■■ IELTS: Reading,
SPEAKING SKILLS
■■ Recounting a story
LEAD IN
1 Look at the photos. What forms of communication
do you use to find out about the news? Why?
CHANGING LANGUAGE 2 [1.11] Read, listen and watch.

■■ Narrative tenses How have phones changed the way we receive news?
LIFE SKILLS
How do you find out what’s going on in the
■■ Communication world? A recent survey shows that the
skills
majority of ‘under-25s’ now turn to social
media. Especially since the arrival of
5 smartphones, platforms like Facebook,
Twitter and web channels have overtaken
TV as their main source of news. Now everyone can be an instant news
Sixty years ago, most people either relied reporter. For example, when a powerful
on a TV or radio news bulletin once or twice earthquake struck central Italy in 2016, the
10 a day, or read a printed newspaper. Live TV news spread around the world in minutes. 25
reports were only possible if the journalists Buildings were still shaking when the
and camera crew were in the right place at rescue effort started. While survivors were
the right time. Newspapers were out of still appearing from the ruins, offers of help
Learning goals date even before they left the printing were flooding in. The latest technology
15 presses. It’s very different these days. The undoubtedly saved lives. 30
Grammar
■■ Past tenses review same survey shows that some people, of all However, is this new world of rolling news
■■ Past simple v past perfect ages, have not bought a printed newspaper
for years.
always a good thing? Some experts think it
has harmed us. They say it has brought war
Vocabulary These days most people carry a mini- and suffering into our living rooms and
■■ Correspondence 20 computer, complete with a camera and made it normal. They say we have lost our 35
microphone, in their pockets. sensitivity. Perhaps they are right.
16 Unit 1
1
PRACTICE 5 Choose the correct option.
3 [1.11] Read, listen and watch the video 1 An earthquake has struck / struck Japan early
again. Choose the correct option. this morning, while most people have slept / were
1 The text is mainly about: sleeping. So far we have not received / didn’t receive
A technology. any reports of serious injuries.
B reporting the news. 2 Where have you bought / did you buy that phone?
C journalists. I’ve never seen / was never seeing one like that.
Have you got / Did you get it online?
2 The text mentions the Italian earthquake:
3 I haven’t watched / didn’t watch the news last night.
A to show the value of smartphones.
I have written / was writing an essay all evening
B to describe how people help each other.
and then I fell / was falling asleep on the sofa.
C to explain the power of earthquakes.
3 The writer: 6 Read and complete with the verbs in brackets.
A supposes things were better 60 years ago. Use the past simple, past continuous or present
B believes things are better now.
perfect form.
C does not express an opinion. Have you heard
Mary 0 .......................................
(you / hear) the news? A big hole
GRAMMAR GUIDE 1
.......................... (appear) in
Past tenses review the middle of the High Street.
Past simple v past continuous A car 2 .......................... (fall) into it.
The police 3 .......................... (just /
■■ Newspapers were out of date even before they left
arrive). I’m watching
the printing presses.
from my window.
■■ Buildings were still shaking when the rescue effort
started.
Di Wow! The same thing 4 .......................... (happen)
■■ While survivors were still appearing from the ruins, a few weeks ago somewhere in Manchester, I think.
offers of help were flooding in. I 5 .......................... (see) it on the news. A man
Past simple v present perfect 6
.......................... (walk) his dog when the pavement
■■ Sixty years ago, most people relied on a news bulletin. suddenly 7 .......................... (open) up. What’s
■■ Since the arrival of smartphones, Facebook, Twitter happening now?
and web channels have overtaken TV.
Mary They 8 .......................... (rescue) the driver, and now
■■ Many people have not bought a printed newspaper
they 9 .......................... (start) telling people to leave their
for years.
houses. A lot of people are standing around.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113 They 10 .......................... (not / leave) yet. One man
11
.......................... (obviously / have) ..........................
4 Complete the rules. Write past simple, a bath when they 12 .......................... (knock) on his door
past continuous or present perfect. Find examples – he’s wearing a towel.
in the text.
Di What about you? 13 .......................... (they / knock) on
1 The .......................... and the .......................... describe
your door yet?
past events that are completed.
2 The .......................... describes past actions or events Mary No, they 14 .......................... (have not) yet. But I’d
that still affect us now. better get dressed.
3 To measure a period of time from now back
to a past event, we can use the .......................... with 7 SPEAKING Practise the above conversation
for + the length of time or since + a fixed time. in pairs.
Unit 1 17
READING SKILLS
WELCOME
LEAD IN TO THE
8 PAIRWORK Answer these questions.
Then share your answers with the class.
1 How often do you look at blogs or vlogs?
BLOGOSPHERE!
A Blogging, when it first started, was not an overnight
2 Have you got a favourite? sensation. The first blog appeared on a website in
3 Why do you (or don’t you) like them? 1994. Five years later, in 1999, the total number of
4 Do you have your own blog or vlog? blogs on the internet was only 23! However, by
2016 that figure had gone up to a staggering 150 5
PRACTICE million. Someone, somewhere in the world, was
9 [1.12]
Read and listen to the article. creating a new blog (or vlog) every half a second.
Which bloggers does it mention? The blogosphere had exploded!
B These days there are blogs about everything and
READING STRATEGY anything – from cookery and lifestyle advice to 10
social issues and politics. Many offer pure
Understand paragraphs
entertainment, with music, comedy, acting and
Paragraphs usually have clear themes. When you dance. Some express intensely personal thoughts,
know what a paragraph is about, it is easier others remain detached – the most popular ones
to understand the whole text. are often a mixture of both. 15
■■ Read the first sentence of each paragraph. C Most bloggers and vloggers do it for fun, not for a
■■ Try and predict what each paragraph is about. living. On the other hand, some have attracted
■■ Then read the whole paragraph again carefully. armies of fans or followers. It has made them
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
10 Read the article again and match the paragraphs 12 Critical thinking Answer the questions
to the correct heading. There is one extra and then share your ideas with the class.
heading.
1 Why do people produce blogs and vlogs?
1 Blog your way to fame and fortune 2 Do you think blogs and vlogs are killing books?
2 Blogging takes off Why / Why not?
3 Progress?
4 Screens v paper
GRAMMAR GUIDE
5 Blogging for health and happiness
6 What’s in a blog? Past simple v past perfect
11 PAIRWORK Read the article again. Then answer past simple past perfect
the questions. The first blog appeared By 2016 that figure had
1 What is the blogosphere? on a website in 1994. gone up to 150 million.
2 Why does the article say it exploded?
Look at these differences in the time sequence.
3 According to the article, what subjects are blogs
usually about? We got up late, had breakfast and went out.
4 How long did it take Ryan Higa to attract 3 million (The actions happened one after the other.)
followers? How old was he then? He had read all the Harry Potter books by the time
5 What are blooks and why does the article mention them? he was 12. (He read them before he was 12.)
6 According to the article, what do today’s parents
have in common with parents of 60 years ago?
18 Unit 1
WRITING SKILLS
LEAD IN
15 Read the information
and do the task. You are going to
write part of a travel blog. It can
be about a real or imaginary trip
or holiday. It’s the end of Day 1.
Think about these questions and
make notes.
extremely wealthy, and opened up a world of
new opportunities. When he was 17, Ryan Higa 20
1 Where are you? How are you
started making short, funny videos of himself and feeling?
his friends. He posted them on a web channel. Within 2 What was the journey like?
four years his channel had gained 3 million subscribers. That 3 What have you done / seen so far?
was in 2010. Six years later, that number had multiplied by six. By
then Ryan had become a successful actor as well as seriously rich. 25
PRACTICE
D Are blogs and vlogs killing books and the love of reading? Some 16 Tell your partner about your day.
people believe that they are. Others point out that successful Use the questions above to ask
bloggers are skilled writers, and that they actually encourage and answer questions and add to
or change your notes.
reading. Moreover, some bloggers, and vloggers too, have started
producing books (blooks). For example, the fashion vlogger Zoella 30
published her first book, Girl Online, in 2014. It sold over 75,000 WRITING STRATEGY
copies in its first week alone. Write a travel blog
E The truth is, technology has always brought fears for the future. A blog is a story or a diary
Sixty years ago, parents and teachers worried about the effect of of a journey or events in someone’s
TV on young people. When video games became popular, many 35 life. It is usually online. The writer
adults expressed similar fears. These days some people say the adds to it from day to day.
same about the internet. What will today’s teenagers say about
■■ A blog can become a vlog
tomorrow’s world? Only time will tell!
if it has videos with it.
■■ A blog has an informal style.
13 Complete the rules. Write past simple or past perfect. It usually includes some
Find examples in the text.
personal feelings, thoughts
1 If we are simply describing single, completed past events we use and reactions.
the ...................................................... . ■■ A blog also includes descriptions
2 If we want to show the sequence of events, we often use the two to give it colour and be
tenses close together. The ..................................................... describes attractive.
the event that happened first. ■■ A blog normally has a title,
14 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past perfect so that it attracts attention
form of the verbs in brackets. and followers.
’d already read (already / read) the book
1 I..................................
before we .................................. (study) it in class.
2 Stuart .................................. (go) to India last year.
He .................................. (never / be) abroad before.
3 By the time we .................................. (arrive) at the theatre,
the play .................................. (already / start).
4 Rick .................................. (move) to Germany when he ..................................
(be) ten. When we met a year later, he .................................. (learn)
the language.
5 How .................................. (you / know) all the answers? ..................................
(you / see) the questions before we ........................... (take) the exam?
Unit 1 19
VOCABULARY
Correspondence
17 PAIRWORK Which do you prefer? 20 Put the words into the correct categories.
Discuss and then share with the class. What is special about the grey words?
1 text or call? blog ■ blogger ■ block ■ call ■ comic ■ comment ■
2 email or instant message? essay ■ follow ■ follower ■ journalist ■ leaflet ■
3 birthday card or e-card? magazine ■ message ■ report ■ social media ■
4 blog or vlog? message board ■ newspaper ■ novelist ■
post ■ share ■ text ■ troll ■ update ■ website
18 Read the text. What does media bombardment
mean?
PUBLICATIONS
Teenager, Screenager magazine
How much time do you spend every day in front of a

screen? These days the average teenager spends at
TEXT TYPES PLATFORMS
least four hours a day with screen media,
essay website
and for many it is a lot more. Not only
report
that, many teenagers are comfortable 5
with multitasking – e.g., doing their
homework while watching TV, or
chatting online while watching a CORRESPONDENCE
film. Watching TV or videos is the
most popular activity, followed 10
by playing video games and PEOPLE VERBS
using social media. According to journalist report
a recent survey, boys spend an
average of 56 minutes a day
playing video games, while the 15
average for girls is seven. On the
other hand, girls spend more time
on social media than boys.
Parents and teachers worry that 21 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.
multitasking affects concentration, 20
block ■ comment ■ follow ■ give ■ post ■
although many teenagers insist that
share ■ text ■ update ■ write
it does not. In particular, about 80%
said that listening to music helps their 1 I have to .......................... a history essay tonight.
work. Some even prefer studying in a 2 Next time you’re in town, .......................... me a call.
noisy environment like a coffee shop 25 3 I must .......................... my blog with the latest news.
rather than the calm of their bedrooms. 4 If you .......................... an ad online, I’m sure you’ll get
Experts say that more research is some replies.
needed. Meanwhile one thing is certain,
5 I’ll .......................... this picture with my friends.
media bombardment is not going away.
They’ll like it.
6 .......................... me when your train gets in. I’ll come
19 Critical thinking Discuss the questions and meet you.
in pairs. 7 I’m going to .......................... on this article. I don’t
agree with it at all.
1 Are you a screenager? Do you think the text is true
8 Do you .......................... many celebrities online?
of you and your friends?
9 Don’t let trolls upset you – just .......................... them!
2 Do you ever multitask? If so, what do you do?
3 Do you agree that music helps concentration? 22 SPEAKING Look back at exercise 17. What other
If so, what kind of music? ways of correspondence are there?
20 Unit 1 See VOCABULARY EXTENSION page 260

CHANGING
SPEAKING SKILLS LANGUAGE
Recounting a story Narrative tenses

23 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. 28 Match the past tenses
to the correct timeline.
1 When do you need to call emergency services (ambulance, police,
past continuous ■
fire brigade)?
past simple ■ past perfect
2 Have you ever called emergency services? What happened?
1 ..........................
24 [1.13] Listen and watch the video. 8 am 9 am 10 am now
What did the firefighters do?
2 ..........................
8 am 9 am 10 am now
3 ..........................
8 am 9 am 10 am now
past simple
29 Watch the video and check

your answers from exercise 28.
key expressions
recount a story ask questions
Guess what? What happened (next)?
Well, … Who? Why?
First, then, after that When?
In the end … How?
What happened in the end?
expressions you hear.
SPEAKING STRATEGY CORPUS

Ask for clarification The correct tenses to talk about
We ask for clarification to check that we understand what the other past narratives are:
person is saying. Use these phrases: ■■ past simple for finished activities
No way! Really? What was that again? ■■ past continuous for past
What do you mean (by that)? Did you say …? activities in progress at a set time
Do you mean …? … (is that) right? ■■ past perfect for past activities
that happened before other past
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
activities
26 [1.13] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions However, native speakers
from the strategy box you hear. sometimes use present tenses
in spoken narratives to give a story
27 PAIRWORK Think of another story. Use these questions more immediacy. But be careful –
and the key expressions to help you.
this is only used in informal spoken
■■ Where were you? English and occasionally in written
■■ What did you first see / hear / think? fiction.
■■ What happened next?
Unit 1 21
LISTENING SKILLS
LEAD IN
30 PAIRWORK Look at the photos and discuss 33 [1.15]
Listen to the complete talk. Guess
these questions. the meaning of these words and expressions.
1 What’s happening in the photos? 1 drug addiction: ��
2 How old were you when you started using digital devices? 2 brain scan: ��
3 mental health: ��
PRACTICE 4 face-to-face: ��
31 [1.14]
Now read and listen to the first part 5 dating site: ��
of the talk. Underline the important words. 6 empathise: ��
‘Technology is changing the way we communicate with 34 [1.15] Listen again and complete the sentences.
each other. That much we know. But is it changing
1 Scientists think that the use of social media is
more than just the way we communicate? Scientists
........................................ .
believe that it is. They think that the use of social
2 About ....................................... of internet users
media in particular is actually changing our brains.’
are addicted to it.
LISTENING STRATEGY 3 The changes make it harder for us to make
....................................... and control
Use context to understand unknown words
....................................... .
Use these strategies to help you with words you don’t 4 .......................................% of what we put online
know: is about ourselves.
■■ use keywords you know to help you understand 5 Emoticons and emoji make us less able
the general gist of the text. to ....................................... .
■■ the context around the words will help you guess 6 Couples who meet online have
what they mean. a ....................................... chance of a successful
■■ if the word resembles a word you already know relationship than other couples.
or is similar to a word in your language, it will help
you guess its meaning. 35 SPEAKING From your own experience,
do you think the speaker is right?
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
32 PAIRWORK Look at the words below.

Tick (✓) the ones you think you might hear.
concentrate health addict
internet games emoji
drugs relationship emotion
brain social media parents
22 Unit 1
LIFE SKILLS
Communication skills
What am I going LEAD IN
to say next? Do you understand me?
Is it clear? 36 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
1 You have something important to tell someone.
What do you do?
2 A friend is sharing a problem with you.
1
What do you do?
2
PRACTICE
37 PAIRWORK Look at the photos. Then read
Can I have a What? I haven’t done the article and answer the questions. Compare
word, Joe? anything wrong! and discuss.
3
1 How do the photos relate to the content
Barriers to communication
of the article?
If you’ve ever tried to talk to someone through a closed
window, you know what a communication barrier is 2 Match each photo to a section of the article
like. But physical barriers are not the only kind; there and explain how it relates to that section.
are also invisible barriers to communication. In some 38 THINKING FURTHER Discuss these questions.
ways, these are more difficult to overcome because 5
1 Do you think you have good communication skills?
we may not be aware of them.
Why / Why not?
Language barriers 2 Read the tips below. What can you do to improve
There is obviously a barrier when two people don’t your communication skills?
speak the same language. But even if they do, they 3 How can you help to remove communication
might not understand each other’s version of it. If you
barriers in your daily life?
are speaking to someone from a different background, 10
you need to adjust the way you speak to avoid the LIFE STRATEGY
local slang you normally use. Similarly, if the other
person does not share your specialist interest, you Tips for communication skills
need to avoid using the jargon that goes with it. ■■ Listen and try to understand the other person’s point
of view, rather than worrying about what you’re going
Psychological barriers
to say.
Emotions may form a psychological barrier to 15
communication. It is difficult to reason with a very angry ■■ Don’t speak in anger. If you are in an emotional state,
person, and someone who is stressed will find it difficult stay calm and count to ten before you reply.
to pay attention. But there may be longer-term barriers. ■■ Don’t go into a conversation with the attitude
For example, a person with low self-esteem may feel that you are right. Keep an open mind.
that everything that people say to them has a hidden 20 ■■ Remember the world is not all about you. Don’t look
negative meaning. We need to be aware of these for hidden negative meanings about you
psychological barriers in the people we speak to, but in everything the other person says.
also in ourselves. ■■ Be aware of the limitations of different means
Listening barriers of communication. An email that you think is brief
Communication is a two-way process, and if one of the and informative may seem rude to the other person.
participants is not interested, that is obviously a serious 25 ■■ Pay attention to the other person’s body language
barrier. However, a listening barrier may be quite hard and be aware of your own.
to detect – especially in yourself. Often, in conversation,
we spend the time when we should be listening, 39 TASK In groups look at the final tip
planning what we are going to say next instead. This in the strategy box, then read the situations
means we are not really listening. To be effective 30 and say what the body language means.
communicators, we need to try to understand the 1 boy with his arms folded
other’s point of view, rather than focusing only on our 2 girl yawning
own concerns.
3 girl holding her head in her hands
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Collaborating and participating ✓ Unit 1 23

2
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Reading, Writing,
Advertising
■■ IGCSE: Reading, LEAD IN

Speaking, Listening
and Academic 1 PAIRWORK Look at the old
■■ IELTS: Reading, advertisements for cigarettes
Speaking and Listening and answer the questions.
1 How do you think they increased sales?
SPEAKING SKILLS
2 Why do we never see ads like this now?
■■ Persuading
2 [1.16] Read, listen and watch.
What do you think the heading means?
THE ADS STRIKE BACK

It’s difficult to believe now, but in the first
ACADEMIC SKILLS half of the twentieth century not many
■■ Note taking people were told that cigarettes were bad
for them. In fact, a lot of manufacturers
5 said that smoking was healthy.
Some advertisements actually featured
doctors (or actors dressed as doctors) and
said that cigarettes would cure sore
throats and coughs. They showed happy,
10 attractive people with cigarettes.
Of course, many ads told people that
smoking would make them happy and attractive too.
Nobody told them that they were taking up a dangerous, possibly fatal habit. By the
time doctors stated that cigarettes could kill them, they were hooked. A lot of these
Learning goals 15 people were young women. No one told them that the advertisers had been deliberately
Grammar targeting them (most men were already smokers).
■■ Direct and reported speech Meanwhile, scientists were investigating the link between smoking and disease. By the
■■ Reported questions 1950s, their research stated beyond doubt that tobacco smoke was dangerous to
health. Then governments in Europe stepped in. First, there was a total ban on all TV
Vocabulary 20 cigarette advertisements. Next, laws said that cigarette packets had to carry warning
■■ Emotive words messages. The UK and many other European countries then banned all cigarette
advertising, and replaced it with counter-advertising. Posters showed graphic pictures
of blackened lungs, and told the public that even passive smoking was dangerous. At
Glossary first, protesters said that the new laws had taken away their freedom. Some said they
they were hooked : 25 had started smoking when they were children, and that they had been smoking all
erano diventati their lives and therefore cigarettes were safe. However, those voices were in the
dipendenti minority.
passive smoking : The counter-advertising campaigns have now successfully changed the image of
fumo passivo smoking from cool and sophisticated to dirty, antisocial and lethal. However, it was
antisocial : antisociale 30 a long road and many died before most people finally understood the message.
24 Unit 2
2
PRACTICE GRAMMAR GUIDE
3 [1.16]
Read, listen and watch the video
Direct and reported speech
again. Then choose the correct statement.
1 In the past … direct speech reported speech
A advertisements were not truthful. Present simple Past simple
B more women than men smoked. ‘Smoking is dangerous.’ Research stated (that)
2 By the middle of the twentieth century, … smoking
0 was
A scientists knew about the dangers of smoking. ............. dangerous.
B there were health warnings on cigarette Present continuous Past continuous
packets. ‘You’re taking up Nobody told them that
3 Counter-advertising led to … a dangerous habit.’ 1
�� .
A new laws. B changes in public opinion.
Past simple Past perfect
4 Look at the Grammar guide. Complete the gaps ‘We started smoking Some said that 2 ��
in the table with examples from the text. when we were children.’ �� .
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
5 Transform the sentences from direct speech
to reported speech. ‘Advertisers were No one told them that
targeting us.’ advertisers 3 �� .
0 ‘Sheen Shampoo will make your hair shine.’
(that) Sheen Shampoo Present perfect Past perfect
They told me ....................................................................
would make my hair shine ‘The new laws have Protesters said that
.......................................................................................... .
taken away our the new laws 4 ��
1 ‘It’s very expensive.’ He said …
freedom.’ �� .
2 ‘We can’t afford it.’ She said …
3 ‘I don’t like it very much.’ He said … Present perfect Past perfect continuous
4 ‘You must try it!’ She told him … continuous Some said 5 ��
5 ‘I won’t spend much.’ She said … ‘We’ve been smoking �� .
6 ‘I didn’t buy anything.’ He told us … for years.’
will would
6 Complete the reports. ‘Smoking will make us Many people believed that
0 ‘Smoking will make you ill one day.’ happy and attractive.’ smoking 6 �� .
(that) smoking would
They weren’t told ��
can could
make them ill one day
�� .
‘Cigarettes can kill us.’ Doctors told them that
1 ‘The advertisements aren’t telling the truth.’
cigarettes 7 �� .
Scientists said that ........................................................ .
2 ‘Cigarettes are safe.’ Scientists said that .................... must / have to had to
............................................................................................ . ‘Cigarette packets must / New laws said that
3 ‘It’s been killing people for decades.’ Scientists have to carry warning cigarette packets 8 ��
claimed ............................................................................ . messages.’ �� .
4 ‘Smoking can kill you, too.’ Doctors told them
Look!: tell + direct object:
that ................................................................................... .
5 ‘You must give up.’ New health posters told them They told us / everyone / him … (that) it was safe.
............................................................................................ . Be careful with pronouns:
7 SPEAKING You recently bought a new phone, Cigarettes can kill us.
but you don’t like it. ➝
1 Decide what is wrong with it. Doctors told them that cigarettes could kill them.
2 Go to the shop to complain. Use reported speech. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 114
The ad said that … but …
Unit 2 25
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN
DREAMGLAMP
❄ Holidays with a difference
8 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
1 Do you think you are influenced by advertisements?
2 Brainstorm some advertisements that you think
are effective.
3 How do they work?
PRACTICE
9 [1.17]
Read and listen to the text. What is
the best definition of a glamping holiday?
1 A luxury camping holiday. ✔ fully equipped with bedding and towels
2 An outdoor sports holiday. ✔ il lamps, torches and candles provided
o
3 A glamorous, luxurious holiday. ✔ access to running water
✔ wood-burning stove (and plenty of wood!)
5 ✔ outdoor cooking facilities including barbecue
READING STRATEGY ✔ luxury shower and toilet facilities on site
Read between the lines ✔ woodland setting
✔ farm shop with delivery service
Often what is not said is as important as what is said. ✔ cycle hire available
Think about:
■■ the purpose of the text 10 Do you love the great outdoors, but still need your home
■■ the vocabulary used comforts?
■■ how much factual information is given Are you looking for an affordable holiday while dreaming
of glamour and luxury?
FIRST IGCSE IELTS Yes? Then here’s the perfect solution – come glamping
15 with us!
10 Read the first section of the text again. Choose from our range of luxury yurts or state-of‑the‑art
Find these emotive words and expressions pods. Situated in extensive woodland, and a leisurely
and match them to their meanings. bike ride away from the beautiful Norfolk coast, they are
all lavishly furnished and generously equipped with
1 the great a most comfortable 20 everything you could possibly wish for. We even provide
outdoors b with lots books and games for those rainy days.
2 home comforts of furniture Our wonderful yurts come in a
range of sizes – the smallest (and
3 a leisurely bike c outside
cosiest) are perfect for two, and
ride d a short distance 25 the largest will accommodate up
4 lavishly by bike to eight people.
furnished e things you have You’ll find soft comfortable beds
5 generously at home and colourful rugs and cushions.
The wood-burning stove will
equipped f with lots
30 keep you warm and we provide
6 cosiest of equipment
11 These extracts from the text give us information 12 Read the text again. Decide if the sentences are
without stating it. What do they tell us? true (T), false (F) or doesn’t say (DS). Correct
the false ones.
0 oil lamps, torches and candles provided
there’s no electricity 1 The site is near the sea. T F DS
1 access to running water 2 There are outdoor taps. T F DS
2 outdoor cooking facilities including barbecue 3 You have to cook outside. T F DS
3 luxury shower and toilet facilities on site 4 jacksmyname didn’t think it was
4 When did you last see the stars in a black sky? comfortable. T F DS
Or hear nothing but the crackle of a warm fire? 5 dunglamping had expected
better facilities. T F DS
26 Unit 2
WRITING SKILLS
Home | Contact | Info

LEAD IN
everything you need to 14 Most emails are informal,
prepare your meal over but some have to be formal.
an open fire. Tick (✓) the occasions when
Or perhaps you fancy this is the case.
35 staying in an eco pod.
Suitable for couples or applying for a job
small family groups, our complaining
pods are the ultimate in requesting information
stylish adventure. describing an event
40 They offer all the comforts
reporting lost property
of the yurts, with the
addition of hard wooden floors and separate rooms for living and sleeping.
When did you last see the stars in a black sky? Or hear nothing PRACTICE
but the crackle of a warm fire? Now’s your chance! Contact us now for 15 Match the informal to the formal
45 further details. expressions.
REVIEWS
1 Hi!
jamie28 ✭✭✭✭✭ Thank you for a fabulous weekend. We didn’t really
believe it would be as good as your description, but it was even better!
2 I’m writing …
We’ll be back. 3 I want …
happycamper ✭✭✭✭ We had a great time, especially the kids. Just 4 Can you …
50 one thing – the advert said the yurts were warm, but actually ours was 5 How much …?
either freezing cold or boiling hot. Otherwise, all good. 6 Speak soon,
gladtomeetyou ✭✭✭ We were a bit disappointed. The brochure said 7 Love,
that the yurt would be big enough for eight, but it wasn’t. However, the a I look forward to hearing from you,
setting is wonderful and it’s true, the yurt was comfortable. Just not
b Dear …
55 spacious enough for our lively extended family!
c Could you …
jacksmyname ✭✭ Not a great experience – we won’t be going again. The
website is misleading. For example, we didn’t take any food because it
d Yours sincerely,
said that the farm shop would deliver, but when we got there it was e I would like …
closed. We had to drive for miles to find a supermarket. And there weren’t f I am writing …
60 enough towels for a family of five. Luckily we’d brought some of our own. g I would like to know how much …
So be warned – check everything before you get there!
dunglamping ✭ Oh dear! We didn’t realise there wasn’t any electricity WRITING STRATEGY
in the yurts – or that you had to go to the farm shop to get a wi-fi
signal. And worst of all – nobody told us the yurts didn’t have Write a formal email
65 bathrooms. I don’t call it luxury if you have to go outside to find a toilet A formal email is an email that you
in the middle of the night! Really horrible – never again! write when you want to
communicate to a company
Glossary or an organisation. It contains:
bedding : biancheria da letto suitable : adatti ■■ formal language (so no
towels : asciugamani misleading : fuorviante contractions or slang
lavishly furnished : ben arredati deliver : effettua consegne expressions)
stove : stufa ■■ a very clear purpose, that is
normally at the beginning
13 Critical thinking Discuss these questions.
■■ a clear outcome, that is normally
1 Do you think the ad was truthful? Why / Why not? at the end
2 Do you think the problems the holidaymakers had were their fault
FIRST
(they didn’t read the ads properly) or were the company’s fault
or no one’s fault? See WRITING EXPANSION page 251
3 Can you think of an example of either something you bought

or a place you went to that was very different from the ad?
Unit 2 27
VOCABULARY
Emotive words 19 Read the text again and answer
the questions.
16 Look at these headlines. Would you click on them?
1 How is clickbait different from a normal
Why / Why not?
headline?
10 things you probably thought were good for you 2 Why do websites use them?
These kids are millionaires – you’ll 3 How do they persuade people to click
Click
be amazed at how they did it here! on them?
17 PAIRWORK Choose one of the headlines and imagine 20 PAIRWORK Look at the headlines, discuss
what the story is. what they mean, and then make them
neutral.
18 Read the text. Find some examples of emotive words.
0 Devastating defeat for United
United lost a match
WORD OF THE WEEK: clickbait 1 Hooligans smash shop windows, causing
What is clickbait? chaos
Clickbait has only been a 2 Furious driver attacks elderly cyclist
word since 2006. It’s a 3 Brave cops catch thieves after thrilling car
catchy headline on a chase
website that persuades 5
21 PAIRWORK Sort these words into positive
you to click on it. Every
and negative.
click earns money for the
website. amazing ■ appalling ■ astonishing ■
awful ■ brilliant ■ delighted ■
Why? How? I’m confused.
disgraceful ■ disgusting ■ dreadful ■
If a website gets a lot of clicks, advertisers will pay 10
to advertise with them. extraordinary ■ fantastic ■ horrifying ■

magnificent ■ miraculous ■ ridiculous ■
So clickbait is a kind of advertisement? scandalous ■ shocking ■ superior ■
Exactly. terrified ■ wonderful
Can you give me some examples? Positive: amazing, …
Sure. They all rely on emotive words to attract the 15
Negative: appalling, …
reader, but there are several different styles.
First, lists. You know, this kind of thing: 22 PAIRWORK Use the emotive words above
• 20 ways to look fabulous to turn these neutral headlines into
• 10 photos that will amaze you clickbaits.
Second, a clue to the story and then a tempting 20 1 15-year-old boy goes to university
comment: ................................................................................
This dog has won a medal – but how? 2 car crash on motorway
Scientists have made a surprise discovery – and it’s ................................................................................
stunning! 3 man steals old lady’s purse
Third, a dramatic word to attract the reader, and then 25
................................................................................
a brief summary: 4 a big storm is coming
WOW! The Hollywood stars were out last night! ................................................................................
REVEALED: Supermarket Secrets
So now I know, I’ll never click again.
I bet you do! 30
Glossary
catchy : che attira tempting : allettante
headline : titolo stunning : straordinaria

SOUNDS
SPEAKING SKILLS ENGLISH
Persuading The /ə/ sound

23 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. 28 PAIRWORK Listen to
[1.19]
a British English speaker and a

1 Think of some examples of internet or telephone scams (frauds).
learner of English say the same
How did they work and who did they target?
sentence. Discuss the differences.
2 Have you ever been the victim of a scam?
3 How can you avoid scams? Would you like some bread?
24 [1.18] Listen and watch the video. What are they going to do? SOUND STRATEGY
When pronouncing words that end
in a consonant, learners often add
the /ə/ sound.
This means they add an extra
syllable, and change the sentence
rhythm.
Try and notice the number
of syllables in common words,
and try not to add an extra one!
key expressions
29 [1.20]
Listen and circle
the words you hear. Then practise
persuading agreeing disagreeing
saying them.
Go on, have a look. Oh, OK then … I can’t believe that.
No sound /ə/
Why not? Well, OK, if you I really don’t think …
1 office officer
We’ll have to hurry really want to. I’m still not sure.
2 corn corner
up or we’ll miss our I’m sorry, but …
3 farm farmer
chance. That’s a ridiculous
4 box boxer
thing to say.
5 train trainer
25 [1.18] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key 30 GAME Read and listen.
[1.21]
expressions you hear. Repeat the sentences.
SPEAKING STRATEGY 1 There’s a farmer sowing corn
on the farm.
Agree in part
2 I did some work in an office
We often agree in part even when we disagree. This is to avoid
last summer.
sounding rude. Use these phrases.
3 What’s the matter with the cat?
Well, that’s true, but … Yes, I see what you mean, but …
4 My sister’s a dancer but I can’t
I know, but ... That’s a good point, but …
dance.
FIRST IGCSE IELTS 5 The man on the train was wearing
trainers.
26 [1.18] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions
from the strategy box you hear. 31 GAME Now listen again
[1.22]
and complete the sentences.

27 PAIRWORK Read the instructions below, then practise the role
Can you keep time?
play. Use the key expressions and the strategy box to help you.
1 You want to go to a party next weekend. You don’t want to go
on your own but your partner doesn’t want to come.
2 You’ve seen an ad for an advanced maths course and you fancy
trying it. Try to persuade your partner to come.
Unit 2 29
LISTENING SKILLS
A B C
LEAD IN GRAMMAR GUIDE

32 Look at picture A. Answer these questions.
Reported speech: Questions
1 What is the shop advertising?
2 What do the words in red tell the customer? direct question reported question
3 Where do the clothes come from? Why is this wh- ‘When did you She asked (me)
important? questions buy it?’ when I had bought it.
yes / no ‘Do you have She asked (me) if /
PRACTICE questions the receipt?’ whether I had
33 Now look at the other two pictures. What do the receipt.
the words in red mean?
LISTENING STRATEGY
36 Complete the sentences.
Understand inference
When you listen, it is important to identify who 0 ‘How much is it?’
how much it was
He asked �� .
the speakers are, and what the context is. Use
these questions to help you: 1 ‘.......................................................................................... .’
■■ Is the setting formal or informal? I asked if there were any special offers.
■■ If there’s one speaker, who is he / she addressing, 2 ‘Can I try it on?’
and why? She .................................................................................... .
■■ If there are several speakers, what is their 3 ‘.......................................................................................... .’
relationship? Are they relaxed, happy …? They asked when the sale would start.
4 ‘Do I have to keep the receipt?’
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
He asked .......................................................................... .
5 ‘.......................................................................................... .’
34 [1.23]
Listen to three recordings. She asked me where I’d bought it.
Match them to the pictures A–C.
37 [1.24]
The girl from dialogue 3 in exercise 34, Anna,
35 [1.23]
Now listen again and answer returns to the shop. Complete the sentences below.
these questions.
1 The assistant asked me when ..................................... .
1 How many speakers are there in each extract?
2 And if ................................................................................ .
2 One of the extracts is an advertisement. Which is it?
3 Then she asked why ...................................................... .
3 When there are two speakers, is the tone formal
4 I just said ......................................................................... .
or informal? How do you know?
5 I asked if I ......................................................................... .
4 When there are two speakers, what is
their relationship: are they friends or work 38 Now write the actual questions the assistant
colleagues? How do you know? asked Anna.
30 Unit 2
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Note taking ACADEMIC STRATEGY
Note taking is a way of summarising the main points
LEAD IN
of a text. It is important when you are learning key
39 PAIRWORK Look at the title of the text information for an exam.
and the three headings. Then discuss
■■ Read the text and underline the important points.
the statements below.
■■ Try and identify the key information.
1 What’s your answer to the question in the title? ■■ Rewrite the information in your own words,
2 Look at the headings. Think of current examples with headings and bullet points.
of each kind of ad.
IGCSEE
3 Brainstorm the advantages of each of the three
forms of advertising.
PRACTICE
WHAT’S THE MOST EFFECTIVE 40 Read the text. Look at the notes below.
WAY TO ADVERTISE? Underline the points they refer to in the text.
Then complete them with key information
RADIO from the text.
Radio advertising is relatively cheap, your
audience are more constant: radio listeners don’t POSITIVE NEGATIVE
flick between channels or fast forward through
the ads. They are perfect targets for advertising.
5 A catchy ad with a memorable jingle will lodge The audience are ideal
in the listeners’ memories. Then every time they repeat because 1 .................. . Possible downside
RADIO
it they are passing on your message – it’s effective The best kind of radio is 3 .................... .
and free! On the other hand, it probably isn’t the best ad has 2 .................... .
way to reach young people, who tend to stream their
10 music directly rather than listen to radio shows. The audience are
perfect because
CINEMA 4
.................... . Possible downside
Think about it – the audience have nowhere CINEMA
The most effective ads is 6 .................. .
else to go, and nothing else to do, except watch
are aimed at
your ad. They tend to be young people with disposable
5
.................... .
income, or families with young children who often
15 exert pester power. So, if you’re aiming at this kind
of market, you shouldn’t dismiss it. It’s expensive The audience are often
because cinema audiences expect high quality. BILLBOARDS 7
.................... . Possible downside
POSTERS is 9 .................. .
BILLBOARDS AND POSTERS The best ads are
This is possibly the oldest form of advertising
8
.................... .
– but a good ad can cheer up an otherwise
20 gloomy street, and even provide welcome
entertainment for bored motorists and passengers.
These ads are often comical and if an ad makes you 41 WRITING Now think
laugh, you remember it. Of course, vandals can of TV advertising.
deface your ads with graffiti, so make sure you place
1 Make a chart like the one
25 them out of reach! If you choose the right location,
above outlining the pros
you will find that an eye-catching, interesting ad will
pay for itself very fast. and cons of TV advertising.
2 Now write a paragraph
Glossary on TV advertising.
jingle : motivetto lodge : rimanere impresso
pester power : capacità dei bambini di assillare i genitori
fin quando non comprano loro gli oggetti desiderati
Unit 2 31
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the dialogues. Write the past simple 4 Write sentences using the prompts and the past
or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. simple, past continuous or past perfect form
did you finish (you / finish) your of the verbs.
0 A What time .............................
homework last night? 0 When Anna / be / 16, she / move / to London.
B I’m not sure, but I know I .......................... (still / When Anna was 16, she moved to London.
work) at 11. 1 She / prepare / for school exams when she /
1 A You’re late! What .......................... (happen)? change / schools. By then, she / already / live /
B Sorry. I .......................... (leave) my phone at home in ten different places.
so I .......................... (go) back to get it. 2 A loud noise / wake / me up. Something / hit /
2 A I .......................... (see) you in town yesterday, but the window. I / look / outside. It / snow / heavily
you .......................... (not / say) hello. In fact, you and some boys / throw / snowballs at the houses.
.......................... (walk) straight past me! 3 When we / go / into the concert hall, some people /
B Oh, sorry! I .......................... (think) about sit / in our seats. We all / check / our tickets,
my exams, I expect. and they / be / the same. Somebody in the box
office / make / a mistake.
2 Read the sentences and choose the correct 4 While she / travel / by train to York, Emily / start /
option.
talking to another passenger. Some time later she /
0 Rosie’s at home. She ............. school for a week. be / very surprised to see they / be / in Scotland.
A hasn’t been to B wasn’t at She / miss / her station.
1 My arm hurts. I ............. off my bike last night. 5 When I / see / Stuart, he / wear / a very smart suit.
A ’ve fallen B fell I think he / just / be / to a wedding.
2 I can’t find my pencil case. I ............. it since
yesterday’s maths lesson.
5 Complete the sentences. Use reported speech.
A haven’t seen B didn’t see 0 ‘I can’t go out on Saturday, because it’s
3 It’s my parents’ wedding anniversary. They ............. my grandmother’s birthday and we’ve planned a party.’
married for 20 years. she couldn’t go out on Saturday
Maria said ��
because it was her grandmother’s birthday
A ’ve been B got ��
and they’d planned a party
4 Our car’s really old. We ............. it ages ago. �� .
A ’ve bought B bought 1 ‘There are a few more things I must do before we
5 Rick’s home is in Bristol. He ............. there. go on holiday.’
A ’s always lived B always lived Tom told me ��
............................................................................................ .
3 Write the past simple or past perfect form
2 ‘I hope everyone has a great time!’
of the verbs in brackets.
Clara said ��.
didn’t understand (not / understand) the play
0 I ....................................... 3 ‘It’ll be cold in the evenings so I’m going to pack
because I hadn’t studied (not / study) it first.
................................ some warm clothes.’
1 Last month we .......................... (visit) some friends Ted said ��
in Scotland. We .......................... (not / see) them for ages. ............................................................................................ .
2 We were surprised when it .......................... (rain) 4 ‘I haven’t finished my essay because I had a bad
because we .......................... (check) the weather headache and went to bed early.’
forecast before we .......................... (set off). Stella told us ��
3 Jack was amazed and delighted when ............................................................................................ .
he .......................... (hear) his exam results. 5 ‘Max has just texted me to say he’s missed the bus
He .......................... (not / expect) to pass. so he’ll be late.’
4 Somebody .......................... (steal) my bike last week. Jack said ��
I .......................... (forget) to lock it. ............................................................................................ .
5 We .......................... (not / be) on the train for very 6 ‘I’ve been trying to fix my laptop but I can’t work it out.’
long before it .......................... (break) down. Jane told me �� .
32 Units 1–2
EXAM SKILLS
6 Complete the missing words. FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 2
told
0 Martin .......................... would lend
me that he .......................... 9 Complete the gaps with one word.
me some money.
1 My parents .......................... that I ..........................
to be home by 11.
2 I didn’t know .......................... today ..........................
few
A 0 .......................... years ago a Chinese woman was
Jamie’s birthday.
3 Did Harry .......................... you he .......................... working in a mobile phone factory 1 ..........................
passed his driving test? she accidentally became world famous.
4 Sorry, I didn’t realise you .......................... still in bed, How 2 .......................... this happen? 3 ..........................
I thought you always .......................... up early! she was working, one of her colleagues
5 The website .......................... that my order
4
.......................... a photo of her with one of the
.......................... arrive today. phones he 5 .......................... testing. Sometime
6 Jack said he .......................... working today
6
.........................., somebody in the UK was trying
but Nathan told me he .......................... seen him out the phone 7 .......................... he had just bought,
in town. when he found a photo of a beautiful young
woman. She was smiling and 8 .......................... a
7 Report the dialogue. peace sign. 9 .......................... colleague had forgotten
Ticket
10
.......................... delete the photo.
inspector Can I see your ticket, please? The owner of the phone posted the photo
Jack I don’t have one. on a message board and within a few weeks the
Inspector Why don’t you have one? worker 11 .......................... become quite famous.
Jack The ticket office at my station was closed. She thought she 12 .......................... lose her job but
Inspector That’s no excuse. Where did you start her boss told her that nobody 13 ..........................
your journey? angry. He said that 14 .......................... made mistakes
Jack I got on at Stratford. sometimes. In fact, she had 15 .......................... done
Inspector There’s a ticket machine at Stratford anything wrong, because they had 16 ..........................
station. testing the phone. 17 .......................... any case,
Jack I tried to use it but I didn’t have the right everybody loved the photo and wanted to know
money. 18
.......................... the woman was. Some people
Inspector Well, I’ll have to take your details. even 19 .......................... why every phone didn’t
What’s your name? come with a photo of the person who
20
.......................... made it!
8 TRANSLATION Translate the text into English.
A scuola abbiamo iniziato un progetto di storia e sto
facendo delle ricerche sulla storia della mia famiglia. FIRST Writing Part 1
L’altra sera, quando i nonni sono venuti a trovarci, ho
10 Write your story in about 140 and 190 words.
chiesto loro com’era la vita quando avevano la mia
You have seen this announcement in an
età. Naturalmente non conoscevano internet
English-language magazine for teenagers.
all’epoca, quindi quando volevano delle informazioni
dovevano cercarle su un libro, o chiederle a qualcuno.
Ho detto che mi sembrava terribile, ma si sono messi Short story competition! Your story must begin
a ridere e mi hanno risposto che era molto meglio with this sentence:
a quei tempi. Allora ho chiesto perché la pensavano Grace opened the parcel but was disappointed when
così, e mi hanno risposto che le persone avevano she saw they had sent her the wrong thing.
molto più tempo libero. Però quando ho chiesto se Your story must include the words:
desiderassero avere la mia età ora, hanno detto di sì! • advertisement • blog
Units 1–2 33
3
EXAM STRATEGIES
A better world
■■ IGCSE: Reading, Writing,

■■ IELTS: Reading, Writing, LEAD IN
Speaking and Listening 1 Look at the photos and read the title of the article. Can you guess
what it is about?
SPEAKING SKILLS
■■ Expressing an opinion 2 [1.25] Read, listen and watch.
Which photo matches the text best? Why? Glossary
wealthiest : più ricchi
shares : azioni
THE POWER OF MONEY
More than one billion people use Facebook every day. The phenomenal success of his
creation has made Mark Zuckerberg not only one of the youngest billionaires ever but
CHANGING LANGUAGE
also one of the wealthiest people in the world. He has far more money than most
■■ Use of like people dream of – but he isn’t as interested in a celebrity lifestyle as you might think.
5 For example, he is famous for always wearing the same style of clothes – in order to
spend a little less time choosing what to wear! He said he wanted to make as few
decisions as possible so he could concentrate on serving his community. When his
daughter Maxima was born, he and his wife Priscilla wrote a letter to her (and posted
LIFE SKILLS it on Facebook!). Max, the letter said, had changed the way they see the world.
They wanted to make it a better, more equal place. Because of that, they promised to
■■ Giving a presentation
10
give away 99% of their Facebook shares over their lifetimes. That means billions of
dollars to help people much less fortunate than they are.
The Zuckerbergs are not alone. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, is even richer (and
more famous) than Zuckerberg. He is also one of the world’s greatest philanthropists.
15 He and his wife Melinda run a wide range of charities across the world, particularly in
the poorest countries. Their vaccination programmes alone have already saved
millions of lives and will save many more in the future.
Zuckerberg and Gates have bigger incomes than some entire countries. They are also
among the most generous people in the world. They use their extreme fortunes to help
20 the least fortunate. This is, most people agree, by far the best way to spend their
money. However, some
Learning goals people think that this is
Grammar not the way to tackle the
■■ Revision of comparative 25
world’s problems.
They say that
and superlative adjectives
■■ Comparative and governments should do
superlative adverbs this. One thing is for sure,
the world would be a
Vocabulary
worse place without this
■■ World resources 30 kind of philanthropy.
34 Unit 3
3
3 [1.25]
Read, listen and watch the video
again. Then answer the questions. Comparatives and superlatives with nouns
1 Why does the article mention Zuckerberg’s comparative
clothes? more cars
2 What happened to make him and his wife start countable many / a lot / far
fewer cars
thinking differently?
more money
3 What have they promised to do? uncountable much / a lot / far
less money
4 How have Bill and Melinda Gates saved millions
superlative
of lives?
the most cars
5 Why do some people object to philanthropy? countable
the fewest cars
by far
the most money
uncountable
the least money
5 Write the sentences with the correct form

GRAMMAR GUIDE of the adjectives.
Revision of comparative and superlative 0 Who is / rich / person in the world?

adjectives Who is the richest person in the world?
1 Health is / important / wealth.
comparative 2 We don’t have much money but others have even /
younger than little.
much /
wealthier than 3 Which makes us / happy / – money or love?
a lot /
bigger than 4 My aunt is one of / kind / people I’ve ever met.
far /
more / less fortunate than 5 Giving is often / enjoyable / receiving.
even /
more / less generous than 6 Not many people are millionaires and even / few /
a little /
better than are billionaires.
a (little) bit
worse than
6 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
superlative
0 These days living standards are much better
the youngest
than they were 50 years ago.
the wealthiest living standards were
Fifty years ago ..................................................................
the biggest much worse than they are these days
............................................................................................ .
by far the most / least fortunate 1 I don’t give as much money to charity as I should.
the most / least generous I should ............................................................................ .
the best 2 Facebook has many more users than Twitter.
the worst Twitter .............................................................................. .
3 Mobile phones are far more popular than landlines
these days.
Landlines ......................................................................... .
4 Complete the rules. Write comparative 4 A lot fewer people die of diseases like malaria
or superlative. Then find examples in the text.
than in the past.
1 We make .......................... adjectives stronger with Not .................................................................................... .
much, a lot, far, even, and we make them weaker 5 Some people have a lot less food than us.
with a little, a (little) bit. Some people don’t ........................................................ .
2 We make .......................... adjectives stronger 6 Not many things are worse than hunger.
by putting by far first. There are ......................................................................... .
Unit 3 35
READING SKILLS
too many / too much, too few / too little,
1 What’s in your fridge at home? Remember (not) enough + nouns
or guess.
Countable
2 Do you throw away a lot of food?
3 How would life be different without a fridge? ■■ too many / too few people
(not) enough people
PRACTICE Uncountable
8 [1.26]
Read and listen to the text. ■■ too much / too little food
Which fridge do you think made the most (not) enough food
difference? See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116
READING STRATEGY 12 Complete the text with the words below.

Detect purpose and point of view
a lot (x2) ■ enough (x2) ■ too many ■ too much (x2)
Each paragraph has a main purpose or point
of view.
■■ Pay special attention to the first sentence
of each paragraph.
Real Junk Food Café
■■ Look for keywords and expressions. The volunteers who run a café in Leeds, England, believe that
■■ Try to summarise each paragraph in a few too many hungry people in the city,
there are far 0 ..........................
words. and that there is 1 .......................... food waste.
At their café, the Real Junk Food Project, all the food comes
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
from donations. For example, bakers often have
2
.......................... bread at the end of the day, so they give it
9 PAIRWORK Read the text again. Say what
the purpose of each paragraph is. Then write to the café. In the same way, supermarkets donate food that
notes to summarise it. is getting close to its sell-by date. If restaurants have
3
.......................... of food, they often donate it too. The customers
Paragraph A – setting the scene:
are often people who don’t have 4 .......................... money.
the arrival of the two fridges They only pay what they can afford.
10 The text has five paragraphs, A–E. Other customers, who have
Which paragraph tells us about the following 5
.......................... money,
aspects of the story? Two letters can be used sometimes pay
twice. 6
.......................... .
0 A
............. The attitude of Santosh’s neighbours
1 ............. The wider benefits to two communities
2 ............. The purpose of the British fridge
3 ............. How Santosh acquired a fridge
4 ............. The inspiration for the British project
5 ............. Global inequality
6 ............. How Santosh’s family have benefited
13 Critical thinking Discuss the questions
11 PAIRWORK Look at exercise 10 again. in pairs.
Give examples of what the text tells us
about each aspect. 1 What kind of problems might Santosh’s fridge
cause? What about the community fridge
0 The attitude of Santosh’s neighbours. in Frome?
They were curious and envious. 2 Are there any projects like the community fridge
or the Real Junk Food Café in your town?
36 Unit 3
WRITING SKILLS
LEAD IN
14 An opinion essay requires you
to consider different aspects
of a topic and reach a conclusion.
Which of the following are
A TALE OF TWO FRIDGES opinion essays?
■■ Cars should not be allowed in city
In 2015, a small Indian village saw the arrival of its first fridge. The proud
A new owner, Santosh Chowdery, had saved hard for ten years to pay the
centres. Do you agree?
■■ Write an essay describing an event
deposit on it. Villagers watched curiously and enviously when the fridge
you really enjoyed.
arrived (on a rickshaw). Santosh and his wife welcomed it with a
religious ceremony. It was a life-changing moment. Meanwhile, in the 5 ■■ What’s the best way to stop air
same year but on the other side of the world, a far wealthier community pollution?
also celebrated the arrival of a fridge. That fridge, too, was about to
make a dramatic difference. PRACTICE
15 Complete the text with the words
B For Santosh’s family, the fridge was revolutionary. For one thing, they
below.
could for the first time ever enjoy cold water in the heat of the Indian 10
summer. What’s more, they could store food, including any leftovers linking ■ opinion ■ summarising ■
from family meals. Because of this, they didn’t need to go to the market paragraphs ■ topic
every day, and Santosh’s wife no longer had to cook every day, either.
In an opinion essay, you should give
Now she had enough time to get a job, and so the family’s income rose.
a general introduction to the
C Back in the UK, the small town of Frome in Somerset was using a fridge 15 1
.......................... in the first paragraph.
to solve a rather different problem. Nearly everybody there had a fridge,
In the second and third
but some fridges had too much food in them, and some had too little. 2
.........................., you should discuss
In other words, too many people were wasting food while others didn’t
have enough. A group of volunteers came up with a solution. Inspired by different points of view.
the example of solidarity fridges in Spain, they set up (and still run) a 20 Use 3 .......................... words
community fridge. People donate food that they don’t need, and anybody and phrases to order your points
can help themselves to anything, completely free. Volunteers supervise and prepare the reader for what is
the project, and make sure all the food is safe to eat. going to come next. Finally, in the last
paragraph, conclude by
D Santosh and his family are not the only people in the village to benefit from
his fridge. It has helped the whole village – for example, they are able to 25
4
.......................... the main points
store food for their neighbours, who then have more free time to work. and giving your own 5 .......................... .
In Frome, too, the fridge has had positive knock-on effects. There is less
food waste, and there are fewer hungry people. Perhaps most important of WRITING STRATEGY
all, it has brought the whole community together, both rich and poor. Write an opinion essay
E As the world’s population grows, the gap between the rich and poor 30
widens – and the gap is much bigger than experts predicted just a few
An opinion essay includes different
points of view. It can present two
years ago. The richest 1% of the world’s population now own 50% of the
points of view (for and against).
world’s wealth, while the world’s poorest people own 1%. This is not
It can also present just one point
just a gap between rich and poor countries on opposite sides of the
of view with lots of reasons
world – it’s also between rich and poor people, who often live side by 35
side. Both Santosh and the people of Frome have, to justify it. It contains:
with their fridges, taken small steps towards ■■ one or multiple points of view
Glossary
bridging the gap. ■■ clearly defined paragraphs
rickshaw : risciò
leftovers : avanzi FIRST IGCSE IELTS
knock-on effects : See WRITING EXPANSION page 252
effetti a catena
bridging the gap :
colmare il divario
Unit 3 37
VOCABULARY
World resources
16 Look at the webpage
THE GREEN
ZONE
HOME | ABOUT | PHILOSOPHY | CONTACT
and describe
the pictures.
A Don’t throw B C Fair for

Keep it local! everyone
it away
Think of your Buy fresh A fair deal for
world! produce grown workers in
Remember to use on your doorstep! developing
the recycling bins Support your countries. And a
and reduce our farmers’ market! great-tasting
landfill sites. product for you!
17 Look at the groups of words 18 Complete the text with the words below.
below and match each group
minimum wage ■ landfill sites ■ working conditions ■
to the headings A, B or C in
exercise 16. Use a dictionary standard of living ■ seasonal food ■ greenhouse gases ■
to help you. climate change ■ bottle bank ■ farmers’ market ■
vegetable patch ■ developing countries ■ homegrown
Fair trade means farmers and workers in 1 .......................... receive fair pay
1 fair trade, working for their products, so that they have better 2 .......................... . They are
conditions, standard paid a 3 .......................... so they have a better 4 .......................... at home, too.
of living, minimum Waste disposal is important because the rubbish we put
wage in 5 .......................... contributes to 6 .......................... because it produces
7
.......................... . So always remember to recycle your glass
in the 8 .......................... !
2 bottle bank, Locally produced food doesn’t travel very far – so it doesn’t cause much
greenhouse gases, pollution. In addition, 9 .......................... is healthier than food that has
climate change, travelled round the world to reach you. So buy fresh food from your
waste disposal local 10 .........................., or even start your own 11 ..........................
in the garden and enjoy 12 .......................... food!
3 19 Critical thinking Discuss in pairs. What do you think of these

seasonal food, statements and opinions? Do you think these things matter?
locally produced, Why / Why not?
homegrown,
1 I don’t buy that kind of chocolate. They treat their workers badly.
vegetable patch
2 I don’t care if these mangoes come from the other side of the world.
They’re delicious.
3 I want the apples but I don’t want the packaging, thanks.

CHANGING
Expressing an opinion Use of like

25 Look at the sentences
20 Have you ever taken part in a sponsored event, for example from the dialogue and circle
a walk? Have you ever sponsored somebody? What was it in aid of? examples of like. Is like always
used as a verb?
21 [1.27] Listen and watch the video. What are Luke’s
two ideas? 1 I don’t like the idea.
2 I mean, like, walking is something
you do every day.
3 Your parents would have, like, a fit.
26 Look at the sentences in exercise

25 again. In each sentence is like
used as:
■■ a verb?
■■ to make comparison?
■■ a filler?
key expressions
expressing an opinion responding to an opinion
I (don’t) think … Well, not really.
I reckon … I don’t think so.
If you ask me … Maybe you’re right.
To be honest …
(Do) you mean …?
In my opinion, …
What I think is …
You know what I mean. 27 Watch the video. Have you
heard like used as a filler before?
expressions you hear. 1 Has the usage of like increased
or decreased in the last 15 years?
SPEAKING STRATEGY 2 Which age group most frequently
Support an argument uses the word like?
3 What is the most frequent use
We often want to support an opinion with an example or by rephrasing
of like?
it. We use phrases like these:
I mean, … Listen, … For a start … CORPUS
What I’m saying is, … For example, … For another thing … Corpus data shows us that in spoken
Look, … English the most frequent use of like
FIRST IGCSE IELTS is as a filler.
Uses of like
from the strategy box you hear. comparison 9%
filler 70%
verb 21%
24 PAIRWORK Think about a charity you support. Look at these
fundraising ideas. Then discuss what you’re going to do
to support your charity.
■■ sponsored events: extreme hair cut, silence, go offline (digital detox), …
■■ other ideas: make and sell cakes, wash cars, sell your old clothes.
Unit 3 39
LISTENING SKILLS
LEAD IN
28 Describe what’s happening in the photos.
Then answer the questions. GRAMMAR GUIDE
1 What do you think these people are demonstrating Comparative and superlative adverbs
about?
comparative
2 Have you ever seen a demonstration? Would you
much / regular adverbs irregular adverbs
ever take part in one? Why / Why not?
a lot / (quickly, slowly) (fast, well, badly)
far / more / less faster / better /
LISTENING STRATEGY
even / quickly than worse than
Listen for more detailed content a little / more / less
In these tasks you are listening for specific a (little) bit slowly than
information. This is usually names, numbers superlative
or details within sentences. regular adverbs irregular adverbs
■■ Listen to the whole text and try and identify (quickly, slowly) (fast, well, badly)
what it is about on a general level. the most / the fastest /
■■ Read the questions and ensure you know what they by far
the least quickly the best /
are asking for. Look for clues and predict the worst
the most /
the answers. the least slowly
■■ Then listen again and do the task.
FIRST IGCSE IELTS See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116
PRACTICE 30 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.

29 [1.28] Listen and complete the sentences.
0 My sister is better than me at playing guitar. (good,
1 Demonstrators are blocking ....................................... . much)
2 They are protesting about cuts to .............................. . plays guitar much better than me .
My sister ��
3 Protesters include people in wheelchairs 1 We don’t shop as carefully as we should. (less)
and people with ............................................................. . We ..................................................................................... .
4 The police have arrested .............................................. . 2 He is a far harder worker than me. (hard)
5 Andy Jackson is the organiser of the .......................... He works ......................................................................... .
campaign. 3 The person who sings better than everyone else
6 He says the cuts don’t affect the .................................. wins a prize. (the)
and ............................................................... worst of all. The person who ............................................................. .
7 They are going to interview somebody 4 My new bike goes much faster than my old one. (more)
from .................................................................... later on. My old bike goes ............................................................ .
40 Unit 3
LIFE SKILLS
Giving a presentation 33 THINKING FURTHER Discuss the questions
with your partner.
LEAD IN 1 How do you normally feel when you have to do
31 PAIRWORK Answer these questions. an exam or give a presentation in public?
1 What is happening in the picture below? 2 Do you have any techniques for keeping calm?
2 How do you think this person feels? Why?
LIFE STRATEGY
3 What advice would you give to someone
in this situation? Tips for giving a presentation
■■ Don’t worry about appearing nervous. It shows you
PRACTICE are taking it seriously.
32 Read the article and complete the gaps ■■ Think positively: this will help replace negative
in the text with the phrases in the list. thoughts with realistic and balanced thinking.
a practise in a safe environment ■■ Prepare! It’s so much easier to stay calm if you know
b start to see improvements what you’re going to do and what you’re going to say:
c the good news is that you can learn to deal –– make clear, ordered notes
with performance anxiety –– practise – and time yourself (don’t go on too long!)
d the very idea of this fills many people with anxiety –– visual aids will add interest to your presentation
e rather than running away from a situation ■■ Stay calm. Use techniques to stay calm and relaxed:
f as well as parts which you want to change –– take some deep breaths before you start
–– smile at the audience – make friends with them!
–– take your time – don’t rush
■■ Be prepared to answer questions at the end. If you
GIVING don’t know the answer, promise to find out – and do it!
A PRESENTATION
34 Read the tips for giving a presentation.
Most of us, at some time Then answer the questions.
in our lives, have
to speak in public 1 Which of the tips seem most useful?
or perform in front 2 Have you tried any of the tips before?
of an audience.
35 TASK You are going to give a presentation
Unfortunately, about your partner. Use the tips below
0 d.....,
........ to help prepare and give
and nervousness can your presentation in pairs.
ruin a performance, no
1 Interview your partner and find
matter how good your
out about their:
ideas and no matter
how talented you are.
■■ early childhood
However, ............., and in fact some
1 of the best ■■ family
speakers and performers are shy peop
le. ■■ hobbies, likes and dislikes
fears ■■ ambitions and plans
You can manage anxiety by facing your
lar
2 . Why not try and put yourself in a simi
............. 2 Ask your partner to bring photos
with a friend?
situation, and ............., for example, and other visual aids
3
listen again,
You could record yourself and then about their life.
making sure to note the good parts
4
............. . 3 Take turns to practise giving
ident.
You’ll soon ............. and feel more conf and watching your presentations.
5
4 Give your presentation

to the class.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Communicating ✓ Unit 3 41

4
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Reading
and Speaking
Our future
■■ IGCSE: Speaking
■■ IELTS: Listening
SPEAKING SKILLS
■■ Debating
LEAD IN
1 Describe the photos and answer the questions.
ACADEMIC SKILLS
1 How old do you think the book is?
■■ Preparing a speech 2 When do you think the computer photo was taken?
for a debate
2 [1.29] Read, listen and watch. What might happen to our digital photos?
SOMETIMES THE PAST KNOWS BETTER!
I
n about 1085, the King of England ordered a national census. The Domesday
Book was ready the following year. Nine hundred years later, British schools
helped collect data for an electronic version. However, within 15 years the
state‑of-the-art technology they had used was not only out of date, it was obsolete,
and the data was unreadable (while the original was still intact!). This is a famous 5
example of digital obsolescence. Will the same thing happen to today’s data? By
Learning goals 2025, will all our photos, messages, records, music, memories have disappeared
into a digital black hole? Unless we’re careful, it might happen.
Grammar Of course, non-digital documents, photos, recordings and data will survive just as
■■ Future predictions: they always have. Your grandparents’ colour photos may fade, but with reasonable 10
will v may / might care the images will last indefinitely. Older, black-and-white photos will last even
■■ Future perfect better. Books will remain on library shelves and sound recordings will remain on
■■ Future continuous vinyl. Ironically, today’s photos, documents, information and downloads are the
Vocabulary ones that might not survive. It’s possible that in even a few years’ time our
■■ Technology of the future smartphones and tablets will have become outdated; their contents won’t be
accessible. Even using a cloud storage service is no guarantee – it’s only as up to
15
date as its servers. It’s possible that tomorrow’s technology will have forgotten
today’s information.
Glossary So, what can you do? First, make sure your storage system is always up to date.
census : censimento That way, you’ll keep pace with system updates. To be absolutely safe, print any 20
vinyl : vinile extra-special photos. That way, whatever happens, you won’t have lost them. These
outdated : sorpassati days people are already rediscovering the joys of physical photo albums, real books
cloud storage service : and – increasingly – vinyl records. Perhaps the digital age will have disappeared
servizio di cloud storage long before vinyl and paper, and even the leather covers of the Domesday Book!
42 Unit 4
4
5 Complete the rules. Write future simple or future
perfect. Then find examples in the text.
1 We use the .......................... to predict a future action
or event.
2 We use the .......................... to say that an action
PRACTICE or event will be finished before a time in the future.
3 [1.29] Read, listen and watch the video 6 Write the future simple or future perfect of the
again. Answer these questions. verbs in brackets.
1 How old is the Domesday Book? will you be (you / be) 18?
0 How old are you? When ..........................
2 Roughly how long did the modern version last? 1 Hurry up. The film .......................... (start) by the time
3 According to the text, what will last longer we get there.
than digital records? 2 I can’t come out tonight. I .......................... (not /
4 The text makes two suggestions to help you finish) my project in time.
protect your memories. What are they? 3 It’s a great story. What .......................... (happen)
5 What does the title mean? next?
4 .......................... (scientists / discover) a cure
GRAMMAR GUIDE for cancer by 2030?
5 By this time next year, my sister ..........................
Future predictions: will v may / might
(leave) school and .......................... (go) to university.
■■ Your grandparents’ colour photos may fade.
6 Please, wait for me. I .......................... (not / be) long.
■■ Unless we’re careful, it might happen.
■■ … with reasonable care the images will last 7 Write sentences with the future simple,
indefinitely. may / might or the future perfect.
■■ … their contents won’t be accessible. 0 The sun / rise / tomorrow
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116 The sun will rise tomorrow.
1 I’m not sure, but it / rain / next week.
2 We / definitely / land / on Mars in 100 years’ time.
4 Complete the rule. Write certain or not certain.
Then find examples in the text. 3 Sorry, but your order / not / be / ready until next
month.
We use will or won’t to express predictions when we
4 I / not / come / to the party. I don’t know yet.
are .........................., and may or might (not) when we are
5 We / be / on the road all day by the time we arrive,
.......................... .
so we / be / very tired.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 8 SPEAKING What will / won’t you have done

in ten years’ time? Use the future perfect
Future perfect and the following ideas.
Tomorrow’s technology will have forgotten ■■ get married ■■ get a degree
+
today’s information. ■■ have a baby ■■ make a fortune
■■ travel round the world ■■ become famous
That way, whatever happens, you won’t have
– ■■ learn to drive
lost them.
In five or ten years’ time, will our photos have

?
disappeared?
Unit 4 43
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN
SHOP
DROP
9 PAIRWORK Do you like shopping? AND
Why / Why not? Which of these types of shop
do you like best? Why?
■■ online
■■ supermarkets Imagine you’ve been shopping. What are you
■■ independent shops doing now? Are you struggling home with
■■ chain stores shopping bags, picking up packages at a
■■ market stalls collection point, or waiting at home for the post
5 to arrive? Soon, it seems, we won’t be doing any
PRACTICE of these things. Instead, we’ll be checking the sky.
10 [1.30]
Read and listen to the first part Since the arrival of online shopping, delivery vans
of the text (page 44). Do you like the idea have become a familiar sight. We are used to
of drones? Why / Why not? next-day – even same-day – deliveries. However,
10 before long they might be a thing of the past.
11 Read the text again and decide if the sentences The next new big thing is coming soon –
are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
thirty-minute deliveries, by drone.
1 The text is describing the pros These drones will fly distances of up to 16
and cons of drones. T F kilometres and then land like a helicopter
2 The message of the text 15 and place your package on to a special mat,
is drones are controversial. T F or possibly into a box. Critics predict all kinds
3 According to the text, drones of problems. For example, they say that these
will definitely replace postmen. T F drones will be flying over us all the time, even our
private gardens – so will they be spying on us?
READING STRATEGY 20 They say that mid-air collisions and other
Complete a text accidents are inevitable. Moreover, they say it will
Choosing one word to insert in a text is a way be possible to hack them, with potentially
of ensuring that you really understand the text and disastrous consequences. Enthusiasts dismiss
also testing your knowledge of English grammar. these fears and say they are obstacles to progress.
■■ Read the whole text through for general meaning.
Glossary
■■ Look at the words before and after each gap.
struggling : affannando
■■ Think what kind of word it is that you need
collisions : scontri
(e.g., verb, noun, preposition, adverb, part of a
hack them : piratarli
phrasal verb, part of a collocation, etc.).
■■ Think about the form and tense. 13 Look at the Grammar guide and find examples
FIRST of future forms in the text.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
12 [1.31]
Read the rest of the text (page 45) and fill
in the blanks. Then listen and check. Revision of future
■■ How will they detect shoplifters?
(We use will or going to to make predictions.)
■■ We’re going to miss out on those friendly chats. (We use
going to when we can see evidence for our predictions.)
■■ Others are opening soon. (We use the present
continuous to talk about arrangements.)
44 Unit 4
Coming soon: WRITING SKILLS
drone delivery
LEAD IN
16 Tick (✓) the situations when
an informal letter would
be appropriate.
Drones are not 25
1
.......................... only A friend or relative is unwell.
change on the shopping You want to congratulate
horizon. The first walk out somebody on her / his success.
stores have opened in the USA, You’re applying for a summer job.
2
.......................... others are opening 30
soon. Customers will register PRACTICE

3
.......................... smartphones, then walk 17 Complete the text with the words
into the store, help .......................... to the goods, and leave. Again,
4 below.
5
.......................... are plenty of possible problems – for a start, what contractions ■ first name ■
will people with 6 .......................... smartphones do? These 35
kisses ■ address ■ PS ■ surname
developments are examples 7 .......................... a trend towards less
In an informal letter, put your
and 8 .......................... personal interaction. Soon it’s going to be 1
.......................... and the date at the
9
.......................... to buy everything without ever speaking to another
top. Start the letter with Dear and
human being. No more friendly chats 10 .......................... shop
then the person’s 2 ..........................
assistants. Experts say 11 .......................... social interaction is vital 40
(or sometimes Mr / Mrs / Ms and
for our mental health. Do we really want to lose 12 ..........................?
the 3 .......................... – it depends!).
And will it really happen? We’ll 13 .......................... out soon!
Use informal language, so
4
.......................... and colloquial
expressions are fine. End the letter
GRAMMAR GUIDE in a friendly way, and if you want to,
Future continuous you can add a few 5 ..........................,
like this: xxx. If you suddenly
+ We’ll be checking the sky.
remember something else to say,
– We won’t be doing any of these things. you can add a 6 .......................... at the
? Will they be spying on us? bottom.
We use the future continuous to talk about a continuous
action or event in the future. WRITING STRATEGY
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 118 Write an informal letter
You write informal letters
14 Choose the correct option. to someone you know.
0 Don’t run on the ice. You’re falling / ’ll fall over. They are much less common than
1 This time tomorrow we’ll lie / ’ll be lying on a beach! they used to be: however, they are
2 I can’t meet you this afternoon. I’ll go / ’m going to the dentist’s. sometimes the best choice, and
3 ‘I’ll call / be calling you at seven. OK?’ they are always appreciated.
‘No, sorry, we’ll have / ’ll be having dinner then.’ ■■ Informal letters are usually short.
4 I don’t feel very well. I think I’ll be / ’m going to be sick. ■■ They can contain informal
5 Everyone’ll meet / ’s meeting at the cinema at half past six. language and contractions.
6 A red sky means it’s being / ’s going to be fine tomorrow. ■■ You usually include only
7 Don’t text your brother this afternoon. He’ll drive / ’ll be driving. your first name at the end.
15 Critical thinking Discuss the question in pairs.

What advantages and disadvantages might drones and walk out shops
have?
Unit 4 45
VOCABULARY
Technology of the future 21 Read the text about future technological predictions.
Check the meaning of the words in bold.
Then share with the class. What will our future be?
1 Do you like science fiction? Why / Why not?
Futurologists have been making predictions
2 Brainstorm the names and plots of science
about the future of mankind for many
fiction films, TV programmes or novels you have
years. Some have already been proved
heard of. Make a note of their titles.
correct – for example, Arthur C. Clarke
19 Match the words in the list to the definitions predicted personal computers and the
below. Use a dictionary to check any words internet at least 30 years before they
you don’t know. became a reality. Some, of course, have
been proved wrong. For example, the same
1 astronaut
man also predicted that by the year 2000
2 artificial intelligence (AI)
there would no longer be any cities –
3 humanoids
and that one day we would be using
4 robots
trained monkeys as servants!
5 space colony
6 starship
7 virtual reality
8 aliens
9 galaxy
10 time machine
11 cyberspace
12 telepathy
a It travels through space.
b He or she travels through space.
c Something that looks like a human.
d A machine that performs tasks automatically.
e Computer-generated images and sensations that
appear to be real.
f A star system. Other predictions include:
g A community of people who live in space. driverless cars fitted with sophisticated sensors will
h Creatures from a different planet. completely replace today’s cars;
i Communication between minds. solar power will supply all of the Earth’s energy;
j It can travel into the past and the future. genetic engineering will lead to the eradication
k A machine’s ability to think like a human. of disease and the end of ageing;
l The space in which computers communicate. virtual reality will make it possible to travel anywhere;
it will be possible to upload and store people’s
20 GROUPWORK Discuss in groups of four.
Think of your list of sci-fi films again, memories, and to enter other people’s minds remotely;
then answer the questions. robots will become conscious;
human and artificial minds will merge.
1 Have you seen or read any of them?
■■ If yes: choose one but don’t name it. Explain
the plot to your group. Can they guess which
22 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs.
one it is?
■■ If no: listen to the sci-fi plots and ask questions. 1 Do you think these predictions will happen? If so, when?
Which one sounds the most interesting? 2 Which of these developments would you welcome,
2 Which plots are the most credible? and which (if any) would you fear? Why?

SOUNDS
Debating The /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds

23 PAIRWORK Read and discuss the questions. 28 PAIRWORK Listen
[1.33]
1 Fifty years ago, people believed that they would have more free to a British English speaker
time in the future because computers would free them from work. and a learner of English say
Were they right? the same sentence. Discuss
the differences.
(for example, washing machines). What do we do with the extra time? Do your new shoes fit your feet?
24 [1.32] Listen and watch the video. Why is Grace worried? SOUND STRATEGY
When pronouncing words that
contain the short sound /ɪ/, Italian
learners often lengthen the sound
and say /iː/. Practise each sound,
mouth changes.
29 [1.34]
Listen and repeat.
Then practise.
A /ɪ/ B /iː/
key expressions 1 sit seat
presenting argument asking questions 2 hit heat
3 fit feet
The first thing we have to Could you explain what you
4 did deed
consider … mean by …?
5 mill meal
I am convinced that … Can you define …?
6 fill feel
It is clear to me that … Where did you get your
Anybody can see that … information from? 30 PAIRWORK Listen, read
[1.35]
You can’t deny that … and repeat. Then practise reading.

1 Please take a seat and sit down.
25 [1.32] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key 2 It was so hot that the heat hit us.
expressions Grace uses to present her argument.
3 These shoes don’t fit my feet.
SPEAKING STRATEGY 4 When did you do the deed?
5 Let’s have a meal at the mill.
Challenging information / facts
Oh, come on! But surely … (+ counter- 31 GAME Listen and repeat
[1.36]
You’re exaggerating. statement) the sound you hear. Your partner

Be reasonable! I’m not so sure.
short or long.
I doubt that very much. That’s not the point …
FIRST IGCSE
26 [1.32] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions /ɪ/
27 GROUPWORK Discuss in groups of four. Pair A: brainstorm

reasons why the jobs below are in danger because of technology.
Pair B: brainstorm reasons why the jobs will always exist.
■■ shop ■■ farmers ■■ firefighters /iː/
assistants ■■ teachers ■■ nurses
Unit 4 47
LISTENING SKILLS
34 [1.38]
Before you listen, look at the cues and try
LEAD IN and predict what you are going to hear. Then listen
to the conversation and complete the notes.
32 PAIRWORK Describe the two photos.
Then discuss these questions.
1 What are their similarities and differences?
2 Which one would you prefer to use?
LISTENING STRATEGY
Take notes and fill in tables and charts
In these tasks you are listening for detail. They are
often numbers, times, dates and spellings.
■■ Read all the questions first, including the example.
■■ Watch out for distractors – e.g., when a speaker says Destination
1
.......................... (place)
something and then changes it, or when several
Single or return? ..........................
2
possibilities are mentioned.

Cheapest option
3
..........................
■■ Note down the answers as you listen.
Last bus leaves at
4
..........................
IELTS
Cheap train ticket costs ..........................
5
Train takes
6
.......................... minutes
PRACTICE
Train arrives at
7
.......................... station
33 [1.37]
Look at the questions. What kind
of detail are you listening for? Circle the most
important words. Then listen and complete.
35 [1.39]
Look at photo B in exercise 32 again.
1 ‘What’s your number?’ ‘It’s ......................................... .’ Listen to the speaker and complete the notes.
2 ‘How do you spell your surname?’
1 name of system: ��
‘It’s ................................................................................... .’
2 number of passengers per capsule: ��
3 ‘Could I have your email address?’
3 speed: ��
‘Sure. It’s ......................................................................... .’
4 capsules float above layer of ��
4 ‘Could you give me your date of birth?’
5 distance between San Francisco and Los Angeles:
‘Yes. It’s ........................................................................... .’
��
5 ‘How much is it?’ ‘That’ll be £............., please.’
6 cost of single ticket: ��
6 ‘What time shall we meet?’
7 cost of project: ��
‘Let’s make it ............................................. . Is that OK?’
7 ‘How far is it?’ ‘It’s ......................................................... .’ 36 PAIRWORK Would you like to travel in this way?
8 ‘What’s the speed limit?’ ‘It’s ...................................... .’ Why / Why not?
48 Unit 4
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Preparing a speech
for a debate ACADEMIC STRATEGY
In a debate, there are usually two speakers who
present opposing views. Then the group discusses
and asks questions.
■■ Before the debate note down the points you want
to make and decide in which order to make them.
■■ Prepare a strong introduction which makes your
position clear.
■■ Connect your points with linkers that give emphasis
(for example, instead of, moreover, that’s not all …).
■■ Finish with a memorable conclusion that echoes
your introduction.
LEAD IN
39 PAIRWORK Think about the topic below and add
37 Look at the photo of a class debate. Answer ideas to both columns. Put the ideas in order
the questions. of importance, then use the expressions
1 What happens in a debate? in exercise 38 to link some of the ideas.
2 How is a debate different from a normal
Technology will make our lives better in the future.
presentation?
FOR AGAINST
3 Have you or your class ever had a debate?
4 What kind of topics do you think are good choices ■ less work ■ more unemployment
for a debate? (driverless cars, robots) – less money –
= more leisure time increased poverty
PRACTICE ■ better medicine, ■ no need to leave home –
38 Match the lists (1–6) to the headings (a–g). nutrition – live longer lazy, unfit – forget how
– quality of life better to use brains – isolated
0 c in fact, actually, don’t forget …, certainly,
definitely ■ instant entertainment ■ smart devices replace
– alone or with friends newspapers, books –
1 that’s why …, for this reason, therefore,
consequently, so, because of this …, due to, – virtual travel, games, lose ability to think,
as a result … movies – never bored judge, make decisions
2 moreover, in addition, furthermore,
what’s more, that’s not all … First of all, I’d like to say I support this
3 however, although, on the other hand, statement. There are many reasons for this.
in contrast, whereas, on the contrary … Firstly, there’ll be less work for us because
4 for example, let me explain / give you of new inventions like driverless cars and
an example, in other words, what I mean is … robots that do the housework and cooking.
5 first of all, let me begin by saying …, I’d like to say Consequently, we’ll have more leisure time.
I support / am against this statement, because …
6 so, finally, as a conclusion, I want to conclude 40 WRITING With a partner prepare a speech to
by saying … present to the other pair in your group. Use the
a to make another point (on the same side)
tips from Unit 3 Life Strategy to help you.
b to contrast the opposing view Group A (two students): You are for the topic. Prepare
c to emphasise your opinions.
d to explain further
Group B (two students): You are against the topic.
e to describe reasons and consequences
Prepare your opinions.
f to conclude the reasons
g to start the presentation
Unit 4 49
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the sentences using the correct form 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of adjectives in brackets. of the adverbs in brackets and add any extra
words if necessary.
0 gold / silver / plastic (valuable)
is more valuable than plastic.
A Silver .............................................. earlier than I used
0 These days, I have to get up ..........................
least valuable .
B Plastic is the ....................................... to. (early)
1 bikes / motorbikes / cars (expensive) 1 Sometimes the people who work the ..........................
A Bikes .......................... motorbikes. are paid the .......................... . (hard / bad)
B Cars are the .......................... . 2 Let’s try that dance again! Try to move
2 100% / 80% / 50% (good) .......................... than the first time and not
A 100% is .......................... mark. as .......................... . (careful / fast)
B 80% is .......................... 50%. 3 I sing quite .......................... but my sister sings far
3 Italian summers / British summers (hot) .......................... me! (good / good)
A Italian summers .......................... British summers . 4 The show started .......................... we were
B British summers .......................... as .......................... . expecting, so we didn’t get home as ..........................
we promised. (late / early)
2 Complete the sentences with the words below. 5 There will be a prize for the person who performs
a lot ■ a little ■ more ■ most (x3) ■ .......................... . (good)
people ■ quicker ■ than ■ the (x2)
5 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean
A recent survey of people in more than 140 countries the same. Use the word given in brackets.
most generous nation on earth
show that the 0 .......................... 0 There are too few well-paid jobs. (enough)
is also one of .......................... poorest. The survey
1
aren’t enough well-paid jobs
There �� .
showed that in Myanmar the people are 2 .......................... 1 Jamie can do mental arithmetic faster than me.
generous than anywhere else, including the USA (fast)
and the UK. People from countries like Nepal, Libya I �� .
and Iraq were also among the 3 .......................... generous 2 I don’t speak French as well as my brother. (than)
people in the world. In contrast, it showed that British My brother �� .
people give 4 .......................... bit less money 3 Some people don’t have enough food. (little)
5
.......................... they used to. Even though there are Some people �� .
6
.......................... more ways to donate these days, fewer 4 We didn’t sell enough tickets. (too)
7
.......................... actually use them. It seems that people We �� .
with 8 .......................... least money can be 9 .......................... 5 Nobody works as hard as Tom. (the)
to help others than people with the 10 .......................... . Tom �� .
3 Complete with too many, too much, too few, too 6 Complete the sentences. Write will, won’t, might
little or enough. or might not.
too much sugar in my coffee.
0 Yuk! I’ve put far .......................... will
0 Jack is 17. His next birthday .......................... be
1 We haven’t got .......................... money to go out his 18th.
tonight. 1 Perhaps I’ll go shopping on Saturday, or I
2 This website doesn’t help at all. There’s .......................... stay at home – I haven’t decided.
.......................... information. 2 I usually go running on Sundays, but I ..........................
3 Forty students in one class is .......................... . have time this week – I’m not sure yet.
4 Is there .......................... bread for tomorrow’s 3 The shop is closed for the weekend.
breakfast? It .......................... be open again until Monday.
5 Sorry, we can’t stop for lunch. There isn’t 4 Don’t worry. I’m sure Pete .......................... call you
.......................... time. soon.
6 We need more doctors. .......................... young 5 I didn’t like that café at all. I certainly ..........................
people are studying medicine. go there again!
50 Units 3–4
EXAM SKILLS
7 Complete with the future or future perfect form FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 1
10 Choose the correct option.
0 David will be very tired when he gets off the plane
and he won’t have slept (not / sleep) properly
....................................
for 24 hours.
1 Andy is travelling round the world. By the time Will robots change our lives?
he comes home he .................................... (visit) In the 0 ............. future, we will all have
20 countries. domestic robots in our homes. However,
2 I’m not really tired. I don’t think they won’t 1 ............. like the robots in Star
I .................................... (go) to bed until later. Wars – no, they will be much 2 .............
3 They’re still building the new hospital. I’m sure mechanical and a lot more human.
they .................................... (not / complete) it Perhaps this sounds like sci-fi – but it is
by the end of the month. 3
............. going to happen (or so scientists say!).
4 Do you think people .................................... ever We’ll have fewer 4 ............. to perform around
.................................... (live) on Mars? the home. 5 ............. of doing housework
5 If we aren’t careful, in 20 years’ time there will be and preparing meals, we’ll be relaxing and
office blocks everywhere and all our green spaces socialising. Does all this 6 ............. too good
.......................... (disappear). to be true? Well, perhaps it is. We can’t be
6 Hurry up! By the time we get there, the party certain, but we might end 7 ............. with too
.................................... (finish)! 8
............. free time – because robots will have
9
............. over many of our jobs! So, on the
one hand, we’ll be 10 ............. less busy, but
0 What ............. tomorrow? Would you like to meet up
on the other hand, we 11 ............. not have
for a coffee?
enough money to enjoy our new freedom.
A are you doing B will you do
Only time will 12 ............. .
1 This time tomorrow I ............. my driving test.
Wish me luck!
A will do B will be doing
2 They ............. a good film next week. Shall we go?
A ’re showing B will show 0 A close B far C near D ready
3 I’m excited about the party. We ............. fun. 1 A see B look C watch D touch
A ’re having B ’re going to have 2 A less B not C little D least
4 John’s on his way to Paris. In a few hours’ time, 3 A surely B nearly C not D certainly
he ............. along the Champs-Élysées! 4 A chores B work C duties D housework
A ’s walking B ’ll be walking 5 A Instead B Rather C Whereas D Alternatively
5 Really, don’t worry. You ............. your exams. 6 A hear B tell C sound D mention
A ’ll pass B ’ll be passing 7 A on B up C over D down
6 The weather forecast says it ............. tomorrow. 8 A plenty B many C lots D much
A ’s raining B ’s going to rain 9 A got B taken C made D given
10 A very B more C few D far
9 TRANSLATION Translate the text into English.
11 A could B would C might D going
Credo che fra trent’anni la vita sarà migliore di com’è 12 A say B speak C tell D see
adesso. Le persone vivranno più a lungo e saranno più
felici e più in salute. Io e i miei amici potremmo vivere
fino a diventare centenari. Sicuramente ci proverò!
Credo anche che presto andremo a vivere su Marte. Non
è così folle come sembra. E forse, quando avrò l’età dei
nonni, la smetteremo di distruggere il pianeta. Speriamo.
Units 3–4 51
5
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Speaking
and Listening
Law and order
■■ IGCSE: Reading,
Speaking and Listening LEAD IN
■■ IELTS: Listening 1 Describe the photos.
SPEAKING SKILLS 2 [2.02] Read, listen and watch. In what ways
■■ Giving advice is this prison successful?
and warnings
PRISON PARADISE
Originally prisons were places where criminals stayed
while they waited for their punishment. Around 200
years ago going to prison became an actual punishment.
CHANGING LANGUAGE Since then, both our idea of prisons and the prison
■■ Accents 5 buildings have not really changed. Prisons in Britain are
old, dark, uncomfortable places.
Many people believe that prison is a place where bad
people go, people whose crimes are serious, people who
deserve to be locked up. The walls that surround
10 them should be high and the bars on the doors and
windows strong – they should be, and usually are,
LIFE SKILLS miserable places.
■■ Being a responsible However, there is growing evidence to suggest that this
citizen type of imprisonment doesn’t work. People go to prison
15 and come out unchanged, ready to continue with their
life of crime. As a result some countries are trying a
different approach.
Bastøy is a small island off the southern coast of Norway, the kind of place which you
might choose for a holiday. However, it is in fact a prison – but a prison like no other.
20 The prisoners, whose crimes include murder, live in wooden cottages and carry their
own keys. They work, shop and socialise freely. There’s a library, a health centre and a
church. Prisoners can visit the beaches, where they sunbathe or swim. Some work on
the farm, which produces fresh ingredients for the kitchen. Others help to keep the
ferries running. All of them receive an education and training that will prepare them for
Learning goals 25 the outside world. The guards, who don’t wear uniforms, socialise with the prisoners;
often it’s difficult to tell them apart. This is completely different from most prisons where
Grammar
offenders spend their days in small cells with very little to do. Many people argue that
■■ Defining and non-defining criminals do not deserve such a lifestyle. However, this system is mostly successful.
relative clauses
■■ Articles 30
Not many ex-prisoners reoffend – in fact some even return as visitors. No wonder, then,
that this innovative approach is attracting attention from countries all over the world.
Vocabulary
■■ Crime and the justice system Glossary
locked up : incarcerate bars : sbarre
surround : circondano reoffend : ricommettono un reato
52 Unit 5
5
PRACTICE
3 5 Put sentences together with the words
[2.02] Read, listen and watch
the video again and answer in brackets. Notice the crossed-out words.
the questions. 0 A prison cell is a small room. Prisoners sleep
1 What was the original purpose there. (where)
of prisons? A prison cell is a small room where
2 What is the main problem with traditional prisoners sleep.
prisons? 1 Guards are officers. Their job is to look after
3 Have any of the prisoners at Bastøy the prisoners. (whose)
committed violent offences? 2 Criminals often regret the crimes. They committed
4 What kind of clothes do the guards wear? them. (which / that / -)
5 What does the writer feel about prisons like Bastøy? 3 A convict is someone. A court convicted him.
(who / that / -)
GRAMMAR GUIDE
6 Write sentences with relative clauses.
Relative clauses 0 Alcatraz is the name of a prison. Some of America’s
Defining relative clauses most dangerous criminals lived there.
■■ Prison is a place where bad people go. Alcatraz is the name of a prison where some
■■ They are for people whose crimes are serious. of America’s most dangerous criminals lived.
■■ They are for people who / that deserve to be locked up. 1 It’s built on an island. The island lies about 2 km
■■ The walls that / which surround them should be high. away from the Californian coast.
When the relative pronoun is the object of a sentence 2 There were no successful escapes from Alcatraz.
it can be omitted: It had extremely high security.
■■ It’s the kind of place (which / that) you might choose 3 There are stories and films about some
for a holiday. of the prisoners. Their names include Al Capone
Non-defining relative clauses and Machine Gun Kelly.
4 Al Capone was a criminal. He was famous
■■ The prisoners, whose crimes include murder, live
for his violence.
in wooden cottages.
5 Al Capone went to prison not for violent crime
■■ They can visit the beaches, where they sunbathe
but for tax evasion. He died in 1947.
or swim.
6 Machine Gun Kelly was another violent gangster.
■■ Some work on the farm, which produces fresh
His most famous crime was the kidnapping
ingredients for the kitchen.
of an oil magnate and businessman in 1933.
■■ The guards, who don’t wear uniforms, socialise
7 He collected $200,000 ransom for the man.
with the prisoners.
He had kidnapped him.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 118 8 The prison is now a tourist attraction. Thousands
of people visit (it) every year.
4 Look at the Grammar guide and complete
the rules. Write defining or non-defining.
7 Critical thinking Do you think these people
are criminals? Why / Why
1 A .......................... relative clause gives us not? Discuss in pairs.
information that is vital to the sentence.
1 People who steal food
2 A .......................... relative clause gives us extra because they’re hungry.
information. 2 Environmental
3 You could remove a .......................... relative clause protesters who obstruct
and the most important part of the sentence building work.
would still be there. 3 People who leak (tell the
newspapers) government
secrets.
Unit 5 53
READING SKILLS Stranger than fiction...
1 John Darwin and his wife Anne lived
LEAD IN a quiet life in an English coastal town.

There was nothing remarkable about them, or so
8 Describe what you can see in the photo on
it seemed. That all changed one spring day when
page 55. What do you think is happening?
John suddenly disappeared. And so began the 5 5
strange story of the man who came back from the dead.
PRACTICE
2 John liked canoeing. In March 2002 he paddled his
9 [2.03]
Read and listen to the title boat out to sea, and failed to return. Anne reported him
and first paragraph of the text. Answer these
missing. A massive, but unsuccessful, search followed.
questions.
A day or two later, the paddle and then the canoe 10
1 What do you think you will read about in the rest returned, but the man himself had disappeared.
of the story? Try to guess some words. 3 Anne was unable to hold a funeral for her husband, but
2 Is the story true? How do you know? she threw flowers into the sea and mourned him.
She and her two sons comforted each other. Life went on,
10 [2.04]
Read and listen to the rest of the text.
and five years passed. Anne was rebuilding her life. 15
What was ironic about John’s former job?
She claimed the insurance money, and enjoyed frequent
READING STRATEGY holidays abroad. Then, suddenly, while she was away,
her dead husband walked into the local police station,
Understand narrative texts saying he had lost his memory.
In some exams you need to answer open questions
about a narrative text, using your own words.
Questions may be about the story itself but might
also ask about what you infer.
4 What does paragraph 6 imply about John’s motive
■■ Read the whole text through to understand
for returning?
the sequence of events.
5 How did John manage to travel abroad? Where does
■■ Read it again and notice the choice
the text tell us?
of vocabulary. Do some words have a different
meaning from the obvious? GRAMMAR GUIDE
IGCSE
Articles: a / an, the, no article
11 PAIRWORK Answer these questions. The indefinite article a / an
1 What was John’s hobby? ■■ John Darwin lived a quiet life in an English coastal town.
2 What happened when Anne reported ■■ John had been a prison guard.
her husband missing? The definite article the
3 What clues suggested that there had been ■■ the police, the cinema, the 1990s, the twentieth century,
an accident? in the morning
4 Where had John hidden? ■■ the Mediterranean, the Nile, the Dolomites, the Matterhorn
5 Where did he go next? ■■ the UK, the USA, the Netherlands
6 How did the police find out that he was alive? No article
7 What happened to John and Anne? ■■ Mount Everest, Mont Blanc, Lake Geneva
8 Where do you think Anne used to go on her ■■ Russia, Italy, France
frequent holidays? ■■ go to / at sea, in hospital / prison / jail / court, on trial,
12 PAIRWORK Answer these questions. at school / work / university, go to bed, have lunch
the or a / an
1 What impression of Anne do we get from
The first time we mention something we use a / an. We use
paragraphs 2 and 3?
the when it is clear what we are referring to.
2 How does paragraph 4 change this impression?
He lived in a flat. The flat had a connecting door.
3 According to paragraph 5, what did John do to
avoid detection, and how successful was he? See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 118
54 Unit 5
the missing canoeist WRITING SKILLS
4 Before the police could investigate this strange event, something even 20
stranger happened. Darwin’s face appeared all over the front pages of the
nation’s newspapers – and so did Anne’s. They were together, smiling LEAD IN
happily in a photo that someone had seen on Facebook … Where? In the 15 Tick (✓) the tasks where a news
central American country of Panama … When? The previous year. Darwin report would be appropriate.
had faked his own death, and Anne had helped him. 25
your favourite place
5 The weird truth began to unravel. For much of the time Darwin had
the results of a traffic survey
stayed out of sight in a flat. The flat had a connecting door to his own
a school committee meeting
home. He’d grown a beard as a disguise and gone out for solitary walks.
a person you admire
One of the most difficult moments had been when someone had said to
a local election
him, ‘Aren’t you supposed to be dead?’. Then he had moved to Panama, 30
a childhood memory
where Anne was planning to join him.
6 Why, then, did he return to the UK? He said he was missing his sons,
PRACTICE
who had thought all this time that he was dead. It seems, however, that
bureaucracy was catching up with him. The false identity which he had 16 PAIRWORK Look at two texts,
A and B. Which is part
been using was under scrutiny. In any case, the Facebook photo gave the 35
of a newspaper article and which
couple away. They both served sentences for fraud – particularly ironic
part of a news report? What are
for John, who had, in earlier, simpler times, been a prison guard.
the differences?
Glossary A Jennie Jackson is 18 and she’s very

paddled : aveva pagaiato angry. Why? A bicycle thief has just
mourned : pianse la sua perdita stolen her new bike. ‘It was a
insurance : assicurazione Christmas present,’ said Jennie, ‘and
faked : finto I can’t afford a new one. It’s such a
unravel : svelarsi mean thing to do.’ Jennie’s not the
fraud : frode only one – the police say lots of
people have reported the same
thing in the last month. It looks like
there’s a gang of thieves at work.
B According to police records, there has

been a sharp increase in the number
13 Complete the sentences. Write a / an, the or ‒. of bicycle thefts over the last month.
an English aristocrat who disappeared in 1 .............
Lord Lucan was 0 .............
1970s after ............. mysterious murder. 3 ............. victim was his children’s
2
WRITING STRATEGY
nanny (4 ............. nanny is someone who looks after 5 ............. children).
6
............. police suspected Lord Lucan committed 7 ............. murder but Write a news report
they have never proved it, and they have never found him. Some people The aim of a news report is to present
say that he travelled to 8 ............. South America, but nobody really knows factual information as clearly
9
............. truth. Over 10 ............. years, 11 ............. story has become 12 ............. as possible. It is a good summary
legend. However, for 13 ............. nanny’s family it has always been of the main events. It contains:
14
............. terrible tragedy. ■■ a list of the facts
■■ a clear sequence of events
14 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs. ■■ reported or direct quotations
1 What do you think of John Darwin’s crime? if appropriate
2 Look at the statements below. Which do you agree with? Why? ■■ formal language
■■ The worst thing they did was to deceive their sons.
■■ They were both really stupid as well as dishonest, and deserved
to go to prison.
■■ They were clever, but unlucky at the end.
Unit 5 55
VOCABULARY
Crime and the justice system 4
3
1 2
BEWARE! WARNING!
SMILE! Pickpockets DO NOT LEAVE
PRIVATE
operate in VALUABLES PROPERTY.
this area. IN YOUR CAR. KEEP OUT.
You’re on TV!
6 7 8
M OK
S I KILL YOUR
SHOPLIFTERS:
NO
NG
5 SPEED.
It is an offence We always NOT OUR
to travel G prosecute. WORKFORCE.
without a ticket. O
N
S I
N
MOK
17 PAIRWORK Look at the signs and answer 19 PAIRWORK Use the words from exercise 18
the questions. to describe the photos. Think about these
questions:
1 Where might you see these signs? Think about:
■■ public transport ■■ shops
■■ car parks ■■ hospitals
■■ roads ■■ gates, fences or walls
■■ streets ■■ cinemas
2 What is their purpose?
3 Can you think of more examples of this kind of sign?
18 Use a dictionary to check the words in bold.

Which are verbs and which are nouns?
Put the sentences in the correct chronological
order 1–5. 1 Who are the people? 2 Where are they?
3 What are they doing? 4 What will happen next?
A
The police arrest the suspect. 20 Critical thinking Read the situations.
The police suspect someone. Do you sympathise with any of these people?
The police question the suspect at a police Which ones? Why / Why not?
station. 1 Tom was driving his wife to hospital. She was
1 The police visit the crime scene and investigate in great pain. He broke the speed limit.
the crime. 2 Grace cycled home in the dark with no lights
The police charge or release the suspect. on her bike.
B 3 Steve walked out of a bookshop without paying
The jury decides on the verdict – they find for the book he’d been looking at. It was a mistake,
the defendant guilty or not guilty (innocent). but he decided to keep it.
Lawyers question witnesses, who give evidence. 4 Molly said nothing when the girl at the
The defendant / accused goes on trial in court, supermarket checkout missed one of her items.
in front of a judge. 5 Dan knew his friend had been shoplifting, but kept
Witnesses swear an oath. quiet.
The judge passes sentence or releases 6 Chrissy had no money and was hungry. She stole
the defendant. a sandwich from a supermarket.

CHANGING
Giving advice and warnings Accents

26 Think back to the video
21 PAIRWORK Read and discuss these questions. in exercise 22. Which accent did
1 When you go on holiday, how do you keep your money safe? Grace try to imitate?
2 Do you feel nervous when you use a cash machine?
27 Match the words to their phonetic
22 [2.05]
Listen and watch the video. Why does Grace think transcript.
Joel is trying to scare her? 1 bath a /njuːz/
2 bus b /tʊər/
3 news c /tɔːl/
4 tall d /ˈtʃuː.nə/
5 tour e /bʌs/
6 tuna f /bɑːθ/
28 Watch the video.
Which words from exercise 27
are associated with each accent?
1 Northern English ..........................,
..........................
key expressions 2 Scottish ..........................
giving advice asking for advice / responding to advice 3 London ..........................
4 American ..........................,
I’d be a bit careful … Do you think that’s OK? ..........................
The best thing to do is … What do you think is best?
That’s what I’d do. Yes, I suppose that’s a good plan.
It’s a good idea to … OK, I’ll follow your advice.
That’s a good idea …
SPEAKING STRATEGY
Make suggestions
To make suggestions, we use phrases like this:
Why don’t you …? Have you thought of …-ing? 29 PAIRWORK Discuss which
You could (always) … What about …-ing? accents you find the most difficult
to understand.
FIRST IGCSE
CORPUS
from the strategy box you hear. The Cambridge English Corpus is
a multibillion-word collection
25 PAIRWORK Choose a town or city that you both know.
of English language. Examples
Student A: You are going to visit the city. Tell Student B what you’re
from the corpus are collected
planning to do and where you’re planning to go. Ask for advice
from all regions of the UK and
about how to stay safe.
provide insights into the way people
Student B: Give Student A some advice about visiting the city
use language in different places.
as a tourist.
Unit 5 57
LISTENING SKILLS
33 [2.06]
Listen again. Try to answer without looking
at the options. Then look at the options and choose
A, B or C.
1 What is Danny’s attitude to his brother’s mistake?
A He doesn’t usually do things like that.
B He was lucky to get away with it.
C It was an easy mistake to make.
2 Who does May sympathise with?
A Danny’s father.
B Danny.
C Danny’s brother.
3 How did Danny’s father first react?
A He was angry.
LEAD IN B He was calm.
30 Look at the photo. What do you think you are C He was amused.
going to hear about? 4 What does Danny hope?
A His brother only uses his own laptop in future.
31 Check the meaning of the words below.
B His brother has IT lessons.
1 phishing: ....................................................................... C His brother knows better now.
2 scam: .............................................................................
3 virus: ..............................................................................
34 [2.07]
Listen to the next part. Try to complete
the sentences without looking at the options.
4 Trojan: ...........................................................................
Then look at the options and choose A, B or C.
5 hack / hacker: ..............................................................
1 May’s mum had a message on her …
PRACTICE A laptop. B mobile. C landline.
32 PAIRWORK Listen to the conversation
[2.06] 2 It said it was …
and answer the questions. A about her tax. B from her office. C about a job.
3 At first she was …
1 Whose laptop are Danny and May talking about?
A worried. B amused. C annoyed.
2 What is Danny’s brother called?
4 May thinks the scam is …
3 What happened when he clicked on a link?
A stupid. B funny. C effective.
4 What did the message say?
5 What did Danny’s brother do? 35 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs.
6 What happened in the end? 1 Are some people more vulnerable to scams than others?
2 What is the best way to help them?
LISTENING STRATEGY
Understand a point of view
In these tasks you are listening for opinions
and attitudes.
■■ Read the questions, but if there are multiple options,
do not read them yet (they will confuse you).
■■ Listen for the first time. Pay attention to the tone
and mood of the speakers, e.g., are they e-mail
enthusiastic? sad? disappointed? encouraging? passwor
d
critical? sympathetic? SIGN I
N
■■ Read the complete questions and note down
your answers. Then listen again to check.
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
58 Unit 5
LIFE SKILLS
Being a responsible citizen
THE GOOD CITIZEN We are all citizens of a country, and all citizens have rights.
citizen must obey the laws of his or her country. However,
being a good citizen involves much more than not
breaking the law.
in decision-making and contribute to the well-being
of all. Consider these examples of bad,
normal and good behaviour:
THE BAD CITIZEN crosses the road
when the light’s red;
THE NORMAL CITIZEN crosses
the road when the light’s green;
a disabled person to cross the road.
LEAD IN
36 Look at the title of the text. What do you think citizen means?
Tick (✓) the phrases below (more than one is correct):
any adult who lives in your country / town anybody who was born in your country
any adult who has the right to vote anybody who lives in your country (including children)
PRACTICE
37 PAIRWORK Read the magazine article. 39 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
What are the differences between a good citizen 1 Read the tips for being a responsible citizen.
and a normal citizen? Which of them do you already do?
38 THINKING FURTHER What about you? Discuss 2 Do you agree that they are all necessary?
these questions. 3 Are there any that you would find difficult
to do?
1 How often do you behave like a good citizen?
2 Look at the photos in the article and decide what a good 40 TASK Plan to help your community.
citizen should do in these situations.
1 In groups of four, look at the list below
of ways you can help your community.
LIFE STRATEGY
■■ Pick up litter.
Tips for being a responsible citizen ■■ Recycle your rubbish.
■■ Know or find out about the law and follow it. ■■ Research a local charity and see if you
■■ Report crimes. This will help protect others from possible can help out in any way (fundraising,
future criminal activity. helping in charity shops, etc.).
■■ Learn about the differences between the political parties 2 Decide which one you are going to do.
in your country and vote if you can. Try and do that task for a month.
■■ Get involved in charity work. 3 After one month, report back to your group
■■ Help keep your neighbourhood clean. and give a quick summary of what you did.
■■ Hand in lost property. If you find it, don’t keep it for yourself. 4 As a group, decide on the best activity. This
■■ Try and find out about the different views and beliefs person then presents their task to the class.

6
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Speaking
and Listening
World wonders
■■ IGCSE: Reading, Writing,

■■ IELTS: Listening
and Academic
SPEAKING SKILLS
■■ Describing people
and places
LEAD IN
1 PAIRWORK Describe what you can see in the photo above.

ACADEMIC SKILLS
■■ Interpreting a graph Another Venice
Venice is sometimes called the eighth wonder of the world. It’s not only famous
for its beauty – the fact that it’s there at all makes it an engineering miracle.
Every year it’s flooded, and every year it sinks a little more. The magnificent
buildings that line the waterways are constantly eroded by both pollution and
5 water. The problem is made even worse by rising sea levels (which are caused
by climate change). It’s not helped by the crowds of tourists who go there every
year. In addition, Italian cities like Venice have the ever-present threat of
earthquakes too.
Learning goals Action is being taken to defend Venice. It will not necessarily be submerged.
10 However, no such action was taken to protect the ancient Egyptian port of
Grammar
Thonis-Heracleion. Like Venice, this magnificent city was constructed on
■■ The passive (all tenses)
■■ Passive with can, could marshland, intersected by waterways, and located in an earthquake zone. Until
recently, very little was known of this ancient wonder – except that it had been
and verbs with two objects
■■ Passive with say, believe, 15
covered by the sea over 2,000 years ago. Then in 1933 a pilot noticed some
underwater ruins as he flew over the Mediterranean. That led to the extraordinary
know, think
discovery of an ancient city called Canopus. Then, in 2001, and while Canopus
Vocabulary was still being excavated, Thonis-Heracleion itself was located. Archaeologists
■■ Buildings and materials were rewarded for years of research when divers found an enormous stone
statue which had fallen into the sea during an earthquake. The pieces had lain on
20 the sea bed for centuries. Now they showed where the great city lay.
Glossary This sunken city, which is three times the size of Pompeii, is of enormous
flooded : allagata significance. So far only a small part has been excavated, but already important
sinks : affonda discoveries have been made. Many things have been perfectly preserved, including
line : fiancheggiano stone monuments covered with inscriptions, which are invaluable to historians.
marshland : paludi 25 These amazing cities have many things in common – but let’s hope historians of
sea bed : fondale marino the future won’t be wondering what happened to the ancient city of Venice.
60 Unit 6
6
PRACTICE 5 Read the active sentences, and rewrite
3 them in the passive.
[2.08] PAIRWORK Read, listen and watch
the video again and discuss these questions. 0 In the future the sea will cover some coastal towns.
1 The text mentions two reasons why Venice is In the future some coastal towns will be
a wonder of the world. What are they? covered by the sea.
2 What are the main threats to Venice? 1 They have built flood defences in Venice.
3 What led to the discovery of Canopus? 2 Pollution is destroying buildings.
4 Which city did the statue guard? 3 Climate change causes some of the damage.
5 What caused the statue to fall? 4 Before they found the cities, they were just legends.
6 What are the main similarities and differences 5 People had described the lost cities in ancient
between Venice and Thonis-Heracleion? books.
6 They didn’t discover the ancient cities
GRAMMAR GUIDE for thousands of years.
7 Sea creatures, sand and mud were slowly covering
The passive: be + past participle
the ruins all that time.
Present simple: The waterways are constantly eroded 8 They won’t complete the excavation for many years.
by both pollution and water.
Present continuous: Action is being taken to defend Venice. 6 Write the questions in the passive.
Future simple: It will not be submerged. 0 Have they found anything?
Present perfect: Many things have been preserved. anything been found
Has .................................................................................. ?
Past continuous: Canopus was being excavated. 1 When will they publish the results?
Past perfect: It had been covered by the sea. When will ........................................................................ ?
questions 2 Who built the city?
active When did they discover the city? Who was ......................................................................... ?
passive When was the city discovered? 3 Did an earthquake destroy it?
Was it ............................................................................... ?
active Who saw the ruins?
4 Are they still discovering new things?
passive Who were the ruins seen by?
Are .................................................................................... ?
active Where do they display the discoveries?
5 How do they pay for these projects?
passive Where are the discoveries displayed?
How are ........................................................................... ?
To indicate the person or thing doing the action we use by.
7 SPEAKING In pairs, brainstorm what you know
about Pompeii and / or Herculaneum. Use some
4 Look at the Grammar guide and complete of the words and expressions below and your
the rules. Write passive or active. Then find own ideas.
examples in the text. ■■ AD 79 ■■ covered ■■ volcanic lava
1 In .......................... sentences, the subject of the verb ■■ Mount Vesuvius ■■ buried ■■ heat
performs the action. For example, They discovered ■■ volcano ■■ killed ■■ preserved
the statue. ■■ erupt / eruption ■■ escaped ■■ discovered
2 In .......................... sentences, the object becomes ■■ destroyed ■■ volcanic ash ■■ excavated
the subject. For example, The statue was discovered.
3 In a .......................... sentence, we don’t always say In AD 79 the city of Pompeii was destroyed
who or what performed the action (the agent). when / after ...
If we want to name the agent, we use by.
For example, The statue was discovered by divers.
4 We form the .......................... with the appropriate
tense and form of be + past participle.
Unit 6 61
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN 12 Match the notes in exercise 11 to these headings.
8 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. 1 W
ho Sarah Parcak is, and what space archaeology
1 Look at the photo of Europe on page 63. means.
How do you think it was taken? What does it show? 2 What she won, and how it will be spent.
2 How many countries, cities and towns can you 3 Why it’s important.
identify? 4 The start of the project.
3 What else can this kind of photograph show us?
GRAMMAR GUIDE
PRACTICE Passive with can / can’t / could / couldn’t
9 [2.09]
Read and listen to the text. and verbs with two objects
Choose the best heading.
affirmative and negative
1 An app that uncovers the world
can / can’t be
2 Archaeology in outer space past participle
could / couldn’t be
3 Archaeologist wins a million dollars
They can be identified from space.
READING STRATEGY They can’t be seen by the human eye.
Steps could be taken to stop it.
Take notes from a text
questions
In some exams you will need to make notes
from a text to summarise the main points. How can things in space be dug up?
■■ Read the whole text through to understand Verbs with two objects
the general meaning. (award, show, send, give, offer, etc.)
■■ Read it again and underline key pieces of information.
Active
They awarded a prize to her.
■■ Make notes of the key points – use bullet points.
They awarded her a prize.
■■ Read your notes again and make sure you can
Passive A prize was awarded to her.
understand them.
She was awarded a prize.
■■ Read the whole text again to check you haven’t
missed any key points. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119
IGCSE
10 PAIRWORK Read the text again. Decide 13 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
which the key facts are and underline them.
0 They can locate buried ruins using modern
11 PAIRWORK Look at the notes. Cross out the two technology.
notes that are unnecessary. ruins can be located using modern
Buried ��
technology
�� .
♦ Sarah Parcak – won $1,000,000 in 2016 1 What can they see with infrared photography?
♦ space archaeologist What ....................................................................................... ?
♦ doesn’t dig up things in space 2 They could find every archaeological site in the world.
♦ latest satellite technology – identifies things we can’t see Every ...................................................................................... .
♦ can’t see through solid ground 3 They can’t do the work without help from volunteers.
♦ spending prize money on massive research project The .......................................................................................... .
– smartphone game exciting 4 Volunteers will be offered training.
♦ project will identify where looting (funds terrorism) Training .................................................................................. .
happens + help stop it 5 Volunteers will be given photos.
♦ starting in Peru, at Machu Picchu Photos .................................................................................... .
(a wonder of the ancient world) 6 They have already sent photos to some volunteers.
Some ....................................................................................... .
62 Unit 6
WRITING SKILLS
14 Critical thinking Discuss the questions in pairs. LEAD IN

1 Is archaeology actually useful? If so, how?
15 Tick (✓) features that should
appear in a summary.
2 Would you like to take part in a project like this? Why / Why not?
full sentences
relevant information
What would you do with $1,000,000? That was the prize which Sarah correct grammar
Parcak won in 2016. It was awarded to her for her pioneering work the same style as the original text
as a space archaeologist. your own comments
✶ How can things in space be dug up? direct speech
No, she doesn’t dig in space! She doesn’t look for things above us – 5
linkers
she’s interested in things that are buried below us on Earth! They reported speech
can’t be seen by the human eye, but they can be identified from
space, with the use of the latest satellite technology. PRACTICE
✶ How? Is it now possible to see through solid ground? 16 Look at the notes about Yury
No – that’s still in the future! But infrared photography can show up 10
Gagarin. Join them to make
patches of ground where chemical changes have occurred. sentences.
✶ I’m not sure why that’s so exciting …? 0 first man in space – Yury Gagarin –
The changes are signs of human activity. They are mostly caused
Russian cosmonaut
by building materials. In other words, they show where people used
to live. Already whole cities have been discovered in this way. 15
The first man in space was
Yury Gagarin, who was a
✶ So that’s how she’s spending her prize money? On technology?
Russian cosmonaut.
Well, yes and no ... She’s using it to fund a massive research project,
involving ordinary people all over the world. It’s a kind of game,
1 born 1934 – family poor – managed
which can be played on a smartphone. to attend secondary school
Gagarin was born in 1934, and
✶ Sounds weird. What’s involved? 20
Volunteers will be sent photos of small areas of land. They’ll be asked

although his family ......................... .
to study them and report any significant signs. The results will be 2 joined army – 1955 – trained as pilot
analysed by Parcak’s team, and promising information will be followed He joined .......................................... .
up. With enough volunteers, she says the whole world can be covered. 3 very intelligent, fit, popular –
✶ Surely that’s a bit overambitious? 25 chosen for space programme
She doesn’t think so. The project is very exciting for historians – but Gagarin, who was ............................ .
there’s another reason why it’s important. Historic sites are frequently
looted, especially in war zones, and highly valuable items are sold WRITING STRATEGY
for huge sums of money, which often goes into the hands of Write a summary
terrorists. This study could identify places where this is happening, 30
The aim of a summary is to identify
and then steps could be taken to stop it.
the key points in a text / article
✶ So when does the project kick off? and present them clearly
It already has! They’re starting in Peru and looking at the land around
in a shorter text.
the ancient city of Machu Picchu. It’s already one of the wonders
of the ancient world, but there’s a lot more waiting underground. 35
■■ It is based on notes taken
from the original text.
■■ It includes only key points,
to reflect the core message
Glossary of the original text.
uncovers : mette a nudo ■■ It is written in full sentences
buried : seppellite and the style should match that
looted : depredati of the original text.
kick off : inizia
IGCSE
Unit 6 63
VOCABULARY
Buildings and materials
1 The buildings in these photos are considered
some of the most beautiful in the world. Do you
agree? Which one is your favourite? Why?
2 Think of your own town or city. Which are The Shard, London
ilia, Barcelona
La Sagrada Fam
your favourite and least favourite buildings? Why?
Wat Rong Khun (White Temple), Thailand Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Taj Mahal, India
18 Look at the list of materials. Use a dictionary 20 Read the information on raw materials.
to check their meanings. Think of some items Then tick (✓) the raw materials.
that are made of these materials.
Raw materials are the basic, natural materials used
■■ brick ■■ lead ■■ rubber to create man-made things. For example, wood is
■■ concrete ■■ leather ■■ silk the raw material for making paper.
■■ copper ■■ linen ■■ silver
bone glass rubber
■■ cotton ■■ Lycra ■■ steel
clay grass sand
■■ glass ■■ marble ■■ wood
coal mud slate
■■ gold ■■ paper (adj: wooden)
cotton nylon water
(adj: golden) ■■ plastic ■■ wool
(plant) oil wood
■■ iron ■■ polyester (adj: woollen)
diamonds plastic wool
houses, made of brick
clay – bricks
19 Look at the list in exercise 18 again and answer
the questions. 21 Look again at the buildings in exercise 17. Which
1 Which ones are fabrics (textiles), which ones are materials do you think were used to build them?
metals and which ones are rocks? 22 SPEAKING Discuss the questions in pairs.
2 Which fabrics are natural and which ones are
1 Which raw materials do you
synthetic?
think might run out soon?
Countables and uncountables What can be done about it?
2 Some people object to the use
■ Iron and steel are metals.
of these materials. Why? Do you agree?
Cars are made of metal.
■■ leather
■ Cotton and silk are fabrics.
■■ fur
Clothes are made of fabric.
■■ snake skin
■ There are lots of rocks / stones in the road.
■■ wood from tropical forests
The wall is made of rock / stone.
■■ ivory
■ How many bricks do you need?
Houses are made of brick.

SOUNDS
Describing people and places The /ɪə/ and /eə/ sounds

23 [2.10] Listen and watch the video. Who are the people 27 PAIRWORK Listen to
[2.11]
in the photo Joel and Anna are describing? a British speaker and a learner
of English say the same sentence.
Discuss the differences.
I fear the fare is very dear.
SOUND STRATEGY
Italian learners often confuse
the /ɪə/ and /eə/ sounds.
Practise making each sound,
mouth changes.
key expressions
28 PAIRWORK Listen
[2.12]
describing people describing places and repeat. Then practise.
The one with long hair? It’s massive. A /ɪə/ B /eə/
He looks familiar. There is / are … 1 ear air
He’s got … It’s got a swimming pool 2 hear hair
He’s the one standing in the grounds / basement. 3 tear tear
next to … 4 fear fare, fair
He looks like a film star. 5 clear Clare
He’s the one that / who … 6 beer bear, bare
7 dear, deer dare
24 [2.10] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key 8 rear rare
9 cheer chair
10 steer stare, stair
SPEAKING STRATEGY
11 peer pear, pair
Check facts
29 [2.13]
Listen and decide
Really? Sorry, what was that? if the word you hear is in A or B.
Is that really (his house)? What did you say (his name was)?
Are you sure? (Do) You mean …? 30 GAME With your partner
[2.14]
listen and repeat. Then say

Can you say that again? What do you mean?
the sentences very quickly.
Echo questions:
How fast can you say them?
‘It’s got a swimming pool.’ ‘Has it?’
‘He’s the one that won The X Factor last year.’ ‘Is he?’ 1 Clear air is very rare.
Question tags: 2 Look here, a pair of deer.
He’s the lead singer in that band, isn’t he? 3 It’s rude to stare but you can peer.
4 Never fear, we’re aware of the bear.
FIRST IGCSE
26 Now choose a photo of a famous person or someone you like.

Take turns to ask and answer about the photo. Make sure your
partner is certain of the facts.
Unit 6 65
LISTENING SKILLS
LEAD IN 33 [2.15]
Read the text, then listen again
31 You are going to hear about a human swan. and complete the gaps with a word, a short
Check the meaning of the words below. phrase or a number.
Which words do you think you will hear? In 1 .......................... 2016, Sacha flew more than
2
.......................... km. The temperature was sometimes
conservation, parachute 3
.......................... °C. She was often cold while she was
conservationist shooting in the air because she 4 .......................... .
equipment swan It took 5 .......................... for Sacha and her team to
habitat temperature prepare for this adventure. In order to take off, she had
hunting to 6 .......................... . She landed every 7 .......................... .
migrate, migration The whole journey took 8 .......................... and in that
motor time she crossed 9 .......................... . She met some
school children who were 10 .......................... .
The worst part was when she 11 ..........................,
and had to go to hospital.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Passive with say, believe, know, think
■■ It is often said that birds are free.
■■ Birds are often said to be free.
■■ It is known that their numbers have declined.
■■ Their numbers are known to have declined.
■■ It is believed that birds face more threats now
than in the past.
PRACTICE ■■ Birds are believed to face more threats now
32 PAIRWORK Listen to the talk
[2.15] than in the past.
and answer the questions. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119
1 What is Sacha Dench’s job?
2 What was she studying? Why? 34 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
3 Where do the swans start and finish their journey? 0 People think that climate change affects the birds.
4 What did Sacha do? How did she do it? thought that climate change affects
A It is ..................................................................................
5 The speaker mentions two things that were the birds .
........................
necessary before she set off. What were they? is thought to affect
B Climate change ........................................................
the birds
........................ .
LISTENING STRATEGY 1 We know that some birds are shot by hunters.
Listen and fill in sentences A It ................................................................................... .
B Some birds ................................................................. .
In these tasks you are listening for details. It is
2 They say that swans sing before they die.
essential to read the whole sentence and think about
A It ................................................................................... .
which word or expression could fill the gap. It will
B Swans .......................................................................... .
help you focus on what’s important.
3 People know that some birds die during storms.
■■ Underline the keywords in each sentence. A It ................................................................................... .
■■ Anticipate the kind of answer you need, e.g., is it B Some birds ................................................................. .
one word, more than one word, a number, a date? 4 We believe Sacha Dench was the first person to fly
■■ Listen and note down your answers. with swans.
■■ Then listen again and check. A It ................................................................................... .
FIRST IGCSE IELTS B Sacha Dench ............................................................. .
66 Unit 6
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Interpreting a graph ACADEMIC STRATEGY
LEAD IN Graphs are a visual way of presenting information.
35 Read the information and discuss why this kind You need to transform this information into words.
of information is important. ■■ Make sure you understand the purpose
of the graph. That is also the purpose of your text.
2011 EU CENSUS ■■ Use clear, formal language and only include
In 2011 there was a census in every country across relevant information.
the European Union. Every household received a form ■■ Read it again – could you draw a graph from your text?
with questions about the people who lived there.
IELTS
The aim of the census was not only to count
ics
the population. It was also to record the demograph 37 [2.16]
Complete the summary of the graph
(for example, age, sex, marital status) as well as race, in exercise 36 with the words below. Then listen
religion, language, education, employment, etc. and check.
approximately ■ both ■ contrast ■ fallen ■
PRACTICE in ■ less ■ rise ■ slightly ■ then
36 Look at the graph below carefully and answer The population of the UK was 1 .......................... 58.8
the questions. million in the year 2000, and that of Italy was
2
.......................... less, at 57 million. 3 .......................... 2011
1 What is the purpose of the graph? there was a census in every European country.
2 What does the vertical axis show? It showed that 4 .......................... numbers had risen.
3 What are the lowest and highest numbers shown? The UK population was 5 .......................... about 63 million
4 What does the horizontal axis show? and the population of Italy was about three million
5 What are the earliest and latest years shown? 6
.......................... . According to the United Nations,
6 What does the red line show? the population of the UK will continue to 7 ..........................,
7 What does the blue line show? and by 2050 it will be approximately 75 million; in
8
.........................., by the same year, the population
Projected populations of the UK and Italy of Italy will have 9 .......................... to about 56.5 million.
(based on statistics from the United Nations, 2016)
38 WRITING Now write a summary
of the information in this graph.
Use the model in exercise 37 to help you.
Projected populations of Germany and France
(based on statistics from the United Nations, 2016)
approx. approx.
population population
in millions in millions
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
2011 CENSUS 2011 CENSUS

years years
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
population of the UK population of Italy population of Germany population of France
Unit 6 67
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the sentences with who, which, that, 4 Complete the relative clauses. More than one
whose, when, where or ‒. More than one answer answer in possible.
in possible. who / that has
0 A criminal is a person ......................................................
which / that / ‒
0 Did Jack like the present ...................................... committed a crime .
..........................................
you gave him? 1 Prisons are usually places ....................................... .
1 A university is a place .......................... young people 2 A sentence, ......................................., can be anything
continue their studies. from a few days to life imprisonment.
2 A vet is someone .......................... works 3 The sentence depends on the crime
with animals. ....................................... .
3 Is there a park .......................... we can go cycling? 4 It also depends on the person’s state of mind
4 I know someone .......................... father was ....................................... .
an Olympic runner. 5 Judges, ......................................., have to follow strict
5 I’ve lost the notebook .......................... I write down guidelines.
ideas.
6 A widow is a woman .......................... husband 5 Read and choose the correct option.
has died. In 0 – / the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
7 Autumn is the season .......................... trees lose British courts often sent criminals to 1 a / – new
their leaves. country on 2 a / the other side of 3 a / the world –
8 What’s the music .......................... you’re listening to? 4
– / the Australia. Some of 5 – / the criminals were
violent and dangerous but many of them were not.
2 Make one sentence with a non-defining relative
clause. Most of them never returned to 6 a / the country where
they were born.
0 David Bowie is a rock legend. He died in 2016.
David Bowie, who died in 2016, is a rock 6 Read the sentences and add articles where
legend. necessary.
a the
1 About 22 million people live in Beijing. 0 Last summer we had great holiday in UK.
It’s the capital of China. 1 We visited London and went on trip down River
2 Lady Gaga is a world-famous singer and performer. Thames.
Her real name is Stefani Germanotta. 2 I took selfie of myself with guards outside
3 My brother is really interested in campanology. Buckingham Palace.
It means bell ringing. 3 It was summer but weather wasn’t very good.
4 Zoe has an exhibition in London soon. I had to buy umbrella.
She’s an exciting young artist. 4 We went to see show in big theatre, and it was
5 Quebec City is a city in Canada. They speak French amazing evening.
and English there. 5 We all said show was one of funniest things we had
ever seen.
3 Choose the correct option or options.
0 Is this the book which / who / ‒ you were looking 7 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
for? Use by when necessary.
1 There’s a café near our school that / which / where 0 They’ve just cut down a big tree in the park.
I sometimes meet my friends. A big tree in the park has just been cut down.
2 I didn’t understand the text which / that / ‒ Luke sent. 1 Will the Prime Minister present the awards?
3 Summer holidays are a time when / that / ‒ you 2 The police are stopping motorists who are driving
can relax. too fast.
4 My friend lives in Edinburgh, that / which / who is 3 They use wood to make paper.
the capital of Scotland. 4 They’re going to deliver the parcel tomorrow.
5 Do you know the name of the person who / 5 Did they catch the person who stole your wallet?
that / ‒ invented the World Wide Web? 6 They haven’t recycled the paper.
68 Units 5–6
EXAM SKILLS
8 Rewrite the sentences using the words FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 3
in brackets so that they mean the same. 11 Read the text. Use the words in capitals to form
0 The manager was sent a complaint. (to) a word that fits the gaps.
was sent to the manager
A complaint �� .
1 They couldn’t prevent the floods. (be)
The floods �� .
2 People say that your school days are the happiest
days of your life. (said)
It �� . Everyone ONE
3 We weren’t given the correct information. (us)
The �� . CAUTION
4 You can see the moon clearly at the moment. (seen) VISIT
The �� .
5 They think the universe began with a Big Bang.
(thought)
It �� . RECENT
9 Correct the mistakes.
0 That’s the shop which I bought my guitar. where HISTORY
1 Cardiff, that is the capital of Wales, has an excellent
university.
AWARE
2 I don’t like films which they frighten me.
3 I’ve already eaten the chocolate that I bought it LEGAL
this morning. INCREASE
4 What’s a best film you’ve ever seen?
5 The Netherlands is the country which has
AVOID
a monarch.
6 Have you ever visited USA or Canada? THING
7 The most famous river in the India is the Ganges. THIEF
8 The new supermarket will be open by a reality
TV star.
9 I’ve been award a prize for my essay!
10 We hid behind the tree so that we can’t be seen.
10 TRANSLATION Translate the text into English. FIRST Writing Part 1

12 Write your essay in about 140 and 190 words.
Ieri sera ho guardato un vecchio film intitolato
Per un pugno di dollari, che fu diretto da Sergio Leone In your English class you have been talking about
nel 1964. È ambientato in Messico e parla di uno school rules. Now your teacher has asked you to write
straniero, che è conosciuto come l’Uomo senza nome. an essay. Use all the notes and give reasons for your
È il film che ha reso Clint Eastwood una star. Film point of view.
come questo, che erano molto popolari negli anni School rules are not necessary.
Sessanta, vengono spesso chiamati spaghetti western. Do you agree?
Sono stati chiamati così per due motivi. Primo,
perché spesso le persone che li facevano erano NOTES – Write about:
italiane, e secondo perché spesso erano girati in Italia. 1 why schools need rules
E, naturalmente, si sa che gli italiani amano 2 what students can learn from school rules
gli spaghetti! 3 (your own ideas)
Units 5–6 69
7
EXAM STRATEGIES
Glorious food
■■ IGCSE: Speaking LEAD IN

and Listening
■■ IELTS: Speaking 1 PAIRWORK Look at the photo and answer the questions.
1 What food can you see in the picture? 3 What are its ingredients?
SPEAKING SKILLS
2 Where does it come from? 4 Do you think it’s healthy?
■■ Giving instructions
2 [2.17] Read, listen and watch. What could be the simple secret?
The Secret of a Long Life?

What makes the small Italian town of Acciaroli one of the healthiest places in the
CHANGING LANGUAGE world? Out of a population of around 2,000, a stunning 300 residents have
■■ Gender pronouns reached, or passed, the age of 100. Why? How? There are a number of theories.
Genes Of course if we start life with good genes, we have the best possible
5 advantage. The centenarians of Acciaroli have inherited longevity genes. In other
words, if they had grown up in a different place, they would probably still have lived
long and healthy lives. But would they have lived as long as this? Probably not.
Geography This fishing port is famous for its clean water and unpolluted air.
LIFE SKILLS It’s also near steep hills, which the inhabitants climb regularly. These factors
■■ Time management 10 undoubtedly play a part. We would all be healthier and fitter if we breathed such
clean air and took such frequent exercise. However, these things alone do not
solve the mystery.
Lifestyle Surprisingly, despite their regular exercise, a lot of the elderly residents
of Acciaroli are overweight and a lot smoke! So here’s a question – how long would
15 they live if they were slimmer and if they didn’t smoke?
Diet Their Mediterranean diet certainly helps. They eat plenty of fresh fish, fruit
and vegetables as well as whole grains, nuts and olive oil. However, not all
centenarians eat a similar diet – for example, in Iceland, where life expectancy is
also high, they eat more milk products and meat. One thing in common is the lack
20 of processed food – perhaps if we cooked more from scratch, we would all benefit.
Rosemary The people of Acciaroli love this herb, and scientists think it might
Learning goals be the simple secret to their longevity. If their research
Grammar proves this theory, rosemary will probably
■■ Conditionals become the next superfood. If I were
■■ should / shouldn’t have; wish 25 you, I’d start eating it now!
■■ Mixed conditionals; when, Glossary
unless, until, as soon as
stunning : sorprendente
Vocabulary longevity : longevità
■■ Cooking grown up : cresciuti
life expectancy : aspettativa di vita
from scratch : partendo da zero
70 Unit 7
7
PRACTICE 5 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form
3 [2.17] Read, listen and watch the video of the verbs in brackets.
again and complete the sentences in your own hadn’t eaten (not / eat) so many
0 If we .......................................
words. wouldn’t have been (be) ill yesterday.
cakes, we .........................................
0 About 300 residents of Acciaroli are ........................... a hundred, 1 These days, Tom only ....................................... (go) to
or older .
.................. restaurants if there ....................................... (be) a
1 It’s an advantage if we inherit ..................................... . vegetarian menu.
2 The environment is healthy because .......................... 2 If someone offered you raw fish,
............................................................................................ . ....................................... (you / eat) it?
3 The region is hilly, so ..................................................... . 3 You’ll get fat if you ....................................... (have) too
4 Their lifestyle is not entirely healthy because ........... much junk food and .......................................
............................................................................................ . (not / take) regular exercise.
5 Neither the Mediterranean nor the Icelandic diet 4 If I ....................................... (be) on holiday now, I’d be
............................................................................................ . on the beach with an ice cream.
6 The residents of Acciaroli often cook with ................. 5 The biscuits ....................................... (disappear) fast
............................................................................................ . if I hadn’t hidden them from the children.
6 If you ....................................... (see) a pineapple
GRAMMAR GUIDE in the supermarket, will you buy it, please?
7 I ....................................... (cook) dinner last night
Conditionals
if you ....................................... (ask) me to – but you
zero If we start life with good genes, we have the
didn’t.
best possible advantage.
8 If you ....................................... (eat) too much sugar,
first If their research proves this theory, rosemary it’s bad for your teeth.
will probably become the next superfood. 9 If I ....................................... (be) you,
second We would all be healthier and fitter if we I ....................................... (not / eat) that cheese.
breathed such clean air. It’s green!
third If they had grown up in a different place, they 10 Wow! That pizza was really expensive!
would probably still have lived long and ....................................... (you / order) it if you
healthy lives. ....................................... (notice) the price?
6 PAIRWORK Read the situations. How many
conditional sentences can you make?
4 Complete the rules. Write zero, first, second 1 Frank missed school yesterday. He had an upset
or third. stomach.
1 We use the .......................... conditional to talk about 2 Sarah wants to make a cake. She hasn’t got any flour.
events or situations that always have the same 3 Amy wanted to cook from scratch but she didn’t
consequences, e.g., If you heat ice, it melts. have time. She had a ready meal.
4 Nick dreams of becoming a chef. He hopes he’ll get
2 We use the .......................... conditional to talk about
on a training course.
possible future events or situations, e.g., If it rains,
5 Mike is allergic to nuts. He needs to ask about
I’ll need an umbrella.
the ingredients of a takeaway meal.
3 We use the .......................... conditional to talk about
6 Kate isn’t sure the supermarket will have
imaginary or unlikely events or situations
all the vegetables she needs. There’s a market
(in the present or future), e.g., If I won the lottery,
a little further away.
I’d buy a private jet.
4 We use the .......................... conditional to talk about 7 SPEAKING In pairs, discuss the questions.
imaginary and impossible events or situations 1 Would you want to live to be 100?
in the past, e.g., If my parents hadn’t met, I wouldn’t 2 If you would, what would it depend on?
have been born! 3 If you wouldn’t, why not?
Unit 7 71
READING SKILLS
Reality Bites
LEAD IN Look at a British TV guide any day of
8 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. the week, and you’ll find a range of
cookery programmes. They include
1 Brainstorm the names of some popular TV cookery 0 demonstrations
....................................., contests and DEMONSTRATE
shows. What are they like? 5 documentaries, featuring a mix of
2 Do you watch any of them? Why / Why not? celebrities and ordinary people.
3 Why do you think people like them? They cover every possible angle, from
1
.......................... to butchery, from BAKE
PRACTICE budget meals to cordon bleu, and they
10 cater for every diet, from vegan to
9 Read the first part of the text. Use the words
in capitals to form a word that fits the gaps. dedicated carnivore. Some are
2
light-hearted, even .........................., FUN
READING STRATEGY others are deadly serious. All this is

despite the fact that the average British
Insert the correct word for text completion 15 person is not 3 .......................... keen PARTICULAR
In some exams you will need to complete missing on cooking – at least not in practice.
words in a text. This requires both reading skills Reality shows are especially popular,
and knowledge of grammar. and some become ‘must-see’ TV.
■■ Read the whole text to understand the general Some are 4 .......................... in which COMPETE
20 one contestant is eliminated each week.
meaning.
In others, the contestants themselves
■■ Look at each gap and think about what kind
decide the 5 .......................... . In one WIN
of word it could be (e.g., a verb, a noun, an
such show, they take turns to host a
adjective, an adverb). Remember to read the whole
dinner party, and award each other
sentence before you decide. 25 marks out of ten. Part of the
■■ Use the stem word provided and change it so programme’s appeal lies in our
that it fits grammatically and makes sense. 6
.......................... curiosity – the NATURE
■■ Always read the sentence again to check. cameras let us into private homes and
FIRST kitchens. However, it’s mainly popular
30 because of the 7 .........................., AMUSE
10 [2.18]
Now read and listen to the whole text. sarcastic comments made by the
Check your answers. Who enjoyed 8
.......................... . Do the contestants NARRATE
the competition? ever wish they hadn’t taken part?
We asked a few …
1 According to the text, British people often like
cookery shows
A and cooking. B but not cooking. GRAMMAR GUIDE
2 The most popular shows feature
should / shouldn’t have; wish
A ordinary people.
should / shouldn’t have
B celebrities and ordinary people.
I should have listened to my friends.
3 The public enjoy them because they’re
I shouldn’t have gone on the show.
A entertaining. B educational.
4 Johnny didn’t wish
A have a good time. B cook very well. About the present:
5 Kylie thinks I wish I had the chance to do it again.
A she deserved to win. B her friends were wrong. About the past:
6 Greg wishes Do the contestants ever wish they hadn’t taken part?
A he hadn’t gone on the show.
B he’d cooked something different.
72 Unit 7
WRITING SKILLS
LEAD IN
14 Imagine you’re reading online
restaurant reviews. Which of
these points would influence you?
The food is delicious.

It’s always busy – you have to book.
The service is slow.
The waiters are very friendly.
It’s cheap.
The reviewer didn’t like the decor.
It serves local specialities.
It’s expensive but special.
PRACTICE
15 Complete the text with the words
I’m not a very good cook so I shouldn’t have gone on the show.
below.
I came last, but I don’t regret it. It was fun and I met some criticise ■ grammar ■ informal ■
really nice people. I also learnt quite a lot about cooking. positive ■ short ■ spelling
Who knows, I might do it again one day! Johnny Davis
When you write an online review,
use an 1 .......................... style.
Anybody can read it, so make sure
Well, I wish I could say I enjoyed it – but I didn’t, to be your 2 .......................... and 3 ..........................
honest. I felt really stupid cooking, and then eating, in front are accurate. Keep it 4 ..........................
of a camera crew, and I didn’t like the other people. I should and to the point – and remember,
have listened to my friends – they told me not to do it.
reviews don’t always have
Did I win? No, but I should have done! Kylie Stewart
to 5 .......................... – they can be
6
.......................... too.
I didn’t win – in fact I made a terrible mess of it. I shouldn’t have
tried out a new recipe. It ended up in the bin – very embarrassing!
WRITING STRATEGY
I really think I would have won if I’d done something simpler. Write an online review
I wish I had the chance to do it again. Greg Show An online review contains positive
and / or negative opinions,
for example of a restaurant
12 Read the situations and write sentences using the verbs in brackets. or a hotel, based on firsthand
0 I went on the show but I regret it. (wish) experience. These reviews are
I wish I hadn’t gone on the show. important to businesses because
1 We didn’t make a shopping list – what a mistake! (should) they can influence future customers.
2 Jack would like to know how to cook. (wishes) ■■ Online reviews are usually short.
3 You did the washing-up, although I asked you not to. (shouldn’t) ■■ They use informal language
4 Oh dear, Sam didn’t wash the salad before he served it. (should) and contractions.
5 What a pity. There aren’t many people here. (wish) ■■ They can be positive, negative
6 I didn’t use a recipe when I made the soup. It wasn’t very nice. (should) or both, but should include
examples or reasons.
FIRST
1 Why do you think people go on these shows?
2 Would you ever do it? Why / Why not? See WRITING EXPANSION page 256
3 Is it OK for programmes to make fun of the people who appear on them?
Unit 7 73
VOCABULARY
Cooking 19 Match the verbs in blue in the recipe
to the correct pictures.
16 PAIRWORK Answer these questions.
1 Do you like cooking?
2 Who usually does the cooking at home?
3 What’s your favourite food / dish?
4 Do you know any recipes? If yes, which ones?
a ........................................ g ........................................
17 Look at the photo and guess the meaning
of the words in bold. Then use a dictionary to check.
Apple Crumble
This traditional British
dessert consists
of cooked, sweetened b ........................................ h .........................................
apples with a
buttery, crumbly topping.
It’s the perfect
comfort food,
and easy to make.
18 Check the meaning of the words below. c ........................................ i ..........................................

Then read and complete the recipe.
breadcrumbs ■ cores ■ fork ■ handful ■

mixture ■ ovenproof ■ pinch ■ raisins
Ingredients
d ........................................ j ..........................................
• 3 large cooking apples • 1 .......................... of salt
• 140 g sugar • (optional) 2 ..........................
• 175 g flour of fruit, e.g., 3 ..........................
• 110 g butter (about 60 g)
Method
1 Preheat the oven to 190 °C. e ........................................ k ........................................
2 Peel the apples, remove the 4 ..........................,
and slice them.
3 Put the apples and raisins (if used) in a deep
5
.......................... dish and add about 30 g sugar.
Mix it all up.
4 Put the flour, salt and the rest of the sugar
f ........................................ l ..........................................
into a bowl. Cut the butter into pieces.
5 Use your hands to rub the butter into the flour 20 Match the food words below to the verbs.
and sugar, until it looks like 6 .......................... . Which words could match more than one verb?
6 Pour the flour 7 .......................... over the apples bread ■ broccoli ■ carrots ■ cheese ■ eggs ■
and spread it out evenly with a 8 .......................... . fish ■ meat ■ onions ■ pasta ■ potatoes ■
7 Bake for 35–40 minutes, until the top looks soup ■ tomatoes ■ water
golden brown.
1
fry 2 stir 3 chop 4 boil 5 roast
8 Allow to cool for ten minutes. Serve with cream.
6
steam 7 grill 8 toast 9
whisk 10 grate

CHANGING
Giving instructions Gender pronouns

21 Which of these questions and requests could you help with? 26 Look at the adjectives and decide
Which ones would you need to ask? if they are positive or negative.
1 How do you make a chocolate cake? funny ■ weird ■ lovely ■ good ■
2 Do you know how to call the UK from Italy? bad ■ nice ■ stupid ■ cool ■ crazy
3 Can you show me how to check in online for a flight?
4 How do you use a washing machine?
27 Do you think the adjectives from
exercise 26 are associated more
5 Can you help? My laptop’s got a virus on it.
with men or women or both?
22 [2.19] Listen and watch the video. How does Grace’s 28 Watch the video and check
attitude to Luke change?
your answers from exercise 27.
key expressions 29 Watch again and answer the

giving instructions checking for items questions.
1 Look .......................... . 5 Do you usually .......................... eggs 1 What do the top three adjectives
2 Make .......................... and and milk at home? associated with the word woman
serve .......................... . 6 What about ......................................... have in common?
3 First, .......................... and ............................................................. ? 2 Which words associated with men
break .......................... . 7 Oh, yes, good plan. are negative?
4 Then add .......................... . 3 What do some universities
in the UK now consider
23 [2.19] Listen and watch again and complete the key unacceptable?
expressions.
4 Why has the pronoun they
SPEAKING STRATEGY become more common?
Check information
CORPUS
…, was it? Did you say …?
They is now commonly used
Is that OK? Hang on, …?
as a gender-neutral third person
Would … be all right? Is that what you said?
singular pronoun. It replaces he
Could you just talk me through it. What was that again?
as the default pronoun when
Sorry, could you just say that again?
FIRST IGCSE IELTS talking about a person of
unspecified gender.
24 [2.19] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions ■■ The reader registers online, then
from the strategy box you hear. they download the app.
25 PAIRWORK Imagine the rest of the conversation. In recent years corpus data shows
Then practise the role play. a marked increase in the use
Student A: You are Grace. Finish explaining how to prepare the meal. of the pronoun they.
Student B: You are Luke. Note down and check what Grace tells you to do.
Unit 7 75
LISTENING SKILLS
30 Discuss these questions.
Mixed conditionals
1 Do you follow a particular kind of diet
We can mix third and second conditionals to show how
(e.g., vegetarian, vegan)?
a different past would have created a different present.
2 Brainstorm different kinds of diet you have
heard of. Why do people follow them? past condition present result
If I’d stopped completely, I’d feel better by now.
PRACTICE
31 PAIRWORK Listen to five speakers and
[2.20]
answer the questions. Each question is related

to one of the speakers. GRAMMAR GUIDE
1 What change has she made to her diet?
Time clauses with when, unless, until,
2 What does she dislike?
as soon as
3 What kind of food does he love?
4 Does she enjoy her diet? ■■ I won’t eat them unless I know they’re from happy hens.
5 Is his diet effective? ■■ I won’t eat any more until I get into those jeans.
■■ When I stop the training, I’ll need to be careful.
LISTENING STRATEGY
■■ As soon as my jeans fit, I’ll stop!
Link speakers to summaries Remember: unless = if not
In these tasks you hear five different speakers talking
about the same topic. You are listening for gist,
attitude, opinion, purpose, feeling, main points 33 Complete the sentences with the correct form
and detail. of the verbs in brackets.
■■ Read all the options carefully.
hadn’t eaten (not / eat) all that chocolate
0 If you .............................
■■ Listen for the general gist of what each speaker
wouldn’t be (not / be) ill now.
this morning, you ..........................
says.
1 Go and do your homework. I .......................... (call)
■■ Be careful of distractors – words that might trick
you as soon as dinner .......................... (be) ready.
you into choosing the wrong answer.
2 Thank you for the sandwich. I .......................... (be)
■■ Note down initial ideas but keep an open mind.
very hungry by now if you ..........................
■■ Then listen again and check.
(not / share) your lunch.
FIRST IGCSE 3 We .......................... (not / have) enough to eat
tonight unless somebody .......................... (go)
32 [2.20] Listen again and do the task.
shopping soon.
Each person (1–5) is talking about the kind of food 4 Tom is in the coffee shop. I expect
they eat. Choose from the list the reasons (a–h) for he .......................... (stay) there until it ..........................
each person’s choice of food. There are three extra (close).
letters which you do not need to use. 5 The cake .......................... (be) ready soon – when it
a a specific health problem .......................... (look) golden brown.
b ethical reasons 6 My mum .......................... (not / know) how to cook
c negative stories about food if Grandma .......................... (not / teach) her.
d medical advice
e worried about their weight
f pressure from parents
g pressure from friends
h wants to be stronger
76 Unit 7
LIFE SKILLS
LIFE STRATEGY
Tips for time management
■■ Make lists – Whether it’s a list of homework tasks
or a general to-do list, it will help you focus your
Time management thoughts, and you’ll feel great as you tick things off.
1 I have a very tidy bedroom. 1 2 3 4 5 ■■ Prioritise – Decide which things are the most
2 I always make a to-do list. 1 2 3 4 5 important and do them first – but be careful not to let
3 I’m always punctual. 1 2 3 4 5 other things stay at the bottom of the list forever!
4 I use a planner to organise my time. 1 2 3 4 5 ■■ Use a planner – It could be electronic or real, but a
5 I never leave revision until the week before planner will help you allocate time for each task.
1 2 3 4 5
the exam. ■■ Be realistic – Set yourself tasks you can achieve.
6 I always complete my homework on time. 1 2 3 4 5 ■■ Don’t forget to relax – Relaxation is not a waste
7 I never forget anything and I never lose of time! Include regular breaks and free time in your
1 2 3 4 5
anything. schedule.
8 I always get enough sleep. 1 2 3 4 5
9 I always do my homework and chores
1 2 3 4 5
before I relax. 36 THINKING FURTHER Read the tips. Now answer
10 I never run out of time. 1 2 3 4 5 the questions.
1 Which of these things do you already do?
1 = No, I completely disagree.; 2 = Hmmm. I mostly disagree.; 3 = I
partly agree.; 4 = Well, I mostly agree.; 5 = Yes. I agree completely. 2 What other tips could you add?
Assessments 3 Which of the tips seem most useful?
50–45 You’re perfect! Are you actually real? 37 TASK With your partner, look at the tips again.
44–35 Impressive! You know how to manage your time. Then do the following:
Don’t forget to have fun, though.
1 Make a list of everything you have to do today
34–25 You’re pretty normal! There’s room for improvement,
and for the next three days (e.g., school work,
but you have a reasonable work-life balance.
homework, activities, home events). Compare
24–15 Hmmm. Maybe you should start organising your time
ideas, but your lists should be individual.
a little better.
2 Number the tasks according to how important
14–10 OK, you need to start planning right now!
they are (prioritise them).
3 Design a planner for the next three days.
LEAD IN ■■ Day 1: today – divide the rest of the day into
34 PAIRWORK Answer these questions. hours until you go to bed.
■■ Days 2, 3 and 4: divide each day into hours,
1 Do you usually remember everything you have
from when you get up until when you go to bed.
to do, or do you need help?
■■ Put in things that are fixed or already arranged
2 Do you use any of these things to organise
(e.g., school times, after-school activities, etc.).
your time? If so, could you manage without them?
■■ Decide where to fit in the tasks on your list – how
■■ a smartphone ■■ a notepad much time will you need for each one?
with a planner app ■■ an alarm clock ■■ Look at your partner’s planner and make
■■ a wall planner ■■ a homework suggestions.
■■ a diary timetable 4 Use your planner for the next three days. Then
report back to the class on the following points:
PRACTICE 1 Was it realistic? Did you allocate enough time
35 PAIRWORK Do the time management quiz. for tasks, or too much time?
Compare your answers and assessment with your 2 Did it help you manage your time?
partner. Do you agree? 3 Would you use it again? Why / Why not?
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Planning and prioritising ✓ Unit 7 77

8
EXAM STRATEGIES
Speaking, Listening
All in the mind
and Academic
■■ IGCSE: Writing, Speaking, LEAD IN
Listening and Academic
1 PAIRWORK Describe the photos. What do you think you are going to read
■■ IELTS: Reading, Speaking, about? Guess some of the words you will see in the text.
2 [2.21] Read, listen and watch. What is a sleep cycle?
SPEAKING SKILLS
■■ Talking about habits ARE YOU SLEEP DEPRIVED?
You get up for school and already you’re tired. You struggle
to stay awake all morning and concentrate on your lessons.
Then by the evening you think you’re fine. You do your homework,
watch TV and hang out online. By the time you fall asleep it’s pretty late,
ACADEMIC SKILLS and the next thing you know … there goes the alarm. Repeat, day after day. 5
■■ Proofreading your work If you’re used to a sleep cycle like this, then you’re probably suffering from
sleep deprivation. You’re not alone! Researchers believe that about 50% of
British teenagers don’t get enough sleep. This is a serious problem. It not
only affects mood and concentration but also physical and mental health.
But how much sleep is enough? It changes with age. When you were a baby 10
you would spend more time asleep than awake (although your parents may
remember this differently!). Your need for sleep declines over time, but
teenagers still need about nine hours’ sleep a night – about an hour more
than adults. Doctors used to believe that older people need less sleep,
although recent research questions this. 15
The official record for staying awake was set by a 17-year-old American
student who, in 1964, stayed awake for about 11 days. After a few days he
Learning goals became moody and emotional, then he started to hallucinate. If he’d stayed
awake much longer, he could have died. It was such a dangerous experiment
Grammar
■■ used to / would + infinitive that the Guinness Book of Records no longer includes the category.
Although none of us is likely to follow that example, many of us are sleep
20
without to
■■ be / get used to + deprived. The problem is, we gradually get used to sleeping less. We
think we’re OK, and we’re used to feeling sleepy – but we’re
something / -ing
■■ Gerunds and infinitives (1) damaging ourselves. The good news is, if we sleep a little
longer every night, we will eventually revert to a healthy 25
Vocabulary sleep cycle. Perhaps it’s time to ditch those devices and get
■■ The mind to bed a bit earlier!
78 Unit 8
8
3 PAIRWORK Read, listen and watch
[2.21]
the video again and discuss the questions. be / get used to + something / -ing
1 What are the signs of sleep deprivation? If you’re used to a sleep cycle like this …
2 How does our need for sleep change with age? We are used to feeling sleepy …
3 What made a 17-year-old American famous in 1964? (We are accustomed to it, it is normal for us.)
+
4 How did sleep deprivation affect him? We get used to sleeping less.
5 Why wouldn’t you find his name in the Guinness (It’s something we are learning to live with, we are
Book of Records? becoming accustomed to this.)
6 How can we restore a healthy sleep cycle? – I’m not used to (hearing) traffic outside.
? Are you used to (hearing) traffic outside?
GRAMMAR GUIDE
With get used to we often use can’t / couldn’t or never:
used to / would + infinitive without to
I can’t / couldn’t get used to (hearing) traffic outside.
+ You used to / would spend more time asleep
I never got used to (hearing) traffic outside.
than awake.
– I didn’t use to sleep through the whole night.
? Did you use to sleep in the afternoon?
5 Complete the sentences. Use be or get used to
We use used to or would to talk about past habits. and the verbs in brackets.
We use used to to describe past states: 0 My sister has just had a baby. She .......................... can’t get
Doctors used to believe … used to waking up
....................................... (can’t / wake up) in the night,
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 122 and she’s always tired.
1 Tomas has just moved to the UK. He’s trying to
......................................................................... the rain!
4 Make sentences with used to or would.
2 Amy is hiking with some friends. Her feet hurt. She
There may be two correct answers.
........................................... (not / wear) hiking boots.
used to / would sing (sing)
0 At my first school we ............................................. 3 When we went to India I ...............................................
a song every morning. (couldn’t) the heat.
1 I ............................................. (believe) in magic but I 4 Tom’s starting a new job in a restaurant next week.
don’t now. The dining room is upstairs. He must
2 Before I started school, I ............................................. ............................................... (run) up and down stairs.
(go) to my grandmother’s house every day. 5 We had dinner at ten last night. I couldn’t sleep.
3 What ............................................. (people / do) before I .................................................................. (not / eat) so late.
mobile phones? I use mine all the time!
4 ............................................. (you / like) classical music 6 SPEAKING In pairs, read the situation.
when you were younger? I .............................................
Then make sentences using be or get used to.
Use ideas from the list and / or your own ideas.
(hate) it, but I love it now.
5 We ............................................. (play) ■■ language ■■ go home for lunch
in the street when we were little. ■■ wear school ■■ Italian food
There ............................................. uniform
(not / be) much traffic.
6 My grandparents Anna is from London. Her school day usually starts at
............................................. 8:45 and ends at 3:30 pm. She has lunch at school
and she wears a school uniform. At the moment
(not / live) in London,
she’s on an exchange visit, staying with a family
but they do now.
in your town, and going to school every day.
She’s been there for three weeks now.
Unit 8 79
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN 10 Read the text again and choose the correct
option.
1 Immediately after his accident, Reuben Nsemoh
1 What’s the best way to learn a language?
A could understand English but couldn’t speak it.
2 Why are some languages easier to learn
B couldn’t speak or understand English.
than others?
C could understand Spanish but couldn’t speak it.
3 Do you know anyone who is multilingual?
D couldn’t speak or understand Spanish.
What is his / her background?
2 Before his accident, Ben McMahon
8 Look at the headline. What do you think A had not been to China.
the text is about? B had studied Mandarin in China.
C knew only a little Mandarin.
D had a Chinese girlfriend.
3 Alun Morgan
A had never been able to speak Welsh before.
B was fluent in Welsh and English for a few days.
C interpreted for his Welsh-speaking wife.
‘We couldn’t understand D remained a Welsh speaker.
a word he was saying!’ 4 Why is Ben McMahon different from the other two?
Couple’s shock as son A He was a young man.
wakes up from coma. B He had been exposed to the new language
Strange but true – teen
becomes bilingual overnight! before.
C He recovered his English skills.
D He kept his new skills.
5 The writer concludes that
A learning a foreign language is easier
PRACTICE than we thought.
9 [2.22]
Read and listen to the text. Then choose B brain damage is not always a bad thing.
the best heading. C we know more than we realise.
1 What’s going on inside our heads? D scientists don’t know everything.
2 New phenomenon puzzles doctors 11 Critical thinking Discuss the questions
3 Breakthrough in language learning in pairs.
READING STRATEGY 1 Do you think it could be true that the brain

remembers and stores everything?
Deal with four-option multiple choice
2 Do you like the idea? Why / Why not?
In some exams you will need to choose the correct 3 What are your earliest memories? Why do you
answer from a list of options. Questions may focus think we can’t remember our first few years?
on detail, opinion, tone, purpose, main idea, 4 If a hypnotist offered to take you back to your past,
implication or attitude. would you accept? Why / Why not?
■■ The questions will cover the whole text, not each
section separately, so make sure you read
the whole text through carefully.
■■ Read all the options carefully, even if you think
you know the answer. Remember there will be
distractors.
■■ Read the whole text through again and check
your answers.
FIRST IELTS
80 Unit 8
WRITING SKILLS
LEAD IN
? 12 PAIRWORK Answer
these questions.
1 What kind of stories do you like
and dislike? Why?
2 What’s the last story you read?
3 Did you have a favourite story
when you were little? What was it?
4 Retell a fairy story from your
Imagine this: you wake up one morning and suddenly you can speak childhood. Use past tenses.
a foreign language, but you’ve forgotten your own language completely!
That’s what happened to a 16-year-old American boy in 2016. During
PRACTICE
a game of football, Reuben Nsemoh suffered a head injury which
5 nearly killed him. However, after a three-day coma he regained 13 PAIRWORK Complete the text
consciousness and found that he could only speak and understand with the words below.
Then compare your answers.
Spanish, which he had never studied. Within a few weeks, he was
able to speak English again. At the same time, his fluency in Spanish scene ■ climax ■ consequences ■
was diminishing. story ■ ending ■ main characters
10 Australian Ben McMahon had a similar experience. After a serious
When you are writing a 1 ..........................
car crash, he woke from a coma speaking Mandarin. Even more
or a narrative, in the first paragraph
astonishingly – he could also read and write it! Like Reuben, Ben
you should set the 2 ..........................
recovered his English skills, but unlike Reuben he didn’t lose his
and introduce the 3 .......................... .
ability to speak Mandarin. He went on to study at Shanghai University,
15 and also worked as a presenter on Chinese TV; he even appeared on In the second paragraph, you should
a Chinese dating show and met a Chinese girlfriend. give details and write about the main
Reuben and Ben were (and still are) young men. In contrast, events leading up to the
Englishman Alun Morgan was 81 when he woke up in hospital able 4
.......................... . And in the last
to speak only Welsh – the language of Wales, where he had not been paragraph, you should write
20 for 70 years. For a few days, he needed an interpreter (fortunately, your 5 .......................... and explain
that was his wife!) until his English came back to him, while his the 6 .......................... .
Welsh gradually faded.
These cases were all the result of some kind of brain damage, but WRITING STRATEGY
they have more in common than that. Each person had been exposed
25 to the language they suddenly acquired. Reuben had friends who Write a story
spoke Spanish in his presence. Ben had attended Mandarin classes A story is a narrative, usually about
at school, although he wasn’t very good at it, and had been on a trip the past, told in a way that will
to Beijing – but only for a short time. As for Alun, as a child he had interest the reader. The sequence
been sent to live with grandparents in Wales for a few years. of events must be clear and logical.
30 He heard Welsh all around him, but he had never spoken There is no rule for style, although
the language himself.
most stories are fairly informal.
Scientists cannot explain this phenomenon fully.
■■ A good story has an interesting
However, it seems that our brains absorb far more
opening, to bring the reader in.
than we realise, and store it away. If one part of the
35 brain is damaged, another part is activated and
■■ A story should contain intriguing
takes over while the damage is repaired. In short, details.
it’s increasingly clear that our brains are capable ■■ The end of a story should
of far, far more than we ever used to imagine. be memorable.
FIRST IGCSE
Glossary
consciousness : coscienza faded : si affievolì See WRITING EXPANSION page 257
Unit 8 81
VOCABULARY
The mind 17 Complete the table with words from the text.
14 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. noun verb adjective

anxiety
0
- anxious
What do you do when you’re feeling low? For example,
..........................
1
- confident
do you …
■■ meet up with friends? depression depress depressing /
■■ get some exercise?
2
..........................
■■ read a book? encouragement encourage 3
..........................
■■ play games, listen to music or watch TV? ..........................
4
meditate -
■■ go to an app on your phone? ..........................
5
- moody
..........................
6
- optimistic
15 Read the text and check you understand
the words and expressions in bold. ..........................
7
relax relaxing / relaxed
Use a dictionary to help you. ..........................
8
stress stressful / stressed
16 Read the text and answer the questions.

18 Complete the sentences with words
1 Describe the three techniques that the apps use. from the table above.
2 What are the main aims of the apps? 1 Shy people sometimes lack self-.......................... .
2 John’s cheerful one minute and low the next – he’s
Feeling appy! very .......................... !

3 Alison always thinks positively and expects good
These days if you feel low, there’s a wide choice of apps that can things – she’s a very .......................... person.
help. Some of them are simple games designed to train your 4 Parents sometimes have to .......................... their
mind. For example, you have to find one smiling face out of rows children to eat healthily.
of depressed or unfriendly-looking people, or pick out cheerful 5 My heart was beating very fast during the interview –
words from lists that move across your screen. Others send 5 it was very .......................... !
regular encouraging messages, or reminders to take time out, 6 By the end of the film we were really miserable –
or even just smiley emoticons. The theory is that apps like this it was such a .......................... story.
reinforce positive mind habits, encourage optimism and 7 My dog hates fireworks. Sudden loud noises
reduce anxiety. They aim to raise self-esteem, so that we .......................... him.
have more self-confidence and are less affected by peer 10 8 After a warm bath my little sister was
pressure. Other apps offer ways to reduce stress, such as .......................... and sleepy and ready for bed.
relaxation techniques like meditation or soothing sound 9 It’s normal to feel a bit ..........................
effects. Do any of them actually work? Can a simple app and .......................... before your driving test –
really alter our moods and improve our mental health? but if you fail, don’t get .......................... . You can try
The answer seems to be yes, a little, although they are 15 again!
never a substitute for proper professional counselling.
19 Replace the underlined words with words
from the text so that the sentences have
the opposite meaning.
0 Liam seems low today. cheerful
1 Does negative thinking affect our luck?
2 Relaxation is important for our physical health.
3 Social media can sometimes lower self-esteem.
4 Does background noise increase stress?
5 My exam results are very discouraging.

SOUNDS
Talking about habits The /e/ and /eɪ/ sounds

20 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. 25 PAIRWORK Listen
[2.24]
to a British speaker and a learner

1 How much have you changed in the past five years? of English say the same sentence.
2 Think about things you used to do that you never do now, Discuss the differences.
and vice versa!
Tell me again the tale of the men
21 [2.23] Listen and watch the video. What have Grace who sailed west to chase the whale.
and Luke decided to do?
SOUND STRATEGY
these two sounds. Practise making
each sound, and notice when your
mouth changes shape.
■■ tell /e/ your mouth doesn’t
change shape
■■ tale /eɪ/ your mouth changes
shape
26 PAIRWORK Listen
[2.25]
key expressions and repeat. Then practise.

talking about habits in the present talking about habits in the past A /e/ B /eɪ/
You never do anything I used to be quite sporty. 1 let late
remotely sporty. I used to go cycling with a club 2 shed shade
I sometimes cycle to school. two to three times a week, 3 wet wait, weight
It’s always too crowded. and I was in a football 4 sell sail, sale
People get in your way team, too. 5 rest raced
all the time. But I used to have a swimming 6 well whale
Don’t tell me you go swimming lesson every week. I’d go 7 men main
first thing in the morning? before school. 8 chess chase
9 tell tail, tale
22 10 west waste, waist
[2.23] Listen and watch again. Listen for the key
expressions. Who says them: Grace (G) or Luke (L)?
27 GAME Listen and repeat.
[2.26]
Then practise saying the

SPEAKING STRATEGY sentences as fast as possible.
Generalise information
1 Ten men will wait by the main
mostly never generally speaking red gate.
most of the time on the whole in general 2 If I’m late, tell Ted to stay
always as a rule generally in the shade.
FIRST IGCSE IELTS 3 Don’t wait in the rain and get wet.
24 PAIRWORK Read the situation and do the task.

Think of your life five years ago: what you were like and what you did
and liked. Use these headings: Sport, Food you liked, Appearance.
I used to play football when I was at middle school. Now...
Unit 8 83
LISTENING SKILLS
2 Many British people think
A they shouldn’t take naps.
B naps will make them age faster.
C naps are quite natural.
3 Which statement is correct?
A A 30 minutes’ nap is better than a 45.
B A nap that is longer than 45 minutes is a bad idea.
C The best length of time for a nap is 45 minutes.
4 A nap that lasts longer than an hour
A will make you even sleepier.
B will refresh you the most.
C is a waste of time.
5 Which statement is correct?
LEAD IN
A We should go to bed early and get up early.
28 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. B If you wake up late, you should stay awake
1 Do you think it’s a good idea to sleep for a few until night time.
hours (take a nap) during the day? C The best time for a nap varies.
2 Have you ever done this? How did you feel after?
GRAMMAR GUIDE
PRACTICE Gerunds and infinitives (1)
29 [2.27]
Listen to the information about sleeping
Gerunds
in the daytime. Does the speaker recommend it?
■■ Sleeping in the afternoon is often seen as laziness.
(as subject of a sentence)
LISTENING STRATEGY ■■ If you like taking a nap …
Choose the correct option (after certain verbs, e.g., enjoy, like, etc.)
In some exams, you have to choose the correct ■■ If you’re worried about losing concentration …
answer from a selection of options. This involves (after certain prepositions)
detailed listening and a very solid understanding Infinitives
of the information. To help improve these skills: ■■ People do it to avoid the heat. (to describe purpose)
■■ read all questions and the options carefully ■■ You’ll be ready to face anything. (after some adjectives)
(in some cases the options are part of the question). ■■ If you’d like to focus a bit better …
■■ listen for the general gist. (after certain verbs, e.g., would like, want, decide)
■■ be careful of distractors – words that might trick See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 122
you into choosing the wrong answer.
■■ remember the questions are about what you
have heard, not general knowledge. 31 Look at the Grammar guide. Then choose
■■ choose your answer. the correct option.
■■ then listen again and check.
Is 0 to get / getting to sleep a problem? Sometimes it’s
FIRST IGCSE IELTS
hard 1 to switch / switching off. Try to avoid electronic
devices for an hour before bed. 2 To look at / Looking at
30 [2.27] Listen again and choose the correct
screens stops us from 3 to get / getting sleepy. So if you
option.
want 4 to have / having a better night’s sleep, leave
1 People in hot countries your phone well away from your bed.
A take afternoon naps when they can. 5
To clear / Clearing your mind, read a book instead
B don’t need afternoon naps as much as they of 6 to stare / staring at a screen – and if you keep
used to. 7
to get up / getting up to find your phone, maybe think
C need air conditioning to help them sleep. about 8 to change / changing your relationship with it!
84 Unit 8
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Proofreading your work PRACTICE
33 PAIRWORK Find and correct the mistakes
LEAD IN
in these sentences.
32 PAIRWORK What do you do when you’ve
1 Sigmund Freud who died in 1939 was one
completed a piece of written work?
Read the statements and choose A or B. of the worlds most famous psyciatrists.
2 He was born on Austria and lived most of his life
I… in Vienna, moreover he has died in London.
1 A immediately read it again to check it. 3 It is said that his work are still very influential
B have a break and then check it. today, but actually I’ve got no idea if that’s right
2 A check it on screen. or not.
B print it out.
3 A use a spell check. 34 PAIRWORK Read the text. Find and correct
14 mistakes. Then check with a partner.
B use a dictionary.
4 A check everything, sentence by sentence.
B check it systematically. First the spelling, A dream I’ll never forget
then the grammar, etc. have
5 A read it quietly. When I was little, I used to having the same bad dream
B read it out loud. regular. I was siting on a bus and everything were fine,
6 A only check it myself. but then suddenly I realised I didnt know where
was I going. I would look at the others passengers.
B ask someone else to check it too.
They were all talking and laghing. Id try to ask for help
but I couldn’t speak at that point I’d get up.
ACADEMIC STRATEGY I haven’t had that dream since ages but I’ll never
Proofreading is all about accuracy. It’s important forget it. The dream was horrible, and on the other
because mistakes and errors affect how well the hand it was lovely feeling when I woke up and realised
reader understands the meaning. They also give it isn’t true!
a bad impression.
If possible, …
■■ wait a little while before you start proofreading.
You’re more likely to spot mistakes.
■■ print it out – after you’ve done a spell check
(but don’t completely trust it – always
double‑check with a dictionary).
■■ read it out loud.
■■ check things one at a time. These are the areas you
should focus on:
–– spelling: a good tip is to read the line backwards so
you see each word in isolation.
–– grammar, especially: tenses and verb forms,
linkers, word order.
–– punctuation, especially: capital letters, commas,
speech marks and full stops, apostrophes. 35 WRITING Now write a short text (about 100
–– numbers, names and other factual details. words) with the same title. Then …
–– style: Is it appropriate? Is it consistent?
1 proofread your text
■■ and finally, ask someone else to proofread for you
2 exchange with a partner
(but do it yourself too!).
3 proofread your partner’s text
FIRST IGCSE IELTS 4 check both texts together
Unit 8 85
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form 4 Choose the correct option.
0 If / When the weather is fine, we have / ’ll have
will be very surprised if he
0 Joe .......................... a picnic tomorrow.
wins
.......................... the competition next week. (be / win) 1 You won’t catch the bus until / unless you hurry /
1 I .......................... last night if I .......................... you ’ll hurry.
were asleep. (not / phone / know) 2 I’ll go shopping if / when school ’ll finish / finishes.
2 If plants .......................... enough sunlight, they 3 You’d understand your homework if / when you
always ..........................! (not / get / die) took / ’d taken some notes in the lesson yesterday.
3 Take my advice. I .......................... that top 4 If / Unless you didn’t join / hadn’t joined the gym
with those jeans if I .......................... you. (not / wear / be) last year, you wouldn’t be so fit now.
4 We .......................... the party last night if the music 5 Text me as soon as / until your train will get / gets
.......................... better. (enjoy / be) in, and I’ll meet you.
6 We’ll wait at the bus stop if / until the bus arrives /
2 Complete the questions and answers.
will arrive.
1 A If you could live anywhere, where
would you live (you / live)?
.............................. 5 Choose the correct option.
B I .......................... (stay) right here. 0 In the past, people ............. believe the world was flat.
2 A What happens if you .......................... (heat) A would B used to
chocolate? 1 I haven’t got used to ............. up early yet.
B It .......................... (melt), of course. A getting B get
3 A What would you do if you .......................... (lose) 2 Where did your parents ............. to go to school?
your phone? A used B use
B I .......................... (panic)! 3 We’re all ............. to looking for information online.
4 A If a friend .......................... (ask) you to lend him A use B used
some money, would you agree? 4 My sister and I ............. often buy sweets on the way
B Yes, but only if he .......................... (be) a close home from school.
friend! A used B would
5 A If the film had had better reviews, .......................... 5 It was a shock when my brother was born – I wasn’t
(you / watch) it last night? used to ............. a baby in the house.
B Yes, I probably .......................... . A have B having
3 Read the situations, then complete 6 Complete the missing words.

the sentences using the prompts in brackets.
0 Toby has left school now, but we .......................... used
0 I’m very tired today. to cycle to school together.
I hadn’t gone to bed late last night .
I wish �� 1 Jack’s drunk three cups of coffee, and now he can’t
(go to bed late) relax. He .......................... not used to ..........................
have gone to bed earlier
I should �� . coffee.
(go to bed earlier) 2 Which school did you .......................... to go to when
1 I’m hungry. you were six?
I wish �� . 3 I’ve got a new phone, and it’s still a bit strange.
(miss breakfast) I’m getting .......................... to it.
I should �� . 4 In Scandinavian countries, the people
(have breakfast) .......................... used .......................... extremely cold
2 I’m cold. winters.
I wish �� . 5 In the past, I met my friends in the park every
(have a warmer jumper) Saturday. We .......................... to play football
I should �� . and sometimes we .......................... climb trees.
(forget my scarf)
86 Units 7–8
EXAM SKILLS
7 Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets. FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 2
taking (take) his
1 John is nervous about 0 .......................... 10 Complete the gaps with one word.
exams. He keeps 1 .......................... (worry). I’m sure
2
.......................... (relax) would be better than Got a problem? We’re ready to help.
3
.......................... (read) his notes for the hundredth
time!
2 Mandy has decided 4 .......................... (join) a gym just
I’ve 0 .......................... moved to a new town
5
.......................... (get) ready for her summer and I really can’t 1 .......................... living here.
I used to have 2 .......................... of friends and we
holidays. She’d like 6 .......................... (be) fitter,
.......................... hang out at weekends –
3
although she doesn’t need 7 .......................... (lose)
but so far I 4 .......................... not managed to make
any weight.
.......................... friends here. 6 ..........................
5
3 8 .......................... (run) is a great form of exercise.
wants to talk to me. I didn’t 7 ..........................
Or, if you want 9 .......................... (avoid) to be shy but, honestly, starting a conversation
10
.......................... (breathe) in lots of traffic fumes, with strangers 8 .......................... really hard.
and if you don’t mind 11 .......................... (get) wet, I’m not used to feeling 9 .......................... this.
what about 12 .......................... (swim)? I wish we 10 .......................... not moved – in fact, I
should 11 .......................... refused to leave
my last school. Help!
0 My sister is interested on history and she enjoys
visiting museums.
in Oh dear, you certainly sound miserable. If I
..........................
.......................... you, I’d talk to someone about
12
1 I used to collecting postcards, and I’d decorate
this. Perhaps you don’t want to tell your parents
my bedroom walls with them. .......................... you feel – but how
13
.......................... .......................... phoning one of your old school

14
2 Are you ready go out yet, or would you like to stay friends? Sharing problems helps!
here a bit longer? I’m sure that 15 .......................... you do that,
.......................... things won’t seem so bad. 16 .......................... used
3 Sightseeing is fun but it can be very tiring unless to a new school is always difficult – but give
you used to it. .......................... time. 18 ..........................
17
.......................... friends never happens instantly. But it

4 I want to get a new case protecting my new phone. .......................... happen and when it
19
.......................... .........................., you won’t look back.

20
5 I can’t stop my sister from borrow all my stuff.

..........................
9 TRANSLATION Translate the text into English. FIRST Writing Part 1

11 Write your review in about 140 and 190 words.
Sono andata in Giappone la scorsa estate per andare
You read this announcement in an English-language
a trovare alcuni amici (che abitavano vicino a Londra).
website for young people.
Mi sono divertita molto, ma ho commesso degli errori.
Per esempio, avrei dovuto togliermi le scarpe prima di
entrare in casa (a questo mi sono abituata in fretta!). Rev iew s wa nte d! ST REE T FO OD
E avrei dovuto portare più regali. Fare dei piccoli regali .
Street food has become very popular all around the world
è molto importante in Giappone. Avrei messo in valigia great
Tell us about a street food stall in your town that sells
dei souvenir inglesi, se l’avessi saputo. Ma non importa – sh the b est
food. Why you would recommend it? We’ll publi
quando ci ritornerò, saprò cosa fare!
reviews on our website.
Units 7–8 87
9
EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Reading, Writing
and Speaking
Business rules
■■ IGCSE: Reading LEAD IN

and Speaking
■■ IELTS: Speaking 1 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
1 What do you think is the most common way of paying for things
SPEAKING SKILLS in your country — cash, card or cheque?
■■ Interviewing 2 Do you think this is changing? In what way?
2 [2.28] Read, listen and watch. Guess the meaning

of bartering and haggling. What is the difference between them?
Fair exchange, or robbery?

CHANGING LANGUAGE
As the English proverb says, ‘Fair exchange is no robbery’ – but what is a fair
■■ New words exchange? Who decides? Long before money was invented, goods were
exchanged by bartering. Instead of buying and selling, items of similar value were
exchanged. Usually, one side would ask (or tell!) the other to pay more, and they would
continue to haggle until they were both satisfied. 5
Haggling still goes on today, although it’s more common in some countries than in
others. In British markets, people often ask stall holders to reduce their prices (with
LIFE SKILLS
mixed success). However, not many people try to get a discount in ordinary shops.
■■ Non-verbal Bartering, on the other hand, had almost died out, although it’s coming back in some
communication
parts of the UK. Some local groups have stopped using money for certain transactions, 10
and started bartering instead. In this scheme, group members decide on the value of
goods and services, so nobody regrets paying too much or selling for too little.
For example, you might exchange an evening’s babysitting for a haircut, or a homemade
cake for a music lesson. This system encourages a sense of community, and is useful
for people on low incomes, as no money changes hands. 15
Of course, these days we’re much more likely to conduct our transactions electronically.
Whether we do it at home or in the high street, we don’t really need to handle money
any more. It doesn’t matter if you forget to go to the cash machine, as long as you’ve
remembered to bring your smartphone. It’s ironic that the ancient practice of bartering
and the very latest technology are both moving us in the same direction – 20
Learning goals towards a cash-free society. However, along the way, haggling is in danger
of disappearing. When we use our cards, do we ever stop to wonder who
Grammar
■■ Gerunds and infinitives (2) set the price, and whether it’s fair?
■■ have / get something done One thing is certain: soon, we’ll laugh
when we look back and remember using 25
Vocabulary cash – how very old-fashioned!
■■ Money and business
88 Unit 9
9
PRACTICE 5 Identify the sentences. Match them
3 to the reporting verbs. Then complete.
[2.28] PAIRWORK Read, listen and watch
the video again and answer the questions. 1 c ‘Oh come on, Amy, let’s go out.’ ‘Oh, OK then!’
1 How did people buy and sell things before they 2 ‘Could you give me a lift, Tom, please?’
used money? 3 ‘Remember to bring your sports kit, Sam!’
2 In the UK, who are most willing to give customers 4 ‘Open your suitcase, Mr Smith.’
a discount? 5 ‘Be careful. Don’t give your password
3 How does fair exchange work in the bartering groups? to anybody.’
4 Why does the system benefit the poor? 6 ‘Sit, Fido! Sit! Good dog!’
7 ‘Good morning. Open your books at page 10.’
GRAMMAR GUIDE a Rick reminded ................................................................ .
Gerunds and infinitives (2) b The Customs officer ordered ...................................... .
c They persuaded ............................................................. .
Some verbs take both the gerund and the infinitive.
d Joe’s father warned ...................................................... .
■■ For some verbs the meaning stays the same: continue, e The dog trainer commanded ...................................... .
start, begin, prefer, like, love, hate.
f The teacher told ............................................................ .
Some local groups have started bartering / to barter.
g I asked .............................................................................. .
■■ For other verbs the meaning changes: remember,
forget, regret, try, stop. 6 PAIRWORK Read the situations, then complete
the sentences. Use the prompts below.
Some local groups have stopped using money.
(The activity is finished permanently.) forget + buy ■ start + take ■ try + not / touch ■
Do we ever stop to wonder? persuade + change ■ regret + inform ■
(We stop one activity in order to do another one.) try + do ■ remember + not / make ■ stop + eat ■
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 122 try + call ■ warn + not / walk
remember not to
0 The baby’s asleep. Please ...........................................
make a noise.
............
4 Complete the text with the correct form of the
verbs in brackets. There may be two correct 1 The London train will be late. We ..........................
answers. you of a 30-minute delay.
2 Jack isn’t answering text messages. Maybe
buying (buy) my new phone. First, it started
I regret 0 ................
we should .......................... him.
1
.......................... (make) a funny noise, then it began
3 I don’t feel very healthy. I’m going to ..........................
2
.......................... (get) hot, and finally it stopped
junk food and .......................... more exercise.
3
.......................... (work) altogether.
4 It’s my friend’s 18th birthday soon. I mustn’t
I tried 4 .......................... (get) my money back from
.......................... a present.
the shop but I’d forgotten 5 .......................... (keep)
5 I didn’t want to go out. However, my friends
the receipt so they refused. Next time I’ll remember
.......................... my mind.
6
.......................... (go) somewhere else!
6 I’ve just painted the door. Please .......................... it.
7 The path is icy. We should .......................... people
GRAMMAR GUIDE
.......................... on it.
Reporting verbs 8 That crossword was impossible! I didn’t even
Reporting verbs, e.g., tell, ask, order, command, warn, .......................... it!
persuade, remind follow this pattern:
7 SPEAKING In pairs, take turns to talk about …
verb + direct object + infinitive with to
■■ a place you’ll never forget visiting.
Usually, one side would ask (or tell!) the other
■■ something you regret doing.
to pay more.
■■ a person you’ll always remember meeting.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 123 ■■ something difficult you’ve tried to do.
Unit 9 89
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN 11 Answer these questions by choosing from
8 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. the products A–D. They may be chosen more
than once.
1 Would you like to become an entrepreneur?
Which product in the text
2 If you could start a business, what do you think
1 was invented by a student?
it would be?
2 was faulty at first?
3 What do you think would be the most difficult part?
3 helps to keep people safe?
4 had a lot of competition?
PRACTICE 5 was laughed at?
9 [2.29]
Read and listen to the text. 6 was rejected after an unfortunate mistake?
Which business idea do you like best? 7 was not originally a business idea?
10 Read the text again and decide if the sentences 8 received some verbal encouragement
are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. from the dragons?
1 The dragons didn’t back any

GRAMMAR GUIDE
of the products in the text. T F
2 The suitcases can be pulled along. T F have / get something done
3 The swim fin is a toy. T F We use have / get something done to talk about
4 Shaun Pulfrey’s time on the show something that somebody does for us.
was a waste of time. T F ■■ Buyers can have them specially made.
5 Rachel Lowe’s idea ■■ Rachel managed to get her game advertised.
was inspired by her job. T F ■■ The inventor had his product mocked by the dragons.
READING STRATEGY
Match questions to multiple texts
12 Rewrite the sentences. Use the correct form
In some exams you will need to match questions
of the verbs in brackets, and by … if necessary.
to different parts of a text. Questions may focus
on specific information, detail, opinion and attitude. 0 I’ll pay someone to clean my jacket. (get)
■■ Read the questions first. Underline keywords I’ll get my jacket cleaned.
and phrases. 1 We’ll ask someone to remove the rubbish. (have)
■■ The questions will not necessarily follow the order We ..................................................................................... .
of the text, so read the whole text carefully. 2 A football broke my window. (have)
■■ Read each part again, and look for questions that I ......................................................................................... .
could match them. Look out for synonyms – 3 The dentist will check Sam’s teeth. (get)
for example, if the text says ‘He wasn’t happy’, the Sam .................................................................................. .
question might ask ‘Who was miserable?’ 4 The police took Tom’s fingerprints. (have)
■■ Look out for distractors – make sure the question Tom .................................................................................. .
doesn’t trick you. 5 The magazine published my story. (get)
■■ Read the whole text through again and check I ......................................................................................... .
your answers. 13 Critical thinking Discuss the question in pairs.
FIRST IGCSE What do you think a successful business person
needs? Consider the ideas below and your own
ideas.
■■ intelligence ■■ self-confidence
■■ determination ■■ money
■■ luck ■■ encouragement
90 Unit 9
WRITING SKILLS
Into the LEAD IN
DRAGONS’ 14 PAIRWORK Answer

these questions.
DEN! 1 What topics are you interested

in reading about?
2 Where are you most likely to read
Dragons’ Den is a popular British reality TV show. The dragons are five an article? (online? newspaper?)
wealthy business people looking for investment opportunities. The contestants
are aspiring entrepreneurs hoping to get their projects backed by a dragon. PRACTICE
The dragons ask searching questions and frequently refuse to invest. 15 PAIRWORK Complete the text
However, rejected businesses don’t always fail in the world. with the words below. Then
compare your answers.
A TRUNKI B SWIM FIN comment ■ conclusion ■
This company makes suitcases for This child’s swimming aid started
as a details ■ tenses ■ sequence ■
young children. The cases are on bit of fun, but it was soon a serious,
and paragraph ■ scene
wheels and are specially built so massive, business. The idea is simple
–
that their young owners can sit and instead of wearing inflatable arm The purpose of the first
ride on them. The cases are designed bands, the child wears a shark’s fin
1
.......................... is to capture
to look like animals, or buyers can on his or her back. It keeps
the
the reader’s attention, and to set
have them specially made to their swimmer afloat and also in
the
the 2 .........................., so start in an
own designs. correct position (and it’s still fun!). interesting way. Give the main
The original pitch failed after one of The inventor had his product mocke information and 3 .......................... in the
d
the dragons broke the strap on a by the dragons, who said it was uns
afe next paragraph(s). Use different
demonstration case. However, and silly. Despite this setback,
he
4
.......................... and linkers to show
the cases can now be seen in airports borrowed money from the ban the 5 .......................... of events. The final
k,
all over the world, and the dragons continued with the business
and paragraph is the 6 .......................... – for
probably regret not investing! achieved international success.
example, it could contain your
opinion, or a 7 .......................... .
C TANGLE TEEZER D DESTINATION LONDON
The man who invented this special Single parent Rachel Lowe was working WRITING STRATEGY
pain-free hairbrush was told by the as a taxi driver while she studied for a law Write an article
dragons that it was a waste of degree. She developed the idea for a
time. He is now a multimillionaire. board game in which players drive An article is an account
Shaun Pulfrey had designed a taxis around London. The dragons of something factual (but you can
hairbrush that doesn’t get stuck in rejected her business plan and told her include your own thoughts,
tangled hair. Unfortunately, he there were far too many other board feelings and opinions) written
offended one of the dragons by games on the market. in a way that will engage the
(wrongly) saying she’d had her hair Leaving the show with no help or reader. It contains:
coloured. Although nobody encouragement, Rachel managed to get ■■ a title that catches the reader’s
invested in his idea, the dragons her game advertised in London’s biggest attention
gave him some business advice, toy shop. After a few years, her game had ■■ an opening paragraph on
which he followed. become a market leader. the main events
■■ a clear sequence of events
■■ a clear structure: introduction,
Glossary middle, conclusion
backed : sostenuti demonstration case : tangled hair : capelli
wheels : rotelle prototipo di valigia annodati FIRST
pitch : lancio arm bands : braccioli board game : gioco See WRITING EXPANSION page 258
strap : cinghia afloat : a galla da tavola
mocked : deriso
Unit 9 91
VOCABULARY
Money and business 1

1 Do you think it’s a good idea for teenagers to have
part-time jobs? Why / Why not? 3
2 Do you ever do paid work? If you do, what do you
do? Do you enjoy it?
2
3 If not, would you like to? What would you do?
17 Read the text and check the meanings 19 PAIRWORK What are the people doing in each
of the words in bold. photo? Use words from exercise 17 and your own
ideas.
At some stage, it’s a good idea to open 20 Choose the correct option. Use a dictionary
a bank account. Then you can either to help you.
pay money in over the counter or, if 1 I need some money. Can you lend / borrow / owe
you have a job, you can have the me some?
money you earn paid in online. 2 Frank has earned / gained / won some money
They will give you a debit card which in a competition.
you can use in shops. You can also 3 There’s a £10 membership expense / charge / cost
use your card to withdraw cash from at our library.
a cash machine. If you need to 4 The supermarket has recently expanded / raised /
borrow money, you could try asking lifted its prices.
for a bank loan. However, be careful – 5 Nearly everyone who wants one now has a mobile
if you owe money to the bank, they phone, so the market is reducing / falling / shrinking.
will charge you interest. If you want
to go abroad, you can change some 21 Complete with the unused words from each
money into a different currency. sentence in exercise 20.
The amount you get will depend 1 A I’d like to pay my bill. How much do
on the exchange rate. I .......................... you?
B My dad had to .......................... some money
from the bank when he started his business.
2 A Since Jack started his new job, he’s
18 Read the text again. Then complete .......................... enough to buy a car.
the sentences with words from the text. B Since we went on social media, we’ve
.......................... a lot of followers.
1 It’s a physical object between you and the bank
3 A The .......................... of living is too high
clerk. It’s the �� .
these days.
2 It’s made of plastic and you use it to pay for things.
B Buying a new computer is a big .......................... .
It’s a �� .
4 A The school has .......................... the ban
3 It’s money that you can hold (coins
on mobile phones – they’re allowed now.
and bank notes).
B The business is so successful, it recently
It’s �� .
.......................... .
4 It’s a machine that holds money. It’s a
5 A Demand for sugary drinks is ..........................
�� .
because people don’t drink them so often
5 It’s a system of money used in a country. It’s a
these days.
�� .
B My mum is worried about her banking job
6 It’s the value of your money compared
because they’re .......................... the number
with a different country’s money.
of teachers.
It’s the �� .

CHANGING
Interviewing New words

27 Look at the list of words. Can you
22 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. guess which two words have been
1 Have you ever had an interview? If you have, what was it for? combined to make the new words?
2 Imagine how you would feel during an interview. What would you ■■ bromance ■■ guestimate
do if you didn’t know what to say? ■■ Brexit ■■ webinar
23 ■■ chillax
[2.30] Listen and watch the video. What kind of job would
Anna like to do?
28 Now look at the words below
and match them to words
in exercise 27.
chill ■ Britain ■ brother ■ web ■
romance ■ exit ■ guess ■
relax ■ estimate ■ seminar
29 Watch the video. Which words

from exercise 27 are now in the
Cambridge English Dictionary?
key expressions
Can / Could you tell me … What do you think about … ?
What shall I call you? Have you ever … ?
How can I address you? Can you describe … to me?
Tell me about … Why do / did you … ?
SPEAKING STRATEGY 30 Watch again and answer

the question.
Use fillers
What two words are the following
Well, … Oh, …
words made from?
Let me see, … Right …
■■ podcast ■■ edutainment
I think, actually, … Look, …
Let’s start with that. So, … CORPUS
That’s an interesting question! The thing is, …
Every year lexicographers use tools
I’m not sure, to be honest. I mean, …
like the Cambridge English Corpus
(Sorry) could you repeat that, please? How can I put it?
to study language use. A new word
FIRST IGCSE IELTS is added to the dictionary when it
is used in many different contexts
25 [2.30] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions over a period of time. You can go to
https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org
26 PAIRWORK Interview each other. Look at the topics and vote for words which you think
and think of questions and answers. Use the key expressions should go into the dictionary too!
and the strategy box.
■■ school ■■ favourite holiday destination ■■ travel

■■ future job ■■ town or city where you live ■■ family / friends
Unit 9 93
LISTENING SKILLS
LEAD IN 34 [2.31]
Now listen again and decide
31 PAIRWORK Look at the photo and discuss if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
the questions. Correct the false ones.
1 What can you see 1 Young Enterprise offers programmes
in the photo? for people of all ages. T F
2 You are going to hear 2 The speaker is describing a programme
about a scheme for school students. T F
called Young 3 Participants try to create
Enterprise. and run a successful business. T F
Can you guess 4 Family and friends invest money
what kind in the businesses. T F
of scheme it is? 5 Most of the groups make a profit. T F
6 Local businesses help the groups
by advertising them. T F
7 Individual group members compete
against each other. T F
8 Young Enterprise offers careers
PRACTICE advice to young people. T F
32 [2.31]
Listen to the information about 35 What helped you decide if a statement was
the Young Enterprise scheme. Were your ideas true or false? Make notes for each question
in exercise 31 correct? in exercise 34.
33 PAIRWORK Read the questions,
[2.31]
36 SPEAKING Imagine you are applying for a job.
then listen again and answer. What is important to you about this job /
1 Who is eligible for the programme described company? Read the topics below and discuss
by the speaker? in pairs.
2 What two examples of businesses does the speaker what work you are doing
give?
the kind of people you work with – your colleagues
3 What do the groups need to do first?
4 What example is given of what a proper business the amount you earn
does?
5 Who can the groups ask for advice? how much you enjoy what you do
6 What happens every year? how hard you have to work
LISTENING STRATEGY how much profit the company makes
Listen for detail: true / false questions if the company is green

To decide if a statement is true or false you need to
what you are producing or selling
listen for detail. To help improve this skill:
■■ read each statement carefully.
■■ look out for distractors – for example, you might
see a word you have heard (or a synonym), but the
statement could still be false.
■■ remember that you are answering according
to what the speaker says, not general knowledge.
■■ listen again and check.
94 Unit 9
LIFE SKILLS
Non-verbal communication 39 PAIRWORK Answer these questions.
1 According to the text, what are the worst things
LEAD IN
you can do at a job interview?
37 PAIRWORK Compare the photos of interviews 2 Does any of this information surprise you?
and answer the questions.
If so, which parts?
1 Who do you think are
the interviewers?
LIFE STRATEGY
2 Who do you think are Tips for a non-verbal communication
the candidates? Do …
■■ Eye contact is really important. It shows someone
you are listening to them. When you are speaking, it
shows you are sincere about what you are saying.
■■ Think about what you are wearing. Clothes are a big
3 How do you think
statement of your personality.
the candidates
■■ Make it obvious you are listening to someone
are feeling?
by nodding or saying ‘Hmm’ from time to time.
■■ Try to smile, but make it sincere and don’t overdo it!
PRACTICE ■■ Think about your posture: be relaxed but if you look
38 PAIRWORK Read the text and guess too relaxed, you might seem bored.
the meaning of the words and phrases in bold. Don’t …
Check in a dictionary.
■■ Yawn – if you are tired, try and hide it.
Going for a job interview ■■ Fidget, or play with your hair – you will look nervous.
■■ Fold your arms across your chest – this can look
In a survey of 2,000 employers, 33% claimed aggressive.
that they know within the first 90 seconds ■■ Wave your arms around too much – this can look
of an interview whether they will offer someone as if you are excitable and not calm.
a job. In the same survey, the worst mistakes ■■ Stare round the room – this will look as if you are
made at a job interview were: bored or not interested in what the person is saying.
47% having little or no knowledge

of the company 40 THINKING FURTHER Read the tips.
67% lack of eye contact Answer the questions.
38% lack of smile 1 Which of the tips seem most useful?
33% bad posture 2 Which ones did you guess?
21% crossing arms over chest
3 What other tips could you add?
9% too many hand gestures
26% weak handshake 41 TASK In pairs, look at the Life strategy again
33% fidgeting too much and the infograph. Then do the task.
21% playing with hair or touching face
1 Prepare two interview role plays. In each one,
the candidate makes three non-verbal mistakes.
Statistics show that when meeting new people the impact is:
Decide what the mistakes will be and note them
7% from what we actually say
down.
38% the quality of our voice, grammar and overall confidence
55% the way we dress, act and walk through the door 2 Then practise the role plays. (The questions can be
very simple – e.g., What’s your name; address; date
Statistics show that bright colours are a turn-off and: of birth, etc.).
70% of employers claim that they don’t want applicants to be 3 Act out your two role plays to another pair.
fashionable or trendy They identify and note down the six mistakes.
65% of bosses said clothes could be the deciding factor between Then compare notes! Did you agree what the
two similar candidates mistakes were?

10 EXAM STRATEGIES
■■ FIRST: Reading,
Conflict
■■ IGCSE: Listening
and Academic
■■ IELTS: Academic
LEAD IN
SPEAKING SKILLS
1 Look at the photo above and describe it. What does the sign represent?
■■ Expressing annoyance
What do the photos at the bottom of the text show?
Symbols of peace
ACADEMIC SKILLS The statue below, which is in Hiroshima, Japan, is a symbol of peace.
■■ Writing a conclusion There is a statue of the same girl in the Seattle Peace Park, in the USA. Her story must
surely be one of the saddest war stories ever.
Her name was Sadako Sasaki and she was born during the Second World War.
5 When she was two, a nuclear bomb was dropped on her city, Hiroshima. The little girl
was thrown right out of her house by the explosion. We can’t imagine what it was like
to experience such a thing, but it must have been completely terrifying.
Sadako could have died, of course, and tens of thousands of people did, but she
survived, along with her brother and parents. She seemed a normal, healthy child and
10 they can’t have known what was going to happen. Then, about ten years later, she
became ill as a result of exposure to radiation. A school friend visited her in hospital and
brought a piece of golden paper, which she folded into a crane. According to a Japanese
legend, if you fold a thousand paper cranes, your wish will come true. Sadako
Learning goals
decided to do just that, and started folding. Her wish was to live. She didn’t have a lot
Grammar 15 of paper, so she had to use old scraps which other patients gave her. She must have
■■ Revision of modals been a very determined child, because she actually managed to fold more than a
■■ Modals of deduction thousand cranes before she finally died at the age of 12.
(past and present) Although Sadako’s wish to live wasn’t granted, her
■■ Permission and obligation: story has inspired people all over the world, and
can / can’t, be allowed to, 20 paper cranes have become a symbol of peace and
let, be supposed to hope. Sadako’s brother, who was two years older
Vocabulary than her, has worked hard to keep her memory
■■ War and conflict alive. He travels around Japan and overseas, telling
people what happened. It can’t be easy for him to
25 talk about such terrible events, but he believes
we should learn from them. He hopes that in this
way we’ll be able to build a safer, more peaceful
future.
Glossary
paper cranes : gru di carta
96 Unit 10
10
3 PAIRWORK Read, listen and watch
[3.02]
the video again and answer the questions. Modals of deduction

1 Where did Sadako live? Present
2 What caused her illness? 100% sure must / can’t + be
3 Where was she when she started making 50% sure may / might / could + be
paper cranes? may / might + not be
4 Why did she do it? It can’t be easy for him.
5 There is something positive from this story. What is it?
Past
GRAMMAR GUIDE 100% sure must / can’t + have + past participle
50% sure may / might / could + have + past participle
Revision of modals
may / might + not have + past participle
Ability
It must have been terrifying.
■■ We can / can’t imagine what it was like.
■■ We could / couldn’t remember what happened.
■■ They were / weren’t able to save her.
■■ We will / won’t be able to build a safer, better world.
0 John’s lived in Milan for 20 years. Surely he must /
Obligation and necessity can’t speak Italian by now!
■■ We must / have to remember what happened. 1 Suzie isn’t at school today. She must / could be
■■ We mustn’t forget. at the dentist’s, or maybe she’s ill.
■■ You don’t have to remind me – I already know. 2 I saw Tom in the supermarket this morning.
■■ She had to / didn’t have to use scraps of paper. He might not / can’t be in Australia!
■■ You will / won’t have to fold paper cranes if you want 3 Anna’s finger is bleeding. She must / can’t have cut
a wish to come true. herself.
■■ We should / shouldn’t learn from these events. 4 Luke didn’t say much about the film. He must /
may have enjoyed it – I have no idea.
■■ The war should / shouldn’t have happened.
5 Kate walked right into a glass door. She might not /
can’t have seen it.
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form 6 Read the situations. Decide if you need
the present or the past. Then write deductions.
Can you see (you / see) him? ✓ = sure it’s true
0 Where’s Jack? ............................
✗ = sure it isn’t true
1 We .......................... (pay) for the concert last week. It
?✓ = maybe it’s true
was free.
?✗ = maybe it isn’t true
2 Sarah’s just got a bike so she .......................... (walk)
to school any more. 0 Emma has a broken leg. (✓ have an accident)
3 I haven’t finished my homework, so I .......................... She must have had an accident.
(do) it tomorrow. 1 I can’t find my keys. (?✓ drop them)
4 My bike has just been fixed, so I .......................... 2 The baby’s crying. We’ve just fed her. (✗ be hungry)
(ride) it tomorrow. 3 I texted Emma but she hasn’t replied. (?✗ get it)
5 I’m sorry, I .......................... (take) your book without 4 The film is sold out – there aren’t any tickets left.
asking. It was wrong of me. (✓ be a good film)
6 I gave up watching the film. I .......................... 5 Rob’s just got his exam results. He looks very upset.
(understand) it. (✗ pass)
7 Sam’s accident was serious but fortunately 6 My friend went to Las Vegas last month.
the doctors .......................... (save) him. (✓ be amazing)
Unit 10 97
READING SKILLS
LEAD IN
7 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
Disagree?
1 What’s happening? Have you ever disagreed with someone
2 How could we avoid situations like this? and ended up having a big argument?
1
............. Could you have handled it
PRACTICE better, or would it have happened anyway?
8 Read the gapped text. What does agree When friends fall out, there are usually 5
to disagree mean? faults on both sides – but it’s always a
shame when it happens. .............
2
9 Read the text again and decide if the sentences
are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Of course, it’s important to stick up for
yourself and state your own opinion. If you
According to the article,
don’t, it’s probably because you lack 10
1 arguments are usually caused
self-confidence, and you’re too afraid of
by both sides. T F
hurting other people’s feelings – you’d
2 confident people are more likely to worry
rather hurt your own! .............
3
about other people’s feelings. T F
3 aggressive behaviour always hurts people. T F The opposite extreme is to behave
4 it’s best to avoid disagreements. T F aggressively. That doesn’t necessarily 15
5 assertive people don’t mind being rude. T F mean you hit anyone – but it does mean
that you intimidate the other person in
READING STRATEGY some way, perhaps by interrupting them, or
by shouting. 4 ............. This kind of
Insert sentences into the text
behaviour never ends happily – if both 20
In some exams you will need to complete a text
people are aggressive, it could even develop
with missing sentences. This tests your ability
into an actual fight, but even if it doesn’t,
to understand the structure and development of a text.
someone gets hurt.
■■ Read the gapped text through first, for the general
meaning.
■■ Read it again, until the end of the sentence after
the first gap.
10 [3.03]
Read the text again and put sentences
■■ Look through all the options. Look out for linking a–f in the correct gaps 1–5. There is one extra
words and pronouns that might connect sentence. Then listen and check.
the sentences before and after the gap. Identify
a In many cases, if one or both sides had behaved
any sentences you think might fit the gap.
differently, the whole thing could have been avoided.
■■ Continue in this way with the rest of the text.
b But be careful – it’s easy to think you’re being
Remember there will be one option you don’t need.
assertive when actually you’re becoming
As usual, look out for distractors.
■■ Try reading it through with your chosen options.
c On the other hand, if they’re obviously upset
Does it make sense? Adjust your answers
or out of control, would it be better to avoid
if necessary.
■■ Read the whole text through again and check
d Did you lose your temper and say things
your answers.
you shouldn’t have said?
FIRST
e This is known as passive behaviour, and it doesn’t
usually do you any good.
f You don’t listen to other points of view,
and you don’t really care about how the other
person feels.
98 Unit 10
agreeably!
WRITING SKILLS
Do it LEAD IN
12 PAIRWORK Answer the questions.
1 Do you ever read and / or write
So how should we behave? The best way is to be comments below the line?
assertive – in other words, to say what you think, but
25 2 Think of some more examples
also to listen to the other side, respect the other person of interaction between the media
even if you disagree with what they say – and stay and the public.
calm. 5 ............. Here are some assertiveness tips: 3 Do you think this kind
◗ Speak in a normal, conversational voice – not too of interaction is valuable?
quietly, not too loudly.
30 Why / Why not?
◗ Make eye contact – but don’t glare or stare!
PRACTICE
◗ Watch your body language. Try to relax, and look
friendly and interested. 13 Read comments below two online
about?
◗ Respect the other person’s feelings, and their right 35
to their own opinions. thread A What an interesting review.

◗ Remember it’s OK to say no – it’s possible to say it I wouldn’t normally think of going to a
without being rude. It’s fine to agree to disagree. photograph exhibition, especially not
on the theme of war. However, I’ve
now decided to get some tickets, and
I’m looking forward to seeing it for
myself. Thank you!
thread B I’m afraid I don’t agree that
because children play fight doesn’t
mean we should encourage it, and we
certainly shouldn’t let them think that
killing people is fun.
WRITING STRATEGY
Comment online
People often write their own
articles or reviews. Comments
might agree or disagree with the
Glossary
fall out : litigano
discussion. A sequence of
comments that form a
hit : picchi, prendi a botte
conversation is called a thread.
■■ Keep your comments short.
■■ Style is informal.
1 Is it ever OK to show anger? If so, when, why and how? ■■ Remember that anyone can read
If not, how can we avoid it? your post. So be assertive but not
2 Do you think boys are more aggressive than girls? rude.
Are they more assertive? ■■ Do not write in capital letters.
3 Do you think assertiveness is important? Why / Why not?
Unit 10 99
VOCABULARY
War and conflict
According to the classics, in ancient history, war broke
out between the city of Troy (which is in modern Turkey)
and King Menelaus of Sparta (which is in Greece).
Menelaus and his allies surrounded Troy’s walls, but in
spite of the siege, the city did not surrender. After ten
years, the Greeks pretended to withdraw their army.
Before they left, they placed a gift outside the gates of
Troy – it was the famous wooden horse. We all know
what happened next. The Trojans brought the horse
inside the city. They didn’t know that there were Greek
soldiers hiding inside the horse. The soldiers emerged
and attacked the Trojans, who were defeated after a
short battle. That’s how the Greeks invaded and
conquered the city of Troy.
14 PAIRWORK Look at the photo and answer 17 Check the meaning of the words below,
the questions. and place them in the correct category.
1 What does it show? Describe it. attacker ■ beat ■ blow up ■ bomb ■ bomber ■
2 What do you remember about the story? capture ■ casualty ■ civilian ■ defend ■ fight ■
fighter ■ injure ■ injured ■ innocent ■ invade ■
15 Read the text and check the meaning
peaceful ■ refugee ■ shoot ■ survivor ■
of the words in bold.
terrified ■ terrorise ■ terrorist ■ victim ■
16 Replace the underlined words and phrases victorious ■ wounded
with words in bold from the text.
People (noun): attacker, …
1 It’s important to have people who support you.
2 A blockade prevented people from leaving
or entering the city. Acts (verbs): beat, …
3 A fight started after the football match.
4 In 1066 a French duke (William the Conqueror)
forced his way into England.
Adjectives: injured, …
5 The other side were better than us, and they beat
us 5–0.
6 Waving a white flag shows that you accept you
have lost. 18 Complete the sentences with words
from exercise 17.
1 Non-military people are known as .......................... .
2 A person who has escaped from war is
a .......................... .
3 Aeroplanes are sent to war zones to ..........................
the enemy forces.
4 If you have done nothing wrong, you are
.......................... .
5 A person who has been hurt is a .......................... .
6 If you have won the war, you are .......................... .

SOUNDS
Expressing annoyance The /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ sounds

19 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions. 24 PAIRWORK Listen to
[3.05]
a British speaker and a learner

1 What kind of things annoy you?
of English say the same sentence.
2 When someone annoys you, do you usually tell them? Discuss the differences.
3 Do you think you are ever annoying?
4 Do you ever moan about people behind their backs? Watch the sheep chew the cheap shoe.
20 [3.04] Listen and watch the video. SOUND STRATEGY

Who are Luke and Grace complaining about?
these two sounds. Practise making
each sound, and notice the flow
of air through your teeth.
/ʃ/ the air flows out for a long
time, so you can control the
length of the sound (sh! shh!
shhh!)
/tʃ/ the air flow is short, so
the sound stops quickly
25 PAIRWORK Listen
[3.06]
key expressions and repeat. Then practise.
She keeps borrowing … Just because … A /ʃ/ B /tʃ/

He’s always coming … doesn’t mean … 1 wash watch
I wish he would / wouldn’t … And another thing, … 2 ship chip
You should see / hear … It’s just not on. 3 sheep cheap
It drives me mad. How come …? 4 wish which, witch
5 share chair
21 [3.04] Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the key 6 shoe chew
expressions you hear. 7 shop chop
8 sheet cheat
SPEAKING STRATEGY 9 cash catch
Sympathise and agree 10 shore, sure chore
Oh, tell me about it! Too right! 26 [3.07]
Listen and decide
I know! That’s true. if the word you hear is in A or B.
Same here. That’s harsh / awful / not fair.
Hard luck! Poor you.
27 GAME Play a game in two teams.
1 Use two pieces of paper. Draw a
22 [3.04]
Listen and watch again and tick (✓) the expressions symbol on each piece: /ʃ/ and /tʃ/.
from the strategy box you hear. 2 One person from Team A says a
word from exercise 25.
23 PAIRWORK Choose one of the situations below. Imagine you
3 Everyone in Team B holds up
and your partner have a similar problem, and practise a role
play. Use some of the expressions from this lesson. the correct symbol at the same
time.
Your neighbours …
4 Then swap round. Go as fast
■■ play loud music late at night. ■■ have an unfriendly dog. as you can.
■■ have a baby that cries all the time. ■■ are very noisy. 5 The team that gets the most right
■■ are always shouting at each other. ■■ are rude. in the fastest time wins.
Unit 10 101
LISTENING SKILLS
A B C D
LEAD IN
GRAMMAR GUIDE
28 PAIRWORK Look at the pictures and describe
where the people are and what they are doing. Permission and obligation: can / can’t,
Guess what they’re saying. be allowed to, let, be supposed to
Permission: you have / don’t have permission
PRACTICE ■■ You can / can’t take your bike.
29 [3.08]
Listen to four short recordings. Match ■■ Eating is / isn’t allowed in here.
them to the correct pictures from exercise 28. ■■ You are / are not allowed to eat in here.
■■ My parents will / won’t let me go out.
LISTENING STRATEGY
Obligation: you are expected (not) to do it
Listen for detail ■■ I am / am not supposed to stay at home.
In some exams, you hear several short recordings See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 124
and then answer open questions about them.
This involves listening for detail. To help improve this 31 Transform the sentences so that the second
skill: sentence means the same as the first.
■■ read each question carefully. Use the verbs in brackets.
■■ underline keywords, for example how, why, when.
0 Do not walk on the grass! (allowed)
They will help you focus on what to listen for.
on the grass is not allowed .
Walking ............................................................
■■ remember, you will hear some unnecessary
1 We should do at least two hours’ work every
information – don’t be distracted.
evening. (supposed)
■■ listen out for numbers and spellings.
We ..................................................................................... .
■■ don’t answer in sentences – just a few words
2 They don’t let us use our phones. (allowed)
(no more than three).
We ..................................................................................... .
■■ try to answer each pair of questions in the pauses
3 You shouldn’t really wear jeans to an interview.
between recordings. Then listen again and check.
(supposed)
FIRST IGCSE You .................................................................................... .
4 We don’t let people bring dogs into the restaurant.
30 [3.08]
Now listen again and answer (can’t)
the questions. Write no more than three
You .................................................................................... .
words for each answer.
5 I have permission to take photos. (allowed)
1 A Where does the boy want to go? I .......................................................................................... .
B Which train can he travel on?
2 A What does the girl ask for? 32 SPEAKING Discuss the question in pairs.
B What is she told not to do? Look at the list of things that can be bad for us. Should we
3 A What is Kim doing tonight? be allowed to do them as much as we like, or should they be
B What does Kim suggest that Mandy does? regulated?
4 A What is Emma trying to do? ■ drinking alcohol ■ sunbathing ■ listening to very
B Does Toby think she’s right? ■ eating junk food ■ smoking loud music
102 Unit 10
ACADEMIC SKILLS
Writing a conclusion PRACTICE
34 Look at the title, introduction and conclusion
LEAD IN below. Complete the gaps with words
33 Look at the titles of essay questions below and expressions from the strategy box.
and the notes. Tick (✓) the items that
ified.’
should be in the final paragraph (the conclusion) ‘War is never just
of each essay. Do you agree?
1 ‘War is never justified.’ Do you agree? Introduction ver
ople to say that war is ne
your opinion It is easy for ordinary pe o have
harder for the people wh
other viewpoints justified, but it’s much the re are
However, even though
arguments for and against to make the decisions. war
ts in favour of going to
a reference back to the first paragraph a lot of strong argumen ver right.
I still believe it is ne
(the introduction) and / or the title in some circumstances,
Paragraph 2 …
Paragraph 3 …
a summary of points
Conclusion be
lieve that war can never
2 Write about your favourite place. 1
.........................., I be le
ngs worse and more peop
a detailed description justified. War makes thi le
although many peop
reasons why you like it die. 2 .........................., ople
.................., killing pe
disagree with me, ........
3
memories of the place
is always wrong.
a summary
a reference back to the first paragraph
(the introduction) and / or the title
3 Write an article about sports facilities in your town.
a summary
explanation of who uses them
details about the good points and bad points
your own viewpoint
ACADEMIC STRATEGY 35 WRITING Complete the following tasks in pairs.

1 Read the essay title below and the first part of the
The conclusion of an essay should contain a brief
Introduction.
summary of the main points, and your personal
2 Make some notes for the rest of the Introduction
opinion with a quick justification for it. It does not
have to be more than a few sentences long.
3 Then make notes for paragraphs 2 and 3.
■■ Useful phrases for the beginning of the concluding
Title: Do video games have a bad effect on teenagers?
paragraph include: to conclude, in conclusion, to
What do you think?
sum up. Note: Do not begin the conclusion with
Introduction: Many people say that video games are
Finally, … (this goes in the main part of the essay,
bad for teenagers, for lots of reasons. On the other
hand, there are plenty of people who believe that
■■ These words and expressions are also useful
adolescents can benefit from them. […]
in a conclusion: in my opinion, I think, I believe, on
Paragraph 2 …
the one hand … on the other hand, however, but,
Paragraph 3 …
although, even though, while, despite, moreover,
therefore, for this reason. 36 WRITING Now write the conclusion of the essay
■■ If appropriate, try to echo what you have written in exercise 35. Follow the steps below.
in the opening paragraph, and / or the title 1 Think of your main points.
of the essay. 2 Give a short summary.
FIRST IGCSE IELTS 3 Express your own viewpoint.
Unit 10 103
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Choose all the correct options. 2 Please stop .......................... (drop) litter on the grass.
3 Let’s ask Harry .......................... (come) to the party.
0 Tom’s forgotten ............. his wallet again!
4 I’ll never forget .......................... (see) the sea
We’ll have to pay for his meal.
for the first time.
A to bring B bringing
5 We all tried .......................... (understand) the story
1 I think I’ll stop ............. now and go to bed.
but we gave up!
A to read B reading
6 I told Jack .......................... (not / be) late.
2 Emma doesn’t really like ............. . She prefers
............. . 4 Read the sentences and complete the replies.
A to sing B to dance Use have or get something done.
C singing D dancing 0 ‘There’s something wrong with my bike.’
3 Do you regret ............. that email? have / get it fixed
‘You’d better �� .’
A to send B sending 1 ‘My hair’s too long!’
4 My laptop has stopped ............. . I’ve tried ............. it ‘Well, why don’t you �� ?’
off and on again, but it’s no good. 2 ‘Wow! Did you make that cake yourself?’
A to work B to switch ‘No! I �� .’
C working D switching 3 ‘Those trousers are too long for you.’
5 Please remember ............. your phone before you ‘I know. I’ll �� .’
go out. 4 ‘There used to be an old house there.
A to charge B charging What’s happened to it?’
6 I really hate ............. in public but I’ll try ............. a ‘The council �� .’
short speech. 5 ‘Where’s your phone?’
A to speak B to make ‘I’ve �� .’
C speaking D making 6 ‘Sue’s hair didn’t use to be blonde!’
2 Report the direct speech, using the prompts. ‘I know. She �� .’
0 ‘Stop!’ 5 Correct the mistakes.

police officer / driver / order 0 We tried to not make a noise but it was impossible.
The police officer ordered the driver to stop. not to
1 ‘Please don’t tell anyone!’ 1 I had to stop to play football when I hurt my leg.
Jess / me / ask 2 Does anyone remember to learn to walk?
2 ‘Oh, go on! Ask Tess out!’ 3 My brother has a tooth taken out yesterday.
Tom’s friends / him / persuade 4 My sister had made her wedding dress
3 ‘Don’t go too near the cliff edge!’ by a professional dressmaker.
guide / us / warn 5 Nobody reminded to get a ticket, and I forgot to do it.
4 ‘Follow me!’
officer / soldiers / command 6 Choose the correct option.
5 ‘Remember to take your key!’ 0 We’re under 18 so we mustn’t / don’t have to pay
my mother / me / remind full price.
6 ‘Don’t write in your books!’ 1 Our car broke down but fortunately my dad was
teacher / us / tell able to / could fix it quite fast.
2 Ssssh! You mustn’t / don’t have to talk!
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
3 It’s not fair. Nobody should / must work all day
without a break!
not to swim (not / swim)
0 The sign warned people .......................... 4 You have to / should show your passport before
in the sea. you get on the plane.
1 I’m sure I remember .......................... (meet) you 5 Children couldn’t / shouldn’t be rude to their
before. parents.
104 Units 9–10

EXAM SKILLS
7 Complete the sentences with the correct form FIRST Reading and Use of English Part 4
10 Rewrite the sentences so that the second
had to buy some
0 Before I went on holiday, I .......................... sentence means the same as the first. Use the
new clothes. (must / buy) words in brackets but you must not change
1 In the future, .......................... all diseases? (doctors / them. Write between two and five words.
can / prevent)
2 I .......................... a coat with me – I’m cold. (should / 0 You mustn’t dive into the pool. (not)
bring) Diving isn’t allowed in the pool.
3 Luke .......................... out last night, 1 A nail technician painted her nails for her. (got)
he .......................... his essay. (can / not / go – She ....................................... at a nail bar.
must / finish) 2 I wish I hadn’t eaten that huge meal. (regret)
4 I hope one day I .......................... several languages I ....................................... a huge meal.
fluently. (can / speak) 3 Smoking is not allowed in the building. (smoke)
5 My mother .......................... time off work when You ....................................... inside the building.
my sister was ill last week. (must / take) 4 She knows the rules so there’s no need to explain
them. (have)
8 Use the prompts to write deductions.
We ....................................... her because she already
✓ sure it’s true knows them.
✓ sure it isn’t true ? 5 I don’t think you are telling the truth –
✗ maybe it’s true it’s impossible. (be)
✗ maybe it isn’t true ? What you said .......................................,
0 Sara didn’t come to my party. in my opinion.
(? ✗ get the invitation – ? ✓ know about it) 6 The strong wind blew down a tree. (had)
She might not have got the invitation. We ....................................... by the wind.
She can’t have known about it. 7 Students shouldn’t really wear jeans to school.
1 We went to meet Lucy at the station, but she (not)
wasn’t there. At our school, students .......................................
(? ✓ catch the right train – ✗ decide not to come) jeans.
2 Rick’s dad drives a very expensive car. 8 ‘We’d rather not go out this evening.’ (prefer)
(✓ be rich – ✗ be a bank robber!) They said they ....................................... out that
3 Oh no! I haven’t got my sandwiches! evening.
(✓ leave them on the kitchen table – ✗ have to 9 ‘Don’t forget to take an umbrella when you go
borrow some money) out.’ (me)
4 Tom dropped a heavy book on his foot and now She ....................................... my umbrella when
his toe has gone black. (✓ hurt it! – ✗ break it) I went out.
5 It’s 1:30 pm and Andy’s very hungry. 10 It wasn’t Tom you saw yesterday because
(? ✗ have breakfast – ? ✓ have lunch yet) he’s on holiday. (have)
9 Complete the missing words. Tom’s on holiday so you .......................................
yesterday.
0 is not allowed.
Walk! Running .......................... 11 They think the burglar entered through one
1 They won’t .......................... us eat in the classroom. of the flat’s windows. (into)
2 Sssh! We are .......................... to talk. It is thought the burglar .......................... through
3 Yes, of course you .......................... borrow this book. a window.
4 .......................... we allowed .......................... use 12 Lois took out a loan with a bank to start
dictionaries? her business. (from)
5 Yes, cycling .......................... in here, it’s fine. Lois .......................... a bank when she set up
her business.
Units 9–10 105

O K R I A L
K B O AT E
W O R A M
X T R
n d E
a
Grammar Reference page 108
Grammar Maps page 124
Workbook page 130

Starter p. 130 • Unit 1 p. 140 • Unit 2 p. 148 • Unit 3 p. 158 •
Unit 4 p. 166 • Unit 5 p. 176 • Unit 6 p. 184 • Unit 7 p. 194 •
Unit 8 p. 202 • Unit 9 p. 212 • Unit 10 p. 220
Literature Skills page 230
CLIL page 240
Writing Expansion page 250
Vocabulary Extension page 260
Wordlist page 270
Speaking Skills – Dialogues page 276
Verb Tables page 280
Irregular Verbs page 284
UK map page 285

Grammar Reference
STARTER A Use
The present simple is used for habitual actions, while the present
Adverbs of frequency continuous is used for actions happening now.
We often use the present simple tense with adverbs ■ He often gets up late. / He is getting up at the moment.
of frequency such as always, usually, often, sometimes, The present simple is used for permanent actions, while
the present continuous is used for temporary actions.
hardly ever, and never.
■ Jane lives in Rome. / Jane is living in London at the moment.
Form and use We use different time expressions to identify the different tense
We use adverbs of frequency to talk about the frequency forms:
of an action. present simple present continuous
Always means 100% of the time and never means 0% of the time. ■ always ■ at the moment
Never is used with affirmative sentences even though it has ■ usually ■ now
a negative meaning. ■ often ■ this evening
The adverbs are usually placed in between the subject ■ sometimes ■ this weekend
and the verb. ■ hardly ever ■ today
■ He always listens to music. ■ never ■ tonight
■ She never eats meat. ■ every day
But they are placed after the verb be. ■ once / twice a week
■ He is often late. ■ on Saturdays
We use the question How often to ask about frequency. ■ at the weekends
■ How often do you get up early? I always get up early.
VERBS OF STATE AND VERBS OF PERCEPTION
In negative sentences, adverbs of frequency usually precede
the main verb but follow the auxiliary. We don’t usually use the present continuous with state verbs.
■ He doesn’t always play football. Some examples are be, believe, hate, know, like, love, understand,
think, want, remember.
But they always follow the verb be.
■ He isn’t usually late. ■ I believe in God.
In interrogative forms, adverbs of frequency follow the subject
■ I don’t understand the question.
However, there are occasions when we can use the present
of the sentence.
continuous if we are referring to an action.
■ Does Kelly often play football on Saturdays?
■ What do you think of this programme? (opinion)
Expressions of frequency ■ What are you thinking of? (action)
We also talk about frequency using expressions of frequency. We don’t usually use the present continuous with verbs
of perception like taste, sound, smell, look.
Form ■ That coat looks good on you.
Expressions of frequency are usually placed at the end ■ The lasagne tastes wonderful.
of the sentence:
■ I go to the gym every day. STARTER B
■ I play football once a week.
These are the most common expressions following the frequency Past simple v past continuous
question How often: past simple past continuous
■ once / twice / three times a week / a month / a year
Ellie won her first two medals Ellie was wearing a big coat.
■ every day
when she was 13.
■ two times a week
■ on Saturdays / Tuesdays We often use the past simple and the past continuous together
■ in the morning / afternoon / evening to describe the relationship between two actions. The past
■ at weekends continuous is used to describe a continuous action
or to set the scene for a shorter completed action.
Present simple v present continuous A bee stung Jane when she was sitting in the garden.
present simple present continuous Jane was sitting in the garden

They usually come This year we’re camping.
for the day. a bee stung Jane
108 Grammar Reference

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
We can use when, while and as to describe situations in which Use

one event interrupts another. While and as are followed by the The past simple is used for:
past continuous, when is followed by the past simple. ■ completed actions in the past:
■ Mr Neale was sitting in the airport when he received We studied together yesterday.
the phone call.
■ a completed period in the past:
■ While the couple were walking, they met Jamie.
He played football for six months.
We can use the conjunctions while and as to join two sentences ■ narrative tenses:
describing simultaneous actions. He checked his email, then contacted his boss.
■ While we were talking in the garden, a bee was flying from
flower to flower. Expressions of past time
We often use time expressions with the past simple to state when
Past simple: Regular and irregular verbs
something happened. Some common time expressions include
affirmative the following:
regular verbs ■ last week / month / year
■ at ten / twelve o’clock
I / You / He / She / It / delivered it.
■ in 1492 / 2012
We / You / They irregular verbs ■ last night
broke it. ■ ten minutes / two hours / six weeks ago
negative ■ on Sunday / Monday (morning, afternoon, evening)
■ yesterday
regular verbs
■ last Christmas / summer
I / You / He / She / It / did not / like it. We place the time expressions at the beginning or end
We / You / They didn’t irregular verbs of the sentence.
have it. ■ My uncle and aunt emigrated to Australia last year.
questions ■ Last year, my uncle and aunt emigrated to Australia.
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they like it? Look!: we do not use the with these time expressions:
short answers ✗ He came home from hospital the last week.
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did.
STARTER C
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they didn’t.
Perfect tenses
Form
■ He’s applied to medical school.
The regular past simple is formed by adding -ed to the base form
■ He’s been studying really hard.
of the verb without to.
■ play ➝ played; visit ➝ visited PRESENT PERFECT
There are some spelling variations:
affirmative
■ Verbs that end in -e: live ➝ lived; I / You have / ’ve
arrive ➝ arrived He / She / It has / ’s left.
■ Verbs that end in consonant + -y: marry ➝ married; We / You / They have / ’ve
try ➝ tried negative
■ Verbs that end in vowel + consonant: stop ➝ stopped; I / You have not / haven’t
travel ➝ travelled; He / She / It has not / hasn’t left.
regret ➝ regretted
We / You / They have not / haven’t
The past simple of irregular verbs can be completely different questions
from their base form:
Have I / you
■ have ➝ had; swim ➝ swam, etc.
The form does not change for all subjects. Has he / she / it left?
The interrogative and negative forms of the past simple are Have we / you / they
obtained by adding did and did not to the clause. These forms short answers
do not change for all subjects. Yes, he / she / it has.
Did and did not are followed by the base form of the verb without to.
Yes, I / you / we / they have.
Short answers use the auxiliary form Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
In short answers, only the negative can be contracted. No, he / she / it hasn’t.
For a list of irregular verbs see page 284. No, I / you / we / they haven’t.
Grammar Reference 109

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Form – we can see the difference between the two tenses

The present perfect is formed using have / has + the past in a dialogue like this:
participle of the main verb. Lily Have you ever lived in a different country?
Regular verbs generally form their past participles by adding -d, Linda Yes, I have. I lived in Rome.
-ed or -ied: arrived, finished, studied. Lily When did you live there?
However, many of the verbs we use most frequently are irregular Linda I lived there in 2005. It was great.
and have irregular participles:
do ➝ done; lose ➝ lost; write ➝ written In this case, the first question is present perfect, because
We form the interrogative by inverting have / has with the subject. the speaker is asking about an unspecified time in Linda’s life.
■ Have they finished their homework? Yes, they have. Linda’s answer is in the past simple because she lived in Rome
The short answers are formed using the have / has structure. some time ago and is now back in the UK. Her time in Rome
We form the negative by adding not to the have / has structure. is finished at a specific time in the past.
■ They haven’t seen John for a while.
Expressions of past time
Use Expressions of past time help us a lot to identify the difference
We use the present perfect: between the two tenses:
■ to relate the past with the present: past simple present perfect
Matt’s lost his glasses. (He hasn’t got them now.) (specified time) (unspecified time)
■ to talk about events that took place at an unspecified time ■ yesterday ■ already
in the past: ■ last week / month / year ■ yet
Have you ever visited France? ■ at Easter ■ just
PRESENT PERFECT WITH EVER AND NEVER
■ on my birthday ■ never
■ one day / two weeks / ■ ever
We use the present perfect with the adverbs ever and never.
three months ago ■ this week / month / year
They go before the main verb. Ever is normally used in questions
■ for / since
to ask about events. It goes immediately before the past participle.
■ today
■ Have you ever seen Rihanna?
(This is asking about an event in an unspecified time PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR / SINCE
in someone’s life.)
We use the present perfect with for and since to say how long
Never is used in affirmative sentences to express a negative
something has been happening.
sentiment.
We use for referring to periods of time (an hour, two weeks,
■ He has never held a snake.
three months, ten years, etc.) to talk about duration and since
PAST SIMPLE V PRESENT PERFECT with a specific moment in time or to indicate the start of a period
Both the past simple and the present perfect are used to express (two o’clock, yesterday morning, Thursday, November, 1995,
events and actions in the past. The main differences are: Christmas, etc.).
– we use the past simple for events that are finished ■ My mother and my stepfather have been husband and wife
in a specified time in the past. for five years.
■ He went to school yesterday. ■ Jane has been at the library since two o’clock today.
■ He moved to Italy in 2015.
Look at the list below. This shows the main expressions used
– we use the present perfect to describe events
with each form.
that finished in an unspecified time in the past.
■ He has lost his phone. for since
(We don’t know when, but he hasn’t got it now.) ■ a long time ■ yesterday
■ What’s wrong with Jack? He’s broken his ankle. ■ a week / month / year ■ I was born
(We don’t know when.) ■ three / four days ■ last week / month / year
In these cases, the action is more important than the time. ■ a few months ■ last summer
– we use the present perfect when the effects of the action are ■ five minutes ■ 2016
still present now. ■ the past year ■ Monday 16th June
■ Oh, look at Phil. He’s cut his hair. ■ the last few days / weeks / ■ 5:30 pm
(We can see the effects now, even though we don’t know months ■ then
when it happened.)
– we use the present perfect when the action began in the past BEEN / GONE
but is still continuing now. Been and gone are the past participles of the verbs be and go.
■ He has lived in London for five years. There are some differences in the meanings of these forms.
(He still lives in London now.) ■ I’ve been to the shops. Here’s the milk.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
(This means that the person has visited the shops but is now questions
back at home. The person is now present and shows the milk.)
Have I / you
■ ‘Where is Joan?’ ‘She’s gone to the shops.’
(This means that Joan is not at home because she is still Has he / she / it been travelling?
at the shops.) Have we / you / they
short answers
PRESENT PERFECT WITH JUST, ALREADY AND YET
Yes, I / you / we / they have.
affirmative (+ just, already) Yes, he / she / it has.
I / You have / ’ve No, I / you / we / they haven’t.
just /
He / She / It has / ’s No, he / she / it hasn’t.
already left.
We / You / They have / ’ve
negative (+ yet) Form
I / You have not / haven’t The present perfect continuous is formed with have /
has + the past participle of the verb be + -ing form.
He / She / It has not / hasn’t left yet.
We / You / They have not / haven’t Use
questions (+ yet) We use the present perfect continuous for activities that have
Have I / you recently stopped or have just stopped. There is a connection
with the present or now.
Has he / she / it left yet?
■ You’re wet. Have you been swimming? (You’re wet now.)
Have we / you / they ■ Claire is very tired. She hasn’t been sleeping well.
short answers ■ I’ve been talking to Joe about the problem and he agrees
Yes, I / you / we / they have. with me.
Yes, he / she / it has. ■ It’s been raining all day long!
We can use for and since with the present perfect continuous
No, I / you / we / they haven’t.
when we ask the question How long… ? The activity is still
No, he / she / it hasn’t.
happening or have just finished.
We can use the adverbs just, already and yet with the present ■ How long has Alex been playing on his tablet? He’s been
perfect. They go before the main verb (in between have / has playing on his tablet for an hour.
and the past participle). We use the present perfect continuous for actions that are
■ Olive has just had a baby girl. repeated over a period of time.
(It happened very recently.) ■ Will is a great pianist. He’s been playing since he was six.
■ Dani has already posted the news online. ■ Jenny speaks Spanish well. She’s been learning it for ten years.
(He has done this faster or before was originally expected.)
Just and already normally take the affirmative form. We only use Present perfect simple v present perfect
yet with present perfect questions and negative statements. continuous
It goes at the end of the sentence. If we say yet, we are expecting
The present perfect and the present perfect continuous refer
something to happen.
■ Has your sister moved house yet? to actions or situations that started in the past and are still
(We thought she was moving soon.) happening or have just ended:
■ I haven’t done my homework yet. (But I will do it soon.) – we use the present perfect continuous to emphasise
the action, its duration or intensity.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ■ Silvia’s hands are covered in paint – she’s been painting
a mural.
affirmative
(She probably hasn’t finished it yet.)
I / You have / ’ve – we use the present perfect simple to emphasise the result
He / She / It has / ’s been travelling. or the repetitions of the action.
We / You / They have / ’ve ■ Silvia has painted the mural – it’s full of lots of bright
negative colours.
(She’s finished painting it.)
I / You have not / haven’t
– we don’t use the present perfect continuous with state verbs.
He / She / It has not / hasn’t been travelling.
We use the present perfect continuous with How long … ?
We / You / They have not / haven’t because we are interested in duration.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
■ How long have you been learning English? I’ve been learning FIRST CONDITIONAL
English for six years.
affirmative
We use the present perfect with How much, How many and How
many times… ? If I have enough money, I’ll buy a new car.
■ How much of the book have you read? I’ll buy a new car if I have enough money.
■ How many people have visited the web page this week? negative
■ How many times have they been to your house this week? If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go to the beach.
We’ll go the beach if it doesn’t rain.
STARTER D
If it rains, we won’t go to the beach.
Future simple and first conditional We won’t go to the beach if it rains.
questions
WILL / WON’T
Will you drive to the station if it rains tomorrow?
affirmative If it rains tomorrow, will you drive to the station?
I / You / He / She / It / short answers
will / ’ll go.
We / You / They Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
negative
I / You / He / She / It / Form
will not / won’t go.
We / You / They
The first conditional is formed as follows:
questions
conditional clause result clause
I / you / he / she / it / we / If + present simple, future simple
Will go?
you / they result clause conditional clause
short answers future simple if + present simple
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they will.
The clauses can be inverted, with the if clause coming second,
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t. but in this case we omit the comma.
The negative form can be in the first or second clause or in both
Form
clauses.
The future simple is formed with will + the infinitive without to. ■ We won’t go to the match if our team isn’t playing.
Will is invariable and does not change with all subject forms.
The affirmative is will and the negative is formed by adding not, Use
will not or won’t as a contracted form. We use the first conditional to talk about situations which are
In questions, will is placed before the subject of the sentence. possible in the present or the future as long as the condition
There are no other auxiliary forms. upon which they rely happens. In this way, there is a definite
Use possibility that the event will happen.
■ If I pass my exams, I will go to university.
We use will in the following ways:
– to make predictions based on our opinions:
■ We will show you how to install that program if you don’t know
■ Come and listen to my new CD. You’ll love it. how to do it.
■ I don’t think you’ll like that cake. It’s got raisins in it ■ She won’t buy the dress if they don’t give her a discount.
and you hate them!
IF, WHEN, AS SOON AS, UNLESS, UNTIL
– when we make a spontaneous decision at the time we are
WITH THE FIRST CONDITIONAL
speaking:
■ ‘I’ve got to go out to get some eggs.’ ‘I’ll come with you.’ conditional clause result clause
– when we offer to do something:
If it rains,
■ Finish your work. I’ll cook lunch.
When it rains,
■ Don’t worry about the tickets. I’ll go and pick them up. we will come home.
As soon as it rains,
– when we make a promise:
Unless it stays dry,
■ I won’t tell anyone. I promise.
– for certain events that we know will happen: result clause conditional clause
■ I’ll be 18 next week! It’s my birthday on Tuesday. We will stay at the fair until it rains.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Form and use UNIT 1

In the first conditional, if can be replaced by other words
with a similar meaning such as when, as soon as, unless and until. Past tenses review
They follow the same form as if: PAST SIMPLE V PAST CONTINUOUS
conditional clause result clause past continuous past simple
If / when / as soon as / unless / until + Buildings were still shaking when the rescue efforts
future simple
present simple, started.
■ I’ll lend you my book as soon as I finish reading it. While survivors were still Newspapers were out
■ When it stops raining, we’ll start the game again. appearing from the ruins, of date before they left
■ We will carry on the game until it rains. offers of help were flooding in. the printing presses.
Unless means if not. We often use the past simple and the past continuous together
■ She’ll make the cake tonight if she isn’t tired. to describe the relationship between two actions. The past
■ She’ll make the cake tonight unless she’s tired. continuous is used to describe a continuous action or to set the
scene for a shorter completed action.
STARTER E ■ A bee stung Jane when she was sitting in the garden.
Jane was sitting in the garden
Subject and object questions
Questions change depending on whether they refer to the subject a bee stung Jane
or the object of the sentence. ■ The phone rang while I was having a shower.
■ Who did you see yesterday? I saw Jack. We can use when, while and as to describe situations in which
In this question, the question word who refers to Jack – one event interrupts another. While and as are followed by the
the object of the sentence. For this reason, we use the auxiliary past continuous, when is followed by the past simple.
verb, did. ■ Mr Neale was sitting in the airport when he received the phone
■ Who saw Jack? I saw Jack. call.
In this question, the question word who refers to I which is ■ While the couple were walking, they met Jamie.
the subject of the sentence. We do not use the auxiliary forms. We can use the conjunctions while and as to join two sentences
Subject questions are usually only referred to with question describing simultaneous actions.
words, who and what. ■ While we were talking in the garden, a bee was flying
from flower to flower.
■ What caused the accident? The fire caused the accident.
■ Who called the fire brigade? James called the fire brigade. PAST SIMPLE V PRESENT PERFECT
■ What did you see at the house? I saw a huge fire. Both the present perfect and the past simple are used to express
■ Who did you call? I called the fire brigade. events and actions in the past. The main differences are:
– we use the past simple for events that are finished
Direct and indirect questions in a specified time in the past.
Most questions invert the subject and verb, but sometimes we ■ He went to school yesterday.
want to make questions more formal. We use expressions like
■ He moved to Italy in 2015.
– we use the present perfect to describe events that finished
this:
in an unspecified time in the past.
■ Could you tell me … ■ He has lost his phone.
■ Do you know … (We don’t know when, but he hasn’t got it now.)
■ I wonder … ■ What’s wrong with Jack? He’s broken his ankle.
■ I don’t know … (We don’t know when.)
■ The question is … In these cases, the action is more important than the time.
■ Would you mind telling me … – we use the present perfect when the effects of the action
are still present now.
In this case, the main question is indirect, this means it is ■ Oh, look at Phil. He’s cut his hair. (We can see the effects
inside the other question. Because of this, it follows the order now, even though we don’t know when it happened.)
of statements (with the verb after the subject). – we use the present perfect when the action began in the past
■ How much is the coffee? but is still continuing now.
Can you tell me how much the coffee is? ■ He has lived in London for five years.
Similarly if we have auxiliary forms, they are not used. (He still lives in London now.)
■ Where did you go last night? – we can see the difference between the two tenses
Can you tell me where you went last night? in a dialogue like this:

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Lily Have you ever lived in a different country?

UNIT 2
Linda Yes, I have. I lived in Rome.
Lily When did you live there?
Direct and reported speech
Linda I lived there in 2005. It was great.
When we transfer direct speech to reported, we make some
In this case, the first question is in the present perfect, because changes to the sentence.
the speaker is asking about an unspecified time in Linda’s life.
Linda’s answer is in the past simple because she lived in Rome TENSE CHANGES
some time ago and is now back in the UK. Her time in Rome is In general the verb tenses go back one tense, as in the table.
finished at a specific time in the past.
direct speech reported speech
Expressions of past time
Present simple Past simple
Expressions of past time help us a lot to identify the difference He is well. He was well.
between the two tenses:
Present continuous Past continuous
past simple present perfect He is doing well. He was doing well.
(specified time) (unspecified time)
■ yesterday ■ already
He went home. He had gone home.
■ last week / month / year ■ yet
■ at Easter ■ just Past continuous Past perfect continuous
■ on my birthday ■ never He was going home. He had been going home.
■ one day / two weeks / ■ ever Present perfect Past perfect
three months ago ■ this week / month / year He has done well. He had done well.
■ for / since Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
■ today He has been working long. He had been working long.
PAST SIMPLE V PAST PERFECT Future – will Conditional – would
past perfect He will / won’t come. He would / wouldn’t come.
affirmative can could
I / You / He / She / It / He can come. He could come.
had done.
We / You / They must had to
negative He must come. He had to come.
I / You / He / She / It / has to had to
had not / hadn’t done.
We / You / They He has to come. He had to come.
questions
I / you / he / she / it / we / PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Had done?
you / they
Apart from changing the verb tenses, we also have to remember
short answers to change the personal pronouns and possessive adjectives
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they had. where necessary.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadn’t. ■ ‘I go skiing every winter,’ Jake said.
Jake said that he went skiing every winter.
Form ■ ‘I’m really excited – my story is in the school newspaper,’
The past perfect is formed using had + the past participle Edwina said.
of the main verb. Edwina said she was really excited because her story was
The negative form adds not to the auxiliary form had in the school newspaper.
and for the interrogative form had is inverted before the subject. We can omit the word that in reported speech.
There are no other auxiliaries used.
TIME CHANGES
Use When we are reporting speech, we often make other changes
We use the past perfect to talk about two past events when we related to time.
want to make it clear which event happened first. We use the past ■ this morning / afternoon / ➝ that morning / afternoon /
perfect for the first event and the past simple for the second event. evening / week evening / week
■ John had finished his homework when someone knocked ■ today ➝ that day
on the door. ■ tonight ➝ that night
(John finished his homework. Then someone knocked ■ next week / month / year ➝ that week / month / year
on the door.) ■ yesterday ➝ the day before

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
■ last summer / week /

➝ the summer / week / If a request is in the negative, then we use the structure
month / year month / year before ask somebody not to do something.
■ ‘I uploaded my post this morning,’ Fran said. ■ ‘Don’t tell my parents,’ Emily said.
Fran said that she had uploaded her post that morning. Emily asked me not to tell her parents.
■ ‘Did you go away last summer?’ Claudia asked.
Claudia asked me if I had been away the summer before. UNIT 3
SAY AND TELL Revision of comparative and superlative
When we report what someone has said we use say if there is adjectives
no direct object and tell if there is an object.
spelling variations
■ She said that she wanted to study journalism.
■ She told me that she wanted to study journalism. ■ Regular adjectives: + -er / -est
■ Adjectives ending in -y: -y + -ier / -iest
Reported speech: Questions ■ Adjectives ending in -e: + -r / -st
■ Adjectives ending in vowel double the final consonant
direct speech reported speech + consonant:
When did you buy it? She asked me when I had bought it. ■ Two-syllable (+) adjectives: add more / most
Do you have She asked me if / whether I had ■ Some two-syllable have two forms -er / -est
adjectives: and more / most
the receipt? the receipt.
adjectives comparative superlative
To report questions, we make the same tense changes
as in reported statements. small smaller than the smallest
When we are reporting Yes / No questions (i.e., questions happy happier than the happiest
without question words), we use if or whether before nice nicer than the nicest
the reported clause and we use the statement form rather big bigger than the biggest
than the question form.
■ ‘Did you read that story?’ Martin asked. expensive more expensive than the most expensive
Martin asked if / whether I had read the story.
■ ‘Have you read the papers today?’ Kirsten asked. clever cleverer than / the cleverest /
Kirsten asked if / whether I had read the papers that day. more clever than the most clever
When we report questions which have question words irregular adjectives

(Who, What, How, etc.), we use the question word in the reported
adjectives comparative superlative
question. The word order is the same as for reported
statements. good better than the best
■ ‘Where are you going on holiday?’ Melinda asked. bad worse than the worst
Melinda asked where I was going on holiday. far further / farther than the furthest / farthest
■ ‘How much did the printer cost?’ Joshua asked.
Joshua asked how much the printer had cost. Qualifiers
In order to qualify comparative adjectives we can add adverbials
Reported speech: Commands like much, a lot, far, even, a little, a little bit.
We use the structure tell somebody to do something to report ■ He’s much younger than me.
commands. ■ My brother is a little older than me.
■ ‘Turn down the TV,’ Lauren said. ■ That watch is a lot more expensive than
Lauren told me to turn down the TV. the one in the catalogue.
If the command is negative, then we use the structure
■ Their house is far bigger than ours.
With superlative adjectives, we can add by far.
tell somebody not to do something.
■ ‘Don’t forget to buy some milk,’ my mum said. ■ He’s by far the best student in the class.
My mum told me not to forget to buy some milk.
■ They’re by far the wealthiest people in our street.
LESS THAN AND THE LEAST

Reported speech: Requests The comparative and superlative form of little is less and
We use the structure ask somebody to do something to report the least. This comparative and superlative form acts in the same
requests. way as other comparative and superlative forms.
■ ‘Please answer the phone,’ my dad said. ■ That house is less expensive than the one we saw yesterday.
My dad asked me to answer the phone. It’s the least expensive house in the street.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
(NOT) AS … AS Not enough is used with both countable and uncountable nouns
We use (not) as … as to compare equivalent aspects of two things. and means there is an insufficient amount of something.
■ The apple is (not) as heavy as the banana. Qualifiers
■ The boy is not as tall as his brother.
As with other comparative and superlative forms we can use
We can also use not so … as in the same way, but not in positive qualifiers here by using expressions such as much, a lot of, far.
sentences and questions. ■ There are far too many cars in this city.
■ There is much too little space in my suitcase.
Comparatives and superlatives with nouns
Comparative and superlative adverbs
We form the comparative of nouns by using words like more,
fewer and less. We also need to consider countable With regular adverbs, we use more / less to make a comparative
comparison, and the most / the least for a superlative
and uncountable nouns.
comparison.
■ There are more cars here than in Scotland.
■ He works more quickly than me.
■ There are fewer cars at lunchtime than in the rush hour.
■ He studies less carefully than his brother.
■ There is more money in this purse than in that one.
■ He works the most quickly.
■ There is less money in Africa than in the US.
■ He studies the least quickly.
Qualifiers With irregular adverbs, comparative and superlative are formed
in this way:
We also use qualifiers such as much, a lot, far.
■ faster, better, further, worse than for comparative adverbs.
■ There are much fewer cars at lunchtime than in the rush hour.
■ the fastest, the best, the worst for superlative adverbs.
■ There is a lot less money in Africa than in the US.
■ There are far more cars here than in Scotland. Qualifiers
We form superlatives of nouns by using words like the most, As with adjectives, there are qualifiers we can use
the fewest, the least. We also use qualifiers as by far to add intensity. with comparatives and superlatives of adverbs. For comparatives,
■ There are the most cars in Naples. we can use much, far, a lot, even, a little and for superlatives
■ There are the fewest cars on the Isle of Skye. we can use by far.
■ There is the least money in Bangladesh.
UNIT 4
■ There is by far the most cars in Naples.
■ There is by far the least money in Bangladesh. Future predictions: will v may / might
too many / too much, too few / too little, affirmative

not enough + nouns I / You / He / She / It /
will / ’ll go.
We / You / They
Countable negative
■ There are too many souvenirs. (excess)
I / You / He / She / It /
■ There are too few souvenirs. (insufficient) will not / won’t go.
We / You / They
■ There aren’t enough souvenirs. (insufficient)
questions
Uncountable
I / you / he / she / it /
■ There is too much space. (excess) Will go?
we / you / they
■ There is too little space. (insufficient)
■ There isn’t enough space. (insufficient) short answers
Form and use No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they won’t.
Too many / too much means there is an excess of items.
Too many is used with countable nouns and too much is used will may / might
with uncountable nouns. With reasonable care photos will Your grandparents’
Too few / too little means there isn’t enough of something. last indefinitely. photos may fade.
Too few is used with countable nouns and too little is used With new technology, It might happen in the
with uncountable nouns. the contents won’t be accessible. near future.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Form and use Future simple v going to and present

Will, may and might are all modal verbs. This means they are continuous
invariable in all forms, they are not used with auxiliary verbs
and they are followed by verbs in the base form without to. I will be 17 next week. It’s my birthday!
■ Jack will come to the party. They won’t listen to you. Will he + I’m having a party on Saturday 23rd September.
help us? This evening I’m going to try and buy some balloons.
■ Her dad might drive her to the party. We may see her there. I won’t invite John, he’s not my friend anymore!
They might not come this evening. I’m not cutting my hair this week, that’s next Friday.
–
I’m not going to buy any food. Everyone is bringing
WILL / MAY / MIGHT FOR FUTURE POSSIBILITY
something.
We use the modal verbs may, might and will to express possibility.
Will Jasmine come to my party? Yes, she will, if she’s free.
Will is used when we believe something will definitely happen
Are you preparing a cake for me? Yes, I am. I’m cooking it
in the future. May and might are used to say that something
? this evening.
is possible. Usually you can use may or might.
Are they going to bring some food with them? Yes, they
■ Tim may / might help you. He studied science. are. That’s their intention at least.
■ We may not / might not go to the cinema tonight. We have
an exam tomorrow. (We aren’t sure, we will possibly go.)
WILL / WON’T
■ We won’t go to the cinema tonight. We have an exam tomorrow.
(We know we aren’t going.) We use the future simple to make predictions based
on our opinions.
Future perfect ■ Come and listen to my new CD. You’ll love it.
We often use will with the following words and expressions:
affirmative be sure, expect, probably, think.
will / ’ll ■ I’m sure the teacher will sympathise with your problems.
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They ■ She doesn’t think her parents will mind.
have forgotten you.
When we want to make a negative sentence with think + will,
negative
the not goes with think, not with will.
will not / won’t ✓ She doesn’t think her parents will let her go horse riding.
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
have forgotten you. ✗ She thinks her parents won’t let her go horse riding.
questions We often use will when we make a decision at the time
I / you / he / she / it / we are speaking.
Will have forgotten you? ■ ‘I’ve got to go out to get some spaghetti and some tomatoes.’
we / you / they
‘I’ll come with you.’
short answers
We also use will when we offer to do something.
■ Finish your work. I’ll cook lunch.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they will not / won’t. ■ Don’t worry about the tickets. I’ll go and pick them up.
Form BE GOING TO
We form the future perfect with will have and the past participle We use be going to and a main verb to talk about future plans
form of the main verb. and intentions.
■ I’m going to get my nose pierced next week.
Use ■ They’re not going to spend the summer in Calpe this year.
We use the future perfect to talk about things that will or will not ■ Are you going to make a cake for my birthday?
be finished before a certain time in the future. We can use be going to to make predictions when there is strong
■ Let’s do our homework now. Then we’ll have finished before present or past evidence that something is going to happen.
the tennis match starts. ■ The temperature is already 20 ºC and it’s only 8 am. It’s going
■ In September, I will have studied English for three years. to be really hot today.
■ Mum’s going to be angry because I haven’t tidied my room.
Expressions of time
We often use words and expressions with this verb form: PRESENT CONTINUOUS
by Friday / Monday / next week We use the present continuous to talk about future events
by the time which are already planned.
in (the next / an) hour ■ The vet’s operating on my dog next week.
■ By the time we get to the stadium, the match will have started. ■ ‘Are we all meeting at Paco’s house on Friday?’
■ In three years’ time, you will have worked there for 10 years. ‘That’s right. That’s the plan.’

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
When we use the present continuous to talk about the future, RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
there is usually a reference to time, either in the sentence
or in the context. The boy who / that
■ What are you doing? (now) I’m finishing my homework. who / that refers to people lives next door is my
■ Are you doing anything on Friday? (future) Yes, I’m meeting boyfriend.
Monica. The car which is
which / that refers to things parked in my drive
Future continuous belongs to my sister.
That’s the house
where refers to places
affirmative where I was born.
I / You / He / She / Jane is the girl whose
will / ’ll be playing tennis. whose refers to possession
It / We / You / They friend was arrested.
negative That’s the month
when refers to time
I / You / He / She / when I start school.
will not / won’t be playing tennis.
It / We / You / They
We can omit the relative pronoun when the person or thing being
questions defined is the object of the sentence. However, it is not wrong
I / you / he / she / if it is inserted.
Will be playing tennis?
it / we / you / they ■ That’s the dress (which / that) I bought for my wedding.
short answers
Non-defining relative clauses
Unlike defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses are
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they will not / won’t.
clauses that are not essential to understand the sentence.
They give us extra information, but the sentence will still make
Form sense without them. Look at these examples.
The future continuous is formed with will + be + -ing form. ■ Harry Houdini, whose real name was Ehrich Weiss, was born
in Hungary.
Use ■ That’s the woman who bought our old house.
We use the future continuous to talk about actions that will be In the first sentence, you can omit the information about
in progress at a specific point in the future. Houdini’s real name. The sentence will still make sense:
■ This time next week, we’ll be packing our cases for our holiday. ■ Harry Houdini was born in Hungary.
■ When I’m 20, I’ll be studying Fine Arts at university. But the second sentence is nonsense without the information
We also use the future continuous to talk about a future event after who.
which has already been decided. When we add a non-defining relative clause, we always use
■ They’ll be going away next week. a comma before and after the clause. If the clause comes
■ Jo won’t be coming to the party because he’s got to babysit. at the end of the sentence, it is preceded by a comma and ends
in a full stop.
Expressions of time ■ The Prado Museum, which is visited by thousands of people
We often use these words and expressions with this verb form: every year, is in Madrid.
by Friday / Monday / next week ■ Alex’s favourite video game is Minecraft, which was created
by the time by a Swedish programmer.
in (the next / an) hour In non-defining relative clauses we use who for people
■ By the time we get home, they’ll be playing on the X-Box. and which for things. We don’t use that.
■ This time next week, you will be lying on a beach in Taormina. ■ Harry Houdini, who is my hero, came from Hungary.
■ The Tower of London, which is very popular with tourists,
is located on the north bank of the River Thames.
UNIT 5
Unlike defining relative clauses, we cannot omit the relative
pronoun in a sentence.
Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses make clear which person or thing we are Articles: a / an, the, no article
talking about. They are essential to understand the meaning
of the sentence. Without them, the sentence doesn’t make sense. A / AN
■ The students who cheated in the exam won’t get any marks. We use the indefinite article a / an with a singular countable
■ The man who is over there is my maths teacher. noun when we use it for the first time.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
We use a for nouns beginning with a consonant and an Past continuous: He was building the road for a long time.
with nouns which begin with a vowel. The exceptions to this are: ➝ The road was being built for a long time.
■ nouns beginning with the /ju/ sound also take a: a university Present perfect: He has painted several paintings in his life.
■ nouns beginning with a silent /h/ also take an: an hour. ➝ Several paintings have been painted.
Past perfect: They had performed the play outside.
THE ➝ The play had been performed outside.
We use the definite article the: Look!: We cannot use the passive with the present perfect
– with singular and plural nouns if they have been mentioned continuous, future continuous or past perfect continuous.
before:
questions
■ I turned into a road on my left. It was the road where I lived.
– with certain geographical names, names of some countries, active Where do they display the flags?
mountain ranges, rivers, seas: passive Where are the flags displayed?
■ the Andes, the Pacific ocean, the Alps, the USA, the United active When did they discover the city?
Kingdom passive When was the city discovered?
– with certain organisations, dates, expressions of time: active Who saw the play?
■ the police, the 1930s, the 21st century, in the morning / passive Who was the play seen by?
afternoon / evening
– with things which are unique: BY
■ the earth, the sun, the truth When we use the passive voice, if we say who or what was
– with superlatives: responsible for the action, we use the preposition by.
■ the best song, the most interesting book ■ That theatre is owned by a famous actor.
■ Many people were affected by the Second World War.
NO ARTICLE
We do not use by + agent when it is obvious who performed
We don’t use any article:
the action. For example, we would not usually say: He was
– with certain towns, cities, the names of most countries, lakes:
arrested by the police. We would say: He was arrested. We would
■ The greatest city is London.
not use by + agent in this case, as only the police can arrest people.
■ I live in France.
■ They live near Lake Geneva. Passive with can / can’t / could / couldn’t
– with plural countable nouns when we are talking about them We form the passive with can / could by using the infinitive
in general: of the verb be + past participle of the main verb.
■ I don’t like pop music. ■ They can write the book in a week. ➝ The book can be written
– with possessive adjectives: in a week.
✓ I live with my mother. ■ They could build the house in 6 months. ➝ The house could be
✗ I live with the my mother. built in 6 months.
– with certain expressions:
■ go to bed, at sea, in hospital, have lunch Verbs with two objects
Some verbs can be followed by two objects in the passive.
UNIT 6 The two objects usually refer to a person and a thing. When these
sentences are transformed into the passive, there are two
possibilities.
The passive: be + past participle
Active: They gave the best comedian a prize.
The passive is formed by using the verb be in the same tense as the Passive: The best comedian was given a prize.
normal verb and the past participle of the main verb. A prize was given to the best comedian.
The verb tenses remain the same. The most common verbs which are followed by two objects are:
When we form the passive construction, the object of the active give, lend, offer, pay, promise, refuse, send, show, tell.
sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.
Present simple: The earth quake shakes the buildings. Passive with say, believe, know, think
➝ The buildings are shaken by the earthquakes. With most verbs of thinking, believing or saying there are two
Present continuous: They are teaching the children to read. possible passive constructions. The personal passive
➝ The children are being taught to read. and the impersonal passive. In the impersonal passive we start
Future simple: They will build houses for everyone. the construction with It, while in the personal passive, we start
➝ Houses will be built for everyone. with the subject.
Past simple: She wrote the best seller in a week. ■ It is often said that birds are free.
➝ The best seller was written in a week. ■ Birds are often said to be free. (to be = infinitive)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
■ It is known that their numbers have declined. ZERO CONDITIONAL

■ Their numbers are known to have declined.
(to have declined = passive infinitive)
These are the most common verbs used in this way: believe, If + present simple, present simple
consider, estimate, expect, feel, know, predict, presume, report, We use the zero conditional to talk about things which are
say, suppose, think, understand. generally or always true.
■ If you heat water to 100 °C, it boils.
Question tags ■ If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
When we want to confirm that what we are saying is true, These forms can be inverted: present simple + if + present simple
we often use question tags at the end of the statement. ■ Water boils if you heat it to 100 °C.
Our intonation will tell the listener how sure we are of the ■ You get green if you mix yellow and blue.
information. If the intonation with the tag question falls, it means We can replace if with when in zero conditional sentences.
we are very sure; if the intonation rises, it means we are less sure. ■ When you heat water to 100 °C, it boils.
We form question tags by using the main verb or its auxiliary ■ When you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
and making the opposite of the main statement. So if a statement We also use the zero conditional with imperatives and modals
is negative, the question tag is positive; if the main statement to talk about possible future events.
is positive, the question tag is negative. We use a pronoun ■ If you go to England next week, bring me back some tea.
to represent the subject of the sentence. ■ If you want to pass your driving test, you should get more lessons.
■ Jane is my friend, isn’t she?
■ Jack leaves on the 1 pm train, doesn’t he? FIRST CONDITIONAL
■ You don’t want an ice cream, do you? conditional clause result clause
■ They left yesterday, didn’t they?
If + present simple, future simple
■ Sally has gone home, hasn’t she?
■ They will help us, won’t they? result clause conditional clause
■ Sarah could come along, couldn’t she? future simple if + present simple
■ You’re getting married tomorrow, aren’t you?
We use the first conditional to talk about situations which are
Look!: The question tag for Let’s is shall we? possible in the present or the future as long as the condition
The question tag for I am is aren’t I? upon which they rely happens. In this way, there is a definite
The question tag for I’m not is am I? possibility that the event will happen.
■ If I pass my exams, I will go to university.
Echo questions
■ We will show you how to install that program if you don’t know
We use echo questions to reply to a statement, often in the form how to do it.
of surprise, or to carry on the conversation. Like tag questions, ■ She won’t buy the dress if they don’t give her a discount.
they are formed using the basis of the auxiliary verb. However,
unlike tag questions, they do not change form from negative SECOND CONDITIONAL
or positive, but keep the same form as the main statement.
■ Their house has got a swimming pool. Has it?
■ Jake went to France last week. Did he? If + past simple, conditional
■ Becky and Liz have gone on holiday. Have they? result clause conditional clause
conditional if + past simple
UNIT 7
We use the second conditional to talk about unreal
Conditionals or hypothetical situations.
■ If they had more money, they would buy the computers now.
If we start life with ‘good’ genes, we have ■ They would help the poor if they had more money.
zero
the best possible advantage.
Second conditional v first conditional
If their research proves this theory,
first rosemary will probably become the next First conditional
‘superfood’. If it’s a girl, we’ll call her Poppy. If it’s a boy, we’ll call him Jack.
We would all be healthier and fitter if we Second conditional
second
breathed such clean air. If I won the lottery, I’d buy a Ferrari.
If they had grown up in a different place, The first conditional talks of situations that are in the future but
third they would probably still have lived long probable / likely to happen. The woman is pregnant, she will
and healthy lives.
have a boy or a girl. That is a fact.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
The second conditional talks of hypothetical situations. They may Mixed conditionals
never be probable. I may never win the lottery, it’s very unlikely.
Mixed conditional sentences are sentences which use a mixture
THIRD CONDITIONAL of second and third conditionals because we want to express
things we did in the past that might have present consequences
or to express past events that may be the result of present facts.
If + past perfect, would have + past participle
■ If I hadn’t eaten all the cake, I wouldn’t feel sick now!
result clause conditional clause (Past action: you ate all the cake. Present consequence:
would have + past participle if + past perfect you feel sick now.)
We use the third conditional to talk about things in the past that ■ If I didn’t have to go to hospital, I would have booked
did or did not happen and what would have happened if we had the holiday to Ibiza.
done something different. We cannot change the consequences (Present fact: I have to go to hospital. Past consequence:
of the actions. I wasn’t able to book the holiday.)
■ If he hadn’t started working in Bristol, he would never have met
his future wife. Time clauses with when, unless, until,
(But he did work there and now he’s married.) as soon as
■ I wouldn’t have left my job if the bosses hadn’t been so unfair.
(But they were unfair and I have now left.) conditional clause result clause
When I stop the training, I’ll need to be careful.
should / shouldn’t have As soon as my jeans fit, I’ll stop my diet!
■ I missed the train because I left too late. I should have left Unless I know they’re from I won’t eat those eggs.
earlier. happy hens,
■ I’m sick now because I ate too many chocolates.
result clause conditional clause
I shouldn’t have eaten all those chocolates.
We use should / shouldn’t have + past participle to criticize I won’t eat any more crisps until my jeans fit me again.
or express regret about a past action. There is nothing we can do
to change this situation. Form and use
If can be replaced by other words with a similar meaning such as
wish + past tenses
when, as soon as, unless and until. They follow the same form as if:
wish + past simple (for present regret)
I wish I had the chance to do it again.
if / as soon as / unless / when / until
I wish I could go on the show again. future simple
+ present simple / present perfect,
wish + past perfect (for past regret)
■ I’ll lend you my book as soon as I’ve finished reading it.
I wish I’d cooked something else.
■ When it stops raining, we’ll start the game again.
I wish I’d learnt some more recipes.
■ We will carry on the game until it rains.
Use Unless means if not.
We use wish to talk about how we would like a present ■ She’ll make the cake tonight if she isn’t tired.
or past situation to be different. ■ She’ll make the cake tonight unless she’s tired.
When we are referring to a present situation, the structure
Conditional sentences sometimes contain other modal verbs
is wish + past simple / continuous.
than will, would and would have:
■ There are no cheap restaurants near where I live. I wish there
were some cheap restaurants near where I live. (It’s unlikely, ■ instead of will: can, may, might
but it is possible there may be some in the future.) ■ instead of would: could, might
■ I wish I could cook, but I’m a disaster in the kitchen. (I may learn ■ instead of would have: could have, might have
to cook in the future.) The modal verbs can and could may also appear in the if clause.
When we are referring to a past situation, we use wish + past Even if is used to make the condition more emphatic.
perfect simple / continuous.
■ She won’t go to Mark’s wedding even if he invites her.
■ Those trousers look awful on me. I wish I hadn’t bought those
trousers. (But I did buy them.) We often use or or otherwise in conditional sentences.
■ We didn’t get a good view of the castle because it was raining. ■ You’ve got to study or / otherwise you won’t be going
I wish it hadn’t been raining. (But it was raining.) to university.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
UNIT 8 ■ I’ve always lived in the countryside, so I couldn’t get used to

the noise of London.
used to / would + infinitive without to ■ I love cakes so I can’t get used to not eating them!
affirmative negative Gerunds and infinitives (1)

Watching TV used to be They didn’t use to switch Gerunds are nouns that are formed from verbs. They take
a communal activity. on immediately. the -ing form so are sometimes confused with the present
questions short answers continuous.
Did your grandmother use Yes, she did. We use gerunds:
to have a TV? No, she didn’t. – as nouns as the subject or the object of a sentence:
■ Eating lots of chocolate is bad for you.
Form and use ■ My favourite hobby is dancing.
We use used to when we want to express something that – after certain prepositions:
happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens. ■ I’m interested in travelling around the world.
■ Freddie used to read all the business news online. ■ I’m fond of watching horror films.
■ Did you use to ride your bike every day? ■ I’m worried about cooking dinner tonight!
■ I didn’t use to like ice cream! – after certain verbs and phrases, like / hate, don’t mind, can’t
We don’t use for with used to when we are talking about a state. help, give up, stop / finish, start, spend, suggest, recommend:
✓ I used to live in Durham. ■ I don’t like doing homework on Saturday morning.
✗ I used to live in Durham for five years. ■ I can’t help eating so much chocolate.
We also use used to for something that was true, but isn’t true
We use infinitives:
anymore.
– when we are describing a purpose:
■ Evie used to have very long hair when she was a child. Now it’s
■ I went to the doctor to get some medication.
short.
– after some adjectives:
We can also use would / wouldn’t + base form without to to talk
■ It’s nice to see you.
about a habit or repeated action, but used to is more common.
■ It’s wrong to help that man.
■ We would play outdoors for hours. We wouldn’t come inside till
– after some verbs and phrases, afford, agree, aim, arrange,
it was 10 pm.
be able, choose, decide, expect, help, hope, learn, need, offer,
We use used to but not would to talk about past states.
plan, promise, refuse, threaten, want, would like, wish:
✓ She used to like ice cream when she was young.
■ I would like to help you, but I can’t.
✗ She would like ice cream when she was young.
■ He promised to pick me up from the station, but he isn’t
Used to is also more common in the negative and interrogative
here!
forms.
There is no present form of used to.
✓ I do yoga once a week. UNIT 9
✗ I use to do yoga once a week.
Used to can describe actions and states, but would can only Gerunds and infinitives (2)
describe actions. As we have seen in Unit 8, some verbs take either a gerund
✓ They used to be crazy about Doctor Who. or an infinitive. Some verbs can take both forms, but there are
✗ They would be crazy about Doctor Who. some differences.
Some verbs take both forms and the meaning remains the same.
be / get used to + something / -ing ■ They liked playing / to play tennis in the afternoon.
We use be / get used to to express something that we are ■ She started to watch / watching the game after breakfast.
becoming accustomed to. Some verbs take both forms but the meaning is very different.
Be used to is used when we are already accustomed The most common verbs in this category are: remember, forget,
to something: stop, regret, go on.
■ I live in London so I am used to the rain. ■ I stopped to get coffee. (This means I stopped another activity
■ I work at a school, so I am used to meeting lots of teachers. so that I could buy coffee.)
Get used to is used when we are in a new situation and we are I stopped getting coffee. (This means I stopped buying coffee
in the process of becoming accustomed to something. permanently.)
■ I moved to Saudi Arabia last week, and I’m slowly getting used Look at these other examples:
to the heat. ■ I regret to tell you but you can no longer work here.
We often use can’t / couldn’t with get used to to show (This is something I am doing now, I regret it now because
that something is difficult for us to become accustomed to. of the future effect on you.)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
■ I regretted eating so much chocolate. (In this case, I have can, can’t and could, couldn’t
eaten the chocolate, there is nothing I can do about it but The most common forms of be able to in the present and past
I’ll probably feel very sick.) simple are can / can’t for the present and could / couldn’t for
■ I forgot to lock the front door when I left the house. (I didn’t do the past.
an action because it went out of my mind, the front door is Look!: We use these modals with the base form of the verb
open.) without to.
■ I forgot locking the front door. (Here I did lock the front door, ■ ‘Matt can skate very well.’ ‘Can he surf too?’ ‘No, he can’t.’
but I don’t recall doing it.) (ability and non-ability in the present)
■ Remember to bring your tennis shoes, so we can go to the gym. ■ ‘Although he couldn’t hear well when he was older, Beethoven
(Here I am reminding someone to do a future action.) could still compose music.’ ‘Could he do this until the end of his
■ I remembered seeing John at the party, but he didn’t speak life?’ (ability and non-ability in the past)
to me. (Here I am recalling a past memory.) It is also possible to use can when we make present decisions
about the future.
Reporting verbs ■ I can’t help you today but I can help you tomorrow.
Some reporting verbs follow the same pattern of tell and ask:
ask / tell + object + infinitive be able to
■ They asked him to do that. We use be able to to express ability and non-ability in other
■ They told him to do that. tenses.
The verbs which follow this structure along with tell, ask are Present perfect
command, order, warn, persuade, remind: ■ She’s been able to design clothes since she was 14.
■ They reminded the students to study hard before the exam. ■ We haven’t been able to sew since the machine broke.
■ They warned the students to obey the instructions. ■ Has he been able to design my dress?
Past perfect
have / get something done ■ They’d been able to buy everything before we arrived.
When somebody else does something for us, we use the ■ I hadn’t been able to find a coat I liked before the shops closed.
structure: have + something + past participle ■ Had you been able to sell your old clothes before you started
■ My father paints the house every two years. (He does it himself.) university?
■ My father has the house painted every two years. (My father Future
arranges for painters to paint the house.) ■ Sophie’ll be able to study design if she passes her exams.
■ My mother made a dress last month. (She made it herself.) ■ We won’t be able to finish this project without your help.
■ My mother had a dress made last month. (A dressmaker made ■ Will you be able to pack your bags before I come back?
my mother’s dress.) Conditional
The interrogative and negative have a similar form as most verbs. ■ Damian’d be able to finish his homework if you stopped talking.
■ Did your dad have his house painted last week? Yes, he did. / ■ We wouldn’t be able to go abroad this year if we didn’t have
No, he didn’t. a house in France.
■ She didn’t have her hair cut last week, it was yesterday. ■ Would you be able to do it on your own, if necessary?
Get is often used instead of have in informal English.
could v was / were able to
■ My grandma gets her nails done every week.
■ We get our car serviced every year. We use could in the past for general ability, but if we are talking
about ability in a specific situation, we use was / were able to.
■ Mozart could play the piano well when he was six. (general
UNIT 10 ability)
■ We were able to get the cat down from the tree. (specific
Revision of modals
situation)
We use modal verbs to modify the meaning of other verbs. Look!: In this type of specific situation, we often use managed to
We use them, for example, to express ability, obligation instead of be able to.
and prohibition and to give advice. ■ We managed to get the cat down from the tree.
ABILITY
OBLIGATION, NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION
■ We can / can’t imagine what a nuclear blast was like.
■ We could / couldn’t remember what happened. have to and don’t have to
■ We will / won’t be able to build a safer world. We use have to to talk about things we are obliged to do or which
■ We were / weren’t able to save her. we feel are necessary for us to do, and don’t have to when there is
We use can and be able to to talk about someone’s ability, no obligation to do something.
or non-ability, to do something. ■ Patri has to wear a helmet when she’s cycling. (obligation)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
■ Do you have to go to sewing class on Saturdays? (obligation) The situations can be present situations or past ones.
■ We don’t have to finish this project until after Christmas.
For deductions in the present we use different modals,
(no obligation)
depending on how sure we are of the events.
must and have to We use must + base form without to if we are sure of a deduction.
Must and have to are similar. We use must in the same way ■ John must be here. Look, there’s his coat on that chair.
as have to to talk about what we feel it is necessary to do (We are sure he is here.)
(i.e., for personal obligations). We use could, may or might + base form without to if we are less
■ I must clean my room – it’s filthy! sure.
Have to is like must, but it’s impersonal and we don’t use it ■ She’s late, she might be lost.
for our personal feelings. We use it for facts. (We aren’t sure what has happened to her.)
■ I have to wear glasses because I can’t see very well. ■ Jane may be at a lecture. She’s not answering her phone.
We never use must when somebody or something else obliges us (We aren’t sure why she isn’t answering.)
to do something. ■ The game hasn’t finished yet. They could still be at the stadium.
■ We have to finish our project for Monday. (Our teacher
(They haven’t come home, this is what we are assuming,
is obliging us to do it.)
but we aren’t sure.)
In contrast must is used in written rules and instructions rather
We use can’t when we are sure that something is not the case.
than have to.
■ Students must bring pens and pencils to the exam. ■ That can’t be John’s coat. It’s too big for him.
Must exists in the present tense. So we always use have to (We know this for sure.)
to express obligation in other tenses. For deductions in the past, we use must, could, may, or might +
Past simple: They had to study hard to pass the exam. have + past participle.
I didn’t have to buy the concert ticket – my uncle
The same principles of certainty apply.
gave it to me.
We use must + have + past participle when we are sure
mustn’t of a deduction.
We use mustn’t for prohibition. ■ John failed his exam. He must have been disappointed.
■ Silence = You mustn’t talk in here. (We know John has high expectations so we are sure
■ No eating or drinking on the bus = You mustn’t eat or drink he would be upset.)
on the bus. We use could, may or might + have + past participle when we are
We also use mustn’t when we want to say that it’s necessary less sure.
that you don’t do something. ■ We don’t know where the criminals are. They could have left
■ I mustn’t be late for the interview or I won’t get the job. the country or they might have hidden in a secret location.
Contrast this with don’t have to which is an absence of obligation. (We aren’t sure of the location of the criminals.)
■ You don’t have to use that computer, you can use mine. We can also use could have to suggest an alternative action,
needn’t even though it is too late now.
■ You didn’t have to stay at Jane’s house. I could have given you
We use needn’t when we want to say something you don’t need
to do. a lift home.
■ I needn’t get up early in the morning – it’s Saturday! We use can’t have to express an impossibility in the past.
■ You can’t have seen Sarah today. She’s still in France.
RECOMMENDATIONS, ADVICE AND REGRET
We use should and ought to to give advice. The meaning is Permission and obligation: can / can’t,
the same, but ought is followed by to. Should is also much more be allowed to, let, be supposed to
common. We use can / can’t, be allowed to and let to express permission
■ If you don’t feel well, you should / ought to go to the doctor’s. or the denial of permission.
■ We really shouldn’t drink coffee before going to bed. ■ My parents let me go out on Saturdays and Sundays.
■ Should we invite Ali to the party?
■ My parents don’t let me go out during the week.
We use should / shouldn’t have to regret a past action or say what
■ You can take your bike to the park.
was preferable.
■ We should have phoned the police immediately! Now the thief ■ You can’t come home at 10 pm. It’s too late.
has escaped. ■ I am not allowed to wear my own clothes to school. I have
■ He shouldn’t have left the cinema so quickly, he forgot his coat. to wear a uniform.
■ They are allowed to go out at lunch time, because they are
Modals of deduction in the sixth form.
When we make deductions or speculations about circumstances, We use be supposed to to express obligation or expectation.
we can use modals: must, can’t, could, may, might + base form ■ You are supposed to stay at home.
of verb without to. ■ You aren’t supposed to go out at in the evening.

GRAMMAR MAPS
Past simple v past continuous
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
To describe a shorter To describe a continuous action

USAGE
completed action or to set the scene
TYPICAL TIME
when while
EXPRESSIONS
EXAMPLE
SENTENCES
Jenny was eating an ice cream when it started raining.

While I was doing my homework, my phone rang.
Past simple v present perfect
PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT
For finished actions at a definite For events that finished in

USAGE
time in the past an unspecified time in the past
last week / yesterday TYPICAL TIME ever / never / just

a year ago / at 6 o’clock EXPRESSIONS already / yet
I went to New York last week. EXAMPLE Have you ever been to New York?
He got back at 11 pm. SENTENCES She’s just got back.
Past simple v past perfect
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT
USAGE
To talk about two past events

To describe the second event when we want to make it clear To describe the first event
which event happened first
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Gill had fallen off her bike when the car came close to her.
Grammar Maps 125

GRAMMAR MAPS
Reported speech REPORTED

SPEECH
VERB TENSE CHANGES

Direct speech Reported speech
Present simple Past simple
John: ‘I feel happy.’ John said that he felt happy
Present continuous Past continuous

Elena: ‘I’m working hard.’ Elena told me that she was working hard.

Students: ‘We passed the test.’ The students said they had passed the test.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous

You: ‘It was raining at 10.’ You told me it had been raining at 10.
Present perfect Past perfect

Anna: ‘I have been to Spain.’ Anna said she had been to Spain.
am / is / are going to was / were going to

My parents: ‘We are going to be late.’ My parents said we were going to be late.
can / can’t could / couldn’t

Andy: ‘I can’t speak French.’ Andy said he couldn’t speak French.
will / won’t would / wouldn’t

Sara: ‘I’ll take the train.’ Sara told me she would take the train.
Reported speech: Questions
REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS
Reporting question verbs

ask (if / whether)
want to know (if / whether)
Direct speech Reported speech

EXAMPLE
When did you buy it? She asked me when I had bought it.
SENTENCES
Do you have the receipt? She asked me if / whether I had the receipt.
VERB TENSE CHANGES

See VERB TENSE CHANGES above
126 Grammar Maps

GRAMMAR MAPS
Comparative and superlative adjectives
COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES
To compare 2 things To compare 3 or more things
comparative adjective + than the + superlative adjective
old older than

short adjectives old the oldest
(1 syllable)
late later than

short adjectives late the latest
ending in -e
consonant + vowel +
wet wetter than consonant double wet the wettest
final consonant
easy easier than

adjectives ending easy the easiest
in consonant + -y
expensive more expensive than

long adjectives expensive the most expensive
(2 or more syllables)
good better than irregular adjectives good the best
Adverbs
Adverbs formed from adjectives ending in -y
-y + -ily
Regular adverbs + -ly
tidy tidily
quick quickly
ADVERBS
Adverbs formed from adjectives ending in -e

-e + -y
Irregular adverbs
comfortable comfortably good well
Comparative adverbs
COMPARATIVE ADVERBS
Regular adverbs Some 1 syllable adverbs

Irregular adverbs
more + -er
badly worse
slow more slowly soon sooner
Grammar Maps 127

GRAMMAR MAPS
First conditional
FIRST CONDITIONAL
(FUTURE POSSIBILITY / CONSEQUENCES)
Condition: Result:
if + present simple, will / won’t + verb
If he studies, he’ll pass the exam.
Second conditional
SECOND USAGE
FORMATION
CONDITIONAL
To talk about a hypothetical

present or future situation
Condition: Result:
if + past simple, would / wouldn’t + verb
If I spoke English well, I would become an English teacher.
If I spoke English well, I wouldn’t have to do English classes.
If I didn’t speak English well, I would do more English classes.
If I didn’t speak English well, I wouldn’t become an English teacher.
Third conditional
THIRD USAGE
FORMATION
CONDITIONAL
To talk about unreal

situations in the past
and their imagined results
Condition: Result:
if + past perfect, would / wouldn’t have + past participle
If we had gone to the beach, we would have had a good time.
If we had gone to the beach, we wouldn’t have had a good time.
If we hadn’t gone to the beach, we would have had a swim.
If we hadn’t gone to the beach, we wouldn’t have had a swim.
128 Grammar Maps

GRAMMAR MAPS
Modal verbs of deduction (present)
Must
You must know Lucy – she’s in your
class!
May not / might not
The students may not be here. It’s
ALMOST still early.
CERTAIN Sam might not know Andy – they
aren’t in the same class.
MODAL VERBS
POSSIBLE IMPROBABLE
OF DEDUCTION (PRESENT)
May / might / could

That may be Simon’s bike – I know ALMOST
his bike is blue. IMPOSSIBLE
We might have a test today,
we sometimes have tests on Friday.
John could have a tablet at home, Can’t
he does seem to know a lot about That can’t be, she is in France.
computers.
Modal verbs of deduction (past)
MODAL VERBS
OF DEDUCTION (PAST)
I’m sure something I’m sure something I think something happened

happened in the past didn’t happen in the past in the past but I’m not sure
MAY / MIGHT /
MUST HAVE CAN’T HAVE
COULD HAVE
John must have found his keys, They can’t have been to Australia I may have passed the exam,
the door’s open. in 1998, they weren’t born then. I studied quite a lot.
Grammar Maps 129

A
STARTER
Festivals
VOCABULARY: Music genres GRAMMAR: Present simple
1 Complete the crossword with music genres. 4 Write the questions with the correct form
What popular genre is missing from the puzzle? of the present simple.
0 Wow – this T-shirt / really cost £40?
0
F U N K
Wow – does this T-shirt really cost £40?
1
B E 1 Rosa / still live in New Zealand?
2
C S 2 your grandparents / travel a lot?
3 the twins / always wear the same clothes?
3
E T
4 this shop / sell computer games?
4
H I 5 Dom’s band / play funk and jazz?
E V E N T 6 you / go to school by bus?
5
J A 5 Write answers to the questions
6
F L from exercise 4. Use the prompts to write.
0 no / it / only cost £18
The genre missing is _ _ _ . No, it doesn’t. It only costs £18.
1 no / she / live in Australia now
2 no / they / stay at home these days
GRAMMAR: Adverbs of frequency
3 no / they / usually wear different clothes
4 no / it / sell computer magazines
0 Mandy always is / is always happy. 5 no / they / always play jazz
1 I never am / am never hungry in the morning. 6 no / I / go by bike
2 Sometimes are you / Are you sometimes late
for school? GRAMMAR: Present continuous
3 Helen usually is / is usually busy at the weekend. 6 Complete the sentences with the present
4 Often is he / Is he often at your house? continuous.
5 Our dogs always are / are always ready for a walk. ’s raining
0 Here, take this umbrella. It .......................... out
6 There usually are / are usually lots of cool events.
there. (rain)
3 Put the words in the correct order. 1 Mum .......................... to work today because Dad’s
got the car. (not / drive)
0 never / parents / go / my / festivals / to
2 Answer the phone please, I ..........................
My parents never go to festivals.
at the moment. (cook)
1 often / doesn’t / in / it / rain / June
3 They .......................... some new apartments
2 on / Sundays / Ben / works / never
in our town. (build)
3 you / go / early / bed / to / do / usually / ?
4 Lisa’s not ready yet, she .......................... her
4 sleeps / cat / outside / sometimes / their
homework. (finish)
5 often / listen / hip-hop / we / music / to
5 Hurry up! I .......................... for you outside
6 cook / always / Meiling / does / food / Chinese / ?
the cinema. (wait)
6 Joe .......................... in the garden right now.
Can I take a message? (work)
130 Starter A
A
7 Complete the sentences with the present 10 Complete the sentences with the present
continuous of the verbs below. simple or the present continuous.
come ■ cry ■ dance ■ put ■ study ■ write ■ use sings

0 Tom often .......................... (sing) in the shower.
’s singing
Listen, he .......................... (sing) in there now!
’re studying grammar with our English
0 We .......................... 1 I sometimes .......................... (get up) late on
teacher. Sundays, but today I .......................... (get up) early.
1 Pat .......................... an email to a friend from her 2 Kate usually .......................... (leave) home before
old school. seven. She .......................... (leave) at six today.
2 We .......................... right now, don’t go without us! 3 Ned .......................... (play) chess with Tina
3 I think you .......................... that picture in the wrong at the moment but he usually .......................... (play)
place. with her sister.
4 ‘Why .......................... she .......................... ?’ 4 Al .......................... (work) at home today. He never
‘Because the film is so sad.’ .......................... (work) in the office on Fridays.
5 I couldn’t find my pen so I .......................... yours, OK? 5 We often .......................... (cook) Mexican food at the
6 The children .......................... to music in their weekend. Tonight we .......................... (cook) tacos.
bedroom. 6 The DJ .......................... (play) great music right now.
He always .......................... (play) my favourite songs.
8 Complete the conversation with the present
continuous. 11 Tick (✓) the right sentences. Correct
are you doing (you / do)? the mistakes in the others.
Bill What 0 ..........................
Sara .......................... (I / write) a letter to a DJ.
1
0 Do you want any sugar in your coffee? ✓
2
.......................... (I / organise) an event. No, thanks. I’m not liking sweet drinks. I don’t like
Bill .......................... (you / do) it alone? That’s a lot
3 1 My brother loves reality TV shows.
of work! 2 I’m thinking this class is good fun.
Sara It’s not too bad, 4 .......................... (Sue / help) me. 3 Are you agreeing with me?
And 5 .......................... (we / try) to get some 4 He’s in the senior choir but he hates school concerts.
volunteers. Are you busy? 5 Are the children still believing in Father Christmas?
Bill Well, actually, 6 .......................... (I / work) on a big 6 Is he needing any help with those heavy boxes?
assignment at the moment and 7 ..........................
12 Complete the conversation with the present
(I / start) to panic! I’m afraid 8 .......................... simple or the present continuous.
(it / progress) rather slowly.
Are you looking (you / look) for someone?
Ms Jay 0...................................
Sara Oh dear, and now 9 .......................... (I / waste)
your time. Karl Yes, 1 ................................. (I / need) to see Ms Jones.
Bill No problem. 10 .......................... (I / take) a break Ms Jay 2 ................................. (she / talk) to the director
now anyway. How about a quick coffee? of studies right now, 3 .................................
(I / think). 4 ................................. (they / discuss)
GRAMMAR: Present simple v present the timetable. Why 5 .................................
continuous (you / want) to see her?
Karl It’s about my homework. What about Mr Fox?
9 Cross out the incorrect time expressions. 6
................................... (he / teach) at the
0 We’re sometimes discussing our plans now. moment?
1 Jared is living alone at the moment / every day. Ms Jay 7 ................................... (I / not / know),
2 We jog in the park this morning / twice a week. just a minute. No, 8 ...................................
3 Do you often stay up all night tonight? (he / not / work) here today.
4 Our relatives visit us today / at Christmas. He 9 ................................... (teach) at a different
5 Are you listening to the radio right now / school on Wednesdays. Sorry, Karl.
at bedtime? Karl Oh, 10 ................................... (it / not / matter).
6 We never camp under trees at the moment. I can come back tomorrow.
Starter A 131
B
STARTER
Champions
VOCABULARY: Sport 16 Use past simple forms from exercise 15
to complete the sentences.
13 Complete the sport with the missing letters:
a, e, i, o, u. Which popular sport is not in the list? felt
0 Jenny .......................... sick yesterday
went
so she .......................... home early.
0 C Y C L _I N G
1 Chris .......................... an angry email
1 R_W_NG 6 CL_MB_NG
and .......................... it to the manager.
2 H_RS_R_D_NG 7 R_NN_NG
2 Someone .......................... my lost trainers
3 B_SK_TB_LL 8 SK_T_NG
and .......................... them in my locker.
4 T_NN_S 9 SW_MM_NG
3 Poor Grandma .......................... down the stairs
5 D_V_NG 10 SK__NG
last night and .......................... her head.
4 She .......................... in the sun all afternoon
GRAMMAR: Past simple
and .......................... her book.
14 Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the past simple. 17 Write the answers with the time expressions
which are true for you.
arrive ■ carry ■ plan ■ stop ■ travel ■ try ■ use
0 When did you leave home this morning?
planned to have an exciting holiday
0 They .......................... I left home at half past seven.
after their exams. 1 When did you do your homework yesterday?
1 We .......................... hard to understand the Swiss 2 When did you have your English test?
dialect, but we couldn’t. 3 When did your sister start school?
2 He .......................... Pippa’s heavy suitcase 4 When did your parents learn to drive?
to the train for her. 5 When did you clean your room?
3 I .......................... to the game with the team 6 When did you last eat?
in their minibus.
4 A stranger .......................... my phone to make GRAMMAR: Past continuous
an urgent call. 18 Write questions and answers with the past
5 They .......................... for a rest when they were tired. continuous.
6 There was so much traffic that our visitors 0 where / you / cycling to last night? I / go to the gym
.......................... late. ‘Where were you cycling to last night?’
‘I was going to the gym.’
15 Match the verbs to their irregular past simple
1 what / they / do at the club? they / watch the big
forms.
match
0 a do a did 2 why / he / sit in his car? he / listen to the radio
1 sit b wrote 3 where / he / live at that time? he / stay with friends
2 hit c went in Rome
3 fall d found 4 what / she / talk about? she / explain the rules
4 write e sat of the game
5 put f felt 5 why / you / laugh? our coach / tell us a funny story
6 feel g read 6 what / she / look at? she / check for messages
7 go h hit on her phone
8 read i fell 7 what / you / do in my room? I / look for / a phone
9 find j sent charger
10 send k put 8 why / you / shout? I / call / the children
132 Starter B
B
19 Complete the email with the correct form 3 Their guests arrived while they ..........................
of the past continuous. the meal. (prepare)
4 We were calling for ages but nobody
.......................... us. (hear)
Hi Jed
5 Kate’s racquet broke while she ..........................
Must tell you about a dream I had last night.
were skating (skate) along a busy street.
You and I 0 ............................ tennis. (play)
We .............................. (not / talk), we 2 ............................
1 6 He scored the winning goal while the keeper
(sing)! It 3 ................................ (rain) while we .......................... . (not / look)
4
.............................. (race) along, but we 5 ...............................
(not / get) wet. I think you 6 ................................ (carry) an
22 Put the words in the correct order.
umbrella. Strange music 7 ................................ (play) and 0 bath / a / her / rang / having / she / when / phone /
people 8 ................................ (stand) in line outside was
a huge stadium. Something 9 ............................ (happen)
She was having a bath when her phone rang.
inside but I’ll never know what 10 .............................
1 raining / woke / when / up / he / it / was
(go on) because then I woke up! Wasn’t that weird?
2 wasn’t / left / when / the / crying / baby / I
Love,
Gemma 3 when / Henry / he / waiting / the / saw / was / for /
her / bus
4 weren’t / scored / watching / when / they / Berardi /
the / goal
GRAMMAR: Past simple 5 she / Maria / off-piste / her / broke / was / leg /
v past continuous
skiing / when
20 Match the questions to the short answers. 6 it / horse / the / standing / rider / her / when /
0 e Did Janek ask you for help? kicked / by / was / her
1 Were the children all sleeping?
23 Choose the correct verb and complete
2 Was Belinda using your phone?
the sentences with the past simple or the past
3 Did the Austrian skier win the race?
continuous.
4 Were you both watching the game?
5 Did you see the skaters? arrive ■ break ■ carry ■ drop ■ eat ■
6 Did your parents hear the news? make ■ ring ■ see ■ start ■ steal ■
a No, we didn’t. wait ■ watch ■ wear ■ write
b Yes, they did. stole
0 Someone ............................. Pete’s wallet while
c No, she didn’t. was watching
he ............................. the match.
d No, we weren’t.
1 She ............................. her new jeans when
e Yes, he did.
I ............................. her.
f No, they weren’t.
2 He ............................. an apple when his tooth
g Yes, she was.
............................. .
21 Complete the sentences with the past simple 3 The doorbell ............................. while
or the past continuous. he ............................. some tea.
was driving along the road when her car
0 She .......................... 4 When I ............................. at the airport my friends
broke down. (drive) ............................. to check in.
1 Frank was talking to a friend when we 5 Harry ............................. an email when the baby
.......................... him yesterday. (see) ............................. crying.
2 We were walking the dog when the rain 6 I ............................. a bowl of soup when
.......................... . (start) I ............................. it to the table.
Starter B 133
C
STARTER
New beginnings
VOCABULARY: Transport GRAMMAR: Present perfect
24 Find 13 transport words in the puzzle: look 27 Complete the sentences with the present
up and down, across, backwards or diagonally. perfect.
E L I H D D N X Z C 0 She ’s taken
....................................... her driving test three
K O O X B I K E A P times. (take)
I B S R A F P R F W
1 We ....................................... miles today. Let’s have
B O U R R T L I K P
R E T S I Y A A D I
a rest. (walk)
O F E R R Y N K T H 2 Our neighbours ....................................... to a bigger
T V G M M R E R Y S apartment. (move)
O A I S A T A O B Z 3 I ....................................... everywhere for my keys
M N F E O M V N A W
but I can’t find them. (look)
4 You ....................................... a new fashion
25 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean
the same. Use the word given. with those shoes! (start)
5 He ....................................... a window because
by bike . (bike)
0 I sometimes cycle to school. I go .......................... it was so hot. (open)
1 We got a lift with our neighbour. We went 6 I ....................................... a really good time,
.......................... . (car)
thank you. (have)
2 She flew from Auckland to Dunedin. She travelled
.......................... . (plane) 28 Complete with the irregular verbs.
3 Kate and Joe walked to the shops. 0 break broke
.......................... broken
..........................
They went .......................... . (foot) 1 .......................... bought ..........................
4 I’d like to sail to the Bahamas. 2 .......................... .......................... drunk
I’d like to .......................... . (ship)
3 make .......................... ..........................
5 The bus left from the main bus station.
4 .......................... wore ..........................
We .......................... . (caught)
5 .......................... .......................... had
6 Our teacher prefers to go by bus, tram or train.
6 think .......................... ..........................
Our teacher .......................... . (public transport)
7 .......................... ate ..........................
8 .......................... .......................... run
GRAMMAR: Past simple
9 cut .......................... ..........................
26 Write questions and answers in the past 10 .......................... won ..........................
simple. Then underline the time expressions.
0 how / you / get home last night? we / take / taxi
29 Write questions and short answers
in the present perfect.
‘How did you get home last night?’ ‘We took a taxi.’
1 when / you / get that great bike? I / buy it / a month 0 They haven’t had a hot meal.
ago ‘Have they had a hot meal?’
2 you / fly / to London Gatwick / last time? No / we / ‘No, they haven’t.’
fly to Heathrow She’s made them tomato soup.
3 where / you / have your holiday / in 2016? we / go ‘Has she made them tomato soup?’
to Thailand ‘Yes, she has.’
4 you / hear about / train accident? Yes / I / read 1 He’s cut his finger badly.
about it / yesterday 2 They’ve thought about a holiday.
5 Ms Alan / teach English / at your school? Yes, but / 3 My parents haven’t run a marathon this year.
she / leave / two years ago 4 She’s bought a new pair of jeans.
6 when / you / find time to make this cake? I / make 5 The cat hasn’t drunk all its milk.
it / early this morning 6 He hasn’t worn the shirt Kay gave him.
134 Starter C
C
30 Choose the correct option. 33 Choose the correct option to complete
the sentences.
0 I’ve been / gone to the library for you. Here are
your books. 0 How are you, Len? I ............. you for ages.
1 John’s been / gone to the shops but he’ll be back A didn’t see
soon. B haven’t seen
2 ‘Are your parents in?’ ‘No, sorry, they’ve been / gone C haven’t been seeing
out.’ 1 Nina looks sad. Do you think she ............. ?
3 Amy has been / gone to China twice. A cried B ’s cried C ’s been crying
4 I’ve been / gone on holiday. I flew home yesterday. 2 You ............. that computer for years. Time
5 Where’s the dog been / gone? He smells terrible. for a new one.
6 ‘Have you ever been / gone on a gondola?’ A had B ’ve had C ’ve been having
‘No, but I’d love to!’ 3 My uncle ............. a Porsche when he was younger.
A drove B has driven C has been driving
GRAMMAR: Present perfect continuous 4 ............. your mobile yet?
31 Complete the sentences with the present A Did you find
perfect continuous. B Have you found
0 Your alarm ’s been ringing for ages. Turn it off!
............................ C Have you been finding
(ring) 5 My parents ............. in Bristol in 2001.
1 We ............................ for Kim too long, let’s go A met
without her. (wait) B have met
2 My aunt ............................ with us for weeks. (stay) C have been meeting
3 He ............................ in Ben’s room while he’s 6 You and Paul are great friends. How long .............
at college. (sleep) him?
4 What ............................ you ............................ ? A did you know
Your face is all dirty. (do) B have you known
5 How long ............................ he ............................ Polish? C have you been knowing
(study)
34 Complete the conversation.
6 They ............................ tennis all morning and they’re
exhausted. (play) Elsie Sorry, I’m late.
I haven’t been waiting
Jade No problem. 0 ..............................................
32 Match the beginnings and ends (I / not / wait) long.
of the sentences.
Elsie 1 .......................... (you / buy) the tickets yet?
0 f Lydia hasn’t written Jade Yes, 2 .......................... (I / book) them online
1 Have you seen yesterday. So, what 3 .......................... (you / do)
2 She’s already eaten today?
3 We’ve been travelling Elsie 4 .......................... (I / be) with Mr Borland.
4 I’ve just heard 5
.......................... (he / help) me with my algebra
5 He’s never been all term.
6 Has she ever taken Jade Really? 6 .......................... (I / not / know) that.
a to visit his friend before. 7
.......................... (you / always find) maths hard?
b the news on the radio. Elsie Well, 8 .......................... (I / never enjoy) algebra,
c an exam in English? that’s for sure! Last year 9 ..........................
d all her lunch. (I / not / get) a good grade in my GCSE.
e round Europe since May. But forget all that, it’s time to relax.
f to her uncle for ages. Jade Right. 10 .......................... (I / look forward to) this
g my cool new bike yet? all day!
Starter C 135
D
STARTER
My future
VOCABULARY: Jobs 38 Complete the sentences with the future
simple. Use definitely, probably or maybe.
35 Reorder the letters to make ten jobs.
0 I ’ll probably leave school next year. I’m 90% sure.
................................
0 t r o a c actor
..........................
(leave)
1 l d i e r u b .......................... 1 ................................ he ................................ a famous
2 o k c o .......................... singer. Who knows? (become)
3 r c d o o t .......................... 2 He’s an apprentice now, so he ................................
4 w r y a e l .......................... a job. It’s guaranteed. (have)
5 g n s e i r .......................... 3 I don’t know about the gig tonight.
6 o e r d l s i .......................... I ................................ with you. (come)
7 c r e e a t h .......................... 4 He ................................ to me. He promised. (write)
5 ............................... Tim ................................ the army.
8 a t i e r w ..........................
He’s only 50% sure. (join)
9 t i r w r e ..........................
6 You ................................ four A levels for medical
36 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). school. I’m 90% sure about that. (need)
Correct the false ones.
GRAMMAR: First conditional
0 A dentist looks after your teeth. T F
✓
39 Complete the sentences with when or if.
Vets work with water and gas. T ✓
F
if
0 We’ll take a walk in the park ..........................
Vets work with animals, plumbers work
it doesn’t snow.
with water and gas.
1 .......................... Ned doesn’t apply for the job,
1 An accountant helps you
he won’t even get an interview.
with your finances. T F 2 Tanya will definitely go to university ..........................
2 A builder is someone who designs houses. T F she leaves school.
3 A pilot works in a hospital. T F 3 We’ll study the text together .......................... you like.
4 Carpenters are people who repair cars. T F 4 The doctor said she’ll phone ..........................
5 An engineer is someone who helps she gets to work.
with electrical problems. T F 5 .......................... I’m older, I’ll learn to drive a lorry.
6 Lecturers teach in colleges or universities. T F 6 You’ll never be a vet .......................... you’re scared
of dogs.
GRAMMAR: Future simple 40 Match the beginnings and ends to make
37 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. conditional sentences.
0 e If he fails the exam this time,
’ll ask ■ will be ■ ’ll meet ■ ’ll know ■ will watch ■
1 If we hurry now,
won’t be ■ won’t eat ■ won’t rain
2 If she hasn’t got a ticket,
will be outside so I hope 3 If she takes more exercise,
0 The party ..........................
won’t rain . 4 If you drink too much coffee,
it ..........................
5 If we don’t catch this bus,
1 Tom can’t make shelves so he ..........................
6 If our team wins the match,
a carpenter to do it.
a she’ll feel better and fitter.
2 Who .......................... the film with me?
b we’ll take home the trophy.
3 He .......................... meat because he’s a vegetarian. c you won’t sleep at night.
4 I hope we .......................... lots of interesting people. d I’ll give her mine.
5 They .......................... the results soon. e he’ll take it again in the summer.
6 She .......................... a great teacher; she doesn’t f we won’t miss our train.
like children. g we’ll get the next one.
136 Starter D
D
41 Choose the correct option. 44 Choose the correct option.
0 If the plumber comes / will come, he repairs / 0 I’ll come with you as soon as / unless I’m ready.
’ll repair the pipes. 1 William will miss the boat if / when he’s late.
1 If Jane asks / ’ll ask her neighbour, he probably 2 She won’t phone you unless / as soon as she has
helps / ’ll probably help her. your number.
2 You get / ’ll get there quicker if you take / ’ll take 3 We’ll stay inside until / if the rain stops.
the fast train. 4 Bess will get her own car unless / when she’s older.
3 We don’t buy / won’t buy you a ticket if you don’t 5 As soon as / Until the bell goes, we can leave
want / won’t want to come. the class.
4 When they have / ’ll have more time, they do / ’ll do 6 Wait at the red light until / when it changes to green.
more reading.
45 Complete the advertisement with the words
5 If I win / ’ll win the lottery, I buy / ’ll buy you
below.
something really expensive.
6 She tell / ’ll tell her parents as soon as she gets / ’ll get ■ ’ll have ■ ’ll owe ■ ’re ■ choose ■ have ■
will get her results. join ■ want ■ will be ■ will offer ■ won’t regret
42 Complete the pairs of sentences so that they

mean the same.
0 If he graduates next year, he’ll look for a job.
GO FOR IT!
Apprentice schemes
He’ll look for a job if he graduates next year.
1 If I ask my boss, she … ’re ............... 16 and over and you 1 ......................
If you 0 .......
perfect for
five GCSEs, this scheme ..........................
2
My boss will give me some time off …
k experience
2 If we don’t have a band, people … you. You 3 .......................... hands-on wor
FOR IT!
and pay if you .......................... us at GO
4
People won’t want to come to our party …
ersity? You
3 If Man U loses tomorrow, Bill … What if you 5 .......................... to go to univ
7
..........................
Bill will be really upset … 6
.......................... fun, probably, but you
4 If we go to summer school, we … a lot of money in the end. Definitely!
rt your career,
We’ll improve our English … If you really 8 .......................... to kick-sta
..... you a
an apprenticeship with us .....................
9
5 If he chooses this course, Reno …
Reno will find the work very hard … better alternative.
6 If Clara stays up all night, she … Interested?
Clara won’t be fit for school … So why not join us today?
You 10 .......................... it!
43 Rewrite the sentences with unless.
0 I won’t be able to see if I don’t wear my glasses.
I won’t be able to see unless I wear my glasses.
1 She won’t be successful if she doesn’t work
harder.
2 We probably won’t eat outside if the weather
doesn’t improve.
3 The car won’t start if we don’t find a mechanic.
4 He won’t finish the job if he doesn’t have enough
paint.
5 She definitely won’t help you if you don’t ask her
nicely.
6 I won’t pass my driving test if I don’t have enough
lessons.
Starter D 137
E
STARTER
Cheap clothes
VOCABULARY: Shops 49 Write questions to match the answers.
46 Complete the shop words. came to dinner last night
0 ‘Who �� ?’
0 ba
_ _k _e _r ’ _s ‘My best friend came to dinner last night.’
1 b______’_ 1 ‘What �� ?’
2 c______’_ ‘White wine goes well with fish.’
3 d___________ 2 ‘Which �� ?’
4 f______’_ ‘The corner shop is the nearest to the apartment.’
5 g__________’_ 3 ‘Who �� ?’
6 n________’_ ‘My mum does the shopping in the family.’
4 ‘What �� ?’
47 Complete the sentences with the words below. ‘Something has happened, but I don’t know what.’
5 ‘Which �� ?’
branch ■ conditions ■ factory ■ hours ■
‘I want those tall pink flowers in the window, please.’
pay ■ trade ■ wages
6 ‘Who �� ?’
branch of H&M in your city?
0 Is there a .......................... ‘Andy Murray has won the Olympic gold medal
1 You .......................... a bit more for ethical fashion, twice.’
don’t you?
2 They make those cheap jeans in a .......................... GRAMMAR: Object questions
in Bangladesh. 50 Put the words in the correct order.
3 The working .......................... for the children
0 he / talking / who / was / to / ?
are dangerous.
Who was he talking to?
4 I really believe we should buy fair ..........................
1 they / will / do / what / next / ?
clothes.
2 computer / which / use / I / can / ?
5 The women work long .......................... for very little
3 you / waiting / for / are / what / ?
money.
4 with / who / holiday / go / you / did / on / ?
6 .......................... for the workers are higher in Europe
5 they / have / films / seen / already / which / ?
than in India.
6 will / who / invite / party / to / graduation / her /
she / ?
GRAMMAR: Subject questions
48 Complete the sentences with Which, What 51 Complete the answers.
or Who. 0 ‘Someone rang at five this morning.’
0 Which
.......................... supermarket do you prefer? rang
‘Oh? Who �� ?’
1 ..........................’s going to get the milk today? 1 ‘He wanted to speak to someone.’
2 ..........................’s your favourite vegetable? ‘Who �� speak to?’
3 .......................... is her bag, the blue or the red one? 2 ‘Something hit your car.’
4 .......................... will happen next? ‘Oh no, what �� my car?’
5 .......................... rang you earlier? 3 ‘Nora was dancing all night.’
6 .......................... chemist’s is open on Sundays? ‘Really? Who �� with?’
4 ‘I bought this top last week.’
‘Cool. Which �� from?’
5 ‘Dave was helping a friend yesterday.’
‘Who �� ?’
6 ‘Olivia told us something interesting.’
‘What �� ?’
138 Starter E
E
GRAMMAR: Direct and indirect questions 55 Write direct questions.
52 Write if the questions are direct or indirect. 0 Can you tell me when the film starts?
0 Where is my homework? direct When does the film start?
Do you know where my homework is? indirect 1 Would you mind telling me how much this costs?
1 Could you tell me what the time is? 2 Can you explain why you are so late?
2 Was that your older brother? 3 Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?
3 Can you tell me when the last tram leaves? 4 Have you any idea when Bob will arrive?
4 Would you mind helping me with this job? 5 Do you know what the biggest UK supermarket is?
5 Were the pizzas good last night? 6 Can you tell me how this machine works?
6 When does this shop shut? 56 Write indirect questions with if or whether.
Use one of the expressions from exercise 54
53 Match the questions to the answers.
to begin your question.
0 d What do you wear for school?
0 She usually works late. Is she working late again
1 Where were you born?
tonight?
2 When did the match begin?
Do you know whether she’s working late again
3 How much was the coffee?
tonight?
4 Why is she crying?
1 They moved here in 2015. Are they still living here?
5 What course is your sister doing?
2 The greengrocer sold Christmas trees last winter.
6 Which is Janina’s bike?
Does he sell them now?
a It’s the one with the bag on the back. 3 The poster said the gig starts at six. Has it started yet?
b She’s cutting onions. 4 You’ve been sitting there for ages. Are you waiting
c She’s studying law. for someone?
d I usually wear jeans and a T-shirt. 5 I really must leave at six. Will you be ready by then
e It started ten minutes ago. too?
f Only a few euros. 6 The cat’s sleeping under the bed. Does it usually
g In a little village near Lake Garda. sleep there?
54 Write indirect questions using the questions 57 TRANSLATION Translate the sentences
in exercise 53. into English.
what you wear
0 Could you tell me �� 1 Sai da dove vengono quei vestiti economici?
for school
�� ? 2 Nei paesi poveri alcuni bambini lavorano tante ore.
1 Would you mind telling me where �� 3 Sai se le condizioni in fabbrica sono buone
�� ? o cattive?
2 Can you tell me when �� 4 Mi sai dire dove posso comprare dei vestiti
�� ? con un’etichetta solidale?
3 Do you know how much �� 5 Mi potresti spiegare cosa vuol dire solidale?
�� ? 6 Mi puoi dire dove hai preso quei jeans?
4 Can you explain �� Sono bellissimi!
�� ?
5 Would you mind telling me ��
�� ?
6 Do you know ��
�� ?
Starter E 139
1 Communication
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 the survivors / have a hot meal? they / last night
4 the journalist / make an offer of help? she /
Past simple v past continuous immediately
5 you / start your blog? I / six months ago
Complete the rules. 6 camera crew / film the accident? they / straight away
The past .......................... and the past ..........................
describe past events that are completed. 4 Complete the sentences with the past
We can use ago with the past .......................... to fix continuous of the verbs below.
an event in the past. arrive ■ cook ■ do ■ not / make ■ prepare ■
We use the past .......................... to describe background sit ■ shake ■ not / sleep ■ talk ■ watch
actions and to set the scene.
0 While Jim was cooking the pasta, Donna
..........................
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113 was preparing the salad.
..............................
1 We .......................... the match on TV while you
1 Complete with the irregular past simple. .......................... your homework.
2 While she .......................... in the bus,
0 brought
bring ..........................
she .......................... on her phone.
1 buy .......................... 6 spread .......................... 3 Help .......................... already .......................... while
2 leave .......................... 7 strike .......................... the walls .......................... still .......................... .
3 lose .......................... 8 take .......................... 4 The children .......................... but they ..........................
4 read .......................... 9 wear .......................... any noise.
5 shake .......................... 10 write ..........................
2 Complete the sentences with a verb
0 She read / was reading the news online
from exercise 1 in the past simple.
when she saw / was seeing the photo.
spread quickly online.
0 The news of the floods .......................... 1 They had / were having a holiday in Thailand
1 In the past, a paper boy or girl .......................... when the tsunami hit / was hitting the coast.
the newspapers to our door. 2 It suddenly started / was starting to rain heavily
2 Iris .......................... lots of excellent photos while they helped / were helping the survivors.
with her smartphone. 3 I watched / was watching out of the window
3 They .......................... everything they had when I saw / was seeing the accident.
in the 2004 tsunami. 4 While she checked / was checking her phone,
4 They were in bed when the earthquake a text message arrived / was arriving.
.......................... central Italy. 5 Did you talk / Were you talking on Skype
5 Last year I .......................... a good book when the lights went / were going out?
about the changes in social media. 6 A big hole appeared / was appearing in the road
6 The wind was so powerful that the whole building while I drove / was driving home.
.......................... . Present perfect (1)
3 Write questions and answers using Complete the rules with the words below.
the prompts with the past simple and when. have ■ now ■ past ■ present
0 the rescue operation / begin? it / yesterday The present perfect is the .......................... tense of the
‘When did the rescue operation begin?’ verb .......................... + a past participle. It describes
‘It began yesterday.’ .......................... actions or events that still affect us
1 they / come back to this region? they / a month ago .......................... .
2 you / see the news about the earthquake? See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113
we / in August 2016
140 Unit 1
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6 Add a sentence. Use the present perfect. 8 Match the parts of the questions.
0 The survivors are all tired. they / walk miles 0 e Have you
They’ve walked miles.
.............................................................................................. 1 Did Bella 4 Have they
1 It’s warmer in here now. I / close the windows 2 Has the cat 5 Did the earthquake
.............................................................................................. 3 Did they 6 Did the building
2 She’s still busy. she / not / finish her work a had its dinner?
.............................................................................................. b happen at night?
3 They’re at the station. their train / arrive c fall down?
.............................................................................................. d see her own report on TV?
4 We haven’t got any money. we / spend it all e had that mobile for ages?
.............................................................................................. f know what to do?
5 He sent her an email. she / not / reply to it g joined the rescue team?
..............................................................................................
6 I’m looking for my keys. I / not / find them 9 Put the words in the correct order.
.............................................................................................. 0 yesterday / rescue / since / team / been /
the / here / has
Present perfect (2)
The rescue team has been here since
Choose the correct option. yesterday.
We can use the present perfect with just / ever when we 1 in / long / haven’t / this / for / town / we / lived
mean ‘a short time ago’. The word already means 2 neighbours / 2015 / they’ve / since / been
‘sooner than we expected’. We can use yet / never at the 3 read / months / haven’t / a / for / newspaper / I
end of a question or a negative sentence. We can use 4 had / for / clean / they / ages / water / haven’t
ever in questions and never when we mean not ever / 5 since / she’s / morning / toothache / had / this
not yet. 6 tablet / since / brother / a / he / my / was /
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113 wanted / nine / has
10 Complete the news article with the verbs

7 Rewrite the sentences and put the words in brackets. Use the past simple, past continuous
in brackets in the correct place. or present perfect form.
T
0 I’m hungry now because I haven’t eaten. (yet) has been (be) a powerful
here 0 ..........................
I’m hungry now because I haven’t eaten yet.
earthquake in New Zealand.
1 Have you done your homework? (already)
It 1 .......................... (strike) South Island at
2 My big sister’s taken her driving test. (never)
12:02 am. People 2 .......................... (feel) hundreds
3 They’ve seen some terrible pictures on TV. (just)
of aftershocks since it 3 .......................... (happen).
4 Have they told us the truth? (ever)
So far, thousands of residents 4 ..........................
5 I’ve read a really interesting article. (just)
(lose) their homes. One survivor 5 ..........................
6 Has James given us his new email address? (yet)
(speak) to our reporter earlier today.
Present perfect (3) ‘I 6 .......................... (sit) in the night bus on my way
home when suddenly the quake 7 ..........................
Choose the correct option.
(start). Everything 8 .......................... (shake).
To measure a period of time from now back to a past
The bus driver 9 .......................... (stop) and the
event, we can use the present perfect with for / since
other two passengers and I 10 ..........................
+ the length of time or for / since + a fixed time.
(get) out as fast as possible. Just in time, too,
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 113 because then a massive wall 11 ..........................
(fall) on the bus! I 12 .......................... (never be) so
scared in all my life.’
Unit 1 141
READING SKILLS
11 You are going to read some advice about online

security. Where might you find this advice?
1 In a comic. 2 On a website.
3 In a text message. 4 In a novel.
12 Read the text. Choose the best title.

1 Securing your passwords
2 Stay safe online
3 How to be an internet troll
13 [3.01]
Read the text again and put sentences Protect your privacy
a–e in the correct gaps 1–5. Then listen and check. Your personal information is valuable, so you
need to protect it. Keep your privacy settings as
a Did you know the source? high as possible in your social media activities.
b As soon as you put that image online, it stopped 1
............. Think about who you have given this
being yours. 5 information to, and how others have collected it
c Details like your home or email addresses and your through websites and apps.
mobile number shouldn’t be posted online.
d Then keep your passwords to yourself, and keep Write it down
them safe. Have you ever given anyone your passwords?
e Avoid befriending or meeting up with a person Not a great idea. It’s important to have strong
you’ve met online. passwords with at least 12 characters. Avoid
10 your birthday or your pet’s name – a short
14 Read the text again. Decide if the sentences are sentence is best. 2 ............. Everyone has forgotten
true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. their password at some point, so make a list and
1 Your personal information includes then put that in a secure place – not anywhere
your addresses and phone numbers. T F near your computer, tablet or phone.
2 A password with 12 or more characters
Think before you post
is a weak password. T F
15 Words or images that you posted last week
3 Deleting pictures you posted online
or last year could still be out there somewhere.
a year ago is easy. T F
Did you think of that before you sent pictures
4 It is not advisable to arrange a meeting or videos of yourself? 3 ............. Other people can
with a person you’ve only met online. T F access it, download it and share it. Be careful not
5 Websites with addresses beginning with 20 to post anything that you would not like to share
http:// are secure. T F publicly – now or at some time in the future.
15 Find words in the text that match the definitions:

1 to prevent something from happening: ��
�� 16 Answer these questions.
2 to open a computer file: �� 1 Did you feel comfortable or uncomfortable
3 to make contact with: �� with the advice in the text? Give a reason
4 to keep someone or something safe: �� for your answer.
�� 2 How much information in the text did you already
5 to remove: �� know: all of it, most of it or not much of it?
6 worth a lot of money: �� 3 Explain how you access your privacy settings.
7 real or true: �� 4 What further advice could you give, from your own
8 safe or protected: �� experience?
142 Unit 1
VOCABULARY
CORRESPONDENCE
Stranger danger 17 Complete the words.
When you were younger, your parents probably 0 My brother attracted hundreds
taught you not to speak to strangers. Similarly, ollowers
of f.......................... when he was writing
you should never reply to a message from his travel blog.
25 somebody you don’t know. 4 ............. It is possible 1 I bought my first Manga c..........................
that people contacting you are not who they when I was 11.
say they are. Did you know you can block 2 Dickens was an English n.......................... who was
numbers from unknown senders? very popular in his own time.
3 She’s made a lot of money by designing
Connect with care w.......................... for schools and colleges.
If you shop online, look for web addresses with 4 In internet slang, a t.......................... is someone
30 https://. Addresses with http:// without the who posts nasty messages.
letter ‘s’ are insecure. Have you ever connected 5 As a young j.......................... on The Guardian
to a link in, for example, an online advert or newspaper, Tim interviewed Bill Gates.
social media post? Maybe it was in your email 6 Annie Leibovitz has photographed famous models
box. 5 ............. Even if the link looks authentic, as for fashion m.......................... .
35 if it’s from a bank or a charity, don’t click on it
until you’re sure who sent it. If you’re not sure, 18 Add as many words as you can.
delete it. Cybercriminals have often stolen 1 share a post, a photo,
��
personal information in this way and they are 2 write a novel,
��
hard to track down. 3 follow ��
4 update ��
5 block ��
19 Look at the safety poster. Make a similar one

GLOSSARY with the words STAY SAFE.
source ➤ fonte
befriending ➤ fare amicizia con Before you post on social media
secure
track down
➤ sicuro
➤ trovare, rintracciare THINK
T = true?
H = helpful?
I = inspiring?
N = nice?
K = kind?
STAY SAFE
S = .......................... S = ..........................
T = .......................... A = ..........................
A = .......................... F = ..........................
Y = .......................... E = ..........................
Unit 1 143
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Past simple v past perfect 22 Make questions with the past perfect using
Complete the rules with the words below. the verbs in brackets.
first ■ sequence ■ single ■ together Had
0 .......................... studied (study) Mandarin
you ..........................
To describe a .......................... completed event we use before you moved to China?
the past simple. To show a .......................... of events, we 1 .......................... you ever .......................... (visit)
use the past simple and the past perfect .......................... . Canada before your trip in 2010?
The past perfect describes what happened 2 .......................... Susie .......................... (be) in Paris
.......................... . long before she met Pierre?
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 114 3 How long .......................... they .......................... (live)
in Germany before they moved?
4 .......................... the rain .......................... (stop)
20 Read the sentences and choose the correct
by the time you went out?
option.
0 I’d seen the film so I decided to read the book. 23 Complete the sentences. Use past simple,
A I saw the film first. past continuous, present perfect or past perfect.
B I read the book first. Had
0 .......................... finished (finish) breakfast
you ..........................
1 The bomb had exploded when the police arrived. were
or .......................... eating (eat)
you still ..........................
A The police arrived first. called (call)?
when I ..........................
B The bomb exploded first. 1 He .......................... (take) the book back
2 The match had finished by the time we arrived. to the library after he .......................... (read) it.
A We saw the match. 2 Meet my neighbour Kim. I .......................... (know) her
B We didn’t see the match.
since she .......................... (move) in a year ago.
3 They ran to the station but the train had just left.
3 We .......................... (not / hear) from James
A They caught the train.
while he .......................... (live) in London.
B They missed the train.
4 He .......................... (start) as an apprentice in 2012
4 When he turned on the TV, his programme had
and within four years he .......................... (become)
already started.
the manager.
A He saw the beginning.
B He didn’t see the beginning. 24 Answer the questions about the technology
timeline.
21 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.
Windows XP Office 2003 Xbox 360 Twitter Windows 7
’d been ■ had never heard ■ had had ■ Launches Debuts Launches Launches Launches
’d lost ■ ’d read ■ ’d never seen
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0 She ’d never seen such a beautiful town before

.......................... 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
she visited Siena.
Verizon Facebook BluRay Hulu Office 2010
1 He couldn’t pay for his ticket because Launches Launches Players Opens to Debuts
First U.S. Released the Public
he .......................... his wallet. 3G Network
2 Ray knew Athens because he .......................... there
many times. 0 When did Microsoft Office first appear?
3 Dad .......................... the same car for years Microsoft Office first appeared in 2003.
before it broke down. 1 How many versions of Windows had Microsoft
4 I went to see the film after I .......................... launched by 2009?
all the reviews. 2 When did Xbox 360 launch its first games?
5 My friend Jonny .......................... an opera 3 How long had Facebook been available when
before I took him to Aida. Twitter started?
144 Unit 1
RECOUNTING A STORY
25 Complete the dialogue with the words below.
had an accident ■ Really ■ Guess what ■ No way ■
Who’s ■ I thought you said ■ Well
Patricia 1 .......................... ? My dad’s in hospital!

Nigel 2
.......................... ? I didn’t know he was sick.
Patricia He isn’t, but he’s 3 .......................... . He was
rescuing the cat.
Nigel 4
.......................... ?! What happened to him?
Patricia 5 .........................., Alfie ran into our garden.
Nigel 6
.......................... Alfie – your cat, right?
Patricia No, he’s our neighbour’s dog. He’s big
and quite aggressive.
Nigel But 7 .......................... your dad had rescued
a cat? 28 Look at the photo and answer the questions.
Patricia Yeah, Alfie the dog ran into our garden 1 What meal is this family eating?
and chased our cat up a tree. 2 List the electronic devices each person is using.
Nigel I see. What happened next? 3 When do you eat together with your family?
26 Reorder the dialogue to continue Patricia’s story. 4 Is this scene typical of a meal at your home?
Patricia
Well then, the cat didn’t want to come down 29 [3.02]
You are going to listen to a short radio
and it was getting dark. So Dad climbed up broadcast about changing habits at mealtimes.
the tree. Choose the correct option.
a Oh no. So what happened in the end? 1 Two-thirds of British families say that they:
b He did … what? Poor man! A meet as regularly as their grandparents did.
c Hang on, how did he get up there? B get together for a traditional Sunday lunch.
d Mad man, more like. And after all that, C nearly always have their main meal together.
the cat got down by itself in the end! 2 According to research, electronic devices:
e He used a ladder but then the ladder fell A are a cause for concern at mealtimes.
down. So then both Dad and the cat were B have changed mealtimes surprisingly little.
stuck up the tree! Dad started shouting C automatically stop families talking.
for help but nobody was at home. 3 When asked, nearly half of the mothers said they:
f He jumped and broke his leg. A allowed smartphones at the table.
B had hidden their children’s smartphones
27 We ask for clarification to check that we under the table.
understand. Choose the responses that ask C had often forbidden the use of smartphones
for clarification. during meals.
1 A massive earthquake struck our village last night. 4 The condition known as nomophobia describes
A No way! Really? the fear of:
B I know, it’s already in the news online. A talking on the phone.
2 There was a car crash right outside the school. B not having your phone.
A I didn’t hear about that. C not being able to talk on the phone.
B What was that again?
3 A tiger has escaped from the zoo!
A Did you say a tiger?
B I hope they catch it soon.
Unit 1 145
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY 31 Match each of the following words to the right

synonym from exercise 30.
Reading and Use of English Part 1 –
0 0 remark
Multiple-choice cloze
1 separated
With multiple-choice questions, it is important 2 choice
to read each option very carefully before deciding 3 start
which fits the gap correctly. Never choose more than 4 troubled
one option. Different kinds of words are tested. 5 compassion
It is often necessary to choose between words 6 stop
with a similar meaning.
FIRST 32 Below is a paragraph taken from a novel.
For questions 1–6, read the text and decide
30 What kinds of words are they? Tick (✓) the right which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
category (Noun, Verb or Adjective).
0 A time B ring C alarm D call
Noun Verb Adj 1 A catch B stop C lose D miss
0 comment ✓ ✓ 2 A walked B skipped C jumped D ran
1 option 3 A managed B succeeded C resulted D achieved
2 prevent 4 A strange B difficult C uneasy D tricky
3 worried 5 A remind B recall C realise D repeat
4 detached 6 A heat B move C shake D perspire
5 launch
6 sensitivity
Teresa’s morning had started badly that day. She hadn’t

heard her 0 ............. and in fact, she was still sleeping when
her mother shouted up the stairs: ‘I’m off now – early
meeting! You’ll have to get the bus today, love, sorry.
Don’t 1 ............. it!’ The next 15 minutes had been a
complete nightmare. She’d got dressed much faster than
usual and had 2 ............. breakfast. Grabbing her school
bag, Teresa raced to the bus stop and just 3 ............. to
catch her bus. But as soon as she got on the bus, she
began to feel strangely 4 ............. . She was sure there was
something she’d planned to do but she couldn’t 5 .............
what it was. Reaching into her pocket for her phone to
check her online calendar, she realised it wasn’t there.
In a sudden panic, she felt around in her bag as she began
to 6 ............. and sweat. Since she had been in such a rush,
she’d left the phone beside her bed and now she was on
her way to school! And she knew that without the support
of her smartphone, her day would be a disaster.
146 Unit 1
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY 37 [3.04]

You hear two friends talking about
a school rule.
Listening Part 4 – Multiple choice
What do they agree about?
While you are listening, you may hear all
A Their new headteacher is unfair.
the keywords, but only one option will answer
B There should be a compromise.
the question fully. Underline the keywords
C Smartphones are great educational tools.
in the question. This will help you focus on the
important information. Then listen out for words 38 [3.05] You hear a teacher talking to his class.
that mean the same as the keywords.
What does he want the class to do?
FIRST
A Write a group article for the blog.
33 Read an exam question with its choice B To try and be original.
of answers. Underline the keywords that you will C Remember the school trip.
listen out for.
39 [3.06]
You hear part of a programme about
You hear a man making a telephone call. Why has he social media books.
phoned? What is the presenter saying?
A To arrange a factory visit. A They don’t last very long.
B To ask for a lift. B They sell very well.
C To change plans. C They don’t take very long to write.
34 Read the transcript for the exam question in 40 [3.07]
You hear two friends talking about
exercise 33. Is the answer A, B or C? Why were their phones.
the two other options not exactly right?
What do they both agree?
A Phones are good for everything.
B They couldn’t live without social media.
Hello! I’m calling about our trip to C Watching things on a screen is fun.
the factory. I’ve just picked up your
message saying you want to change it 41 [3.08]
You hear a photographer talking about
his work.
to the Friday. That’s fine with me but
you know we had already planned to What is important for him before taking a photo?
A Thought.
meet there? Well , I won’t have my
B Excitement.
own transport that day, so could I C Processing.
possibly come with you in your car?
It’d be very helpful if you could pick
me up from the station.
35 Read another exam question and again

underline the keywords.
You hear part of a radio programme about the media.
What is the speaker reviewing?
A A film about Bill and Melinda Gates.
B A new Windows application.
C A book about the creation of Windows.
36 [3.03]
Now listen to the review and choose
the best answer.
Unit 1 147
2 Advertising
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Complete the sentences. Use will, can, would
or could.
Direct and reported speech will come as soon as he ................
0 ‘Bob ................ can .’ She
Complete the rules with the words below. said Bob ................ could .
would come as soon as he ................
actual ■ reported ■ tense ■ verb 1 ‘Our holiday in the sun ................ relax you.’ The ad
In .......................... speech, we use a reporting claimed their holiday in the sun would relax us.
.......................... (like said or told) and then change the 2 ‘You can never believe the newspapers.’
.......................... of the speaker’s .......................... words. My parents told me I ................ never believe
the newspapers.
3 ‘You’ll enjoy the film.’ We assured her that
she ................ enjoy the film.
1 Change the sentences from direct to reported 4 ‘You ................ rely on me to help.’ He promised me
speech.
that I could rely on him to help.
0 ‘It’s an effective ad.’ They said (that) �� it was an
effective ad 4 Say or tell? Choose the correct option.
�� .
1 ‘I have some time now.’ He said �� 0 They said / told that their shop was the best.
�� . 1 Bella said / told everyone what she’d heard.
2 ‘I want to see the movie first.’ She told him �� 2 Did Lauren say / tell you that she wasn’t coming?
�� . 3 I said / told to the waiter: ‘I think you’re very rude.’
3 ‘I don’t like smoky bars.’ He said �� 4 They say / tell that there’s no added salt but I’m
�� . not sure.
4 ‘I’m trying to give up smoking.’ She told me �� 5 Our parents always said / told us to tell the truth.
�� . 6 Has Matti said / told that he’s giving up smoking?
5 ‘Jodie’s bringing some friends.’ Her sister said ��
�� . 5 Choose the correct option.
6 ‘We’re doing more research.’ They told the press 0 Someone ............. me that there had been
�� . an accident.
2 Choose the correct option. A asked B said C told
1 Sam ............. that he wouldn’t be late but he was.
0 ‘I’ve booked a non-smoker’s room.’ She said
A reported B suggested C promised
she ’d booked / ’d been booking a non-smoker’s
2 What did the postman say ............. this morning?
room.
A for you B to you C you
1 ‘We’ve been targeting you for ages.’ They admitted
3 You’re wearing jeans! I ............. you were going to
they’d targeted / ’d been targeting us for ages.
wear a dress.
2 ‘I’ve never watched Italian TV.’ He told us he’d
never watched / ’d never been watching Italian TV. A said B reported C thought
3 ‘We’ve heard the latest news.’ They told us 4 I ............. you’d passed your driving test – well done!
they’d heard / ’d been hearing the latest news. A didn’t wonder B didn’t realise C didn’t tell
4 ‘These ads have been annoying me.’ I told them 5 Our neighbour explained he’d been on holiday
those ads had annoyed / had been annoying me. the ............. week.
5 ‘We spoke about it earlier today.’ I agreed we’d A next B previous C last
spoken / ’d been speaking about it earlier that day. 6 Some people ............. that red wine is good for your
6 ‘The results have been coming in.’ The reporter heart.
said the results had come / had been coming in. A advise B show C believe
148 Unit 2
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6 Write the conversation from the reported 9 Write the ad by putting the words
sentences. into the correct order.
0 Berto said he was just coming.
‘I’m just coming.’
Berto: ................................................................................ .
1 Jill said she was waiting for him outside in the street. NEW!
Jill: �� . Sooper Frooty
2 He told her that he couldn’t find the apartment keys. Smoothie!
Berto: �� .
3 She said she thought they were on the kitchen table. 0 the / smoothie / have / we / made / ultimate / fruit / !
Jill: �� . We have made the ultimate fruit smoothie!
4 He told her that he was sure she had all the keys. 1 try / smoothie / you / our / new / must / delicious
Berto: �� . 2 definitely / will / the / difference / you / taste
5 She apologised and agreed that she did have them. 3 oranges / come / our / organic / from / farms
Jill: �� . 4 grow / fruit / farmers / all / fair-trade / our
6 She said she was coming back up with the keys. 5 much / other / it’s / healthier / fruit / than / drinks
Jill: �� . 6 away / must / buy / you / some / right / !
7 Complete with the correct tense changes.

0 ‘I didn’t cycle, I walked to work.’ 10 Now use the sentences from exercise 9
he hadn’t cycled, he’d walked to work .
He told me ...................................................................... to report what the ad said.
1 ‘We began at nine.’ 0 The ad claimed that they had made
They said they �� . the ultimate fruit smoothie.
2 ‘He didn’t really want to complain.’ ��
He said that �� . ��
3 ‘My mum has never smoked.’ ��
She told me that �� . ��
4 ‘I think it was raining all night.’
��
They thought �� .
��
5 ‘We’ve been protesting about the new laws.’
He explained that �� . 11 Complete the replies.
6 ‘I wasn’t feeling well at all.’
0 ‘I enjoy barbecues on the beach.’
She admitted that�� . you didn’t
‘Really? But I thought you said .....................................
8 Report the statements. enjoy them
�� .’
1 ‘Louis hasn’t finished his essay.’
0 ‘The bus left a few moments ago.’
had left a few ‘That’s funny. He told me ............................................ .’
Someone told me the bus ..........................
moments before. 2 ‘Belinda and I are getting engaged.’
1 ‘They were hoping to arrive today.’ ‘Are you really? But you said last week ��
They said .......................... that day. �� .’
2 ‘I went to see an old friend yesterday.’ 3 ‘Our teacher likes jazz better than folk music.’
She said .......................... the day before. ‘I don’t think so. She told �� .’
3 ‘My boss came into my office last week.’ 4 ‘My parents were feeling better last night.’
He told me that .......................... the previous week. ‘That’s good. I heard that �� .’
4 ‘We weren’t expecting all these questions.’ 5 ‘You’ll love the new production of Macbeth.’
They said .......................... all those questions. ‘Well, my flatmate disagrees. He told ��
5 ‘I didn’t realise that you were waiting for so long.’ �� .’
She told me .......................... . 6 ‘You must pay extra for the showers.’
6 ‘Our teacher bought a new car a month ago.’ ‘Really? The poster in the gym said ��
They heard that .......................... a month before. �� .’
Unit 2 149
READING SKILLS
12 You are going to read about some accommodation

advertised on the EasyBnB website. What does
BnB mean and what does this usually imply?
13 [3.09]
Read and listen to the text. Who do you
think this apartment is most suitable for?
Give your reasons.
Notting Hill Paradise
1 A family group: parents, small child and baby.
2 An antiques dealer with his wife and their dog. In the heart
3 Four gap-year backpackers from New Zealand. of Notting Hill, London,
4 Two elderly couples on a mid-week city break. England,
United Kingdom
Two-bedroom apartment:
1 It will cost you at least ............. to stay in this 2 beds / 4 guests
apartment.
A £120 B £360 C £400
2 The apartment has recently been ............. .
A sold B built C painted
3 Your arrival time is ............. the time you have to leave.
A earlier than B later than C the same as
4 You will be welcome here if you ............. .
A have an animal B don’t smoke
Price
C buy and sell antiques
£120 per night
5 The neighbourhood is ............. .
Minimum stay
A good for fine restaurants
3 nights
B handy for public transport
Description
C famous for old dealers
New large luxury 2-bedroom apartment in a beautiful
15 Read the text again. Decide if the sentences are Victorian building in fashionable Notting Hill.
true (T), false (F) or not given (NG). Explain your The apartment, which is newly decorated and well
reasons. Then correct the false ones. furnished, is very comfortable. There is a garden
1 The apartment has four beds. T F NG and balcony. Family friendly.
2 You can sit outside on the balcony. T F NG The accommodation: kitchen / dining area, bathroom
3 There’s a cot for babies to sleep in. T F NG and two bedrooms. Free wi-fi.
4 You can cook and eat in the Check-in
dining area. T F NG Anytime after 1 pm
5 The apartment is connected to Check-out
the internet. T F NG 11 am
6 It’s a short walk to the Cleaning fee
underground station. T F NG £40
House rules
16 [3.10]
Read and listen to three reviews from
No pets or smokers allowed
people who stayed at the apartment. Match their
Convenient central location
complaints to the information NG in exercise 15.
Ten minutes’ walk to Tube station, with many buses.
a The ad said �� One minute away from the famous Portobello Road,
but �� . which has the world’s largest antiques market with
b The ad said �� over 1,000 dealers. You will find the most extensive
but �� . selection of antiques in Britain here, as well as an
c The ad said �� amazing street food experience.
but �� .
150 Unit 2
VOCABULARY
EMOTIVE WORDS
0 Best holiday of our lives: we were absolutely
delighted / terrified with everything!
1 The view of the lake and mountains was
magnificent / horrifying and great for photos.
2 The toilet block was really astonishing / disgusting;
dirty loos and no paper.
3 What a wonderful / dreadful setting next to the
river! We loved it.
4 The five-star hotel was far extraordinary / superior
to anywhere I’d ever stayed before.
5 Saying the rooms were spacious was brilliant /
ridiculous. We could hardly move.
6 The ad didn’t warn us about the amazing /
scandalous price of food in local restaurants.
7 The kitchen was in a disgraceful / appalling state
when we arrived.
8 He was unhurt after a fantastic / miraculous escape
from the motorway accident.
thope32 18 Match the words that go together.
The apartment itself was great, no complaints.
0 g low a solution
However, the ad said there was a balcony, but 1 home b bike ride
the door to it was locked. This was disappointing 2 perfect c comforts
because it was hot sunny weather and the 3 great d furnished
apartment was very warm. There was no easy access 4 newly e outdoors
from the second floor to the shared garden. 5 lavishly f painted
6 leisurely g cost
19 Complete the ad with the phrases
homecooker from exercise 18.
The flat was in a fantastic place, very trendy area.
Low cost biking holidays
.................
0
The accommodation was luxurious, as the ad
for all the family!
claimed, but kitchen / dining area was misleading,
Tired of the usual expensive holiday options?
as there was no dining table and, therefore, Looking for something different that won’t cost
nowhere to sit down to eat. OK for anyone who the earth? Here at the Tissington bike trail, we
have the 1 ..................... for you.
wanted to eat out all the time.
If you’re a fan of the 2 .......................... and love
cycling in wonderful countryside, why not come
to us? Our cabins are simple but cosy, with all the
felix354
3
.......................... you need. They are not
4
.........................., but every room is clean and
Nice place, but the internet was a problem. 5
.......................... at the start of every season. There
The network was secured and the owner hadn’t left are tea- and coffee-making facilities, and you are
just a 6 .......................... away from the perfect
a password, so we had to go outside to get English pub with excellent food and drink!
a connection. And there was nowhere for our
six-month-old baby to sleep, so … not very family
20 Think of the best holiday you’ve ever had
friendly! and write your own ad for it. Use the text
in exercise 19 to help you.
Unit 2 151
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Reported speech: Questions 24 Report the questions using if or whether.

Choose the correct option and complete the rule. 0 ‘Can you help me with the homework?’ She asked
In direct / reported questions, we invert the subject if I could help her with the homework .
(me) ..................................................................................
and verb. In direct / reported questions, we do not invert 1 ‘Is it still raining?’ He wanted to know ��
the subject and verb. �� .
When we report questions, the question words / tenses 2 ‘Does your mother need a lift?’ She asked (me) ��
change. �� .
If there is no question word, we report the question 3 ‘Have you heard from Tim yet?’ They asked (us) ��
with .......................... or .......................... . �� .
4 ‘Were you wearing that dress last night?’ He asked
(her) �� .
5 ‘Did Bill borrow my bike again?’ She wondered ��
21 Underline the question words. �� .
6 ‘Are your friends camping in the forest?’ They asked
0 How much was your meal?
(us) �� .
1 When will the sale start?
2 Where did you get that hat? 25 Report the direct speech.
3 How good was the special offer?
0 ‘Please move your car.’ The policeman asked me
4 Why didn’t you read the small print? to move my car
�� .
5 Which shop has the best deals?
1 ‘Don’t be late!’ He told me �� .
6 What’s the new app like?
2 ‘Don’t touch the electric fence!’ They warned me ��
22 Make direct questions. �� .
3 ‘Would you mind helping me?’ She asked him ��
0 I asked (him) what time it was.
�� .
‘What’s the time?’
4 ‘Take a break from your computer.’ We advised him
1 She asked me how I’d heard the news.
�� .
2 He wanted to know when I’d started.
5 ‘You mustn’t leave the door open.’ They told us ��
3 They asked how much we’d paid last night.
�� .
4 We asked them where we could eat.
6 ‘Come early for the best deals!’ The assistant told me
5 She wanted to know why I was crying.
�� .
6 The man asked me when the next bus would come.
7 ‘Please can you shut the window?’ She asked me
23 Report the questions. �� .
0 ‘What is the postcode?’ The man asked (her)�� what 26 Imagine you have finished school and had
the postcode was
�� . a job interview. Read the notes and write
1 ‘Where do you live?’ He asked (me) �� the questions the interviewer asked. Then write
�� . to a friend about it.
2 ‘Why did you want the job?’ She asked (him) �� ■■ when and where born
�� . When and where were you born?
3 ‘What’s the matter?’ I asked (them) �� ■■ where school
�� . ■■ how many languages study
4 ‘How long have you been away?’ He asked (me) �� ■■ when leave school
�� . ■■ where work first
5 ‘When did you leave?’ I asked (her) �� ■■ when leave last job
�� . ■■ why want this job
6 ‘Which pizza will you order?’ She asked (him) �� The interview was OK. First she asked me when
�� . and where I was born. Then …
152 Unit 2
PERSUADING
27 Tick (✓) the correct column. When you say these
things, are you agreeing (A), disagreeing (D)
or persuading (P)?
1 Why not? A D P
2 That’s a ridiculous thing to say. A D P
3 Go on, have a look. A D P
4 I really don’t think … A D P A B
5 You win! A D P
6 Hmmm, I’m still not sure. A D P
7 So, come on, let’s do it. A D P
8 I’m sorry, but … A D P
9 Well, OK, if you really want to. A D P
10 I can’t believe that. A D P
11 No, they won’t do that. A D P
C
12 Oh, OK then … A D P
13 We’ll have to hurry up or we’ll miss … A D P
30 Look at the leaflets. Where might you find
28 Complete the conversation with phrases leaflets like these?
from exercise 27. You won’t need to use
all of them. 31 [3.11]
Listen to three conversations. Which
leaflets (A, B or C) are they talking about?
Lena Hey Paul, there’s a new fitness centre in town.
1 ............. Conversation 1
Look at this leaflet: ‘Everything you want
in a gym for less’. 1 .......................... .
Paul OK, let me see it. No, 2 .......................... I’m
not interested. 32 Answer these questions.
Lena 3 .......................... ?
1 How many speakers are there in each
Paul Because they say it’s ‘everything I want’.
conversation?
4
......................... . How do they know what I want?
2 Two of the conversations are about food.
Lena Oh really, Paul! 5 .......................... .
Which ones?
Paul It isn’t ridiculous. Well, 6 .......................... it is.
3 The speakers in one of the conversations don’t
They claim it’s cheap but after a month
know each other. Which one? How do you know?
they’ll increase their prices.
Lena 7 .......................... . I’m sure they won’t. 33 [3.11] Listen again and answer the questions.
But 8 .......................... the offer, it’s only open 1 You first hear a conversation in a furniture shop.
for one month. What are the shoppers looking for?
Paul Hmmm, 9 .......................... . The offer’s good 2 Who doesn’t like the leather furniture and why?
for the first month, but then it costs twice 3 In conversation 2, where are the friends eating?
as much! Read the small print. 4 What had they not understood about the two-for-
Lena Oh, 10 .........................., Paul. 11 .......................... ! one deal?
You always were hard to persuade! 5 Where is the woman calling from in conversation 3?
29 Answer these questions. 6 What was not clear in the leaflet from the
takeaway restaurant?
1 Who is persuading, Lena or Paul?
2 What is Paul doing during the conversation?
3 What does Lena do in the end?
Unit 2 153
ACADEMIC SKILLS
NOTE TAKING 36 Now read the article. Underline the keywords.
34 Complete the advice about note taking with the 37 Complete the notes with key information
words below. from the text and choose the correct option.
bullet points ■ important ■ key information ■ SHOCK TACTICS and the ASA
more than ■ shorter ■ your own Topics Key information
0 Who uses these tactics? campaign groups, .........................
more than once.
0 Read the text .......................... .....................................................
1 Who decides if ads OK? ASA
1 Underline the .......................... points the writer is 2 First antismoking ad ashtray shocking / allowed /
making. not too banned
shocking
2 Try and identify what is .......................... and what
3 Ad with child ............ shocking / allowed /
isn’t. not too banned
3 Rewrite the information in .......................... words, shocking
using headings and .......................... to make the 4 Ad with hook face shocking / allowed /
not too banned
information clearer, .......................... and simpler. shocking
35 Read the introduction to the article about 38 Now rewrite the notes in your own words.
advertising. Underline the two most important Use what you wrote in exercise 37 to help you.
pieces of information in the paragraph.
Advertising is all around us, so it is perhaps no surprise that some advertisers try to
grab our attention with shocking photos or messages. These are called shock tactics. What is
OK, and what is not? The people that decide in the UK work for an organization called the
Advertising Standards Authority (the ASA).
Charities, governments and campaign groups often use shock tactics

to make the public aware of a cause or to raise money. For example,
advertisers have used them in the past to tell smokers to stop
smoking.
5 This raises an interesting question: how far is it all right to use shock
tactics? Our views might be different if they are used to advertise
a good cause. Let us look at an example, produced by an antismoking
campaign. It’s a photo that does not glamorise smoking but shows
the result – a smelly dirty full ashtray. It is very direct and clear,
10 and not too shocking, so the ASA had no objection to it.
Another photo in the same campaign showed a small child wearing
a protective mask full of smoke over his face. This ad was designed
to make a smoker feel bad about the effects of his or her smoking
on children, and was powerful and quite shocking. However, it carried
15 an important message, so the ASA had no problem with it.
An ad which the ASA did have a problem with showed how
addicted or hooked a smoker can become. The photo was of a man
with a fishing hook in the side of his face. The fishing line was
pulling the man by his mouth. The image was very graphic, and it
20 looked both painful and disgusting. The ASA received so many
complaints about this that they had to ban it from TV and poster
campaigns.
154 Unit 2
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY EXAM STRATEGY

Reading and Use of English Part 2 – Open cloze Writing Part 2 – A letter
Use only one word to fill each gap. Read the words Read the instructions carefully and underline the most
which follow the gap as well as those which come important parts. Refer closely to the question to make
before it. Remember that if, for example, the gap is sure you’ve included every part. When writing a letter or
a verb, it must agree with its subject. email, think about what level of formality is appropriate.
FIRST FIRST
39 Choose the correct option. 41 Read this exam question and underline
the important parts.
0 My sister’s tried to stop but she still smoked /
smokes / smoke five cigarettes a day. You have bought some trainers and you are not
1 He wasn’t interested on / in / about an expensive satisfied with them. Write a letter to say how you bought
holiday in Sardinia. them and mention two things you are unhappy about.
2 The TV ads were so annoying as / then / that Ask for a replacement or a refund. Write your letter to
we switched channels. Mrs Branwell, the Customer Services manager.
3 She is saving / earning / spending up to buy 42 Now complete the letter of complaint
a new winter coat. to Mrs Branwell, the Customer Services manager.
4 Henry is certainly not afraid to / of / with saying
what he thinks. acceptable ■ Could you ■ Dear ■ disappointing ■
5 It was Mandy’s brother than / which / that had I am writing ■ I look forward ■
helped to start her stage career. I also would like ■ Yours
40 Read the text below and think of the word that

0 Dear
.......................... Mrs Branwell,
best fits each gap. Use only one word for each gap. 1
.......................... to complain about the Converse trainers
you supplied. I ordered them online and they took three weeks
to arrive, because they were not in stock. The advertisement
said they were in stock, so this was 2 .......................... .
The Father of Advertising
When I tried on the trainers, I discovered they were not the
same size. The left trainer was my size (39) but the right
thought to be one of the greatest
David Ogilvy is 0 ..........................
trainer was bigger (41). This is not 3 .......................... .
writers of advertising copy. In 1962, Time magazine 4
.......................... please send me another pair of size 39
1
.......................... him ‘the most sought-after wizard in trainers? 5 .......................... to know how long they will take
today’s advertising industry’. His advice is to arrive.
2
.......................... followed by students of copywriting 6
.......................... to hearing from you,
today. How did he 3 .......................... the father of 7
.......................... sincerely,
advertising? 4 .......................... winning a scholarship to
study history at Oxford University, Ogilvy never 43 Read the exam question and do the task.
graduated. 5 .......................... of finishing his studies, he You have bought a pair of boots from Discount Boots
went to Paris to work in a hotel kitchen. Never a man to Online. Write a letter to say when you bought them
stay in one place for long, he was keen to move and mention three things you are unhappy about.
6
.......................... a year. Back in England, he began a very Ask for your money back. Mention that you will write
successful career selling Aga cooking stoves. a negative review if you are not satisfied.
He wrote an instruction manual for Aga salespeople Use the letter in exercise 42 and these ideas to help you:
which became known as the finest sales manual ■■ not genuine designer label / fake
7
.......................... written. When this manual came to the ■■ not the colour you ordered
8
.......................... of a big advertising agency, Ogilvy was ■■ not real leather as advertised
offered a job there. And the rest is history. Write your letter to Mr Jake Renshaw in the Customer
Services department.
Unit 2 155
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the sentences with the correct verb 5 Nina .......................... (have) a lovely dream
in the past simple. when her alarm .......................... (wake) her up.
6 .......................... the train .......................... (wait)
bring ■ buy ■ find ■ hear ■ leave ■ lose ■ read ■
shake ■ spread ■ strike ■ take ■ wear when you .......................... (get) to the station?
7 Frances .......................... (work) as a waitress
bought a cheap phone yesterday.
0 Roger .......................... in a café, when Edward .......................... (meet) her.
1 She .......................... her keys but I ..........................
them for her. 4 Complete with irregular past simple
2 I .......................... a book from the shelf and the past participle.
and .......................... it to the children. brought brought
0 bring .......................... ..........................
3 He .......................... some flowers to her house 1 buy .......................... ..........................
and .......................... them by the door. 2 leave .......................... ..........................
4 The earthquake .......................... my village at ten 3 lose .......................... ..........................
and the whole house .......................... . 4 read .......................... ..........................
5 We .......................... the news on the radio 5 shake .......................... ..........................
and it .......................... quickly online. 6 spread .......................... ..........................
6 The rescue workers .......................... hard hats 7 strike .......................... ..........................
8 take .......................... ..........................
and bright yellow jackets.
9 wear .......................... ..........................
2 Write questions with the past simple. 10 write .......................... ..........................
did you see the news
0 ‘Where �� ?’ 5 Correct the wrong sentences.
‘I saw the news on TV.’
0 He’s had a headache for last night. since
1 ‘When �� ?’
‘They got to the village before dark.’ 1 I’ve been waiting at the bus stop for ages.
2 ‘Why �� ?’ 2 We haven’t seen Vikki since Christmas.
‘She learnt it because her boyfriend was Italian.’ 3 Has he been working with you since a long time?
3 ‘How much �� ?’ 4 It’s a whole year since I’ve been to the dentist.
‘My tablet? It cost £200.’ 5 She’s been driving her mother’s car for Saturday.
4 ‘How long �� ?’ 6 We haven’t had a party since ages.
‘The journey took four hours.’ 7 They haven’t flown anywhere since the accident.
5 ‘Where �� ?’
8 Ms Clarke has taught at this school since a long time.
‘The aid workers came from various countries.’
6 ‘When �� ?’ 6 Complete the sentences using the correct
‘He did his homework at the last minute: typical form of say or tell.
Harry!’
told
0 Janina .......................... us yesterday
3 Complete the sentences with the past simple that she couldn’t come.
or the past continuous.
1 You .......................... you’d been on TV – is that true?
was walking (walk) home yesterday when
0 I .......................... 2 Has he already .......................... you he was leaving
happened (happen).
something really cool .......................... early?
1 She .......................... (see) her best friend 3 Did they really .......................... that theirs
while she .......................... (stand) on the platform.
was the best product?
2 We .......................... (arrive) home on Christmas Eve
4 I .......................... her teacher that Iris wasn’t feeling
and a light snow .......................... (fall).
3 I .......................... (cook) the dinner when the lights well.
.......................... (go) out. 5 Someone .......................... that there had been
4 I got your text, so I .......................... (know) an earthquake.
you .......................... (not / come) to my party. 6 Caro .......................... she’d come but she didn’t.
156 Units 1–2

CONCEPT CHECK
7 Choose the correct option. Read the sentences and answer

the questions.
0 Ned still ............. the book when I spoke to him
yesterday. 1 She was eating breakfast when she heard
A didn’t finish B hasn’t finished a sudden explosion.
C hadn’t finished (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
1 The rain ............. by the time we went out for a walk.
0 Did she hear the explosion before she started
A had stopped B hasn’t stopped C did stop
breakfast? No
2 When we reached the scene, the rescuers ............. .
1 Did the breakfast go on longer than the
A was arriving B have arrived
explosion?
C had arrived
2 Did she stop eating breakfast after the explosion?
3 They wanted to say goodbye but the visitor ........... .
A has already left B had already left 2 My neighbour moved into the flat upstairs six
C did already leave weeks ago but I haven’t spoken to her yet.
4 She didn’t want to see the film until she ............. (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
the book.
0 Does the speaker know where the neighbour
A hadn’t read B will read C had read
lives? Yes
5 When our neighbours moved in, the flat .............
1 Do we know when the neighbour moved in?
empty for months.
2 Has the speaker seen her neighbour?
A had been B hadn’t been C wasn’t
3 Have they had a conversation yet?
6 After they ............. the bill, they left the hotel.
4 Does the speaker expect to speak to her
A have paid B did pay C had paid
neighbour in the future?
8 Complete the sentences with the words below.
3 We ran for the train but by the time we reached
to bring ■ to choose ■ to explain ■ to take ■ the station, the train had already left.
not to drink ■ not to drive ■ not to run (Answer True / False)
not to run round 0 They had to hurry to catch a train. True

0 They warned the children ..........................
1 They got to the station.
the swimming pool.
1 We advised the visitors .......................... a taxi 2 They got to the station in time.
from the airport. 3 They got to the station and then the train left.
2 She asked him .......................... why there was 4 The train left before they’d reached the station.
no internet connection. 5 They missed the train.
3 They warned us .......................... water from the river. 4 Gemma rang Tom at his home yesterday. He told
4 He told me .......................... because the roads were her that he’d been on holiday the week before.
flooded and dangerous.
(Answer True / False / Don’t know)
5 The interviewer asked him .......................... a letter
from his employer. 0 Tom’s been on holiday. True
6 Rosa asked us .......................... which room 1 Gemma’s been on holiday.
we wanted. 2 Tom gave Gemma some news about himself.
3 Tom was still on holiday when he spoke to
9 TRANSLATION Translate the sentences Gemma.
into English. 4 He told her about a holiday planned for next year.
1 Lei ha chiesto a Helen cosa aveva. 5 The holiday that Tom told Gemma about was
2 Joe le ha chiesto da quando vive a Locarno. finished.
3 Volevano sapere a che ora ero arrivata ieri sera.
4 Gli ho chiesto perché ha deciso di studiare il cinese.
5 Lei voleva sapere se poteva avere un passaggio
a casa. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE
6 Ci ha chiesto se eravamo mai stati in Sicilia. pages 113, 114, 115
Units 1–2 157

3 A better world
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Complete the sentences with the correct
forms of good or bad.
Revision of comparative the best day of his life.
0 His wedding day was ..........................
and superlative adjectives (good)
Complete the rules with the words below. 1 She’s been quite ill but she’s much ..........................
comparative ■ stronger ■ superlative ■ weaker now. (good)
We can make comparative adjectives .......................... 2 That’s .......................... meal I’ve ever eaten. (bad)
with much / a lot / far / even, and we can make them 3 We had a very .......................... holiday despite
.......................... with a little / a (little) bit too. the weather. (good)
We can make .......................... adjectives stronger 4 Where’s .......................... place in town to buy jeans?
by putting by far first. (good)
We can use (not) so / as + adjective as ... instead 5 I’m afraid I think that’s a really .......................... idea.
of the .......................... form. (bad)
6 It’s not a great result but it could be .......................... .
(bad)
1 Choose the best adjective and complete 4 Underline the words that make
the sentences with the correct comparative form. the adjectives stronger (S) or weaker (W).
fit ■ happy ■ healthy ■ hot ■ lucky ■ safe ■ thin S Jake’s brother is a pop star and much
0 .............
wealthier than him.
safer
0 The world would be a .......................... place
1 .............
The programme was a little disappointing
without guns.
in my opinion.
1 She’s been trying to live a .......................... lifestyle
2 .............
Was my phone much more expensive
since her illness.
than yours?
2 It’s good to know you’ve helped someone feel
3 .............
Everyone thinks Sue’s even more
.......................... .
attractive than her sister.
3 You will need a sun hat today; it’s even
4 .............
Can you be a bit quieter, please?
.......................... than yesterday.
I’m thinking.
4 My brother won the lottery. He’s always been
5 .............
The film was a lot more exciting
.......................... than me.
than the book.
5 You need to get .......................... if you want to walk
6 .............
The trip was far less interesting
to Santiago.
than he’d expected.
6 You look .........................., Jan. Have you lost weight?
2 Complete the sentences with the superlative 5 Correct the mistakes.

form of the adjective given. 0 You’re the luckyiest person I know. luckiest
0 I’ve three sisters but I’m the youngest. (young)
......................... 1 The second episode was even excitinger
1 Of course I’ve heard of Bill Gates. He’s one than the first.
of .......................... philanthropists in the US. (famous) 2 The problems of inequality are getting badder.
2 Tina and Frank are .......................... people I’ve ever 3 This government is the less popular we’ve
met. (generous) ever had.
3 Is Oxfam .......................... charity in the UK? 4 Your ideas are by far better than mine.
(successful) 5 The cost of living is more low in some countries.
4 .......................... thing about that film was 6 Her story is by far the shockingest thing in the news
the ending. (sad) today.
158 Unit 3
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Comparatives and superlatives 9 Choose the correct option.

with nouns 0 He gave a ............. money to his favourite charity
Complete the rules with the words below. last year.
countable ■ fewer ■ fewest ■ A most B far more C less D lot more
least ■ less ■ uncountable 1 Julie is a ............. generous than her neighbour.
We can compare numbers by using (many / a lot / far) A few more B bit less
more or .......................... with countable nouns, C most D more
and amounts by using (much / a lot / far) more 2 This question is ............. the most difficult to answer.
or .......................... with uncountable nouns. A very B by far C a lot D a bit
We can express superlatives with (by far) the most / 3 We need a ............. time to complete our project.
.......................... + countable noun or (by far) the most / A lot more B most C fewer D least
.......................... + uncountable nouns. 4 Thank you, that was ............. delicious food I’ve
We can also use (not) so / as + many / few + .......................... ever tasted.
noun + as, and (not) so / as + much / little + .......................... A more B the least C most D the most
noun + as. 5 Living here is a ............. interesting than we
expected.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116 A little B little bit less
C less D little fewest
6 Put the nouns into the correct group. 6 Giving presents is ............. satisfying than receiving
them.
boats ■ countries ■ energy ■ food ■ fun ■ grass ■ A even more B the most C better D by far
help ■ ideas ■ meals ■ meat ■ millions ■
minutes ■ money ■ music ■ people ■ photos ■ 10 Look at the chart. Decide if the sentences are
problems ■ time ■ volunteers ■ water true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
0 Oxfam spends far less money on development
Countable: boats Uncountable: energy T ✓
F
work than on making a change. more
7 Complete the sentences with fewer or less. 1 The charity spends less on making
a change than on getting donations. T F
less money
0 Our grandparents had a lot ....................
2 They spend as much money on getting
when they were teenagers.
donations as on administration costs. T F
1 He took far .................... photos with his old phone.
3 The cost of emergency response is
2 Your cat’s getting fat. You should give it ....................
higher than development work. T F
meals.
3 I eat .................... meat now although I’m not
a vegetarian.
How Oxfam Spends Every Pound You Donate
Oxfam is an international charity that works to reduce
4 She couldn’t manage with .................... help
poverty around the world.
than she has now.
5 We have .................... good ideas when we’re tired. 6p
32p Making
8 Write sentences with the prompts and as … as.
Emergency a change
0 There weren’t / helpers / we wanted response
There weren’t as many helpers as we wanted. WHERE YOUR
9p MONEY GOES
1 Tessa doesn’t listen to / music / she did before The cost
2 We don’t have / time / we need of getting donations
3 He didn’t get / good exam results / his friend 44p
Development
4 Does Bill prepare / meals / his sister? 9p work
5 Have you visited / countries / I have? Administration
costs
6 Nobody donates / money / those philanthropists
Unit 3 159
READING SKILLS
11 You are going to read an article about food miles

in the UK. First look at the map. What do you
think the main purpose of the article will be?
1 To describe different ways food is transported.
2 To explain how much energy food gives us.
California
3 To discuss the impact of transporting food for long
Oranges
distances. 5,000 miles
12 [3.12]
Read and listen to the text.
What is the writer’s point of view?
The Caribbean
1 We should transport food fewer miles.
Bananas
2 We should think more about how we transport food. 4,000 miles
3 We should transport food more miles.
13 Complete these sentences. Argentina

Spain
Beef
1 Seasonal fruit travels large distances so that Tomatoes
7,000 miles
1,000 miles
consumers can have more �� .
2 Food produced in Europe sometimes goes to
China where �� .
3 Lorry trips are bad for the environment because
they use more .......................... and cause more
Food miles
�� . FROM FARM GATE TO DINNER PLATE
4 Food produced in heated greenhouses might be The phrase food miles was first used in the 1990s as a way
less �� .
of describing how far food travels to reach dinner tables in the
5 Local food markets are popular because ��
developed world. As food production becomes more globalised,
�� .
it has become even easier to buy food out of season. Much of the
6 Fewer food miles could have a bad effect on ��
5 food eaten in Britain is grown in countries with completely
�� .
different climates. For example, consumers in the UK can now
14 Find the expressions underlined in the text choose to have seasonal fruit like strawberries all year round, even
with similar meanings to these expressions. if it means transporting them thousands of miles. Much of the
1 not the same types of weather .......................... food which is produced in Europe goes by road to another
2 possibly better because of that ..........................
10 country for processing, before it is distributed to retailers
3 a surprising effect .......................... and sold in supermarkets. Even worse are the products that are
4 during all the seasons .......................... flown as far as China for processing before returning to Europe.
5 because it is clearly true ..........................
6 a lot more complicated .......................... NOT SO SIMPLE?
7 helping farmers who farm nearby .......................... As awareness of food miles increases, consumers might become
8 is not necessarily true .......................... even more worried about the impact on the environment, and
9 not so good for the world 15 with good reason. Nearly one quarter of all the trips made by
and its resources .......................... lorries in Britain are for food transportation. That uses a lot
of fuel and causes a great deal of air pollution. However,
15 Complete the summary. the issue is far more complex than that. It may seem advisable
food miles can damage the 1 ..........................,
More 0 .......................... to buy locally produced food, but this is not always the case.
especially when 2 .......................... are grown in one place, 20 British farmers can grow tomatoes, for instance, all through
processed in another and 3 .......................... to where they the seasons, but they do so in heated greenhouses. Therefore
are sold. However, locally produced food is not it could in fact be less environmentally friendly to have home-grown
necessarily kinder to the environment, and not buying tomatoes than to transport them 1,000 miles from Spain.
from 4.......................... countries could be bad for them.
160 Unit 3
VOCABULARY
WORLD RESOURCES
16 Match the words to make collocations.
0 d fair a countries
1 developing b gases
2 vegetable c site
3 farmers’ d trade
4 landfill e bank
5 bottle f market
New Zealand 6 greenhouse g patch
Lamb
11,000 miles 17 Complete the sentences with the correct
collocation from exercise 16.
0 Katrina only buys bananas with
Central Africa fair trade
the ....................................... label.
Cocoa beans 1 Methane and carbon dioxide are examples
3,000 miles of ....................................... .
2 Our local beekeeper sells his honey at the Saturday
....................................... .
LOCAL ECONOMIES 3 If we use less packaging, our .......................................
Farmers’ markets which sell fresh seasonal local food are more will have less rubbish.
25 and more popular in Europe. This is a way of supporting local 4 Do you take all your glass to
producers as well as cutting down food miles. You eat seasonal the ....................................... for recycling?
food which has not travelled far and arguably tastes all the better 5 My neighbour grows his own potatoes
for that. However, this may have a negative impact elsewhere in in a ....................................... at the end of the garden.
the world. The local economy of developing countries may suffer 6 It’s important for farmers in .......................................
30 badly as an unexpected result. The farmer in Kenya who grows to sell their produce to richer countries.
green beans for export to Europe might not be able to survive
if consumers in more developed countries no longer buy those 18 Read part of an article about recycling.
beans. Complete the missing words.
ecycling
We all know that 0 r......................... is important but
local authorities in England are taking it a step further
– now every home in England must recycle two types
of 1 w.......................... . Materials like food waste, paper,
glass, metal and 2 p.......................... are easy to recycle
and we must do everything we can to stop wasting
these 3 r.......................... by sending them
to 4 l.......................... waste centres. We now know
that methane is a dangerous 5 g.......................... that is
altering the world’s climate, and 6 r.......................... that
we burn at landfill sites creates more methane as well
GLOSSARY as polluting the air we breathe. It’s easy to reduce
waste and recycle; here are some simple things you
out of season ➤ fuori stagione
can do to help.
retailers ➤ rivenditori
awareness ➤ consapevolezza
a great deal of ➤ molto
Unit 3 161
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
too many / too much, too few / 21 Complete the sentences

too little, (not) enough + nouns with the correct adverb.
Complete the sentences with the words below. happily with her friends
0 Katie plays more ..........................
enough ■ little ■ many ■ much than with her sisters. (happy)
Some people have too .......................... food, and some 1 The families can live more .......................... now that
have too .......................... (food). the fighting is over. (safe)
Too .......................... people waste food while others 2 People are donating less .......................... because
don’t have .......................... . they don’t have enough money. (generous)
3 My dad drives less .......................... than he did
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116 when he was a young man. (dangerous)
4 You’ll have to answer more ..........................
19 Choose the correct option. than that; it’s best to tell the truth. (honest)
0 Not everyone had a drink as there was too little / 5 Visitors travelled less .......................... in the old-
much juice left. fashioned trains than in the new ones.
1 There’s too much / many noise in here, please talk (comfortable)
more quietly. 6 He shouted at me and spoke more ..........................
2 Too few / little people understand the problems than was really necessary. (angry)
of climate change. 7 The doctor was young but she advised us more
3 We spent far too much / many money on electricity .......................... than we expected. (wise)
last year. 8 Gordon did very well and graduated more
4 Tim couldn’t park because there were too many / .......................... than his teachers had predicted.
little other cars. (successful)
20 Write the sentence endings using not enough 22 Look at the diagram and complete the text
and the words in brackets. with the words below.
0 She’d like to read more but she doesn’t have better ■ less ■ more ■ most ■ not as good as ■
enough time. (time) the best ■ the least
1 He couldn’t take a taxi because he … (money)
2 The corner shop closed down. It … (customers) HOW CAN WE BE MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY
3 Can you use a cup, please? We … (glasses) RESPONSIBLE?
4 Your friends will have to sleep on the floor. The diagram shows different ways of treating waste.
There … (beds) most
The top of the pyramid shows what 0 .......................... people
5 I can’t give you the answer. I … (information) think is 1 .......................... solution. The bottom of the
6 They made too few sandwiches because there … pyramid shows 2 .......................... popular option. It is clear
that preventing waste is 3 .......................... than simply
(bread)
throwing away 4 .......................... rubbish. Energy recovery is
Comparative and superlative .......................... recycling or reuse, but it is 6 ..........................
5
adverbs sustainable than disposal of waste, for example in landfill

sites or in the ocean.
We can make comparative / superlative adverbs most
favoured prevention
stronger with much, a lot, far or even, and we can make option
them weaker / stronger with a little or a (little) bit. minimisation
We can make superlative adverbs stronger by putting reuse

by far / far first.
recycling
We can use (not) so or (not) as + adverb + as energy
instead of the comparative / superlative form. recovery
least
favoured disposal
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116 option
162 Unit 3
EXPRESSING AN OPINION
23 Write if the speakers are expressing (E)
an opinion or if they are responding (R).
1 ............. To be honest, I think there’s too much waste.
2 ............. I reckon we should donate more to
that charity.
3 ............. What I think is, you’re never sure where
your money goes.
4 ............. Maybe you’re right.
5 ............. If you ask me, a sponsored swim would
be best.
6 ............. I don’t think so.
7 ............. In my opinion, Children in Need is
a great organization.
8 ............. Well, not really.
9 ............. You know what I mean. 26 Look at the photo of a demonstration. Can you
predict what it is about? Give your reasons.
24 Choose the two best responses to each
statement. 27 You’re going to listen for specific information.
1 You know what I mean. Read the questions and underline the words
A I don’t, really. B I don’t agree. that tell you what you should listen for.
C Yes, of course I understand. 1 In which country did this demonstration take
2 In my opinion, it’s a ridiculous idea. place?
A Well, not really. B I agree, it’s brilliant. 2 Where exactly did the demonstration take place?
C Maybe you’re right. 3 When did the demonstration start?
3 What about a fundraising swim for Water Aid? 4 How many demonstrators came last night?
A Why not? B No, I don’t think so. 5 How many people were there by the morning?
C You know what I mean. 6 Who addressed the crowd?
4 A sponsored silence is a bit boring if you ask me. 7 Who stopped the angry activists?
A You could be right. B I agree, walking isn’t fun.
C I disagree.
28 [3.13]
Listen to the news report and answer
the questions in exercise 27.
5 It’s a really exciting campaign.
A I don’t think so. B You know what I mean. 29 [3.13]
Listen again and decide if the sentences
C It’s a waste of time if you ask me. are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
25 Put the words in the correct order. 1 The homeless crisis is worse
in Manchester than in London. T F
1 interesting / opinion / had / idea / we / my / in /
2 Doorway is a charity that campaigns
most / the
against activists. T F
2 honest / I / be / really / to / don’t / you / with / agree
3 There were 300 homeless people
3 I’m / maybe / sure / right / not / you’re / but
sleeping outside the Town Hall. T F
4 families / sponsor / will / our / us / reckon / I
4 The scene became chaotic when
5 crazier / I / we / do / something / think / should
the police arrived. T F
6 walking / boring / we / that / all / a / agree / bit / is
5 Many angry and violent activists
7 campaign / should / you / if / me / support / ask /
were arrested. T F
the / we
6 Jenny Brown thinks the new regulations
are ridiculous and unfair. T F
Unit 3 163
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY 32 For questions 1–10, read the text below.

Use the words given in capitals at the end of some
Reading and Use of English Part 3 – of the lines to form a word the fits in the gap
Word formation in the same line.
The prompt is the stem word and has other words
related to it. Always read the surrounding sentence A SAD STORY
to decide which of the words best fits the gap. It could How do some people have the
0 misfortune
be a negative or plural form of the stem word, .......................... to end up with no FORTUNE
or there could be a suffix or prefix. The word may home?
change completely, as in wise / wisdom. Norman is a 1 .......................... person HOME
FIRST sleeping on the streets in a city in the
north of England. As a younger man
30 Fill in the blanks. Then add any other related he had 2 .......................... built up SUCCESS
words you know.
a business designing 3 .......................... IMPRESS
Adjective Adverb Noun websites for banks. However, his
1 safe safely
............. safety
............. marriage was unhappy and his wife
2 comfortable ............. ............. accused him of being 4 .......................... RELY
3 dangerous ............. .............
and selfish. Their 5 .......................... ARGUE
4 generous ............. .............
continued, leading sadly to separation
5 immediate ............. .............
6 necessary ............. .............
and divorce.
7 hopeful ............. ............. Norman was at a big 6 .......................... ADVANTAGE
8 successful ............. ............. because their flat belonged to his wife.
9 deep ............. ............. Unfortunately for him, they did not
10 strong ............. ............. find a fair 7 .......................... to this SOLVE
11 honest ............. ............. problem, and at this point, Norman’s
12 angry ............. ............. business failed too. He found himself
13 wise ............. ............. 8
.......................... by his friends and was ABANDON
14 (un)happy ............. .............
soon on the streets.
31 Complete the sentences with the correct noun It’s an unhappy situation for
derived from the verbs below. Norman. He worries about his
approve ■ collect ■ explain ■ perform ■
9
.......................... and feels frightened SAFE
punish ■ refer ■ sing a lot of the time. He can’t see a way out
of this terrible situation; although
0 Pavarotti was one of the most commercially some people are generous towards
singers of all time.
successful .......................... him and he gets enough food to
1 Violent crimes normally result in severe survive, he doesn’t feel 10 .......................... HOPE
.........................., including long prison sentences.
about his future.
2 People are more likely to use Wikipedia than
.......................... books these days.
3 The opera in Verona was the most fabulous
musical .......................... I’ve ever seen.
4 He didn’t understand the teacher’s ..........................
and had to ask again.
5 The university library has a very fine ..........................
of old manuscripts.
6 The government regulations were unpopular
and met with general .......................... .
164 Unit 3
EXAM SKILLS

Read the sentences and complete them
as you listen to the recording.
Listening Part 2 – Sentence completion
nearly half of the UK’s
0 Landfill waste creates ..........................
Remember to read the text around the gaps so that
greenhouse gases.
you have an idea of what you are listening for. It may
1 Heated greenhouses are not as .......................... as
be a number, a single word or a short phrase of never
you might think.
more than three words. There is no need for you
2 Shopping locally is .......................... the best way
to rephrase because you will hear the exact words
to buy fruit and vegetables.
of the key information.
3 They promised to .......................... of their Facebook
FIRST
shares.
4 Riches don’t make .........................., they only make
him busier.
5 A group of volunteers .......................... a solution.
6 Supermarkets donate food that’s close to its
.......................... but is still good to eat.
34 [3.15]
You will hear a classroom presentation
about fundraising for charity. For questions 1–10
complete the sentences.
Red Nose Day is part of

Tracey explained that 0 ............................... Not only did they raise £650 together: they also got
a larger charity called Comic Relief. 6
..............................., which had been their intention.
The celebrities who launched Comic Relief on Tracey’s friend Sally raised money by organising
Christmas Day 1985 were mostly 1 ............................... . an open mic night at her 7 ..............................., with
Of course, they were all very funny performers. Tracey the help of the owner of the bar.
said they wanted to use laughter to raise awareness They advertised the event by putting
of the problems of 2 ............................... and poverty. 8
............................... all around town. Lots of friends
The first Red Nose Day was in 1988, since when and families went too and it was a big success.
3
............................... has been raised. Tracey was not at all surprised that Rashid wanted
Tracey’s team had no doubts about where the to do 9 ............................... . A sponsored silence seemed
money would be spent. They were 4 ............................... like a crazy idea because Rashid is so talkative, but
that anything they raised would go to make people’s he proved everybody wrong.
lives better. In the end, he was the top fundraiser, and raised
She admitted that she and the other three members a 10 ............................... for Comic Relief.
of her team could not agree about what would raise
5
............................... . In the end, she did a sponsored
run with Simon.
Unit 3 165
4 Our future
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Match the beginnings and ends
of the sentences.
Future predictions: will v may / might 0 f Younger people will always
Complete the rules with the words below. 1 I’ll come
definitely (x2) ■ may / might (not) ■ 2 Sue says she’ll
probably / possibly ■ will / won’t 3 Your friends definitely
We use .......................... to express predictions when we 4 They’ll probably
are certain, and .......................... when we are uncertain. 5 Those photos might
We can also use will .......................... or .......................... 6 He may possibly regret
won’t when we are certain and will .......................... a definitely save her favourite photos.
when we are uncertain. b update their storage systems soon.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 116 c when I’m ready.
d throwing away his vinyl records.
1 Make sentences with will or won’t. e won’t forget your birthday.
f keep pace with technology.
0 black-and-white photos / survive / longer g survive best in a physical photo album.
Black-and-white photos will survive longer.
1 the weather / be / better tomorrow 4 Add a sentence with may or might.
2 Helena / not / take / many more photos 0 I’m not sure if Ursula has returned from her holiday.
3 our local library / stay / open in the evening she / still away She may still be away.
4 that information / not / be / accessible next week 1 Do you think the neighbours will invite us to their
5 Gerry / study / hard for his exams party? we / invitation
6 the teacher / be / pleased with those results 2 What’s the weather forecast for this evening? it / …
3 Are there any vinyl shops in this town? we / …
4 It’s not clear if the boys will join us. they / …
0 ‘Might you study abroad one day?’ 5 I can’t say when the download will finish. it / …
A ‘Yes, I won’t.’ B ‘No, probably not.’ 6 I’m afraid the film will have a sad ending. you / …
1 ‘Will you ever listen to those old vinyl records?’ 7 I cannot find my phone. I / restaurant
A ‘No, definitely.’ B ‘Definitely not.’ 8 Stella is still at work. she / late for dinner
2 ‘Will your visitors leave at the weekend?’
A ‘They won’t possibly.’ B ‘Possibly not.’ Future perfect
3 ‘Will you get a new smartphone next year?’ Choose the correct option.
A ‘It’s possible.’ B ‘I’ll might.’ We use the future simple / future perfect to predict
4 ‘Will the beach be crowded this afternoon?’ a future action or event.
A ‘It may be.’ B ‘No, it will.’ We use the future simple / future perfect to say that
5 ‘Won’t you join the campaign to save the libraries?’ an action or event will be finished before a time
A ‘Yes, definitely.’ B ‘I won’t not.’ in the future.
6 ‘Will she write a blog while she’s travelling?’ We often use by + date or in (ten years’) time
A ‘No, she will.’ B ‘Yes, she may.’ with the future simple / future perfect.
7 ‘Will Karen ever move abroad?’ See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 117
A ‘She may be.’ B ‘Definitely not.’
166 Unit 4
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
5 Complete the table. 8 Complete the email with the correct form
of the verbs below.
subject + will have + 1 ..........................
+ Tomorrow’s technology will have be ■ eat ■ enjoy ■ feel ■ have ■ lose ■ return ■
2
.......................... (forget) today’s information. see ■ take ■ write ■ walk
subject + will not (3 ..........................) have
+ past participle
–
That way, whatever happens, you won’t have Hi Grace,
4
.......................... (lose) them. Sorry, I’m not free this weekend. My brother Max
will + subject + 5 .......................... + past participle 0 will
.......................... return home
probably ..........................
? In five or ten years’ time, will our photos have on Friday, after a long walking holiday in India.
6
.......................... (disappear)? He 1 .......................... away since January.
He 2 .......................... a family meal because he
6 Complete with the future perfect of the verbs 3
.......................... (not) home cooking for ages.
in brackets.
He 4 .......................... (not) his friends for months
will have arrived (arrive) by ten.
0 The boys ............................... although I expect he 5 .......................... a blog.
1 I ............................... (become) fluent in English He 6 .......................... 500 kilometres by the time
in two years’ time. he gets home, so he 7 .......................... some weight.
2 The programme ............................... (not / start) He 8 .......................... lots of photos and 9 ..........................
by the time we get home. lots of stories to tell. 10 .......................... he
3 ............................... you ............................... (finish) .......................... ready to stay in one place now,
your homework by supper time? I wonder?
4 Celia’s flight ............................... (land) by now. All the best, Josie
5 ............................... she ............................... (learn)
to drive by the time she’s 18?
6 Technology ............................... (not / solve)
all our problems in the next decade. 9 What will you have done in ten years’ time?
7 They ............................... (finish) building their house What won’t you have done yet? Use the ideas
by the end of the summer. in the picture or ideas of your own.
8 Next month I ............................... (live) in Cambridge
for two years.
MONEY
FRIENDSHIP
7 Put the words in the correct order. TRAVELLING
0 completed / studies / by / have / I / next / will /
FAMILY
month / my CAREER
By next month I will have completed my studies. HEALTH
1 friends / their / in / hour / they’ll / met / an / have KIDS
2 test / 11 / this / have / we’ll / by / o’clock / finished LOVE
3 have / two / lived / she / here / months / for / will
4 time / have / Craig / by / get / left / will / we / there / FITNESS
the
HAPPINESS
5 you / summer / by / started / next / have / college /
will / ?
6 grandparents / together / been / June / will / 50 /
SUCCESS
in / have / for / years / my
Unit 4 167
READING SKILLS
10 In AD 45 Plutarch, a Greek historian, biographer

and essayist, said this about teaching:
The mind is not a vessel

to be filled,
but a fire
to be ignited.
Plutarch Will
Which of these opinions do you think is closest
to what Plutarch believed?
teachers
1 Students learn best when they have acquired be obsolete
one day?
as much knowledge as possible.
2 The teacher’s role is to stimulate in the students
curiosity and love of learning.
3 The student’s imagination is more important In the view of many educationalists today,
than any facts a teacher can convey. schools as we know them will 0 ............. longer
exist in the future. They will have been replaced
11 Read the text. Was your answer to exercise 10
correct? Give your reasons. by community centres open daily, 24 hours a
5 day. Of course, computers will have become the
12 [3.16]
Read the text again. Choose the correct essential element for an effective school of the
missing words. Now listen and check. future.
0 A not B no C much The virtual classroom will have been perfected.
1 A physically B bodily C there The subject teacher will not 1 ............. be present.
2 A called B so-called C namely 10 Instead, there will be a technician-facilitator who
3 A current B now C present will ensure that the technology works and that
4 A proper B probable C properly the class behaves. The expert will be a 2 .............
5 A accessed B achieved C available super-teacher. This person will introduce and
6 A what B how C both guide each lesson via a huge computer screen.
7 A memorise B remember C recall 15 There will be high-quality film of 3 .............. events,
8 A then B after C more produced professionally and updated regularly.
9 A clear B truthful C complete The lessons will include relevant selections from
10 A hardly B harder C hard authoritative TED Talks. There will be interactive
games for students to play with other students
13 Answer these questions. 20 around the world. And there will be a 4 .............
1 Who will be present in the virtual classroom assessment of students’ work, scored and
of the future? recorded online straight away.
2 What will be the benefits of immediate feedback Does this vision of a future classroom mean that
for the students? teachers will one day be obsolete? So much
3 Why will the role of the teacher have to change, 25 more information will have become 5 .............
according to the writer? online that the role of the teacher will have to
4 What does the writer think that role will be change. Students in secondary schools today
in the classroom of the future? have vast amounts of data at their fingertips.
5 Do you think that teachers will be obsolete one This has already had an impact on 6 ............. they
day? Give your reasons. 30 acquire and share information.
168 Unit 4
VOCABULARY
TECHNOLOGY OF THE FUTURE

14 Complete the words.
lien
0 The film E.T. was about a lovable a..........................
that landed on Earth.
1 By the year 2050, r.......................... will have
replaced humans in many workplaces.
2 Samantha Cristoforetti was the first female Italian
a.......................... to go into space.
3 Photos you post online will be out there
somewhere in c.......................... .
4 Astronomer Edwin Hubble proved there was more
than one g.......................... in outer space.
5 One day it will be possible for a d.......................... to
deliver your pizza.
6 The twins spoke to each other without words,
by a kind of t.......................... .
For a start, it surely reduces the necessity to 15 Match the words that go together.
7
............. . Why commit to memory what you can
0 e artificial a power
access with a click of a mouse or a touch of a
1 genetic b obsolescence
smartphone? The responsibility of school
2 time c engineering
35 teachers will become less about imparting
3 virtual d phone
information and 8 .............. about helping students
4 solar e intelligence
in their understanding, interpretation and
5 smart f reality
application of that information.
6 digital g machine
However, it is not 9 ............. that high investment
40 into technology improves results. Already, many 16 Complete the sentences with the phrases
governments have spent enormous sums of from exercise 15.
money on digital technologies for schools. Some smartphones to take
0 All my friends use their ..............................
countries which do not invest so much in fact and send photos.
perform better. A country like Singapore, 1 Governments should encourage ..............................
45 renowned for its digital expertise, uses classroom as a form of green energy.
technology judiciously. It is, after all, 10 ............. to 2 The electronic Domesday Book is an example
imagine that a computer can teach dance, of .............................. .
drama, art or even languages better than a living 3 Perhaps by the next century, ..............................
person. will have eradicated disease.
50 Perhaps the answer is that we should continue to 4 With these special .............................. glasses,
enjoy the linguistic and emotional diversity of you can imagine you’re in a fantasy world.
the face-to-face classroom teacher, while at the 5 If you had a .............................., which year would
same time blending it with the latest digital you travel to?
technology. 6 Automated systems that use ..............................
may be the answer to our future problems.
GLOSSARY 17 Now write your own sentences with the phrases

from exercise 15.
will ensure ➤ garantirà
blending it ➤ mescolandola
Unit 4 169
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Revision of future Future continuous

Complete the rules. Choose the correct option and complete the rule.
We can use either the future simple or going to to make We use the future simple / future continuous to talk
.......................... . We use the present continuous to talk about a single action or event in the future. We use
about arrangements that are .......................... . the future simple / future continuous to talk about
a continuous action or event in the future.
The future continuous is formed like this: ..........................
+ be + .......................... .
18 Complete with one of the verbs below
in the present continuous. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 118
cook ■ come ■ fly ■ go ■ have ■ meet ■ run

’re meeting our visitors at the station at 5 pm.
0 We..........................
0 I expect the music festival ............. a lot of fun.
1 Amanda .......................... a party next weekend.
A it will be B it’s having C will be
2 We .......................... in the London marathon next
1 What ............. for your birthday next week?
spring.
A do you do B will you have done
3 Paolo .......................... to my flat to watch TV later
C are you doing
today. 2 It’s soon ............. possible to chat to robots.
4 They .......................... back to Venice airport on Friday. A going to be B will be C won’t be
5 He .......................... dinner for his girlfriend tonight. 3 By this time tomorrow, we ............. in the sea.
6 My parents .......................... to Paris for their A ’ll swim B ’ll be swimming
wedding anniversary. C have swim
19 Complete the news report with one word only. 4 Be careful when you lift that box. You ............. your
back.
going to introduce
Our local supermarket is 0 .......................... A ’re hurting B have hurt C ’ll hurt
a walk out system from next month. There 1 .......................... 5 They ............. dinner by six.
be any assistants at the checkout; instead customers A won’t have finished B won’t finishing
2
.......................... use their smartphones. C will finished
They 3 .......................... register their phones first, 6 What ............. in the States next year?
so the process will 4 .......................... very simple. A is studying Tim B will Tim be studying
This 5 .......................... possibly mean fewer jobs although C will Tim have study
the store manager insists that all her staff will still
22 Maria is writing to a friend about her fitness
6
.......................... a job, filling shelves and helping shoppers. plan. Complete the email with the correct form
of the sentences.
Hi Beatrice,
0 f She is arriving
I’m planning to get fit this summer! Think of me on Monday
1 I feel tired 4 Are you doing ’ll be running (run) in the park. On Tuesday
morning when I 0 ............................
2 They’re taking 5 How will they morning I .......................... (dance) but I 2 ........................... (not / do)
1
3 His birthday will 6 She’s going to anything after lunch because I 3 ........................... (rest). On Thursday
morning I 4 ............................ (do yoga) and in the afternoon
a make robots that can laugh?
I 5 ............................ (swim). On Saturday I 6 ............................
b be on a Monday next year. (play tennis) before meeting you and in the afternoon we
c so I’m going to lie down. 7
............................ (walk the dog) as usual. On Sunday morning
d anything nice at the weekend? I 8 ............................ (do yoga) again. Wednesday and Friday are
e visit her aunt in hospital. my rest days – what do you think?
Love, Maria
f at Milan station at ten.
g their visitors to the Space Centre.
170 Unit 4
DEBATING 26 [3.17]
Listen to some facts about road traffic
23 Complete the dialogue with the words below. and complete the details.
Take maths, for example ■ No, really ■ 1 In .........................., there was serious traffic
When you think about it ■ surely ■ congestion on a motorway near .......................... .
Did you know ■ Why bother 2 The queue of vehicles was .......................... long
and drivers were stuck in it for .......................... .
Aisha Do you think you’ll be going directly to college
3 Even worse traffic congestion – ..........................
after school, Brin?
of immobile vehicles – happened in .......................... .
Brin I doubt it. I’ll have had enough of studying
4 The congestion between .......................... and Lyon
for a while. 1 ......................................., students
who take time out of their education are more took place on .......................... .
likely to find satisfying work in the end? 5 By the year .........................., commercial transport
Aisha No, I didn’t know that. But will have increased by around ..........................
2
....................................... it’s better to continue compared to .......................... .
studying when you’re accustomed to it. 6 Passenger traffic is predicted to have grown
3
....................................... . You will have passed by .......................... .
your prime as a mathematician by the time
you’re 20! 27 Look at the image. What is special about this
Brin I’m not planning to study maths! car? Do you think cars like these might one day
4
....................................... ? Computers will soon improve traffic congestion?
be doing everything that mathematicians do,
Laser sensor
anyway. Detects objects
in all directions
Aisha I’m not sure. 5 ......................................., the best Computer
years to study are when you’re young. You can Designed
specifically for
always travel later. self-driving
Brin 6 ......................................., that’s simply not true.
Later on, you’ll have a partner and kids. Rounded
It’s now or never for me! shape
Maximizes
sensor field
24 Read more extracts from the dialogue in exercise of view
23. Write A if you think it’s Aisha speaking, and B
if it’s Brin.
1 ............. Surely, you’re more likely to get 28 [3.18]
Listen to a transport correspondent
a university place if you apply from school. talking about the future of cars. Were your
2 ............. Universities will welcome students answers to the questions in exercise 27 correct?
with more experience of the world. Why / Why not?
3 ............. You’ll have more money to travel in comfort
after you’ve been working for a while. 29 [3.18] Listen again. Complete the notes.
4 ............. Why bother to wait? You’ll make more 1 2016 estimate – car accidents killed more than
friends in backpackers’ hostels than .........................., over .......................... injured.
in smart hotels. 2 With self-driving cars, car-sharing efficient
25 Put the words in the correct order. – ..........................% fewer cars.
3 That means less .........................., less
1 on / come / oh / !
2 the / not / that’s / point .......................... and fewer .......................... .
3 imagining / you’re / it 4 October 2016, Google recorded over
4 do / you / say / why / that / ? .......................... miles of driverless travel using
5 very / doubt / I / it / much .......................... driverless vehicles – no accidents.
Unit 4 171
ACADEMIC SKILLS
PREPARING A SPEECH FOR A DEBATE 32 Look at the photo and the statement. This is
the topic for debate. Add some ideas for or against.
30 Put the advice on debating strategy
in the correct order.
Should babies and very small children
a End with a memorable conclusion that reflects
have smartphones or tablets?
your introduction.
b Start with a strong introduction which makes
your position clear.
c Connect your points with linkers like furthermore
or on the other hand to give emphasis.
d 1 Present your opinions. Remember they don’t
have to be your real opinions.
e Note down your points before the debate
and decide which order to make them.
31 Fill in the words for each stage of the debate.

1 Beginning the presentation:
all ■ statement ■ support
all
first of 0 .........................., let me begin by saying,
I’d like to say I .......................... / am against
1
this 2 .......................... because

2 Describing reasons and consequences:
because ■ reason ■ result
that’s why, for this 3 .........................., therefore,
consequently, so, 4 .......................... of this, due to,
For Against
as a 5 ..........................
• Next generation will • Antisocial, isolating
3 Making another point (on the same side):
need technology more • Children will lose
addition ■ more ■ only
than ever the ability
moreover, not 6 .......................... that, furthermore,
• Babies and very small to communicate
what’s 7 .........................., that’s not all,
children already by speech
in 8 ..........................
access technology • Children will learn
4 Explaining further:
• Entertaining and to type not write
example ■ explain ■ mean
educational – • Long-term effects
let me 9 .......................... / give you
interaction can be not known
an 10 .........................., in other words,
mentally stimulating
what I 11 .......................... is this
5 Contrasting the opposing view:
contrary ■ contrast ■ other 33 Write an opening paragraph, both for
however, although, on the 12 .......................... hand, and against the statement. Use some expressions
in 13 .........................., whereas, on the 14 .......................... from exercise 31 to link your ideas.
6 Emphasising:
34 Choose one of the debate topics below, or think
fact ■ forget
of one of your own. Make notes for and against.
actually, don’t 15 .........................., certainly,
in 16 .........................., definitely ■■ Technology gives you information not knowledge.
7 Concluding: ■■ Computers will make books obsolete by 2050.
conclude ■ conclusion ■■ AI will soon replace teachers and doctors.
so, finally, as a 17 .........................., I just want ■■ Mobile apps are better learning tools than books.
to 18 .......................... by saying ■■ Students should be allowed to have phones in school.
172 Unit 4
EXAM SKILLS

Reading and Use of English Part 4 – Writing Part 1 – An essay
Keyword transformation A successful essay will address the points made
For this part of the exam you need to practise in the notes given. You will also be expected to add
paraphrasing, that is, writing sentences in another a point of your own, as well as a conclusion. Discuss
way. Make sure that the sentence you write means advantages and disadvantages, give your opinion
the same as the sentence you are given. The answer and support it with reasons and examples.
must be two, three, four or five words: not more. FIRST
The keyword must remain exactly the same.
FIRST 38 Look at the question and notes. Read the essay
a student wrote. Find and correct 12 mistakes.
35 Underline the phrasal verbs in the sentences. The first one has been found for you.
0 We’ll set up a new programme for the New Year. In your English class you have discussed
1 Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. teenagers’ place in society. Write an essay
2 He turned down her invitation as he was busy on this topic.
that night. Teenagers do not have an important place
3 Did you ever find out the truth? in society. Do you agree?
4 We’ll go over that information after the meeting. Notes. Write about:
5 If I were you, I’d leave out that last paragraph. 1. technology
2. the environment
36 Paraphrase the sentences in exercise 35. 3. (your own ideas)
Use the verbs below. teenagers
discover ■ establish ■ omit ■
In my opinion teenagers’ have a very important place
postpone ■ refused ■ review in society. They know a lot about computers and
technology because teenagers are grown up with this.
0 We’ll establish
................... a new programme for the New Year. I often give advices to my grandparents who don’t
37 Rewrite the sentences so that the second know nothing about technology. My granny thinks her
sentence means the same as the first. Use phone doesn’t works but it’s not charged! Also I believe
the words in brackets but you must not change teenagers are more concerning about the environment.
them. Write between two and five words. It is there future and that is why the teenagers work
0 Paul is eager to see his Australian cousins again hard for make better the environment. We are used to
next month. (looking) recycle our waste, for example. Teenagers know they
looking forward to seeing
Paul is ......................................................... must teach their children saving the planet.
his Australian cousins again next month. In conclusion, I think society needs listen to teenagers
1 There was enough food, fortunately. (run) because they are tomorrow’s adults.
We .........................., fortunately.
39 You have had a class discussion about
2 We found the article on driverless cars really
alternative types of education. You now have
interesting. (interested)
to write an essay using all the notes and giving
We .......................... the article on driverless cars. your point of view.
3 I haven’t seen my cousins for over a year. (since)
It’s over a year .......................... my cousins. Which are the most important subjects to study
4 ‘I’m sorry I didn’t reply to the last email,’ at school and why?
said Janek. (apologised) Notes. Write about:
Janek .......................... to the last email. 1 academic subjects
5 The girls will go ice-skating unless it snows. (if) 2 artistic activities
.........................., the girls will go ice-skating. 3 (your own ideas)
Unit 4 173
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Correct the mistakes. 4 Choose the correct option.

0 That was the sadest film I’ve ever seen. saddest 0 We had ............. fun when we lived in a big city.
1 My best friend has three brothers but he’s the older. A fewer B too less C much more
2 Her fifteenth birthday was the happyest day 1 Do modern cars really cause ............. pollution?
of her life. A a lot less B not enough C the less
3 The new comedian told the worse jokes we’ve ever 2 There ............. philanthropists in the world.
heard. A are too little B aren’t enough C are most
4 Gemma is much more prettier than her big sister. 3 The last article was ............. interesting to read.
5 This is the less interesting part of the entire lesson. A by far B a little bit C the least
6 Please be a bit more quicker, it’s time to go. 4 Slow down! That’s ............. information.
7 His singing is by far better than mine. A much B too much C too many
8 The end of the story wasn’t as shocking than 5 The government gives ............. help
I expected. to the homeless.
A too little B many C a little much
2 Put the words in the correct order.
6 His donation was ............. generous.
0 Tanya / sister / everyone / thinks / than / little / her / A a lot better B even the most C by far the most
cleverer / a / is
5 Complete the sentences with the most /
Everyone thinks Tanya is a little cleverer than
the least and the adverb form of the adjective
her sister.
in brackets.
1 less / yours / interesting / far / my / than / project /
was 0 Ned and Jane don’t walk fast but Hans walks
the most slowly (slow).
.................................
2 should / you / a / quicker / you / win / to / want / if /
bit / be 1 They all sing well except Julia: she sings
3 we’ve / dangerous / more / route / the / chosen / ................................. (beautiful).
much / is 2 All the students eat their lunch fast but Jon’s
4 the / the / they / students / class / in / are / reliable / different. He eats ................................. (quick).
most 3 ‘Who visits Bella ................................. (regular)?’
5 ours / less / much / families / those / than / ‘Oh, her son – he goes to see her every week.’
fortunate / are 4 Of all the boys in the class, Peter paints
6 had / these / most / pets / we’ve / are / far / dogs / ................................. (careful). His work is a mess.
by / the / energetic 5 She knows three languages but speaks English
................................. (fluent) because her dad’s
3 Write sentences using not as … as American.
and an adjective below. 6 The last maths problem was the most difficult
cold ■ complicated ■ difficult ■ expensive ■ so we solved it ................................. (easy).
funny ■ rich ■ sad 6 Make sentences with the future perfect tense.
0 She’s happier now than she was a year ago. 0 tomorrow’s technology / forget / today’s information
She isn’t / ’s not as sad as she was a year ago. Tomorrow’s technology will have forgotten
1 My solution to this problem is simpler than yours. today’s information.
2 It’s warmer than it was last night. 1 in five years’ time / our photos / disappear
3 His second book is more serious than his first. 2 your train / leave / by now
4 Developing countries are poorer than developed 3 I / not / finish my homework / by seven
countries. 4 next April / we / live here for a year
5 Locally grown beans are cheaper than beans 5 my colleague Peter / arrive / at the office / by 8
from Kenya. 6 by the end of her stay / Kath / visit all
6 This exercise is easier than the next one. the museums in London!
174 Units 3–4

CONCEPT CHECK
7 Choose the correct tense: future simple, Read the sentences and answer
going to or present continuous? the questions.
0 Please, come to the club with us; it ’ll be / ’s being 1 Olivia is a little better at maths than her brother
fun. Berto.
1 I can’t stop now, sorry. My train will leave / is leaving. (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
2 She’s meeting / ’s going to meet her boyfriend 0 Does Olivia have a brother? Yes
at seven. 1 Is Olivia very good at maths?
3 When are they flying / will they fly to Milan? 2 Is Berto as good at maths as his sister?
4 They probably won’t see / ’re probably not going 3 Is Olivia more expert at maths than her brother?
to see the film. 4 Is Olivia much more expert at maths than Berto?
5 That box looks heavy; Oscar is helping / will help 5 Is Berto a bit less competent at maths than Olivia?
you carry it.
6 It’s snowing so I’ll put on / ’m going to put on
2 Paul’s meeting James outside the cinema at six.
my boots. (Answer True / False)
7 Will you / Are you going to open the door, please? 0 Paul and James have arranged to meet. True
Someone just rang the bell. 1 Their meeting place and time are both fixed.
8 Are you doing / Will you do anything after school 2 Their meeting place is outside the cinema.
today? 3 Their meeting time is six o’clock.
4 It isn’t six o’clock yet.
8 Write answers to the questions using the 5 Their arrangement is for the future.
future continuous and the words in brackets.
3 They will have forgotten these songs by the time
0 What will you be doing, five years from now?
they’re 20.
(run my own business)
Five years from now I’ll be running my own
business. 0 They are listening to some songs now.
1 How much will you be earning? (a lot of money) Don’t know
2 Where will you and your future partner be living? 1 They are under 20 years of age.
(in a luxury flat) 2 They haven’t forgotten the songs yet.
3 They remember the songs now.
3 What will you be driving? (a powerful sports car)
4 Their memory of the songs will not last.
4 What will you be doing every winter? (ski in the Alps)
5 At some time in the future, they won’t remember
5 Who will be joining you? (our influential friends)
the songs.
6 Will you be regretting anything? (anything at all)
4 The band will be playing when the President
9 TRANSLATION Translate the sentences
arrives.
into English.
(Answer True / False / Not sure)
1 La salute è molto più importante della ricchezza,
0 The President is going to arrive at some point
secondo me.
in the future. True
2 Devi lavorare di più per raccogliere dei soldi
1 The President regularly comes to this place.
per beneficenza.
2 The President hasn’t arrived yet.
3 Quelle informazioni probabilmente non saranno
3 The band is playing now.
accessibili fra dieci anni.
4 The President will arrive before the band starts
4 Entro il 2050 il trasporto commerciale si sarà playing.
raddoppiato. 5 The band will start playing before the President’s
5 Non si saranno ricordati della riunione, arrival.
perciò potresti ricordargliela tu.
6 Julia sarà già a divertirsi con i suoi amici See GRAMMAR REFERENCE
sulla spiaggia. pages 115, 116, 117, 118
Units 3–4 175

5 Law and order
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Underline the relative pronouns
in the sentences. Write if they are necessary (N)
Defining relative clauses or unnecessary (U).
Complete the rules with the words below. U
0 ............. The woman that we met in the café was
clause ■ object ■ pronoun ■ subject my aunt.
A defining relative .......................... gives us information 1 ............. I’ll never forget the book which I read last
that is vital to the sentence. summer.
If the relative .......................... (who, that or which) is the 2 ............. The reason that he’s in prison is because
.......................... of a defining relative clause, we can leave he’s a criminal.
it out. We can’t leave it out if it’s the .......................... . 3 ............. Do you know the boy who is talking
to the headmaster?
4 ............. The people whose house we rented were
not very friendly.
1 Choose the correct option. 5 ............. Let’s meet at the place where we met last
0 They caught the prisoner that / which tried to escape. time.
1 He couldn’t swim in the sea who / which was very 6 ............. This is the sweater that I bought
cold. in the sales.
2 The girls went to the sauna who / which opened
4 Complete the definitions with the words below.
last week.
3 He spoke to the guards who / which were very confidence trickster ■ hacker ■
helpful. kidnapper ■ murderer ■ pickpocket ■
4 They approved of the system who / which seemed shoplifter ■ whistle-blower
highly successful.
5 Petra is a student who / which rarely fails an exam. murderer is a man or woman who has killed
0 A ..........................
6 The scheme had lots of critics that / which made someone.
their voices heard. 1 A .......................... is someone who steals something
from your bag or your pocket.
2 Complete the sentences with whose or who.
2 It was a .......................... that sold me a fake Armani
whose
0 She is definitely someone .......................... opinion watch.
I value. 3 The .......................... who kept the little girl
1 At the pool, we spotted our teacher .......................... in his basement for five years went to prison today.
fortunately didn’t see us.
4 Most big stores have a detective who watches out
2 I was happy to get a letter from a friend
for a potential .......................... .
.......................... address I had lost.
5 I’m furious with the .......................... who got into
3 They met a very interesting man ..........................
my laptop and deleted all my emails.
sister is a famous film star.
6 The film about the .......................... who leaked
4 Are you the people .......................... dog is missing?
government secrets to the press was fascinating.
5 Those are the guards .......................... make sure
the gates are locked. 5 Choose the correct option.
6 The police officers are all people ..........................
have received a good education. 0 The actor ............. starred in The Great Escape
7 I’ve just read an article about a doctor was Steve McQueen.
.......................... stole money from old ladies. A who
8 Have you ever met anyone .......................... works B when
as a private detective? C which
176 Unit 5
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
1 The afternoon ............. we met down by the river 7 Do the quiz. Match the parts and write
was in April. non-defining relative clauses.
A when B where C which
2 I’m sure I recognise the waiter ............. brought us ■■ Nelson Mandela
our coffee. ■■ The Berlin Wall
A whose B when C who ■■ Robin Hood
■■ Mahatma Gandhi
3 She invited us to a Chinese restaurant .............
■■ Marshalsea Prison
she’d booked a table. ■■ The Colosseum
A which B whose C where ■■ J. F. Kennedy
4 Those are the people ............. son plays
in the school band. ■■ His story is legendary.
A who B that C whose ■■ He died from a gunshot in Dallas, Texas, in 1963.
5 The prison goes very quiet at night ............. ■■ He spent 27 years in prison.
the prisoners are sleeping. ■■ He was a pacifist.
A where B when C who ■■ It was built in 1961.
■■ Roman gladiators fought there.
Non-defining relative clauses ■■ Charles Dickens wrote about it.

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information / ■■ He was President of the United States.
■■ He died when someone shot him in New Delhi,
the most important part of the sentence.
India, in 1948.
You could remove a non-defining relative clause ■■ It came down in 1989.
and the extra information / most important part ■■ He stole from the rich and gave to the poor.
of the sentence would still be there. ■■ It was a terrible place for prisoners in nineteenth-
century London.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 118 ■■ He became President of South Africa.
■■ It is still a major tourist attraction today.
6 Make one sentence with a non-defining
relative clause. Join the sentences with who
Nelson Mandela, who spent 27 years in prison,
or which.
became President of South Africa.
0 Some of the prisoners were there for life. They are
mostly under 20. 8 Complete the text with the correct words.
Some of the prisoners, who are mostly
under 20, were there for life. Great fictional detectives
who
Miss Marple is a sweet little old woman 0 .........................
1 The girls over there are from a British school.
They are all wearing uniforms. is also an amateur detective. Her pretty home is
2 The winning team will play in the final. in a charming English village 1 ..........................
Harry supports this team. an unusual number of murders happen. Miss Marple,
3 Our new flat has the most amazing views.
2
.......................... is a much-loved Agatha Christie
It is on the top floor. character, is perhaps not as interesting as the writer
4 The Tower of London was once a terrible prison. herself, 3 .......................... life story has an unsolved
It is on the River Thames. mystery. Christie, 4 .......................... suspected her
5 The students visited the Police Academy Open Day. husband of infidelity, made news in 1926
They all wanted to become police officers. 5
.......................... she disappeared for ten days. Real
6 The prison guard was the least popular person detectives never discovered 6 .......................... she had
there. She shouted all the time. been. Was this simply a publicity campaign
7 The men were arrested yesterday. They had robbed by 7 .......................... she hoped to increase her book
several banks. sales? Or did she hope Mr Christie, 8 ..........................
8 I bought a T-shirt for Judy’s birthday. The T-shirt was innocent of any violence, would be accused
was on sale. of her murder?
Unit 5 177
READING SKILLS
9 Look at the picture and read the first paragraph

of the text. Do you think the story is true?
10 Put paragraphs A–D into the correct sequence The legendary Ned Kelly, who is
of events by writing 1–4 in the boxes. probably Australia’s best-known
11 Read the final paragraph. Was your answer
to exercise 9 correct? How do you know?
gangster, has a remarkable story.
12 [3.19]
Read and listen to the whole text. Today, his name is
Then answer the questions.
synonymous with
1 How did the Australian authorities treat
immigrants from Ireland?
valour,
2 What was remarkable about the petition signed determination
to save Ned Kelly?
3 What were the first four crimes that they accused
and independence.
him of as a teenager?
4 Was he innocent or guilty of those crimes?
5 Who assaulted Ned’s sister Kate? A In June 1880, the Kelly gang were in a place called
6 How did the Kelly brothers get money to make Glenrowan, where they planned to hijack a special
their famous armour? police train. In a terrible gunfight, which lasted nearly
7 What crime did the gang plan in Glenrowan?
ten hours, three of the gang members died, and Ned,
8 What was the result of the Kelly gang’s last gunfight?
5 badly hurt, was unable to escape. He was still only 25
13 Find words in the text that have similar years old. The police took him to Melbourne, where
meanings to the following. they sentenced him to death. On 11 November 1880,
1 courage: �� they hanged Ned Kelly, who immediately became
2 ordinary: �� the Australian legend he is today.
3 forgiveness: ��
4 physical attack: �� B Ned was still only 19 when he left prison, a more
5 stole money from: �� cynical man. It wasn’t long before Ned and many of
6 myth: �� his relatives and friends were in trouble with the law
again. In April 1878, when Ned was 23, a policeman
14 Make your choices and complete these
sentences. came to Kellys’ home, where he assaulted his young
15 sister, Kate. In the gunfight that followed, the
1 In my opinion, it was fair / unfair that they hanged
policeman died. The Kelly brothers went on the run,
Ned Kelly because ��
robbed two banks and used the money to make the
��
�� armour which their gang became famous for.
�� .
2 I think Ned Kelly became a legend because ��
�� His short and violent life has inspired
��
hundreds of plays, songs and books as well
�� .
3 I would / wouldn’t like to see or read more about as several films, including one in 1970, with
him because �� Mick Jagger as Ned, and another in 2003,
��
��
starring Heath Ledger.
�� .
178 Unit 5
VOCABULARY
CRIME AND THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

Then write four sentences of your own with words
you didn’t use.
charge ■ arrest ■ witness ■ murderer ■ investigate ■
suspect ■ court ■ release ■ defendant ■ evidence
0 The crime scene investigators found

evidence which they could use in court.
..........................
1 The police have the man in a cell and will
.......................... him with assault soon.
2 It was when he was walking his dog that
the .......................... saw what happened.
3 We read that the .......................... had tried to hide
his wife’s body in the freezer.
4 The .......................... started to cry when the judge
C So who was Ned Kelly? Behind his famous suit of passed a life sentence.
20 armour, he was a common criminal. He was a hero to 5 The detective questioned the ..........................
Irish immigrants who were habitually discriminated for hours before they let her leave.
against by the authorities. He had little education,
16 David has visited a criminal court as part
but the letters he wrote were romantic and of a school project. Complete his report
passionate. He was an outlaw with a price on his with the words below in the correct forms.
25 head, alive or dead. Yet when they sentenced him to
accuse ■ charge ■ defendant ■ guilty ■ innocent ■
death, more than 30,000 people signed a petition in
judge ■ jury ■ lawyer ■ legal ■ offence ■
which they begged for his pardon.
prosecute ■ sentence ■ suspect ■ swear ■ trial
D In 1870, at the age of 15, Ned was in court for This was my first time inside a court of law. The person
attacking a man, after which there was a second trial
on 0 .......................... was a homeless man in his forties.
30 charge for robbery. They found him not guilty in They .......................... him with vagrancy, which
1
both cases, but before long they sentenced him to surprised me. I didn’t know that the homeless were
six months’ hard labour for assault. He had only been committing an 2 .......................... by sleeping on the
street. They 3 .......................... him of stealing money,
home three weeks when the police arrested Ned
too. The police also 4 .......................... that he was a
again, for receiving a stolen horse. This led to another
drug dealer, but for some 5 .......................... reason they
35 prison sentence.
were unable to 6 .......................... him for that. His
7
.......................... was a tall, serious woman who
of course wanted to prove he was 8 ..........................
of any crime. There was a 9 .........................., who sat
at the front, but no 10 .......................... . The
GLOSSARY 11
.........................., whose name was Brian, had to
hijack ➤ dirottare 12
..........................
on the run ➤ in fuga an oath on the Bible before the trial began. The judge
suit of armour ➤ armature hasn’t passed 13 .......................... yet but I really hope
assault ➤ aggressione that they will find the man not 14 .......................... .
Unit 5 179
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Articles: a / an, the, no article 18 Complete the mini dialogues. Do you need
a / an, the or – ?
Choose the correct option and then complete
the rules. 0 A Tom was cycling when he was hit by ........... a car.
1 We use the / a / no article: B Really? That’s terrible. Who was driving ........ the car?
■ to mention something for the first time, 1 A A girl I met on holiday stayed in ............. B&B
or if we have no details. in ............. town in ............. Scotland.
■ to talk about jobs. B What was ............. B&B like?
■ to describe something. A ............. girl said it was ............. best she’d ever
2 We use the / a / no article: been in.
■ to talk about something we’ve mentioned before. 2 A The train leaves from Euston. Let’s take .............
■ to talk about something we already know about. taxi to ............. station.
■ to talk about something unique, or to talk about B Shall I order ............. taxi right now?
superlatives. What time’s ............. train?
3 We also use the / a / no article: 3 A It’s been ............. miserable day. ............. sky’s
■ in certain expressions: ............. police, getting dark already.
............. theatre, ............. twenty-first century. B I think there’s going to be ............. storm.
■ with seas, rivers and mountain ranges A Well, I hope it’s not as bad as ............. storm
and some mountains. we had last week.
■ with unions of countries or plurals. 4 A I’ve got ............. problem with my printer.
4 We use the / a / no article: B Call their helpline. They’re ............. experts.
■ with the names of most mountains and lakes. A Well, ............. problem is ............. printer’s
■ before most countries. from ............. States.
■ with generic expressions: in ............. hospital / 5 A I was in ............. bed last night when I heard
............. prison / jail / court, on ............. trial, ............. phone ringing somewhere.
at ............. school / work / university. B Was it your smartphone or ............. landline?
A Neither. It was on ............. TV programme!
I’d forgotten to switch it off!
19 Complete the newspaper article with a / an

17 Complete the sentences with a / an or – . or the.
an incredible story
0 It was .............
A FOOLISH BANK ROBBER
that Stephen told us.
0 A man wanted to rob 1 ............. main bank in 2 .............
.............
1 I’ve just read ............. very interesting book about
Agatha Christie. town where he was living. He ran into 3 ............. bank and gave
4
............. note to one of 5 ............. bank clerks. This poor
2 She was looking forward to having ............. dinner
woman read 6 ............. note which said she had to give 7 .............
with them.
man all 8 ............. money in their safe. She did
3 The boys were at ............. school when it began
what he asked because she thought he might
to snow.
have 9 ............. gun. 10 ............. man took
4 He’s ............. maths teacher at my secondary school. 11
............. money and departed in 12 .............
5 We’d love to have ............. dog but my mum’s hurry, leaving 13 ............. note with 14 .............
allergic to animals. woman. However, 15 ............. police caught
6 Our new neighbours cycle to ............. work him 16 ............. very same day. 17 .............
on their tandem. silly man had written 18 ............. note
7 My parents would love to buy a house on ............. on 19 ............. back of 20 ............. envelope.
lake in Canada. And on 21 ............. other side
8 Mr Grant was accused of sabotage and sent of 22 ............. envelope was his
to ............. court. name and address.
180 Unit 5
GIVING ADVICE AND WARNINGS 22 Answer the questions.

20 Tick (✓) the correct column for each Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption
of the expressions. is a novella by American writer Stephen King.
giving responding It was adapted for the screen in 1992
advice to / asking as The Shawshank Redemption.
for advice 1 Do you know the story?
1 What do you think I should 2 What can you guess from the title?
do? 23 [3.20]
Listen to Ben, Grace and Lisa having
2 I (don’t) think you should … a conversation. What are they talking about?
3 Do you think that’s OK? 1 Crimes they have read about.
4 OK, I’ll follow your advice. 2 Fictional crime.
3 Crime movies.
5 That’s what I’d do.
6 If I were you, I’d … 24 [3.20]
Listen again. Decide if the sentences are
true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
7 That’s a good idea.
1 Grace thinks that The Shawshank
8 Yes, I suppose that’s a good T F
Redemption is a sensitive movie.
plan.
2 Ben has a low opinion of Morgan
9 The best thing to do is … Freeman as an actor. T F
10 It’s a good idea to … 3 Lisa finds movies about prison
escapes very credible. T F
11 Do you think I should … ?
4 Grace respects Lisa’s knowledge
21 Use expressions from exercise 20 to complete of police procedural dramas. T F
the dialogue. 5 Lisa prefers reading crime stories
to watching them. T F
Andy You’re looking worried, Tess. What’s 6 Ben finds a character called Rebus
the problem? interesting because he’s American. T F
Tess I’m in a dilemma. I was in a shop with my sister
yesterday when I saw her shoplifting. 25 [3.20] Listen again. Choose the correct option.
1
.......................... ? 2 .......................... tell 1 Grace was a little surprised / amused by her own
our parents or the police? reaction to The Shawshank Redemption.
Andy 3 .......................... tell anyone else yet. You have 2 Lisa’s tone when talking about prison escape
no proof and she’d be in big trouble. movies is cynical / bitter.
4
.......................... speak to her about it first. 3 Ben’s attitude to the other speakers is supportive /
Tess ..........................? Because she might get
5 sarcastic.
embarrassed. 4 The tone of the conversation generally is hostile /
Andy Of course 6 .......................... speak to her. friendly.
Shoplifting is a criminal offence. And it’d be 26 Do you like crime novels or TV dramas about
much worse for her if she gets caught. crime? Why / Why not?
7
.........................., anyway.
Tess OK, 8 .......................... . Thanks, Andy.
Andy 9 .......................... to talk to her quietly, in private –
just a gentle warning.
Tess 10 .......................... . I’ll do it tonight, when we’re
alone.
Andy 11 .......................... . Good luck.
Unit 5 181
EXAM SKILLS
27 Read the text.
Caroline never thought, when she studied Art at off her coat and hat. ‘Nice and warm in here,’ she
college, that she would become an expert witness in remarked, rather nervously. ‘It’s very chilly outside.’
criminal courts. Years of working in art galleries and ‘Oh yeah?’ said Donna, sarcastically. ‘Oh dear, sorry …
museums had given her a certain fame in the art world, I didn’t mean …’ Caroline held out her hand, furious
5 and her evidence in the celebrated Rothko fake case 35 with herself for being so thoughtless. ‘I’m Caroline.
made her name in the world of prosecutors and judges Pleased to meet you.’ Donna’s thin little hand shook
too. This had led, bizarrely, to the place where Caroline hers: was this really the hand of a murderer? It was hard
now found herself. She stood for a moment in front of to believe.
the tall grey fences of Wirral prison for women
At first, Caroline felt very uncomfortable. She
10 offenders. Her normal professional confidence had left
40 knew that the window in the cell door was open, and
her and she shivered in the icy wind. ‘Why did I agree to
that anyone could be listening. Speaking loudly, she
come here?’ she asked herself.
explained that an exhibition of graffiti art in the town’s
A severe prison guard led Caroline through a series main art gallery was showing some of the prisoners’work.
of locked doors and finally into a small office, where the She spoke knowledgeably and it was not long before
15 prison governor, John Westwood, greeted her with a 45 Donna, who had been silent, started to relax and listen
thin smile. ‘Ah yes,’ he said. ‘Art therapist, are you?’ with interest. After a few minutes, the guard outside
Caroline did not warm to the man’s manner, which clearly became bored and the cell door window closed.
was facetious at best, certainly impolite. ‘Not exactly,’ It was then that Caroline lowered her voice and revealed
she replied. ‘I’ve come to see one of your prisoners the true object of her unusual visit. ‘Donna,’ she spoke
20 whose work is world famous. Donna Bright. She’s a 50 urgently. ‘The work you did on the factory wall, in the
graffiti artist.’ Westwood laughed with derision. Northern Quarter, remember? You painted a man, a
‘Artist? Vandal, more like! But she’s not inside for tall man dressed in military style? Who is he?’
scribbling on walls. Killed a man, you know.’ ‘I have an
appointment to meet her,’ Caroline said, determined EXAM STRATEGY
25 to stay calm. ‘Well, good luck with that,’ said the prison Reading and Use of English Part 5 –
governor, clearly indicating the door and the end of Multiple choice
their conversation.
Read through the text before looking at the questions.
Donna Bright was smaller than Caroline had The texts are often extracts from novels which focus
expected, and looked much younger than her 25 years. on characters’ feelings. Make sure you practise
30 The older woman gave her a friendly smile as she took reading texts in which ideas, opinions and attitudes
are expressed.
FIRST
182 Unit 5
EXAM SKILLS
28 Read the questions. Choose the best answer EXAM STRATEGY

according to the text.
Speaking Part 1 – Interview
0 What is the writer’s main purpose in the first
paragraph? You will be asked to give basic personal information
A To give an account of Caroline’s career about yourself in an informal conversation.
as an art historian. The examiner will ask you questions about your
B To establish that Caroline was out family, your interests, holidays, school and so on.
of her comfort zone. Don’t memorise answers but be prepared to answer
C To explain why Caroline was visiting a range of questions in a natural way.
a women’s prison. FIRST
D To suggest a link between a prisoner
and a fake painting. 29 Look at the example questions. How would
1 What is the prison governor’s attitude to Caroline? you answer them?
A amused 1 Who do you spend time with after school?
B welcoming 2 What do you like doing together?
C dismissive 3 Do you like reading? Or do you prefer watching
D suspicious movies?
2 Why does Caroline say ‘Oh dear, sorry … I didn’t 4 What do you like to read / watch? Why?
mean …’? 5 Have you been anywhere nice recently?
A The temperature outside the prison wasn’t 6 Where would you like to go for your next holiday?
really that bad. Why?
B She was not there to talk to Donna about
30 [3.21]
Listen to a student talking to an
the weather.
examiner. Note down the questions she was
C She realised her remark about the weather
asked. How would you answer them?
was insensitive.
D She was angry with Donna for making her 1 Where … ?
uncomfortable. 2 Who … ?
3 What do we learn about Caroline’s visit 3 In what way … ?
in the final paragraph? 4 What … ?
A That she and Donna were not meeting 5 Why … ?
for the first time. 6 Are there … ?
B Her role as an art therapist was to discuss
Donna’s work.
C There was no reason for the guard outside
to listen.
D It had something to do with a man Donna
had painted.
4 How does Caroline feel about visiting the prison?
A confident
B nervous
C bored
D curious
Unit 5 183
6 World wonders
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Rewrite the sentences to make them passive.
0 People visit Venice all year round.
The passive: be + past participle Venice is visited all year round.
Choose the correct option. 1 People take thousands of photos.
In active / passive sentences, the subject of the verb 2 They are preserving the city.
performs the action. 3 We give tourists a lot of information.
In active / passive sentences, the object becomes 4 We speak English here.
the subject. 5 They are protecting the most beautiful buildings.
In active / passive sentences, we don’t always say who 6 They are using modern engineering techniques.
or what performed the action.
4 Write sentences in the future passive.
We form the active / passive with the appropriate tense Use by and the words given.
and form of to be + past participle.
0 this city / save / engineers
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119 This city will be saved by engineers.
1 precious monuments / destroy / the sea
2 new buildings / construct / an Italian company
1 Complete the sentences with the tense
3 the air / not / pollute / car exhausts
of to be suggested in brackets.
4 roads and bridges / erode / flood water
is
0 Venice .......................... shaken by earthquakes. 5 sea levels / affect / climate change
(present simple) 6 this village / not / flood / the river
1 Action .......................... taken to defend it.
(present continuous) of the sentences.
2 It .......................... (not) submerged. (future simple)
0 e The city of Pompeii was destroyed
3 Protective flood barriers ..........................
1 The floods in London will be stopped
built to support high tide. (present continuous)
2 The Taj Mahal was built in memory
4 Buildings .......................... preserved. (present perfect)
3 The tomb of Tutankhamun was
5 The village .......................... excavated.
4 The 2004 tsunami in Thailand was
(past continuous)
5 The citadel of Machu Picchu was
6 It .......................... swallowed by the sea. (past perfect)
6 The wonders of Venice will be
2 Are the sentences active or passive? a discovered in Egypt in the 1920s.
Write A or P. b built by the Incas in the fifteenth century.
P The damage was done years ago. c protected against rising sea levels.
0 .............
A The flood water did the damage. d by the Thames barrier.
.............
e by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
1 ............. A submerged treasure was found
f of a Mughal emperor’s wife.
last century.
g caused by an Indian Ocean earthquake.
2 ............. The bridges and pavements were
old and broken. 6 Rewrite the questions in the passive.
3 ............. Everyone’s balconies were full 0 Who found the hidden treasure?
of colourful flowers. Who was the hidden treasure found by?
4 ............. The visitors weren’t invited 1 Who wrote The Merchant of Venice?
into the museum’s basement. 2 Where do they send the damaged articles for repair?
5 ............. Children are warned not to climb 3 When will they complete the renovation of the castle?
on the walls. 4 Why are they closing that bridge to heavy traffic?
6 ............. The discoveries are being restored 5 Where have they displayed the Degas collection?
by art experts. 6 Who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
184 Unit 6
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
7 Correct the mistakes. 9 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean

the same. Use the words in brackets.
0 When was the Shard build?
When was the Shard built? 0 Everyone knows who painted the Mona Lisa. (by)
1 Her favourite crime story was written Everyone knows who the Mona Lisa was
Andrea Camilleri. painted by.
2 International football plays in this stadium. 1 Karl Benz produced the first German car. (was)
3 White dresses are usually wearing by brides. 2 The stolen jewellery hasn’t been found yet. (nobody)
4 Where was found the world’s biggest diamond? 3 They don’t pay the archaeologists very much money.
5 Thomas Mann’s Death in Venice made into a film. (aren’t)
6 It thinks that climate change will cause 4 Someone was cleaning the café floor after the flood.
great damage. (being)
5 Everyone agreed that the plan was a good one. (it)
6 The new engineering project has to be tested. (they)
0 All the plants on the balcony ............. in the storm
yesterday. 10 Complete the article with the words below.
A were ruined carried ■ was done ■ won’t be forgotten ■ was given ■
B ruined were hit ■ were left ■ was needed ■ had been made ■
C have been ruined had been picked ■ was reported ■ were ruined ■
1 He had to step into the road because had been submerged ■ were swallowed
the pavement ............. .
A isn’t repaired
B was repairing
C was being repaired
2 The work ............. when we arrived
at the scene.
A was already been done
B had already been done
C is already being done
3 The bridges .......................... against the risk
of high winds.
In August 2005, a hurricane warning 0 ............. was given
.............
A are being fortified in the US and shortly afterwards, many
B are been fortified neighbourhoods of New Orleans 1 ..........................
C will fortify by Hurricane Katrina. It was a disaster that
4 The discussion ............. by the Minister 2
.......................... . By the next day, 80% of New Orleans
for the Environment. 3
.......................... under water, nearly 2,000 people
A will lead had died and over 400,000 people 4 ..........................
B will be leading homeless. It was clear that aid (clean water, food
C will be led and shelter) 5 .......................... urgently. As is often
5 The necessary research on climate the case, people living in the poorer neighbourhoods
6
change ............. yet. .......................... the hardest.
A won’t be doing For those who survived, what damage 7 .......................... ?
B hasn’t been done Some homes 8 .......................... structurally undamaged,
C isn’t been done but it 9 .......................... that nobody in the entire city
had escaped without some losses. When residents
6 The reconstruction won’t go ahead
finally returned to see what they could salvage, they
unless a financial agreement ............. .
found that pieces of furniture 10 .......................... up
A will be reached
and 11 .......................... away by the water. In other
B won’t be reached
words, they 12 .......................... .
C is reached
Unit 6 185
READING SKILLS
11 Look at the photo of a house in Amsterdam.

In what ways do you think this Dutch city
The crooked houses
is similar to Venice? of Amsterdam
12 [3.22]
Read and listen to the text.
Was your answer to exercise 11 correct?
Arriving at Amsterdam’s Schiphol airport, a visitor may
13 Choose the correct option. well be surprised and alarmed to learn that the runways
and all the buildings are four metres below sea level.
1 The Netherlands is a country
The name Netherlands means lowlands, and this small rich
which has always ............. .
5 country has always been flat and low. It sits on a river
A been rich and flat
delta, mainly consisting of peat and clay. Much of
B had rising sea levels
the farmland was reclaimed from the sea, long before
C been at war with water
climate change caused rising sea levels.
2 A lot of the reclaimed farmland was once ............. .
A peat B clay C sea
The battle against water has been fought by Dutch
3 The water was first pumped off the land using
10 engineers since the Middle Ages. Firstly, water was
............. .
pumped off the land by windmills, many hundreds of which
A electricity B wind C steam
can still be seen. Next steam and then electricity were used
4 Drying out the farmland made it ............. .
to drain the water off the land, making it a very fertile peat
A worse B lower C poorer
which was good for Dutch farmers. However, this process
5 Modern Dutch buildings are constructed on poles
15 had an unfortunate effect: it not only dried the ground but
made of ............. .
also made it sink.
A sand and clay
B clay and cement
So how could the famous Dutch city of Amsterdam be
C cement and metal
built on sinking land? The answer is: the houses were built
6 Amsterdam houses have irregular roofs
on wooden poles. These poles were pushed deep into the
because ............. .
20 peat, clay and water until they reached solid sand, which
A some of them have sunk
could be as far as 12 metres below the surface. In recent
B they have all sunk
building projects, cement and steel are used.
C they look elegant when they sink
The poles under the older elegant houses along the city’s
7 A characteristic of old Amsterdam houses
canals, however, are made of wood from the spruce tree.
is that ............. .
25 These wooden poles erode at different stages, so some
A they are very grand
houses sink while others don’t. This gives the houses
B they have no stairs
the irregular rooftops that visitors to Amsterdam find
C they are not straight
so charming.
8 The top floors of old canal houses were designed
to ............. .
A keep the furniture dry
B store dry goods
C have metal hooks
14 Underline two or three key pieces of information

from each paragraph of the text. The key
information in the first paragraph has been
underlined for you.
15 Make notes from the key points. Use bullet

points, not full sentences.
186 Unit 6
VOCABULARY
BUILDINGS AND MATERIALS

16 Complete the words.
0 W OO
__L 10 PL_ST_C
1 BR_CK 11 GL_SS
2 C_TT_N 12 ST__L
3 G_LD 13 R_BB_R
4 M_RBL_ 14 L__D
5 L__TH_R 15 W__D
6 S_LK 16 L_N_N
7 LYCR_ 17 S_LV_R
8 P_P_R 18 P_LY_ST_R
9 C_NCR_T_ 19 C_PP_R
17 List the words for fabrics in exercise 16.

wool,
Natural: .......................... Synthetic: ..........................

0 Cars are made of concrete / metal .
1 Plastic is made from oil / paper.
2 Wood / Wool is the raw material for making paper.
3 Houses often have roofs made of brick / slate.
4 Cotton and sand / silk are fabrics for clothes.
5 Mountain paths are often made of rocks / diamonds.
19 Complete the text with the words below.

animal ■ clay ■ glass ■ plastic ■ steel ■ stone ■
synthetic ■ windows ■ wood ■ wooden ■ woollen
Does this building method explain why some of these grand
30 old merchant houses along the canals appear to lean stone
Many houses in Europe are built of 0 ..........................
forwards? Not really, because in fact many of them were from the ground or brick, which is made from
actually built that way! The top floors were originally dry 1
.......................... . The nomadic people of Mongolia live
places for storing the imported cotton, spices and cocoa. in round tents called yurts made of 2 ..........................
These goods were brought along the water and lifted skins or 3 .......................... fabrics. These yurts
35 on metal hooks from the boats to the top floors. This was don’t have 4 ..........................,
easier when the top of the building was leaning forward. but there is a circle of clear 5 .......................... in the roof
As Amsterdam houses traditionally have very narrow stairs, which allows the light
this method of getting large pieces of furniture upstairs is to get in. The doors
still used today. of yurts are usually made
of 6 .......................... .
The inside of the yurt
GLOSSARY is constructed
peat ➤ torba with 7 .......................... poles,
clay ➤ argilla and furnished with thick 8 .......................... carpets.
drain ➤ prosciugare People in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, however,
poles ➤ pali live in tall buildings made of 9 .........................., concrete
erode ➤ si sono consumati and a lot of 10 .......................... .
hooks ➤ ganci
Unit 6 187
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Passive with can / can’t / Passive with say, believe, know, think
could / couldn’t Complete the rule.
Complete the sentences with the words below. We form the passive with say, believe, know, think in this
could be limited ■ can be forecast ■ can’t be avoided way:
Hurricanes .......................... but disasters .......................... Impersonal passive: it + .......................... + said, known,
though damages .......................... if risk areas had believed, thought + .......................... .
impact-resistant buildings. Personal passive: subject + .......................... + said,
known, believed, thought + .......................... .
20 Make passive sentences with can and can’t.
0 this project / not / do / alone 22 Put the words in the correct order.
This project can’t be done alone. 0 said / declining / are / be / to / numbers
1 the earthquake / feel / in our village Numbers are said to be declining.
2 the answer / find / at the back of the book 1 that / distances / known / fly / swans / long / is / it
3 our research / not / finish / this month 2 Roman / ruins / from / the / thought / be / to /
4 those trees / not / save / by eco-activists times / were
5 stones / use / to build houses 3 flight / the / dangerous / be / said / very / to / was
6 new techniques / explain / by experts 4 information / useful / is / be / to / their / thought
5 archaeologists / highly / are / the / be / skilled /
Passive: Verbs with two objects
known / to
Complete the sentences.
A They offered an award to her. 23 Read the article and choose the correct option.
P .......................... was offered .......................... . Priceless mosaics found in Israel
A They offered her an award. A precious ancient mosaic of Noah’s Ark and
P .......................... was offered .......................... . the parting of the Red Sea 0 is found / has been found
A They will send �� . under the floor of a fifth-century synagogue in Israel.
The Bible scenes 1 discovered / were discovered during
P Pictures will be sent to the scientists.
routine work which 2 was being done / was doing by
A They will send �� .
archaeologists at the site. The synagogue in the
P The scientists will be sent pictures.
ancient Israel village of Huqqaq 3 thought / is thought
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 119 to date from the time when the region 4 governed /
was being governed by the Roman Empire.
The priceless mosaics 5 have now been removed / have
21 Rewrite the sentences with the word given. not been removed from the site for conservation.
In the mosaic which 6 believes to be / is believed to be
0 An important message has been sent to her.
sent her an important message unique, the ark 7 will be seen / can be seen with pairs
They�� .
of animals, including elephants, bears, lions
1 We will give them one meal a day.
and leopards. In another panel, stories of the parting
They �� .
of the Red Sea 8 are showed / are shown. Egyptian
2 They have awarded our class first prize. soldiers are trying to escape and 9 are being eaten /
Our �� . are eating by a giant fish.
3 She has been sent an unusual photo. Roman mosaics 10 made / were made of thousands
Someone �� . of pieces of glass or tiny coloured stones called
4 NASA has offered my brother a job. tesserae. These 11 were stuck / were stick to walls
My �� . or floors with a type of cement. The Huqqaq find is
5 They showed us a film about an ancient city. of extraordinarily good quality and 12 is said to be /
We �� . is said being very well preserved.
188 Unit 6
DESCRIBING PEOPLE AND PLACES

24 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of look or look like.
1 That girl .......................... very familiar!
2 He is said to .......................... his younger brother.
3 Iris .......................... really tired when I saw her
yesterday.
4 Do you think dog owners ..........................
their dogs?
5 We used to have a neighbour who always
.......................... angry.
6 She moves so gracefully, she ..........................
a ballerina.

1 Their apartment looks very luxurious, doesn’t it /
looks it?
2 You’re not going out wearing that dress, are you /
aren’t you?
27 Look at the photo. What is the relationship
3 My cousin and I don’t look alike, doesn’t he / do we? between these people, in your opinion?
4 Their house has got a balcony. Get it / Has it?
5 The people in the photo all look sad, doesn’t it / 28 [3.23]
Listen to a boy talking about his sister.
don’t they? Check your answer to exercise 27.
6 He’s the one sitting next to you. Is he / Does he? 29 [3.23]
Read the sentences and underline the
26 Complete the dialogue with the phrases below. keywords in each sentence. Think about what
you might need to fill the gap: a name, a number,
Are you sure ■ Can you say that again ■ a date? Then listen and complete.
Is that really ■ Really ■ Sorry, what was that ■ 1 Sandy now is .......................... years old. At the age
What did you say ■ What do you mean of .......................... she cycled first from Portland,
Oregon, to .......................... .
A I’ve just come back from an exchange trip
2 That journey was a distance
to Scotland.
of over .......................... miles.
B 1....................................... ?
3 Sandy then cycled through different countries:
A I said I’ve been in Scotland. Look, this is where
.........................., .......................... and
my friend’s family lives.
.......................... until she reached Colombia.
B Wow! 2....................................... where they live?
4 In Bogotá, Sandy met Victor, who is
A Well, of course they only have part of it!
from .......................... .
B 3....................................... ?
5 Victor was learning ..........................; his native
A I mean, it’s a castle, right?
language is .......................... .
They’ve got an apartment in it.
6 His language is spoken by over ..........................
B 4
....................................... ? It looks amazing.
people.
5
....................................... your friend’s name was?
7 Sandy and Victor got married and now have
A I didn’t. It’s Dougie McDougal.
a ..........................-year-old boy called Pedro.
B 6....................................... ? 8 They’ve lived in .......................... for ..........................
A Dougie McDougal. years but they visit Chris’s family
B Dougie McDougal? 7....................................... ? for a .......................... every .......................... .
That’s a very funny name.
Unit 6 189
ACADEMIC SKILLS
INTERPRETING A GRAPH 33 Look at graph B and read the two summaries.

Which is correct?
30 Complete the advice on interpreting a graph
with the words below. B Sea level rise since 1970
25
formal ■ purpose ■ relevant ■ visual ■ words
20
visual
Graphs are a 0 .......................... way of presenting
Centimetres
information. You need to transfer this information 15
into 1 .......................... . Make sure you understand 10

the 2 .......................... of the graph. That is also the purpose
5
of your text. Use clear, 3 .......................... language
and only include 4 .......................... information. Read it 0
Norfolk, VA Atlantic City, NJ Charleston, SC Boston, MA
again – could you draw a graph from your text?
Summary 1
31 Look at graph A and answer the questions.
The purpose of graph B is to show how much sea levels
1 What is the purpose of the graph? have risen since 1970 in four different cities of the United
2 What does the vertical axis show? States. The vertical axis shows the number of centimetres
3 What are the lowest and highest numbers shown? the sea has risen. The lowest number shown is 12
4 What does the horizontal axis show? centimetres for Charleston and the highest number
5 What are the earliest and latest years shown? shown is 22 centimetres for Norfolk. The horizontal axis
shows the four cities where measurements were taken:
A Sea floods in Boston, MA, since 1970 Norfolk, Virginia; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Charleston,
10
South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts.
8
Summary 2
6 The purpose of graph B is to show how much sea levels
Flood days
have risen since 1970 in four different cities

4
of the United States. The vertical axis shows the
2 percentage of centimetres the sea has risen. The lowest
0 number shown is 12 centimetres for Boston and the
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
highest number shown is 25 centimetres for Norfolk.
The horizontal axis shows the four cities where flooding
32 Complete the summary of the information happened: Norfolk, Virginia; Atlantic City, New Jersey;
in graph A with the words below.
Charleston, South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts.
2000s ■ annually ■ bigger ■ days ■
34 Look at graph C and answer the questions
decades ■ fewer ■ flooded ■ rise
in exercise 31.
Since 1970 there is thought to have been C Sea floods in Charleston, SC, since 1970
rise
a 0 .......................... in the sea levels of about nine
12
centimetres all over the world. Research into
10
the number of days cities were 1 .......................... has
8
shown this rise. In Boston, Massachusetts, for example,
Flood days
there were two 2 .......................... of floods per year 6
during the 1970s. The next two 3 .......................... 4

were better, with 4 .......................... days of flooding 2
in the 1980s and 1990s. However, there was a rise 0
to three days in the 5 .........................., and a much 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
6
.......................... rise in the 2010s, when there 35 Write a summary of the information in graph C,
were three times as many days 7 .......................... . comparing the information in graph A.
190 Unit 6
EXAM SKILLS

Read and listen to two extracts
from two different guided tours of Chatsworth
Listening Part 3 – Multiple matching House in Derbyshire and choose from the list
The focus of this exam is listening for detail, attitude (1–4) what the speaker likes best about
or opinion of the speakers. The questions will be this house. There are two extra sentences.
a different way of saying what the speakers say. Tour 1 Hello and welcome to Chatsworth
Read the questions carefully so you know what you’ll be House, perhaps the most famous stately
listening for. If you’re unsure about an answer, don’t home in the UK and certainly the pride
be too quick to fill it in. Wait for the second listening. of Derbyshire. You will have driven up
FIRST to this great house across the beautiful
parkland over a stone bridge which
36 Tick (✓) the sentences which are saying the same crosses the River Derwent. Did you notice
thing as the sentence given (A or B or both). the Emperor Fountain to the side
0 Historians think that the ruins date of the house? The water in this amazing
from the fourteenth century. fountain is said to have reached a height
A It is thought that the ruins are hundreds of 90 metres, which was certainly
of years old. ✓ a record when it was constructed. It is easy
B Experts believe the ruins to be 1,400 years old. to see why Chatsworth is the top tourist
1 Venice is not only famous for its beauty. attraction of the region.
A Venice is believed to be famous simply Tour 2 Many famous people have come
because it’s beautiful. to Chatsworth, past and present.
B Venice is well-known for more than just being Among the most famous is Mary Queen
of Scots, who was here both as a guest
beautiful.
and as prisoner between 1573 and 1582.
2 Action is being taken to defend the sinking cities.
In 2005, Chatsworth House was
A People are said to be acting in defence
the location used for filming Jane Austen’s
of these cities.
masterpiece Pride and Prejudice, in which
B There are people defending the cities
it became the home of the handsome
against rising sea levels.
Mr Darcy.
3 The archaeological finds are of enormous
significance. 1 It is popular because of the people
who have been there.
A Archaeologists have found very large
2 The weather is always good.
and significant items.
3 The architecture is spectacular.
B What archaeologists have uncovered
4 It has a wonderful park full of animals.
is extremely important.
4 The ancient houses on the canal will not 38 [3.25]
You will hear four short extracts in which
necessarily be submerged. people are talking about a visit to the Roman
A It will not be necessary to protect the oldest baths in Bath. Choose from the list (1–4) what
buildings. each speaker talks about.
B It may be possible to prevent those buildings 1 Actors dressed as Romans told us stories about life
from flooding. in those times.
5 With enough volunteers, the site could be 2 The baths is where Romans bathed and socialised
excavated. around AD 70.
A They will be able to dig up the site if they have 3 I drank the spa water but I have to say I didn’t like
enough helpers. the taste of it very much.
B Without enough helpers, it may not be possible 4 Visitors, including foreigners and children, can learn
to excavate the site. a lot from the audioguides.
Unit 6 191
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Complete the sentences with a / an, the or –. 4 Correct the mistakes.

0 A lot of money was stolen by ............. a man 0 The prisoner which spoke first was very intelligent.
the police didn’t know.
that ............. The prisoner who / that spoke first
1 We rented ............. apartment overlooking ............. was very intelligent.
Arno which was lovely. 1 Our guides were all actors were dressed up
2 Did you see ............. moon last night? as Romans.
I took ............. great photo. 2 The man who money was taken gave his name
3 Al Capone, ............. most wanted criminal to the police.
of his time, spent years in ............. prison. 3 Some of the crimes they committed by were not
4 Our visitors went to ............. theatre very serious.
to see ............. opera by Verdi. 4 Can you show me the place when you were born?
5 This is ............. problem we were talking about 5 The lawyer doesn’t like the judge is in court today.
in ............. autumn. 6 Ned Kelly killed the officer assaulted his sister.
6 Rebus, which means ............. kind of puzzle,
is ............. name of ............. fictional detective. 5 Make one sentence with a non-defining
relative clause. Join the sentences with who
2 Complete the sentences with who, which or which.
or whose.
0 Miss Marple is an amateur detective. Miss Marple
who
0 He spoke to a man .......................... had been is an Agatha Christie character.
in prison for a month. Miss Marple, who is an Agatha Christie
1 I read a crime story .......................... I found character, is an amateur detective.
very unconvincing. 1 Some of the students are studying law. They are all
2 We visited the town .......................... was flooded from Australia.
last winter. 2 This book is fascinating. It is about an unsolved
3 Where are the witnesses .......................... are going mystery.
to give evidence? 3 The man has been proved innocent.
4 The police spoke to the woman .......................... bag He was accused of multiple crimes.
had been stolen. 4 Ned Kelly’s gang went on the run. They were all
5 Our teacher knows someone .......................... son wanted men.
is a film star. 5 I found the story rather unconvincing. It is said
6 Alcatraz was the prison .......................... was to be true.
featured in the movie. 6 Schiphol is one of Europe’s busiest airports. It lies
below sea level.
of the sentences. 6 Rewrite the sentences to make them passive.
0 e This spa is the place 0 They regularly drain the land in this region.
1 We’ll always remember the day The land in this region is regularly drained.
��
2 The children’s homes are 1 We speak many languages in this school.
3 I think Modena is the town ��
4 Will there ever be a time 2 They will use yurts and tents on their camping trip.
5 Isn’t Elba the island ��
6 This is where my parents lived 3 People are cleaning the rooms that were flooded.
a where Napoleon spent many years? ��
b where Pavarotti came from. 4 They give hurricane warnings as early as possible.
c when there is no violent crime? ��
d when they were students. 5 We won’t build the new apartments near the river.
e where the Romans bathed. ��
f when we first met. 6 Climate change will definitely affect people’s lives.
g where they should feel safe. ��
192 Units 5–6

CONCEPT CHECK
7 Make questions using the words in brackets Read the sentences and answer
and by. the questions.
0 The Sistine Chapel has an amazing ceiling. 1 The girl David met last night looked like
(who / paint?) his ex-girlfriend.
Who was it painted by? (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
1 I really enjoyed reading Death on the Nile. 0 A meeting took place last night. Yes
(who / write?) 1 David met a girl last night.
2 Do you know the song about the Vistula? 2 The girl’s name was David.
(who / sing?) 3 David met his ex-girlfriend last night.
3 My sister received a very strange letter. (who / send?) 4 The girl and the ex-girlfriend liked each other.
4 They discovered Tutankhamun’s mummy 5 The girls had similar appearances.
in the 1920s. (who / find?)
5 These wooden artefacts date from ancient times. 2 The man in the car crash is recovering in hospital.
(who / make?) (Answer True / False)
6 We have a prize-winning building in our town. 0 A man had an accident in his car. True
(who / design?) 1 We know the name of the man.
8 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean 2 The accident victim was hurt in the car crash.
the same. 3 He was taken to hospital.
4 He is still a patient in this hospital.
0 They could make many interesting discoveries.
5 He is getting better.
interesting discoveries could be made .
Many ��
1 Unfortunately we can’t share our results. 3 Who were the Palaeolithic cave paintings
Our �� . in France painted by?
2 They could locate underground activity. (Answer Yes / No)
Underground �� . 0 We know that the paintings are underground. Yes
3 We can teach children how to interpret the photos. 1 We want to know the period in history
Children �� . when the paintings were done.
4 They believe that priceless treasures are hidden 2 We already know which country the paintings
underground. can be found in.
It is �� . 3 We want to know exactly where these paintings
5 They could offer volunteers valuable training. are in that country.
Valuable �� . 4 We know who did the cave paintings.
6 We knew that nomadic people once lived 5 We want to know who did the cave paintings.
in the region.
It was �� . 4 The Zeddam tower mill, dating from the fifteenth
century, is believed to be the oldest windmill
9 TRANSLATION Translate the sentences in the Netherlands.
into English. (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
1 Le immagini saranno mandate agli scienziati 0 We know what kind of building we are talking
via satellite. about. Yes
2 I prigionieri, che hanno commesso vari crimini, 1 This windmill has been there since the 1400s.
vivono in variopinti cottage di legno. 2 We know which country it can be found in.
3 La polizia sospettava di frode la moglie dell’uomo 3 It is the oldest windmill in the world.
disperso, ma non c’erano prove sufficienti. 4 People believe that there isn’t an older windmill
4 Ned Kelly era un gangster violento, la cui storia in the Netherlands.
è diventata leggenda.
5 La città sommersa, che è stata scoperta l’anno See GRAMMAR REFERENCE
scorso, è di enorme importanza. pages 118, 119
Units 5–6 193

7 Glorious food
GRAMMAR PRACTICE Second and third conditionals
Zero and first conditionals We use the second / third conditional to talk about
Choose the correct option. imaginary or unlikely / impossible events or situations
We use the zero / first conditional when one action in the present or future.
follows automatically after another. We use the second / third conditional to talk about
We use the zero / first conditional when we talk about imaginary and unlikely / impossible events or situations
possible future actions. in the past.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 120 See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 120
1 Complete the sentences using the zero 4 Complete the second conditional sentences
conditional and the verbs in brackets. with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
eats
0 If Amy .......................... (eat) raw fish, she always had
0 If I .......................... (have) my camera with me,
feels
.......................... (feel) sick. ’d take
I .......................... (take) some photos now.
1 If you .......................... (overcook) vegetables, 1 I .......................... (learn) how to make paella
they .......................... (lose) their vitamins. if I .......................... (live) in Spain.
2 Children .......................... (get) bad teeth 2 If Ben .......................... (not / work) all the time,
if they .......................... (drink) too much cola. he .......................... (take) more exercise.
3 If you .......................... (not / add) any salt, 3 What .......................... you .......................... (do)
bread .......................... (be) tasteless. if you .......................... (find) a wallet?
4 Ice cream .......................... (melt) 4 If I .......................... (have) a million euros,
if you .......................... (leave) it in the sun. I .......................... probably .......................... (buy)
5 It .......................... (be) better if you .......................... a yacht.
(cook) the meat slowly. 5 .......................... you .......................... (know) where
6 If Daniel .......................... (make) the dinner, to go if you .......................... (not / have) a map?
the kitchen .......................... (be) a mess. 6 Katie .......................... (help) you if you ..........................
(ask) her.
2 Choose the correct option to make first
conditional sentences. 5 Complete the third conditional sentences
with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
0 If the baby finishes / will finish that yogurt,
I’ll give her some more. had been (be) more careful,
0 If you ..........................
1 If it rains / will rain, we won’t have a picnic outside. you wouldn’t have cut your finger.
2 I cook / ’ll cook if you agree to help me. 1 If she .......................... (add) more salt, the soup
3 If he uses / will use good olive oil, his salad would have tasted better.
will taste nicer. 2 If he had stopped smoking sooner,
4 You’ll feel healthier if you stop / will stop smoking. he .......................... (be) so ill.
3 If her boyfriend .......................... (phone) her,
3 Make questions in the first conditional using if. she wouldn’t have been worried.
0 people / live longer / not / smoke? 4 If I had studied harder, I .......................... (pass)
Will people live longer if they don’t smoke? all my exams.
1 what / you / do / restaurant be fully booked? 5 If they had had more time, they .......................... (cook)
2 how / they / survive / not / have enough food? the meal.
3 we all / feel better / eat superfoods? 6 If we .......................... (run) faster, we wouldn’t have
4 how / Bella / get here / we invite her for dinner? missed the train.
194 Unit 7
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6 Put the words in the correct order to make 9 Read Dan’s email and complete
third conditional sentences. the sentences.
0 you / you / enjoyed / if / had / have / come / it /
meal / a / for / would Hi Bernie,
If you had come for a meal, you would have Thanks for your email. Sorry I didn’t reply earlier, I’ve
enjoyed it. been busy. I went to the gym as usual on Monday.
1 us / have / she / would / had / her / helped / if / we / I don’t always have a swim after working out, but
asked on Monday I did, and in the pool I met a girl called Sara.
2 would / had / been / won / team / we / I / if / the / Without her glasses, she mistook me for a classmate
in / have and we both laughed about it. We agreed to meet
3 he / had / have / would / found / given / that / it / for lunch the next day. She was late, so I ordered
back / if / money / he our sandwiches and drinks. When she arrived,
4 they / have / taken / train / had / they / the / been / we were talking so much that she didn’t notice her
if / wouldn’t / tired / so sandwich had chicken in it. Suddenly she was very
upset because … she hadn’t told me … she’s a strict
should / shouldn’t have; wish vegan! I felt terrible about that. Fortunately she’s got
Choose the correct option. a very good sense of humour. Maybe you’ll meet her
I should had / have listened to my friends. I wish I had / at the club this weekend .
have listened to them. See you,
I shouldn’t had / have gone on the show. I wish I hadn’t / Dan
haven’t gone there.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 121 would have replied (reply) earlier
0 Dan .......................................
hadn’t been
if he ....................................... (not / be) so busy.
7 Write sentences with should / shouldn’t have. 1 He ....................................... (not / meet) Sara
if he ....................................... (not / have) a swim.
0 we / try that new restaurant
2 She ....................................... (not / mistake) Dan
We should have tried that new restaurant.
for someone else if she .......................................
1 she / not / add so much salt
(wear) her glasses.
2 we / peel the apples first
3 If she ....................................... (not / be) late,
3 you / not / have use those eggs
Dan ....................................... (not / order) for her.
4 he / boil the water before drinking it
4 If they ....................................... (not / talk) so much,
8 Respond to the situations. Use should / Sara ....................................... (notice) what she was
shouldn’t have and the correct form of the verbs eating.
in brackets. 5 If her food ....................................... (not / be) vegan,
Sara ....................................... (not / eat) it.
0 Pamela has been shopping and now she hasn’t got
6 Dan wish he ....................................... (not / order) her
any money. (spend)
a chicken sandwich: he ....................................... (wait).
She shouldn’t have spent all her money.
7 If Sara ....................................... (not / have) a good
1 Our friends gave us fried fish for dinner
sense of humour, they .......................................
and it wasn’t nice. (grill)
(not / still be) friends now.
2 I had a party and I forgot to tell the neighbours.
8 If Bernie ....................................... (go) to the club
(invite)
at the weekend, maybe he .......................................
3 They missed the last bus home and had to walk.
(meet) Sara.
(catch)
4 Our team played really badly and we lost
the match. (good)
Unit 7 195
READING SKILLS
10 Look at the photos. What do you think the guy

is eating? Would you eat that?
11 [3.26]
Read the text and choose the correct
Would you eat
insects?
option to complete the sentences. Then listen
and check.
1 A appetite B appetising C unappetising
2 A disgust B disgusted C disgusting
3 A relatively B relative C relativity
4 A safety B safely C safe A once-popular TV reality show featured
5 A hungry B hunger C hungered celebrities in an Australian jungle eating food
6 A solve B solution C insoluble which looked very 1 ............. . People found this
7 A healthily B unhealthy C healthy amusing to watch, although they would never
8 A friendly B friendliness C friendship 5 have done it themselves.
9 A product B production C produce Often, the contestants had to eat insects,
10 A appeal B unappealing C appealing sometimes live insects, or spiders. To many
11 A benefits B beneficiary C benefit viewers, and indeed to the contestants
themselves, eating creepy-crawlies was one
12 What do these figures refer to in the text? 10 of the most 2 ............. things they had to do.
1 nine billion What would you do if someone asked you
2 nearly one billion to eat an insect? Although eating insects is
3 almost two billion 3
............. rare in Europe, people have eaten
4 many thousands insects for many thousands of years.
5 two thousand 15 Today, almost two billion people eat insects
6 70 million as part of their regular diet, in places like
China, Africa, Mexico, Thailand, Vietnam,
13 Answer the questions, giving two reasons Cambodia, Colombia and New Guinea.
in each answer.
Nearly two thousand species are 4 ............. to eat.
1 Why do people in Europe rarely eat insects? 20 The most commonly eaten bugs are crickets,
2 Why do we need to produce more food? beetles, caterpillars, bees, wasps and ants.
3 Why would eating insects be beneficial? Would the world’s food problems be solved
4 Why would or wouldn’t you eat insects? if more of us ate insects? It is calculated that
nearly one billion people around the world are
25 already 5 ............. all the time. The world’s
population
grows by about
70 million
people every
30 year.
If the numbers
keep
increasing,
the population
35 will be nine
billion by 2050.
196 Unit 7
VOCABULARY
COOKING
14 Reorder the letters to make verbs.
0 y r f fry
..................
1 a e t g r .................. 7 o p u r ..................
2 s k h w i .................. 8 u b r ..................
3 i g l r l .................. 9 i x m ..................
4 p h c o .................. 10 d a d ..................
5 r i s t .................. 11 t e p a e r h ..................
6 k e a b .................. 12 e e p l ..................
15 How many cooking actions can you find

for each verb in exercise 14?
Fry: eggs, onions, meat
16 Complete the recipe with the words below.

add ■ bake ■ butter ■ chocolate ■ creamy ■
delicious ■ favourite ■ ingredients ■ method ■
So we will need to produce almost twice as optional ■ roasted ■ stir ■ whisk
much food as we do now if we want to feed
the world. Could insects be the 6 .............
40 to world hunger? Crunchy cricket
There is more protein and less fat in insects and chocolate cookies
than there is in beef, lamb or chicken, Ingr edie
0
...... ...... ......nts
........:
so they are very nutritious and form part
250 g flour
of a 7 ............. diet. Eating insects rather than pinch of bicarbonate of soda
45 other meat is more environmentally 8 ............. .
pinch of salt
Farming insects needs less land and water 240 g soft 1 ..........................
than farming traditional animals. Also, insects
400 g sugar
reproduce much more quickly, so food 9 .............
2 eggs
is more efficient. In addition, insects produce 300 g 2 .......................... pieces
50 far fewer greenhouse gases than farmed 150 g chopped mixed nuts (3 ......
....................)
animals, especially cows. 100 g 4 .......................... crickets
If the idea of eating insects was more 10 .............,
5
..........................: Preheat the oven
perhaps our planet and everyone on it would to 190 °C
and rub a little oil or butter onto a
11
............. from a cheap and plentiful source metal baking
tray. Mix the butter and sugar togeth
55 of superfoods. er until
the mixture is 6 .......................... and
smooth.
7
.......................... in the eggs. Slow
ly
GLOSSARY
8
.......................... the flour, with the
bicarbonate
of soda and the salt. 9 ........................
creepy-crawlies ➤ bestioline ..
in the insects, chocolate chips and
crickets ➤ grilli nuts (if used).
Pour round spoonfuls of the mixture
superfoods ➤ cibi altamente onto
the baking tray and 10 ........................
nutritivi .. in the oven
for 10–12 minutes. Allow to cool for
10 minutes.
These 11 .......................... crunchy coo
kies, so
easy to make, will soon be a family
12
.......................... .
Unit 7 197
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Mixed conditionals Time clauses with when, unless,

Complete the words. until, as soon as
Mixing third and second conditionals can show how Complete the sentences.
a different past would have changed the present. I won’t drink the water .......................... it’s clean = if it’s
p.......................... condition p.......................... result not clean.
If we had booked a table, we wouldn’t be in this I won’t drink any water .......................... I can get clean
queue now. water.
(But we didn’t book.) .......................... / .......................... I find clean water,
I’ll drink it.
17 Decide if the second sentence of each pair

19 Complete the sentences with when,
is true (T) or false (F).
if or unless.
0 If I had known the time, I wouldn’t be late for this
unless
0 I won’t catch that train .......................... I run.
class.
I am late. T F 1 I’ll make the coffee .......................... I wake up first.
1 If you had checked your phone, you’d know the time. 2 She wouldn’t cook .......................... she didn’t enjoy
You didn’t check your phone. T F cooking.
2 If we’d cleared up last night, the kitchen would be 3 .......................... you can pay for all that food,
tidy now.
you shouldn’t order it.
The kitchen is tidy. T F
4 He won’t give you meat .......................... he knows
3 If you hadn’t woken me in the night, I wouldn’t be
so tired now. you’re a vegetarian.
I’m not tired. T F 5 She’ll make dinner .......................... she gets home.
4 If the children hadn’t eaten, they’d be hungry now. 6 I can’t read this recipe .......................... I wear
The children have eaten. T F my glasses.
5 If Tom worked harder, he’d have passed these exams. 7 Call me .......................... you get home.
He failed the exams. T F
8 You will be sick ............ you stop eating.
6 If we’d known the address, we wouldn’t be lost now.
We didn’t know the address. T F 20 TRANSLATION Translate the sentences
into English.
18 Complete the message with the words below.
1 Se partecipassi a un reality, non mangerei insetti.
eat ■ get ■ had known ■ hadn’t asked ■
hadn’t gone ■ had realised ■ wouldn’t have eaten ■ 2 Saremmo tutti più sani se mangiassimo più pesce,
wouldn’t have gone ■ wouldn’t have taken frutta e verdura fresca.
3 Se lei non avesse mangiato dei ragni al forno,
forse non sarebbe stata male.
You ask me, how was Sylvia’s beach party? A disaster!
4 Mescola l’impasto con una forchetta
get
Apparently I 0 .......................... sick when I 1 ..........................
finché non è morbido e cremoso.
raw fish. I didn’t know. If I 2 .........................., 5 Servirò il dolce non appena si raffredda.
I .......................... any. I wish I .......................... at all,
3 4
6 Non avresti dovuto andartene senza avere avuto
actually. I 5 .......................... if Sylvia 6 .......................... me il permesso.
personally. If I .......................... she had a new boyfriend,
7
7 A meno che non facciamo qualcosa, non ci sarà
I 8 .......................... her flowers, either. Total disaster. più cibo per tutti.
8 Appena la torta è pronta, la tolgo dal forno.
198 Unit 7
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS
21 Complete the recipe with the words below.
add ■ break ■ Have you got ■
freeze ■ Next, you mix ■ pour ■ roll ■
So first, peel ■ What about
You want a good recipe? 1 .......................... frozen

bananas with nuts and chocolate? 2 ..........................
A B C D E
your bananas and cut them up. Then push a stick
into each piece and freeze them. 3 .......................... some 24 Read extracts of what these five people say
yogurt and chopped nuts together. 4 .......................... about what they eat. Match the speakers (1–5)
any peanut butter? OK, 5 .......................... that, too. to the food (A–E).
When the bananas are frozen, take them out
Speaker 1 I’m training to run a marathon. To build
and 6 .......................... them in the nutty yogurt mixture.
up my leg muscles and improve
Freeze them again and when they’re frozen,
my stamina, I have to eat plenty of carbs
7
.......................... some chocolate into a bowl
and protein.
and melt it. Then 8 .......................... the chocolate over
Speaker 2 I’m a vegan, which is getting easier
the bananas and 9 .......................... them once again.
and easier these days. There are lots
Easy!
of vegan restaurants and cafés where
22 Match the beginnings and ends to make people really understand about
checking phrases. not eating animal products.
Speaker 3 It’s difficult, cutting down on something
1 Hang on, a say peanut butter?
that’s so nice and so easy to eat … but
2 Would this b you said?
recently I’ve noticed
3 Is that c what was that?
that my stomach feels very uncomfortable
4 Sorry, could you d be all right?
unless I’m careful what grains I eat.
5 Did you e that again?
Speaker 4 If I had more time, I’d learn to cook
6 Is that what f OK?
with whole grains and fresh vegetables.
7 What was g just say that again?
I don’t eat a lot of fast food but …
23 Choose the correct option. Speaker 5 I loved burgers with chips when I was
younger, but not any more. Now I believe
1 Have you got any eggs?
that our food source should be
A What about dessert? B Yes, I think so.
sustainable. I’ll eat fish if I know that it’s
2 What about cheese?
been farmed organically …
A Did you say cheese? B What now?
3 Grate some parmesan into a bowl. 25 [3.27]
Listen to the five speakers and check
A Is that what you said? B Into a … what? your answers to exercise 24.
4 What did you say? 26 [3.27] Listen again. Which speaker says what?
A I said, let it cool first. B It says, let it cool first.
5 Chop the nuts into small pieces. a I think especially raw food has a lot of flavour.
A What about the nuts? b I wish I had more time to cook.
B Hang on, what was that? c I really like raw fish and it’s full of protein
and vitamins.
6 Preheat the oven.
d I have to eat lots of pasta and potatoes.
A How hot should it be? B What should I do?
e There are lots of gluten-free products
7 Spread the melted chocolate with a fork.
in the supermarkets these days.
A Did you say fork? B What is a fork?
Unit 7 199
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY 27 You are going to read an article about honey

bees. Six sentences have been removed from the
Reading and Use of English Part 6 – Gapped text article. Choose from the sentences a–g the one
Read through the entire article with the gaps in it first. which fits each gap 1–5. There is one extra
Try to get a general idea of the structure of the text
sentence.
and the development of the writer’s ideas. a A law passed by the Scottish government has made
When choosing a sentence to fill the gap, carefully read it illegal to bring any other bees onto the islands.
the information before and after the gap so that it b Moving hives from farm to farm is believed
follows logically. to cause stress to the bees.
FIRST c An EU-funded research project to produce
so-called smart bees could be the answer.
d Today they play a large role in agriculture.
Honey bees in danger e However, this vital resource in the food chain is
in danger.
If bees did not pollinate many hundreds f In fact, it is probably the main cause for colony loss.
of different plants, those plants would not be g Bees also pollinate the plants grown for cattle feed.
able to reproduce. The modern farming system
that humans have developed depends on the
5 work of bees, and without them, it would not
work so efficiently. Honey bees are not native to
the United States, but they were successfully
d Farmers
introduced there from Europe. 0 .............
rely on beekeepers who move their bee colonies
10 around to different agricultural areas, and it is in
this way that their crops are pollinated.
Many foods enjoyed by humans, such as apples,
cucumbers, broccoli and almonds, would have
disappeared if the plants were not pollinated by
15 bees. 1 ............. It is from cows that people get Climate change is also a factor, but perhaps the
most of their milk, cheese, butter, yogurt and 35 biggest single danger to bees is disease.
beef. Moreover, the by-product of honey bee The disease that is most feared by beekeepers
pollination is of course honey, which is widely and farmers is the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor).
used as a sweetener. As its Latin name suggests, this tiny parasite is
20 2
............. If a condition known as colony collapse very destructive. 4 ............. The Varroa mite has
disorder hits a beehive, every one of the 40 been a major problem in the UK since the 1990s.
all-important worker bees dies or vanishes. Scientists are working on a solution to the
If this happens, the queen bee is left with only Varroa problem, but meanwhile, two tiny
young bees that have not yet fully developed, Hebridean islands have become the UK’s first
25 and the hive is no longer sustainable. One sanctuary for native honey bees. The islands of
survey estimated that almost 40% of beehives 45 Colonsay and Oronsay, off the west coast of
died in 2014 alone. Scotland, are home to approximately 50 honey
Farming methods that are used today are bee colonies. These remote islands were chosen
thought to be one of the main reasons for this as a nature reserve because the colonies there
30 decline. 3 ............. Many of the bees’ natural are genetically pure and free from the Varroa
feeding areas have been lost to agriculture, and 50 parasite. 5 ............. In this way, the local
chemical pesticides are known to be harmful to beekeeper hopes to protect his bees from cross-
bees, too. breeding and disease.
200 Unit 7
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY 30 What does the reviewer of Let’s Cook! not

include?
Writing Part 1 – A review
1 A description.
The tasks in this part give you a chance to show 2 An opinion.
a range of language. The main purpose of writing 3 A recommendation.
a review is to describe and express a personal opinion
about something you have experienced. It will usually 31 Read the advertisement for a café’s review.
include a recommendation. Which café near you could you write
a review about?
FIRST
28 Read the advertisement for a review REVIEWS WANTED

of a cookery show on TV. Which show could you We are looking for
write a review about? reviews of the best
cafés for teenagers near
where you live.
REVIEWS WANTED Your review should
We are looking for reviews include information
of a popular TV cookery show about where the café is
for teenagers. Choose a show and what it looks like,
to review. Your review should the quality of the food
include information about what and drinks, the service
the show does well and what and the value for
does not work so well. money. Would you
What kind of food is prepared? recommend this café to
Is it a competition or other people your age?
a demonstration?
Describe the presenters and the
cooks. Would you recommend this
show to other people your age?
29 Read the review a student wrote about a show

called Let’s Cook! Find and correct six mistakes
in the review.
A popular TV cookery show at the moment is

broadcast at eight on a Saturday evening, when is
prime time TV. That means it will get a lot
32 Make a few notes about each of the points
of viewers because that is when many people watch to include in your review.
TV, but I’m not sure if it’s when most teenagers
are watching. So I think it’s not broadcast ■ Where is the café? Can you sit outside?
at the best time. The format of the show is ■ What’s it like inside? Is there music / wi-fi?
always same, which I think is quite boring. Are the chairs comfortable?
Four teenage cooks are given a box full from ■ Is the coffee good? What kind of food do they serve?
ingredients but they don’t know what they are. ■ Are the waiters / waitresses friendly? Or is the café
The presenter is a crazy guy with big hair who self-service?
makes a lot of noise, counting down from ten ■ Is it expensive?
when the cooks can open they boxes. Then they
have a short time to decide what to cook 33 Write your own review in 140–190 words
and then cook it with what’s in the box. There is in an appropriate style, using your notes
usually a celebrity cook who judge the best meal. from exercise 32. Would you recommend this café
to your friends?
Unit 7 201
8 All in the mind
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4 Match the beginnings and ends
of the sentences.
used to / would + infinitive without to 0 f The milkman used to
Choose the correct option. 1 Her mother would
We can / can’t use would or used to when we talk about 2 The weather used to
past habits which we don’t do any more. 3 The Romans would
In affirmative sentences, we can / can’t use used to 4 Parts of the Netherlands
when we describe permanent states that are no longer 5 Did the family use to meet
true. We can / can’t use would in these sentences. 6 Teenagers didn’t use to
With both used to and would, we use the infinitive / a socialise in the hot baths.
-ing form of the verb that follows. b used to be under water.
c bring smartphones to school.
d make her children’s clothes.
e be more predictable.
1 Make sentences with used to and the verbs f deliver milk to the door.
below. g for a traditional Sunday lunch?
be ■ have ■ live ■ play ■ ride ■ walk ■ wear
be / get used to + something / -ing
used to have a black-
0 My grandparents .......................... Choose the correct option.
and-white TV. We use be used to + something when we want
1 The children .......................... football outside to describe being / becoming familiar with it.
until it got dark. We use get used to + something when we want
2 Our neighbour’s dog .......................... (not) to describe being / becoming familiar with it.
so aggressive. With both be used to and get used to, we use
3 .......................... your parents .......................... the infinitive / -ing form of the verb that follows.
a uniform at school?
4 They .......................... (not) in such a big apartment. See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 122
5 My father .......................... his motorbike with me
on the back. 5 Make sentences with the correct form
6 .......................... your sister .......................... to school of be used to.
with you?
0 we / lots of cats / animals
2 Mark the sentences in exercise 1 where would We’ve got lots of cats, so I’m used to animals.
can replace used to. 1 our house / busy road / traffic
2 they often / this restaurant / food
3 Make questions to match the answers.
3 children / their new classroom yet?
0 Did they use to live in Amsterdam? 4 we / never in hotels / camping
No, not Amsterdam. They used to live in Amersfoort. 5 I / mountains / snow
1 He used to drive a Honda, not a Fiat. 6 she / five little brothers /
2 No, she’s never eaten meat. a lot of noise
3 Warm milk? No, and I still hate it! 7 Pedro / Spanish /
4 My mum was strict, but not my dad. dinner very late
5 Yes, they’ve always taught lots of languages here. 8 if / Clara / move to
6 Bad dreams? I didn’t have many, I’m happy to say. England / rain
202 Unit 8
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6 Put the words in the correct order. 9 Complete the text with the words in brackets
and the correct form of (get) used to or would.
0 get / left / soon / driving / visitors / used / on / to / the
Visitors soon get used to driving on the left.
1 my / used / can’t / I / glasses / wearing / to / get / new School in the 1950s
2 library / studying / the / is / in / to / used / Pamela My uncle John went to school in the 1950s.
3 used / language / not / to / we’re / hearing / bad used to write (write) on chalkboards then
They 0 ............................
4 grandfather / used / texts / sending / has / his / because of course they 1 ............................ (not / have)
got / to interactive whiteboards. Boys in his class
5 shopping / Sundays / they / used / to / on / get / can’t
............................ (not / wear) school uniform, but they
2
6 Paris / metro / we / using / used / the / got / in /

............................ (always dress) smartly. From the age
3
soon / to
of ten, John had to 4 ............................ (be) in single-sex
7 Choose the correct option. classes: girls 5 ............................ (go) to a different
0 We used to ski / skiing in the Dolomites every school. When I asked him: ‘6 ............................ your
winter. teachers ............................ (be) strict?’ he laughed
1 I used to dream / dreaming about being and told me they 7 ............................ (carry) canes,
an astronaut. and they 8 ............................ (even use) them! I said
2 We’ll never get used to drink / drinking tea I could 9 ............................ (never) that. He replied
with milk in it. that they 10 ............................ (not / like) it much, either.
3 There didn’t use to be / being so many adverts on TV.
4 She’s slowly getting used to live / living alone.
5 Did you use to babysit / babysitting for their kids?
6 More trains used to stop / stopping here.

0 Life .......................... very different from the way
it is now.
A use to be C used to be
B used to being
1 I’m slowly .......................... Ned’s sense of humour.
A getting used to C being used to
B used to
2 Helena could never get .......................... coffee.
A use to drink C used to drinking
B used to drink 10 Write sentences using (get) used to or would
that are true for you.
3 My father would always .......................... to school
in winter. 1 When I was a baby ��
A skate B to skate C skating �� .
4 Did you .......................... long hair when you were 2 When I was a toddler ��
little? �� .
A use to having C used to having 3 At nursery school I ��
B use to have �� .
5 Doctors have to get used .......................... at night. 4 At primary school I ��
A work B to working C to work �� .
6 People .......................... vinegar to clean the windows. 5 Last year I ��
A used to used B use to use C used to use �� .
Unit 8 203
READING SKILLS
11 Look at the picture about dreaming.

Which of these things do you dream about?
12 [3.28]
Read and listen to the text. Which do you
think is the best title?
1 Freudian dream analysis
2 Sweet dreams
3 Dreams and their meanings
4 Dream on!
13 Read the text again and choose the correct option.

1 Sigmund Freud’s theories …
A are still accepted by psychoanalysts.
B have been popular for millennia.
C disagree with the interpretation of dreams.
D are the basis of much dream theory today.
2 The main features of dreams are …
A running, falling and flying.
B frequently forgotten.
C absurdity and emotional intensity.
D not extraordinary to the dreamer.
Dreaming is the subject of serious scientific studies
3 All three teenagers …
nowadays, but the interest in it is not new. Dreams
A used to remember their dreams.
have intrigued people for millennia. Yet empirical
B believe in hidden meanings.
research has so far failed to come up with one robust
C have had memorable dreams.
5 theory about what our dreams mean or indeed why
D describe the same dreams.
we dream at all.
4 In the writer’s opinion, …
A interpreting dreams shapes your unconscious Is it possible to understand your unconscious wishes
mind. and thoughts by interpreting dreams? Sigmund
B asking teenagers is a proven empirical approach. Freud certainly thought so, and his famous book
C even the theorists still don’t understand dreams. 10 The Interpretation of Dreams shaped the
D having bizarre dreams is completely normal.
psychoanalytic theory of dreams for many years.
More modern theories of dreams disagree
14 Answer these questions. with Freud’s conclusions, but still many books
1 Can you describe a dream that you used to have
are written about common dream symbols and what
when you were younger?
15 they mean.
......................................................................................... The main characteristics of dreams are that they are
......................................................................................... frequently full of intense emotions, such as anxiety,
......................................................................................... fear or surprise. Dreams tend to be incongruous;
......................................................................................... featuring people the dreamer may or may not know,
......................................................................................... 20 in bizarre combinations. The events in dreams are
2 How do you interpret your dream? strange and often illogical, but they are accepted
......................................................................................... as normal while dreaming. They can be very clear
......................................................................................... or extremely vague but, however traumatic, 95%
......................................................................................... of what we dream is forgotten on waking.
......................................................................................... 25 Are there really hidden meanings in your dreams?
.........................................................................................
204 Unit 8
VOCABULARY
THE MIND
15 Use the definitions to complete the puzzle.
Write your own definition for the word
in the grey squares.
0 giving you hope and support
1 making you feel unhappy and without hope
2 worried and nervous; opposite of relaxed
3 calming, making you less anxious
4 easily angry or unhappy; with changing emotions
5 feeling or showing certainty
6 afraid and uneasy; opposite of untroubled
7 full of hope and confidence
E N
0
C O U R A G I N G
1
D
2
S
3
R
4
M
5
C
We asked three teenagers: 6
A
Marie Hidden meanings? I’m not sure. There are 7
P
lots of myths about dreaming. I once read
that if you have a dream about falling, and 16 Complete the sentences with words
you hit the ground in your dream, you will 30 from the crossword.
actually die. I used to have that dream all
stressed
0 My mother used to get very ..........................
the time and, although it wasn’t very nice,
when she had all five of us kids under ten!
I’m still alive!
1 Her .......................... attitude to life has helped her
Jason I think there might be. I take part in through some difficult times.
national snowboarding competitions, 35 2 The news of starving children in war zones is very
and I used to get very anxious the night .......................... .
before. You’d think I’d dream about flying 3 Amy found it very .........................., doing yoga
or falling but in fact I would dream about while listening to calm music.
sitting an exam. I interpret that as worrying 4 I used to get really .......................... before an exam
about being unprepared for a big challenge. 40 and would never sleep well.
Molly Definitely. I used to have a recurrent dream 5 He’s .......................... that he will pass his driving
about a weird animal chasing me. test first time: he’s had lots of practice.
I couldn’t run, I couldn’t even move, I was 6 The teacher’s remarks were very ..........................;
terrified. I think that was about avoiding she said I was doing OK.
a problem I had in real life because when 45 7 You never know what to expect from Harry
I solved that problem, the dreams stopped. these days, he’s so .......................... .
17 Finish the sentences about yourself.

GLOSSARY 1 The word that describes me on most days is …
come up with ➤ trovare 2 My closest friend is usually …
shaped ➤ ha influenzato 3 I like being with people who are …
weird ➤ strano 4 I think / don’t think I’m an optimist because …
Unit 8 205
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Gerunds and infinitives (1) 21 Complete the sentences with the prepositions
below.
Complete the rules.
We use gerunds: about ■ against ■ for ■ in ■ on ■ up ■ with
■ as the .......................... of a sentence:
Listening to music is very relaxing. against flying to Prague
0 We decided ..........................
■ after some ..........................: just for the weekend.
I can’t stand going to bed early. 1 If I get tired, I can’t concentrate ..........................
■ after ..........................: doing my homework.
If you’re interested in analysing your dreams … 2 She’s fed up .......................... hearing how clever
We use infinitives: her sister is.
■ to describe ..........................: 3 They don’t believe .......................... driving
We rang up to book our holiday. the children to school.
■ after some ..........................: 4 He rang his girlfriend and apologised ..........................
Are you prepared to work hard? forgetting their date.
Infinitives follow some verbs and phrases, too: 5 My best friend worries .......................... failing exams
If you want to pass the exam, … but she never does.
6 Our parents gave .......................... smoking years ago.
18 Write the sentences so that they mean 0 She really likes listening / listen to relaxing music
the same, using the gerund as the subject. in the evenings.
1 We were amazed learning / to learn that the concert
0 I usually read in bed because I find it relaxing.
was free.
Reading in bed relaxes me. 2 They stopped on the way get / to get some food.
1 I hope I get a good job; that’s important to me.
3 Thank you very much for helping / helped me
2 It’s healthy to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.
yesterday.
3 It’s impolite to text at the dinner table.
4 Giving / Give presents is even nicer than
4 It can cause stress if you work too hard.
receiving / receive them.
19 Match the parts and join them with the word to. 5 She couldn’t help to feel / feeling sorry
for the losers.
0 b She went to the post office
6 He hopes will come / to come to the meeting
1 I logged onto the CNN website
tomorrow.
2 Did you use honey or sugar
3 He took a job as a waiter 23 Complete the invitation with the verbs
4 They drank strong black coffee in the gerund or infinitive.
a sweeten your cake?
b collect a parcel. Hi Celia,
writing ..... (write) to you; maybe
I hope you don’t mind me .....................
0
c read the latest news.
me years ago?
d you remember .......................... (meet)
1
finance his studies.
rk) together, and didn’t we
Our mothers used to .......................... (wo
2
e keep themselves awake.
primary school? Anyway,
use to 3 .......................... (go) to the same
20 Make sentences with verbs in the gerund. you’ve moved back to the
I was pleased .......................... (find out)
4
) together? Would you

area. Do you feel like .......................... (get
5
0 Julia / keep / fall asleep in class
y? It’d be great if you
Julia keeps falling asleep in class. like 6 .......................... (come) to my part
very easy 8 ..........................
1 we / look forward to / see you tomorrow decide 7 .......................... (join) us! We’re
..... (bring) a friend.
(find) and please feel free .....................
9
2 our cats / always / enjoy / take a nap in the sun k. Looking forward
You can check out the details on Faceboo
3 I / not / mind / do the washing-up / sometimes
to 10 .......................... (see) you again!
4 they / can’t help / laugh at Ben’s jokes
Danni x
206 Unit 8
TALKING ABOUT HABITS 27 Look at the signs of the zodiac. Fill in the names
below.
24 Are the speakers talking about past or present
habits? Tick (✓) the correct column. Aries ■ Aquarius ■ Cancer ■ Capricorn ■
Gemini ■ Leo ■ Libra ■ Pisces ■ Sagittarius ■
Past Present Scorpio ■ Taurus ■ Virgo
1 We never do anything
remotely dangerous.
2 I used to be quite keen on dancing.
3 It’s always too busy at the ....................
1
....................
2
....................
3
....................
4
sports centre.
4 I sometimes swim after school.
5 I’d go when the pool was
almost empty. ....................
5
....................
6
....................
7
....................
8
6 I used to go swimming three

times a week.
7 Don’t tell me you go skiing
every weekend. ....................
9 10
................... 11
................... 12
...................
25 Read the conversation. Underline Mike’s present 28 Read the questions and the options before
habits and circle his past habits. you listen.
Wendy Hey Mike, I’ve been trying to call you for ages! 1 Which statement is correct?
How’s things in Zurich? A All three speakers believe the zodiac predictions
Mike Hi Wendy, it’s OK on the whole. Yeah, they read.
I’m getting used to living here … I suppose. B They all know the characteristics of their own
Wendy You always used to love going star sign.
to the mountains. You’d go skiing twice C Only one of them is sceptical about horoscopes.
a year. Now you can ski all the time. 2 The person who is honest, friendly
Mike You’re right, the skiing’s great most and communicates well is
of the time. When there’s enough snow, A a Leo. B a Scorpio. C an Aquarius.
I can get my skis out most weekends. 3 The first speaker thinks
Wendy Brilliant! So is that what you usually do? A she is confident enough to be a teacher.
Mike I used to say I’d ski every free minute once B her parents wouldn’t agree to her being
I lived here, but actually, school’s hard. I didn’t a teacher.
use to have any problems, but we get so C authoritarian people shouldn’t be teachers.
much homework here. My German’s not 4 The second speaker wants to believe
fluent yet. in his horoscope because he
Wendy Do you always speak Swiss German now? A knows he’s competitive in sports.
Mike The classes are mostly in High German, but B likes the idea of becoming a secret agent.
my new friends generally talk in three or four C enjoys annoying his sister.
different languages. So … I don’t say much, 5 The third speaker thinks
as a rule! A Valentine’s Day is significant.
Wendy Wow, I can’t imagine you not saying much. B horoscopes are too general.
I remember when you never used to stop C lots of predictions are inappropriate.
talking! 29 [3.29]
Listen to three people talking
about their star signs. Answer the questions
26 Find the words or phrases in the dialogue
in exercise 28.
which the speakers use to generalise.
30 [3.29] Listen again and check your answers.
Unit 8 207
ACADEMIC SKILLS
PROOFREADING YOUR WORK 2 I would be very happy if you would come with
myself.
31 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
3 She was extremely interesting in learn another
Correct the false ones.
language.
0 Proofread your writing as soon 4 What you normally do if school finishes every day?
as you’ve done it. T F 5 Far less animals are been hunted these days.
Wait a little while before proofreading.
1 Be careful not to rely on your 36 Proofread the text and correct the 22 mistakes.
spell checker. T F
2 Use a dictionary to check spellings. T F
3 Don’t print it out to proofread it. T F WHY BELIEVE IN HOROSCOPES?
4 Read it out loud to yourself. T F
According to the experts: the majority
5 Check punctuation, word order,
people who read newspaper horoscopes
spelling and grammar separately. T F
are believing the prediction if its positive
32 Correct the punctuation mistakes. but ignore it if its negative. I believe this
0 If you finish early read your work through carefully, being true. I’ve been checking my own
If you finish early, read your work through since years but I’ve always see it as just
carefully. a bit of funny. Thinking that all other person
1 They went to visit the roman baths last saturday. born on 22nd or twenty-first of august has
2 ‘Thank you for helping me, she said, warmly the same characteristics as me is total
3 Generally speaking, the best month to visit isnt may. rubbish. However, a cheerfull horoscope
4 The people, that we met, were very friendly. could make you feel happyer if you’re
5 Dutch school’s don’t have parking for teacher’s cars. depressing if you wake up.
And furthermore, a pessimistic prediction
33 Put the words in brackets in the correct position. such like “You have an accident’
0 He goes swimming after school. (often) might be useful warning
He often goes swimming after school. for you to be more
1 We hardly see our old neighbours now. (ever) careful crossing
2 It’s too crowded in town on Saturdays. (always) road.
3 As a rule, they go to school by bike. (general)
4 Do any of these new apps work? (actually)
5 After a while, he was able to speak English. (again)
34 Correct two spelling mistakes in each sentence.

0 We weren’t very ungry because we’d already
heaten. hungry; eaten
1 The dates you suggist are not possibile for me, sorry.
2 He gave up runing after his motorbike accidente.
3 After a longe illness, she looked tin and pale.
4 I’m busy so pleas don’t west my time.
5 My grandfather used to be a famose psicoanaliste.
35 Correct two grammar mistakes in each sentence.

0 After years of be a vegetarian, he’s got used to eat
meat again. being; eating 37 Write a text of about 100 words with the same
1 He lives in the same house since 50 years. heading and proofread it.
208 Unit 8
EXAM SKILLS
3 Why did she think about giving up playing?
EXAM STRATEGY
A She wanted more time to go to her brothers’
Listening Part 1 – Multiple choice concerts.
Read the questions first, to give you an idea B Her friends used to hang around waiting for her.
of what kind of information you are listening for. C Practising the violin took too much of her time.
Try to answer the questions in your own words 4 What stopped Christina from giving up?
before choosing an option, then decide which option A She wasn’t bright enough to do anything else.
is closest to your own answer. B Her parents expected her to continue.
FIRST C She was a very good player for her age.
5 What did winning a scholarship mean to Christina?
38 Read the questions. What kind of information A She was more motivated to play and improve.
are you listening for in each question? B She could see her own friends every Saturday.
0 When did Irena decide she wanted to be a dancer? C She was no longer competing against her mother.
A What made her decide.
B What she decided to be. EXAM STRATEGY
C The time when she decided.
Speaking Part 2 – Long turn / Extended discourse
1 How did the boys win the tennis doubles final?
A What they won. C The way they won. For this part of the exam, you have to speak for one
B Who won. minute without interruption. Practise timing yourself
2 Why was Tina so disappointed by her exam result? while you are speaking, so that you get a feeling for
A Her reaction. C The reason for her how much you can say in a minute. The task is to talk
B The way she reacted. reaction. about two photos. You are not expected to describe
3 How many extra hours did Mr Fletcher work last them in detail, but compare them and give your own
week? reaction to them.
A When he worked.
FIRST
B How long he worked.
C The amount of additional work time. 40 Look at the photos and make notes in answer
4 What did the angry customer say when she returned to the questions.
to the shop?
A The words she spoke. C How she felt.
B What she took back.
39 [3.30]
Listen to an interview with a teenage
violinist talking about her family.
0 Why did Christina first take up playing a musical
instrument?
A Her parents were both professional musicians.
B She wanted to compete against her brothers.
C It seemed the accepted thing to do in her family.
1 Why did she decide to play the violin?
A Stringed instruments were better than brass 1 Name at least two ways in which these situations
for girls. are similar.
B The decision wasn’t really made by her. 2 Think of at least two ways in which they are
C Her first Chinese instrument didn’t cost much. dissimilar.
2 What did Christina say about her relationship 3 What are the people in the photos enjoying most?
with her mother? 4 What are your reasons for the preference you
A It was crazy at first. expressed?
B In the end it was discouraging. 5 Could you talk about these two photos for one
C It was fair and friendly. minute?
Unit 8 209
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Choose the correct option to make zero 4 ‘You took a quick lunch break yesterday. Were you
and first conditional sentences. very busy?’
‘Yes, if we hadn’t been so busy,
0 We won’t buy processed food if there is / will be
we .................................... a longer lunch break.’
fresh food on the market.
5 ‘You cooked steaks? Didn’t you know they were
1 If she changes / will change her lifestyle,
vegetarians?’
she’ll probably be fitter.
‘If I had known that, I .................................... meat.’
2 When will we arrive if we leave / will leave after 6 ‘Why did Oliver arrive so late? Didn’t he have his car?’
breakfast? ‘Yes, he did, and he .................................... on time
3 What will they eat if they don’t like / won’t like meat? if his car hadn’t broken down.’
4 If you freeze / will freeze chocolate, it goes hard.
5 This recipe doesn’t work if you don’t use / won’t use 4 Make sentences using the words in brackets
salt.
and should / shouldn’t have or I wish.
6 She comes / ’ll come tomorrow if she has time. 0 The old cinema building was really beautiful.
(knock down)
2 Match the beginnings and ends to make
They shouldn’t have / I wish they hadn’t
second conditional sentences.
knocked it down.
0 f If she went on a diet, 1 He put a handful of salt in the spaghetti sauce! (pinch)
1 If we employed a cook, 2 The refugees were drinking dirty water. (boil)
2 He would open his own café 3 Those children were rude to their teacher. (apologise)
3 If I had more time, 4 My sister’s never learnt to swim. (younger)
4 Would this coffee taste better 5 I feel sick after eating two chocolate cakes. (any)
5 If they didn’t breathe polluted air, 6 We went to bed very late last night. (earlier)
6 This meal would cost a lot more
5 Complete the sentences with unless, until
a if he had the money. or as soon as.
b if we had it in a restaurant. as soon as she wakes up.
0 Belinda goes for a run ..........................
c they would be healthier.
1 .......................... you leave now, you’ll miss the start
d if it was a bit stronger?
of the film.
e we would eat very well.
2 She waited for him .......................... six o’clock,
f would she look like a model? but he didn’t come.
g I wouldn’t spend it in the kitchen. 3 I’ll call you back .......................... I’ve finished
3 Complete the answers using the third my dinner.
conditional. 4 Old Mrs Howe won’t hear you .......................... you
speak louder.
0 ‘He hurt his leg playing football. Did he fall?’
5 He didn’t like olives .......................... he went to live
‘Yes, he wouldn’t have hurt his leg if he hadn’t
.................................... in Italy.
fallen.’ 6 You won’t get what you want .......................... you
1 ‘Julia looked happy. Did her boyfriend remember say please.
her birthday?’
‘Yes, she .................................... so happy if he had 6 Put the words in the correct order.
forgotten it.’ 0 marathon / year / she / to / a / every / used / run
2 ‘Those teenagers were very fit. Did they eat well as She used to run a marathon every year.
children?’ 1 until / play / we / dark / outside / got / it / would
‘I’m sure they .................................... so fit if they’d 2 school / to / trousers / boys / wear / to / used / short
eaten only junk food.’ 3 use / computers / didn’t / schools / to / have
3 ‘How was your holiday? Was the weather nice?’ 4 child / you / pets / have / use / a / did / to / as / ?
‘No, I’m afraid the holiday .................................... 5 week / play / mothers / would / bingo / once / our / a
better if we’d had nicer weather.’ 6 dreams / remember / I / use / didn’t / to / my
210 Units 7–8

CONCEPT CHECK
7 Complete the sentences with the -ing form Read the sentences and answer
of the verbs below. the questions.
be ■ drive ■ eat ■ live ■ speak ■ wear ■ work 1 If Kit had gone to bed earlier, he wouldn’t have
overslept.
0 living
It took ages to get used to .......................... in the city.
(Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
1 I’m not used to .......................... to a large audience.
0 Kit went to bed late. Maybe
2 She’s getting used to .......................... in a new school.
1 He didn’t go to bed as early as he should have done.
3 You get used to .......................... in heavy traffic.
2 He didn’t sleep well.
4 Doctors have to get used to .......................... at night.
3 He slept later than he wanted to.
5 We’re not really used to .......................... Indian food.
4 Going to bed earlier would have meant waking
6 He’ll soon get used to .......................... contact lenses.
at a better time.
2 I wish I hadn’t drunk so much coffee.
0 I can’t stand lose / losing my phone.
(Answer True / False)
1 Do you feel like come / coming out tonight?
0 This is something I wished in the past. False
2 Are you sure that device is safe to use / using?
1 This is something I wish now.
3 They decided not to go / going on holiday.
2 I’m drinking coffee now.
4 She apologised for break / breaking a glass.
3 I drank a lot of coffee in the recent past.
5 We were lucky enough to win / winning a prize.
4 I now regret drinking the coffee I drank.
6 I don’t mind to walk / walking in the rain.
3 She won’t forgive him unless he says sorry.
9 Complete the sentences with the prepositions
below. (Answer Yes / No / Possibly)
0 She is angry with him about something. Yes
about ■ at ■ for ■ from ■ in ■ of ■ on
1 He knows she is angry with him.
on paying for the meal.
0 Our friends insisted ............ 2 She wants him to apologise.
1 She was very excited ............. flying to New Zealand. 3 He is going to apologise.
2 The court found him guilty ............. stealing 4 She will excuse him if he says sorry.
the money. 4 I’d never get used to living anywhere without wi-fi.
3 I really must thank him ............. being so kind.
4 They used to be very good ............. skateboarding.
0 In the past I lived somewhere without wi-fi.
5 I hope he succeeds ............. passing that exam.
Don’t know
6 Eating well might prevent you ............. getting ill.
1 I didn’t use to live anywhere with wi-fi.
10 TRANSLATION Translate this email 2 I have to get used to living without wi-fi now.
into English. 3 I would be happy if I lived somewhere without wi-fi.
4 I could never accept living somewhere without wi-fi.
Ciao Sandy,
avrei tanto voluto raggiungerti ieri. Avrei dovuto
chiamarti, mi spiace. Sarei venuto se non fossi stato
così stressato. Se non continuo a impegnarmi nello
studio, non supero il prossimo esame e sarebbe una
catastrofe! Sono sempre stato il primo della classe
ma adesso mi devo abituare a stare insieme ad altri
studenti brillanti. Augurami in bocca al lupo.
Ci vediamo presto, Harry
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Units 7–8 211

9 Business rules
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Choose the correct option.
0 I must remember .......................... my friend’s
Gerunds and infinitives (2) birthday present.
Choose the correct option. A posting B post C to post
Some verbs take both the gerund and the infinitive. 1 She spoke sharply but she didn’t mean
With some verbs, the meaning stays the same / changes: .......................... rude.
continue, start, begin, prefer, like, love, hate. A being B to be C be
With other verbs, the meaning stays the same / changes: 2 The teacher asked for silence but they still
remember, forget, regret, try, stop, mean. didn’t stop .......................... .
A shouting B to shout C shouted
3 We regret .......................... you that this bank
is closing soon.
1 Complete the sentences with the verbs A informed B to inform C inform
below. Use either the gerund or infinitive forms. 4 She’s trying .......................... the document
but the printer’s broken.
buy ■ chat ■ leave ■ read ■ save ■ talk ■ work A printing B to print C print
5 Don’t forget .......................... the lights
0 Do you usually prefer to talk / talking to your
..............................
when you leave.
bank manager in person or on the phone?
A to switch off B switching C to switch on
1 She’s always loved .............................. clothes when
6 I regret .......................... these shoes, they’re
they’re cheap in the sales.
so uncomfortable.
2 You should start .............................. up your pocket
A to buy B buy C buying
money for your next holiday.
3 I hate .............................. on Sundays; it should be 4 Choose the correct option.
a day of rest.
0 I regret selling my skateboard.
4 People began .............................. the theatre before
A I wish I hadn’t sold it.
the end of the play.
B I’m not sorry I sold it.
5 Do you like .............................. books about famous
1 He’ll never forget hearing Mandela speak.
bank robbers?
A It will always be a memory.
6 The girl at the back continued ..............................
B He can’t remember it.
after the teacher had asked for silence.
2 We stopped to have lunch in the café.
2 Make sentences with the words given. A We don’t eat there any more.
B We ate there.
0 I / not / like / get up early / weekend
3 I remember saying sorry.
I don’t like getting up early at the weekend.
A I know I apologised.
1 you / start / eat / before your guests arrive /
B I never forget to apologise.
last night?
4 He introduced himself and went on to give
2 we / usually / prefer / not / buy / concert tickets online
his lecture.
3 it / continue / rain / all through yesterday night
A He said his name first.
4 he / begin / work / as an apprentice / in 2015 B He started his lecture first.
5 they / hate / revise for exams / since the start of term 5 I regret to tell you that your account is overdrawn.
6 I / always love / be able / transfer money online A I’m sorry that I told you.
7 It / start / snow / a couple of hours ago B I’m sorry but you should know.
8 I / hate / not be able to sleep / 6 The driver stopped to send a text.
before an important exam A She was texting while driving.
B She texted after stopping.
212 Unit 9
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Reporting verbs 7 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean

the same. Use the correct form of the words
in brackets.
Verbs like tell, ask, order, command, warn, persuade,
remind follow this pattern: 0 She waited for him until the last bus arrived.
verb + direct object + gerund / infinitive with to: (continue)
■ The bank manager persuaded her to open She continued to wait for him until the last
a new account. bus arrived.
■ I heard Annie asking the teacher to help her 1 He wishes he hadn’t spent all his savings. (regret)
with the translation. 2 The old man asked us the way to the bank. (how)
3 Seeing The Beatles will always be in my memory.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 123 (forget)
4 ‘Don’t forget to lock up your bike,’ her dad said.
5 Complete the questions with the words (remind)
below. 5 I forgot to cash the cheques you gave me. (remember)
6 She advised us to take dollars on holiday. (should)
ask ■ commanding ■ order ■ persuaded ■
remind ■ tell ■ warned 8 Choose the correct verbs to complete
the bank’s advice.
order
0 Why did the captain .......................... the soldiers
to attack?
HOW TO KEEP
1 Who .......................... you to buy such expensive
YOUR MONEY SAFE ONLINE
speakers?
2 Why didn’t you .......................... me to pay the credit Online banking is an easy and secure way
card bill when I forgot?
0
to manage / managing your money. Any bank
3 Did he .......................... you to leave nicely will advise you 1to protect / protecting your
or was he rude? personal information. Of course you need
4 Do your parents usually .......................... you
2
to keep / keeping your financial information
not to stay out late? safe.
5 Is the group leader .......................... us to move on • Remember not 3 to reveal / revealing your
or wait here? passwords to anyone.
6 Has nobody ever .......................... you not to charge • Avoid 4 to use / using a password that’s easy
your phone in the bath?
5
to guess / guessing, like the name
of your pet.
6 Rewrite the direct speech into indirect speech. • And don’t forget 6 to log out /
0 He said to me: ‘Don’t show anyone else your PIN.’ logging out of your online
me not to show anyone else my PIN .
He told �� banking account as soon as
1 She said to the customer: ‘If I were you, I’d open you’ve finished 7 to access /
a new account.’ accessing it.
• Your bank will probably
She persuaded �� .
advise you 8 to check /
2 The bank robber said to us: ‘Put your hands
checking for unusual
on your head!’
transactions, and warn
The robber commanded �� .
you 9 to contact /
3 My IT expert said: ‘Don’t use your date of birth
contacting them if you
as your password.’
suspect someone
He warned �� .
of 10 to hack / hacking
4 The policewoman told him: ‘You shouldn’t put
your account.
your wallet in your back pocket.’
The officer advised �� .
Unit 9 213
READING SKILLS
9 Are there any words in the word cloud that you

don’t know? If so, look them up.
SUCCESS
Success doesn’t always come easily. Bill Gates’
success advertise first company, Traf-O-Data, was a complete

failure, yet his later achievements were
share story
corporate phenomenal. Richard Branson, the legend
past behind the Virgin group of companies, 5
is dyslexic, and with no support at school he
motivation
creativity underachieved academically. So what does it
take to overcome setbacks and become
strategy teamwork
successful
a successful business? Here are four success
stories, big and small. 10
inspiration
skill
achievement A Amanda Hopkins started in a small way,
business analysis making lunches for the staff in a local office.
She would make sandwiches in her kitchen
efficiency
lean career and deliver them by bike. Her customers
determinationexperience
called her the food angel, the name stuck and 15
the business grew. A year later, in 2016,
coaching Amanda had a small café and a Food Angel
marketing
plan
presentation
development
education
van for her deliveries.
B Another success story was the Anglers, the
performance progress win idea

advice
last pub in its village, which was failing as a
business. Then in 2012, the village post office
20
closed too. The villagers raised over £300,000
leadership
by getting many small investors to back
the project, and they succeeded in buying
the pub. The post office was relocated 25
professional to the same building, now a thriving
innovation community business, at the heart of the village.
confidence
people C There’s nothing small and local about a drinks
company called Innocent, but how did they
management begin? A group of friends sold healthy fruit
smoothies at a music festival in 1999.
30
They put up a sign, asking customers if they

should give up their jobs to start a smoothie
10 [3.31]
Read and listen to the text. What do all business. There were two large bins, one said
four success stories have in common? Yes and one No, for people to put their empty 35
cups in. By the end of the weekend, the Yes
11 Now answer the questions. For questions 1–10,
bin was full and it was not long before
choose from the stories (A–D). The stories may
Innocent Smoothies were the world market
be chosen more than once.
leader.
Which success story … D Two childhood friends from New York, Jerry 40
1 is about a multinational business? and Ben, opened an ice-cream parlour in
2 tells us about a local success? Burlington, Vermont, in 1978. As Ben suffered
3 started decades ago? from a lack of a sense of smell or taste, he
4 raised money from the community? added texture to the ice creams, giving them
their characteristic chunks of chocolate, nuts 45
5 began at a musical event?
and so on. Decades later, Ben & Jerry’s
6 had small beginnings in someone’s home? operates globally as a subsidiary of the
7 depended on a customer vote? Dutch / British conglomerate Unilever.
8 turned a disability into a unique selling point?
9 rescued at least two unsuccessful businesses? GLOSSARY
10 has a name chosen by satisfied customers?
setbacks ➤ ostacoli, impedimenti
smoothie ➤ frappè
214 Unit 9
VOCABULARY
STORIES! MONEY AND BUSINESS
12 Match the definitions to the words.
0 i an amount or level of payment
1 to receive money as payment for work
2 to take or move out or back, or to remove
3 to get something from someone
with the intention of giving it back
4 an arrangement with a bank to put in
and remove money and the bank keeps
a record of it
5 money that is borrowed from a bank
6 a small plastic card that can be used
as payment, the money leaving your bank
account automatically
7 a machine from which you can take money out
of your bank account using a special card
8 to need to pay something to someone
who has lent money to you
9 the money that is used in a particular country
a bank account
b bank loan
c borrow
d cash machine
e currency
f debit card
g earn
h owe
i rate
j withdraw

0 I need some money, please can you borrow me
£10? lend
1 The interest rates have been shrinking this month.
2 He wins some extra pocket money by walking
people’s dogs.
3 I lent some euros from my friend so I’ll have to pay
him back.
4 Her hairdresser raised her business by opening
a second salon.
5 You should try falling the size of your bank loan.
6 The charge of a cup of coffee is getting ridiculous.
Unit 9 215
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
have / get something done 3 We’ve lost our front door key.
A Why not make another one?
B Why not get another one made?
We use have or get something done to talk about
4 Why was your company registered for business?
something that somebody does to / for us.
A We had to do it by law.
We can also use have or get something done to talk
B We had it done by law.
about something unpleasant that is done to / for us.
5 You really should read Branson’s biography.
See GRAMMAR REFERENCE page 123 A Who was it published by?
B Who had it published?
14 Complete the sentences with the correct 6 Our company website was written by me.
form of the verbs below. A Yes, I know you’d had it written.
B Yes, I know you wrote it.
assess ■ make ■ pay ■ print ■
repair ■ search ■ translate 17 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean
the same.
repaired ?
0 Where did you get your bike ..........................
0 Jamie’s bags were opened by the customs officer.
1 They have their wages .......................... directly his bags opened by the customs
Jamie had .......................................
into their accounts.
officer.
2 She got the letter .......................... from Italian
1 The bank manager closed my friend’s account.
into English. My friend ....................................... by the bank
3 Charlie had a new suit .......................... manager.
for his sister’s wedding. 2 We have to ask someone to make a spare key.
4 They had their luggage .......................... at the airport. We have to get �� .
5 I’m getting my essay .......................... by both 3 I need the optician to check my eyesight.
my teachers. I need to have ....................................... .
6 Why are you having those photos .......................... ? 4 The Browns’ new house has been built in France.
The Browns �� .
15 Make sentences with the correct forms
of have something done. 5 We asked an events manager to organise
our conference.
0 Joanna / hair / cut / yesterday We got �� .
Joanna had her hair cut yesterday. 6 A burglar stole all my aunt’s jewellery.
1 they / usually / passports / check / gate My aunt �� .
2 we / online account / hack / since January
3 she / hope / book / publish / next year 18 TRANSLATION Translate this extract
4 our company / website / build / soon from an email into English.
5 your boss / just / her office / decorate again?
6 I / my credit card / steal / last night
Mi hanno accettato la candidatura per il posto di
16 Choose the correct option. lavoro e il colloquio si terrà domani – aiuto! Non mi
è mai piaciuto fare colloqui ma mi piacerebbe tanto
0 The zip on your coat is broken.
lavorare per questa banca. Voglio proprio fare questo
A Yes, I must have it repaired.
lavoro. Sono preoccupata per le domande difficili che
B Yes, I’ve had it repaired.
mi potrebbero fare. Mamma mi ha consigliato di
1 Is that scooter safe to drive?
mettermi un bel vestito e di tagliarmi i capelli.
A Yes, I’ll have to test it.
Mi ha anche suggerito di studiare il sito dell’azienda
B Sure, I’ve had it tested.
per prepararmi per il colloquio.
2 Are you preparing all the party food yourself? Hai qualche dritta per me?
A Yes, I’ll get it delivered.
B No, I’ll get it delivered.
216 Unit 9
INTERVIEWING 22 Complete the advice. Use the strategy box

on page 94 to help you.
Listening for detail: true / false questions
actually ■ honest ■ interesting ■ In some exams, you have to decide if a statement
put ■ repeat ■ see ■ start is 1 .......................... or 2 .......................... .This involves
listening for 3 .......................... . Read each statement
1 Let me .........................., you’re from London College,
4
.......................... . Look out for 5 .......................... –
aren’t you?
for example, you might see a word you have heard
2 Let’s .......................... with your reasons for studying
(or a 6 ..........................), but the statement could still
IT.
be 7 .......................... . Remember that you are
3 I think, .........................., that the course would be
answering according to what the speaker says,
right for me.
not ‘8 ..........................’. Listen again and 9 .......................... .
4 How can I .......................... it? We need 100%
commitment. 23 Look at the picture. Melissa wants to advertise
5 I’m not sure, to be .......................... . her new babysitting business. What words do
6 Sorry, could you .......................... that, please? you think she will use to describe herself?
7 OK, that’s an .......................... question!

1 How did you hear about us?
A Well, I saw an advert.
B Right, I saw an advert.
2 I’d like you to meet my colleague.
A Look, all right.
B Oh, all right.
3 Can you come for an interview today?
A I mean, I’m not free.
B The thing is, I’m not free. 24 [3.32]
Listen to Melissa talking to a friend.
21 Reorder the conversation. Check your answer to exercise 23.
a Really? Tell me about the ones you’ve worked 25 [3.32]

Now listen again and decide
for. if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
b They were all animal charities. Have you ever Correct the false ones.
heard of the CatTrust? 1 Melissa has already started
c 1 Good morning. I’m Ms Williams, head of PR. her babysitting business. T F
Could you tell me why you want to work in a bank? 2 Jake thinks it’s a bad idea. T F
d I’m interested in money. I’ve done some 3 She has a plan for times
voluntary accountancy for charities. when she cannot work. T F
e Cats are my hobby, but I really want to have 4 Melissa is confident about
a career in finance. her organising skills. T F
f Why do you want to work for a bank, if you’re so 5 She is already thinking about
interested in cats? her future study and job prospects. T F
g Their work is all about rehoming cats, 6 Melissa wants to work
which I think is important. with special needs children. T F
h Ihaven’t, to be honest. Can you describe it? 7 She babysits for families
who are not developing normally. T F
8 She has had a business plan worked out. T F
Unit 9 217
EXAM SKILLS
EXAM STRATEGY It took me about a year to save up enough money

for this holiday and even so, I did not stay in the best
Reading and Use of English Part 7 –
hotel. In fact, the hotel I found was amazing and not
Multiple matching overpriced and the owners were friendly. They didn’t
You will need to practise skimming and scanning speak much English but there was a lot of shouting
texts quickly for specific information. Ask yourself why and sign language and we managed to make ourselves
a particular part of the text matches the question. understood. The problem actually came after I’d been
swimming and scuba diving in the sea. I adored that,
FIRST
so I was really frustrated when I came down with an ear
infection – probably from the water. It was terribly painful
26 For each word given, choose the word (A, B or C) and it put a stop to all activities for the rest of my stay.
that is not similar in meaning.
0 assistance The place I stayed had been recommended by a close
A aid friend, who is a very keen chef and a great cook.
B investment The town was renowned for its incredible restaurants
C support and indeed the ones I tried lived up to their reputation.
1 uninterested They weren’t cheap but I don’t mind paying for
excellence. However, the self-catering apartment was
A different B indifferent C unconcerned
disappointing, to say the least. The facilities were very
2 supplementary poor and the bathroom was frankly disgusting. I don’t
A additional expect to have to clean the toilet before I use it, especially
B extra if I’ve been charged a lot of rent for it. The owners can
C superfluous expect some very harsh words from me on Trip Adviser.
3 inspired
A talented B motivated C encouraged
Growing up in Scotland, I learnt to ski at a very young
4 irritated age: waterskiing on the lakes and downhill skiing in the
A cross mountains. My trip to the Swiss Alps was to be the holiday
B unreasonable of a lifetime, and it cost a small fortune as well, so you can
C annoyed imagine how annoyed I was when I arrived to find
5 content no snow! It was cloudy and wet but warm – in fact,
the weather I’d left in Scotland had been better.
A successful B satisfied C pleased
And not only that: when I tried to explain to our tour
6 anxious guide that I needed to go higher to get good skiing,
A uneasy he had trouble understanding my schoolboy German.
B furious He used a dialect of Swiss German that was unintelligible,
C nervous even to some of the locals!
7 overdue
A late B unpaid C borrowed
A city break in Paris for my birthday – what a lovely surprise!
27 Read four extracts about people complaining My friends had joined together to pay for my train tickets
because their holidays went wrong. For questions and a shared room. We found our accommodation
1–7, choose from the four speakers (A–D). charming, though to be honest none of us slept very well
because the sounds of the water system banging away all
Which person: night kept us all awake. The weather was unexpectedly
0 C had bad conditions? cold for the time of year, too, but nobody minded.
1 was disappointed with the food? We weren’t exactly there to enjoy river trips on the Seine
2 enjoyed the water sports? or any other outdoor sporting activity. No, we were there
for the culture and for the food, for which of course
3 found the accommodation terrible?
the French are famous. Disappointment number one
4 was disturbed by noise? was that, as a vegetarian, I was quite restricted in choices
5 felt the holiday was not good value? on most menus. I have enough of the language to know
6 had health problems? what words like escargot and tripes mean!
7 was confused by the language?
218 Unit 9
EXAM SKILLS
28 You are going to read an article about four young 3 achieved success in spite of rejection?
entrepreneurs. For questions 1–9, choose from 4 started a business from what was just a hobby?
the four people (A–D). The people may be chosen
5 became motivated by the creativity of others?
more than once.
6 mentions a learning difficulty?
Which entrepreneur: 7 was unsuccessful academically?
0 B took out a small loan to start the business? 8 admits to being an obsessive IT enthusiast?
1 was not motivated by money? 9 relies on computer hardware?
2 was advised to start a business by a family
friend?
A Adam: educational app designer C Marcus: director of JustExchange.com

I’ve always been academic, by which I mean that I’ve JustExchange.com is a business I started while I was still
never had any trouble with my studies. I’ve been lucky at school, and now I employ over 20 people. Formal
enough to get high grades without having to work very education bored me, and to be honest I was keener on
hard. My younger brother, on the other hand, gardening and growing things. Most of the kids
has struggled with a condition called dyscalculia, in my class were ambitious for the lifestyles their parents
commonly known as number blindness. Most people had – or better! I wasn’t particularly interested
have heard of dyslexia but being unable to make sense in making money, which is ironic because actually my
of numbers is not so well known. So I always helped company is financially rather successful. It all started
my brother with his studies and that gave me the idea with a simple bartering idea. I needed to get my bike
for the app I wrote. I sell it with a personalised tutoring repaired, a friend who repaired bikes needed help
programme and it can be done online, at home, anywhere in the garden … so we exchanged services and
you like. There were no set-up costs and I didn’t need JustExchange.com was born. We bartered anything
any financial support. I’m now at university but I’m also from dog walking to singing lessons to cake making
running my own business, which is growing and the business has grown. I love its simplicity.
and increasingly successful.
D Olivia: jewellery maker
B Susie: web developer I was doing an online design course at the same time
When other girls in my class were designing new as training to be a nursery school teacher. Teaching was
hairstyles or discussing the latest fashion, at the age the safe career option my parents had chosen for me:
of nine or ten, I was learning HTML and CSS. design was what I really wanted to do but didn’t have
At that time, these were the basic building blocks the courage to commit myself to. I did some work
of web design. I suppose I was a computer geek experience with young kids which gave me a brilliant idea.
and programming is what I still love doing. I’d learnt We were using old computer components, bits of metal
JavaScript before I went to secondary school. So it isn’t and plastic, to make sculptures. Little children are
perhaps surprising that I started developing websites, incredibly inventive and I suddenly thought what
initially just for fun and for myself. It was a family friend amazing jewellery I could make, basically with pieces of old
who pointed out that there was a market out there. junk. I took my idea to an investment expert at the bank
Lots of people need to have web pages designed for all who rejected my idea as just that – rubbish. Despite that
sorts of different reasons, but not all of them want to do setback, I started making bracelets, necklaces and rings
it themselves or know how to do it. I followed business from old computer parts and I’ve never looked back.
advice and had to borrow a little money, but the main My jewellery is now worn by celebrities all over the world,
support I needed was encouragement. I even get royalty and I don’t need to teach any more.
Unit 9 219
10 Conflict
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3 Respond with the correct form
of should / shouldn’t (have) and the words
Revision of modals in brackets.
Complete the rules with the verbs below. 0 She didn’t reply to Jo’s invitation and now it’s
can / can’t ■ have to ■ must / mustn’t ■ too late. (straight away)
should / shouldn’t have ■ will / won’t be able to should have replied straight away
She ��.
■ We use .......................... (imagine) to say someone has 1 He was attacked on the way home but told nobody.
or hasn’t an ability. In the past, we use could / couldn’t (police)
(imagine) or was / wasn’t able to (imagine). To speak He �� .
about the future, we use .......................... (imagine). 2 Come on, we’re going to be late for the lesson. (hurry)
■ We use .......................... (act) and have to / don’t have We �� .
to (act) to say that something is or isn’t necessary. 3 Oliver’s bike was stolen last night. (lock)
When we use the past or future, we need a form He �� .
of .......................... . 4 That car nearly knocked me down! (careful)
■ To talk about the best or right thing to do, The driver �� .
we use should / shouldn’t (fight) in the present 5 Their team didn’t play very well. (better)
and .......................... (fought) in the past. They �� .
6 We got lost trying to find your house. (map)
You �� .
1 Complete the sentences with can, can’t, 4 Choose the correct option.
could or couldn’t.
0 The food was free. We didn’t have to / mustn’t pay
couldn’t ride a bike until I was five.
0 I .......................... for it.
1 How many instruments .......................... you play? 1 You don’t have to / must wash those cups, they’re
2 .......................... you speak French before you moved clean.
to Paris? 2 They mustn’t / didn’t have to shout or they’ll wake
3 We .......................... come tonight, sorry. We’re busy. the baby.
4 I .......................... imagine living in a refugee camp, 3 He has to / had to help his parents next weekend.
can you? 4 You mustn’t / don’t have to smoke, it’s so bad for you.
5 .......................... today’s politicians prevent wars 5 We don’t have to / had to meet our guest yesterday.
or not?
6 Don’t you have to / Mustn’t you shower before
6 She .......................... hear the music, it wasn’t loud
you swim?
enough.
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below.
0 She was in trouble for using bad language.
finish ■ join ■ log on ■ train ■ travel A She shouldn’t be rude.
travel
0 People weren’t able to .......................... so easily B She couldn’t be rude.
in the past. 1 The flood waters rose but they were lucky.
1 Will you be able to .......................... us for dinner? A They were able to escape.
2 Without the password, she wasn’t able B They won’t be able to escape.
to .......................... earlier. 2 Sorry, but I’ve already been invited to a party next
3 He’ll be able to .......................... as an engineer Saturday.
if he joins the army. A I shouldn’t have come to yours.
4 I was able to .......................... my project yesterday. B I won’t be able to come to yours.
220 Unit 10
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
3 When we arrived, all the washing-up had been done. 8 Match the parts.
A We mustn’t do it.
0 f We weren’t in when the postman came.
B We didn’t have to do it.
1 I can’t find my phone.
4 He missed the train which left a few minutes early.
2 The apartment is very quiet.
A He wasn’t able to catch it.
3 Nigel hasn’t replied to my text yet.
B He can’t catch it.
4 There aren’t any concert tickets left.
Modals of deduction 5 James doesn’t look happy.
6 Our teacher went to Thailand last summer.
Complete the rules.
a It must be a good band.
past: modal + present: modal + b Everyone must have gone out.
.......................... + .......................... without to c That must have been exciting.
past participle d He can’t have passed his exam.
It must .......................... Her story must e I might have left it on the bus.
been terrifying. .......................... true. f He may have left the parcel outside.
It can’t .......................... It can’t .......................... g He might not have got it.
been easy. possible.
She may / might / could We may / might (not) 9 TRANSLATION Translate the dialogue
into English.
.......................... died. .......................... safe now.

GIRL HIT BY TEXTING DRIVER
A uarda qui: un automobilista che stava mandando
G
6 Complete the sentences with must or can’t.
un SMS ha investito una bambina in bicicletta.
can’t
0 Bill .......................... be skiing, I’ve just seen him B La bambina si è fatta molto male?
in class. L’automobilista sarà stato scioccato.
1 That book .......................... be mine, it’s got A Sì, era scioccato. Ma non avrebbe dovuto usare
your name on it. il telefono e guidare!
2 Nobody’s answering the door, they .......................... B La bambina poteva morire. Forse sarà ferita
be out. gravemente. L’automobilista starà malissimo.
3 You .......................... possibly be hungry, you’ve just A Beh, non doveva stare al telefono.
eaten! B Doveva chiamare l’ambulanza.
4 Lina looks pale and thin. She .......................... be ill. A Era obbligato a farlo. Non potrà più avere la
5 My calculation .......................... be right, I’ve checked patente adesso. Potrebbe anche andare in prigione.
it twice.
6 It .......................... be safe to live in a war zone.
7 Make sentences. Use must / can’t have

and the correct form of the words in brackets.
0 That clock is wrong. (it / stop)
It must have stopped.
1 She didn’t move when the phone rang. (she / hear)
2 I don’t see any fruit in your shopping bag. (you / buy)
3 He didn’t get off the six o’clock train. (he / miss)
4 There’s still lots of birthday cake left. (the children /
finish)
5 This note isn’t in Henry’s handwriting. (he / write)
6 We found a wallet in the park. (someone / drop)
Unit 10 221
READING SKILLS
10 Look at the text and the photo. Who might

Alicia be?
1 A film reviewer.
2 An advice columnist.
3 A fashion journalist.
4 A homework mentor.
11
Ask
[3.33]
Read and listen to the text. Was your
answer to exercise 10 correct?
Alicia
12 Choose from the sentences a–g the one which
fits each gap (1–6). There is one extra sentence.
a They may be right but I don’t think so.
b They both must have known how hurt I would be.
c They should have shown you more respect.
d But what would you have done?
e Their behaviour was very aggressive but I didn’t do
anything.
f Your parents should have been more supportive. 15 May
g A quiet word from you to someone older might be I’m 16, in my GCSE exam year at school,
advisable. and my little brother started at my school last
term. I don’t see much of him of course,
and at first he seemed fine. However, recently
1 What would your advice to Penny have been? he keeps saying he’s sick and that can’t be
�� true. I thought he must be worried about his
�� lessons, but he said the work was OK and told
�� me it was nothing to do with me.
2 How would you have advised Jane? Then the other day I noticed a group of bullies
�� intimidating him on the bus. 1 ............. Perhaps
��
I should have said something at the time, but
I didn’t. I didn’t want to make things worse
��
for him. I’m sure he wouldn’t like his big sister
3 Do you think advice columns are more interesting
sticking up for him. 2 ............. ? Please advise!
for girls than for boys? Explain your answer.
Penny
��
��
Your brother should have been more
�� assertive but that can’t be easy when you’re
4 Do you ever read advice columns like this? confronted with bigger boys. It must have been
Why / Why not? hard for you to witness, but you probably
�� couldn’t have helped in that situation.
�� 3
............. It would be better if your brother was
�� able to speak about his lack of self-confidence
5 Would you ever write to an advice column to your parents, for example, or a teacher.
with a problem you had? Why / Why not?
��
��
��
222 Unit 10
VOCABULARY
WAR AND CONFLICT

14 Complete the crossword.
C A S U A L 1T Y
0
2 3 4
6 7
8 9
10
11
Across:
0 person injured or killed in war
2 person who still lives in spite of danger
7 person who uses explosives
8 person who is not in the army
15 July 9 person physically hurt
I’ve been with a boyfriend for a year. He broke 10 person who uses violence to hurt someone
up with me three days ago. It has truly broken 11 the military force of a country
my heart. My parents say I’m not old enough
Down:
to know how that feels. 4 ............. That’s not all,
1 person who uses (threats of) violence
though. My boyfriend left me for someone
for political reasons
I know, in fact she’s my best friend. Or she was.
3 people who fight in an army
I feel completely betrayed because I used
4 people who agree officially to help
to tell her everything. She might have guessed
and support in war
what this would do to me. 5 ............. I won’t be
5 person who escapes from their country
able to face either of them now.
because of war
What should I do?
6 person hurt or killed because of the actions
Jane
of others
This must be painful. It’s bad enough when 15 Choose the correct option.
a relationship ends, but falling out with your best
0 World War II broke out / blew up in 1939.
friend as well is even worse. 6 ............. Perhaps
1 The soldiers defended / defeated their native
they are too old to remember how it feels to
country bravely.
break up. This is the time to turn to some of your 2 The city of Troy did not surround / surrender
other friends. They will be there for you, and in during the siege.
time, you will surely find another boyfriend, 3 The Nationalists were beaten / lost in the last
and another best friend. election.
4 Menelaus pretended to capture / withdraw
GLOSSARY his troops.
5 Our troops were ordered to terrorise / attack
sticking up for him ➤ prenda le sue difese
the city at dawn.
witness ➤ assistere
6 The injured soldier had shot / fought himself
betrayed ➤ tradita
in the foot.
7 The Allied forces injured / invaded Normandy in 1944.
Unit 10 223
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Permission and obligation: can / can’t, 18 Choose the correct option.

be allowed to, let, be supposed to 0 Am I allowed / Can I ask you a personal question?
Choose the correct option. 1 You supposed / ’re not allowed to skateboard here:
Permission: read the sign!
■■ You can / can’t say that. 2 In the past, people were allowed to / can’t smoke
■■ Talking isn’t allowed / let in here. in the cinema.
■■ You are allowed / let to talk in here. 3 Can / Let I sit next to you?
■■ They will allowed / let me speak. 4 You’re not allowed to / supposed to drive a car
Obligation: without a licence.
■■ I am supposed / let to leave. 5 Is it true that visitors can’t / aren’t let walk
on the grass?
6 Mum says my brother has homework
so he is supposed / isn’t allowed to go out.
16 Make sentences to match the signs.
0 You’re not allowed to swim here.
1 When were you first allowed to go shopping
with a friend?
2 What are you supposed to do to help at home?
3 When does your teacher let you have your mobile
0 1 2 in class?
4 Who is allowed to stay out later, you or your best
friend?
20 Complete the text with the correct

3 4 modal verbs.
Mary Seacole, born in 1805, had a Jamaican mother
supposed to be a free
and a Scottish father. Mary was 0 ..............................
woman of mixed race, but she .............................. vote.
1
She had learnt nursing from her mother, but when the
5 6 Crimea war broke out, the British government
2
.............................. Mary go there
17 Rewrite the sentences, using be allowed to as an army nurse. However,
or let. she 3 .............................. raise
0 I was allowed to walk to school when I was nine. the money herself to travel
let me walk to school when I was nine .
My mum �� to the Crimea. There she
4
.............................. met
1 We were all allowed to leave class early today.
another famous war nurse,
Our teacher �� .
Florence Nightingale, though
2 Our parents let us stay up late last night.
that is not sure. Certainly,
We �� . it 5 .............................. been
3 Under-tens weren’t allowed to use the hotel gym. easy for her, as she
The hotel owner �� . 6
.............................. to join the
4 Harry will be allowed to go and talk to the pilot. nursing team. Instead, she
The pilot �� . opened the British Hotel for
5 I wasn’t allowed to take three bags onto the plane. injured soldiers. She often visited the
The airline staff �� . battlefield, which 7 ..............................
6 I don’t think the waiter will let you eat been dangerous.
your sandwich here. After the war, she 8 .............................. publish her memoirs,
The waiter �� . as she had no money on her return to Britain.
224 Unit 10
EXPRESSING ANNOYANCE 24 Complete the advice about listening for detail.

Use the words below.
21 Match the beginnings and ends to make
sentences that show annoyance. check ■ distracted ■ focus ■ key ■
0 g Monica keeps numbers ■ pauses ■ trick ■ words
1 Frank is always
Read each question carefully. Underline
2 I wish he 1
.......................... words, for example how, why, when.
3 Sorry, but it’s just They will help you 2 .......................... on what to listen
4 Her singing drives for. Don’t be 3 .......................... by unnecessary
5 How come information – it’s there to 4 .......................... you!
6 You should Listen out for 5 .......................... and spellings. Don’t
a you always get top marks? answer in sentences – just a few 6 .......................... .
b wouldn’t play his music so loud. Answer each pair of questions in the 7 ..........................
c me mad. between recordings, if you can. Then listen again
d talking about himself. and 8 .......................... .
e not on.
25 Look at the photos. What do they all have
f see how untidy the kitchen is.
in common?
g complaining about her homework.
22 Tick (✓) the correct column: sympathising (S)

or agreeing (A). You may sometimes tick both
columns.
1 I know! S A B
2 Too right! S A
3 Poor you. S A
4 Hard luck! S A
5 That’s true. S A
6 Same here. S A
7 That’s not fair. S A A C
8 Oh, tell me about it! S A
26 [3.34]
Listen to the boy speaking and match
23 Complete with phrases from exercise 22. the pictures from exercise 25 to the recordings.
There may be more than one answer.
Recording 1
Leila I’m completely exhausted.
Recording 2
Jed 1 ....................................... I am, as well.
Recording 3
Leila I get far too much homework.
Jed 2
....................................... . I get lots too. 27 [3.34]
Listen again and answer the questions.
It’s no fun studying for exams. Write no more than three words for each answer.
Leila 3
....................................... . I guess
1 A Where in Germany is the Holocaust Memorial?
they are important, though.
B How many concrete blocks are there
Jed 4
....................................... . But I’ve got
a weekend job too. in the Memorial?
Leila 5
....................................... . You have to work 2 A When was the Vietnam War?
weekends? 6 ....................................... . B Who played the main character in the war film
Jed 7
....................................... . But if you think that’s Platoon?
bad, I’ve been dropped from the football team. 3 A What did Sassoon write to his commanding
Leila That is 8 ....................................... . Well, at least officer in July 1917?
you’ll have more time for your homework … B Where in Scotland was he sent?
Unit 10 225
ACADEMIC SKILLS
WRITING A CONCLUSION 31 Read another essay title. Make notes in the same
way.
The 0 conclusion / title of an essay should contain Title Write about a film you have seen
a brief summary of the 1 main / opening points. It 2 should / which you will never forget.
shouldn’t include your personal opinion, with a quick
3
argument / justification for it. It 4 does not have / has Introduction Some films are purely
to be more than a few sentences long. Try to echo entertainment, and can be very
your ideas in the opening paragraph and, creative and moving while
if appropriate, the 5title / summary of your essay. at the same time being relaxing
and enjoyable. You often forget
29 Tick (✓) the words and expressions such films, even if you enjoyed them
that are useful in a conclusion.
at the time. Other films stay
To conclude, … with you for a long time and are
In conclusion, … impossible to forget. The film
Finally, … that has made a lasting impression
To sum up, … on me is …
In my opinion, …
I think / believe … Paragraph 2 ......................................................................
Let me begin by … , ......................................................................
However, … Paragraph 3 ......................................................................
Moreover, … ......................................................................
For reasons that I will give, …
Therefore, …
32 Now read a third essay title. Make notes for
30 Read the essay title below. Try to complete the introduction and paragraphs 2 and 3.
the introduction and make notes for paragraphs 2
and 3. Title Write an essay for an English school
magazine about what Italians are
and are not allowed to do at the age
Title Do video games about wars make of 16. What would you change
war look exciting? What is your if you could?
opinion?
Introduction ......................................................................
Introduction Many people say that video games ......................................................................
in which battles take place make
war look fun and exciting. On the
other hand, there are plenty Paragraph 2 ......................................................................
of people who believe that virtual ......................................................................
reality is, by definition, not real life Paragraph 3 ......................................................................
and so there is no harm in video ......................................................................
games …
33 Now write two conclusions (for exercises 31

Paragraph 2 ...................................................................... and 32). Follow the steps below.
......................................................................
Paragraph 3 ...................................................................... 1 Think of your main points.
...................................................................... 2 Give a short summary.
3 Express your own viewpoint.
226 Unit 10
EXAM SKILLS

Speaking Parts 3 and 4 – Collaborative task Writing Part 1 – A story
In this part of the exam, you will be given a discussion If you choose to write a story for this part
question with some written prompts to give you of the writing exam, it is important to engage
ideas. You have to express and justify your opinion. the interest of your reader. You have to have a clear
You will do this with another candidate: don’t be storyline linking to the first sentence, which you will
afraid to agree to disagree politely – in fact, this is be given. Remember to use the prompts you are
often a good way to move the discussion forward. given, too, and use a variety of narrative tenses.
The language of negotiation and collaboration will be FIRST
useful here.
FIRST 37 Complete the extracts of two stories
with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:
34 [3.35]
Read and listen to how an examiner past simple, past continuous or past perfect.
starts a discussion. knew
A Tom 0 .......................... (know) that it 1 ..........................
‘Now, I’d like you to talk about something together (rain) a lot overnight. It 2 .......................... still
for two minutes. I’d like you to imagine that your .......................... (rain) a little when he 3 ..........................
school is going to start a Counselling Club (open) his front door and 4 .......................... (step) out
to encourage young pupils to come to older students into the garden. The grass 5 .......................... (feel)
with their problems. Your discussion question is: wet under his bare feet. The early morning air was
What kind of person might be a good counsellor? still but suddenly he 6 .......................... (hear) a voice
Here are some ideas to help your discussion.’ that he 7 .......................... (think) he 8 ..........................
(recognise).
35 Look at the ideas and make notes on what you B The grass 9 .......................... (appear) flat and brown
might say about the question in exercise 34.
where the circus tent 10 .......................... (stand).
Marie 11 .......................... (have) a strange sensation
as she 12 .......................... (reach) the empty site.
popular
Meeting the clowns and acrobats 13 ..........................
(be) such fun! She 14 .......................... (walk) slowly
shy
has younger away when she 15 .......................... (catch) sight of a
siblings small shining object on the ground in front of her.
academic 38 Choose one of the extracts and write another

GOOD 100 words to complete it.
cool COUNSELLOR
39 Read this exam question and make notes on how
you would complete it. Then write your story
was bullied in no more than 200 words.
when younger
confident You have seen this announcement for a new
English-language magazine for young people.
thoughtful
STORIES WANTED
We are looking for stories for our new
36 [3.36]
Now listen to two students talking about
English-language magazine for young people.
the question the examiner asked. Write down Your story must begin with this sentence:
two ways in which they agree and two ways When I woke up that morning, I wasn’t expecting
in which they disagree with each other. anything unusual to happen …
Your story must include:
Agreeing: Yes, I agree …
a present / a misunderstanding.
Disagreeing: I’m not so sure about that …
Unit 10 227
REVISE AND ROUND UP
1 Make sentences with either the gerund 4 Make questions with the correct forms
or infinitive forms. of have / get something done.
0 it / continue / snow / all through the night 0 when / that hotel / new swimming pool / build?
It continued to snow / snowing all through When did that hotel have / get a new swimming
the night. pool built?
1 we / start / cook dinner / ten minutes ago 1 where / you / usually / shoes / repair?
2 Rob / begin / speak / when he was two 2 how often / he / hair cut?
3 I / prefer / live / in the city 3 you / ever / your computer / steal?
4 she / like / buy books / from a bookshop 4 why / she / her bags / check / yesterday?
5 they / love / ski / since they were small 5 how many times / they / their house / decorate?
6 we / hate / work late / on Fridays 6 when / you / your passport / renew?
2 Complete the sentences with the correct 5 Complete the sentences with can’t be
form of the verbs in brackets. or must be.
to ring
0 I’m really sorry that I forgot .......................... (ring) 0 ‘I haven’t heard the people upstairs for days.’
you back. must be on holiday.’
‘They ..........................
1 She’ll never forget .......................... (see) Adele 1 ‘I’ve lost my mobile charger.’
at Glastonbury. ‘Where have you looked? It .......................... here
2 If you don’t have his work number,
somewhere.’
try .......................... (call) his mobile.
2 ‘There was another attack last night.’
3 I tried very hard .......................... (open) the door
‘I know. It .......................... terrifying to live in a war
but it was locked.
zone.’
4 We regret .......................... (tell) you that your bank
3 ‘He’s brought up all those kids on his own.’
account is empty.
‘Yes, it .......................... easy, being a single dad.’
5 Do you remember .......................... (play) in the street
4 ‘Are you coming? It’s half past ten.’
when you were young?
‘Oh no, it .......................... that time already!’
6 He very much regrets .......................... (get) angry
5 ‘Is this burger yours or Phil’s?’
in front of his children.
‘It .......................... Phil’s, I don’t eat meat.’
3 Rewrite the direct speech into indirect speech. 6 ‘Edward says you owe him 20 euros.’
Use an appropriate reporting verb. ‘That .......................... right. I never borrow money.’
0 police officer / terrorists: ‘Drop your weapons right 6 Choose the correct option.
now!’
The police office commanded the terrorists 0 Come on, we mustn’t / don’t have to be late
to drop their weapons. for class.
1 bank manager / me: ‘It’s not safe to write down 1 It’s a brilliant book about war, you really should /
your password.’ shouldn’t read it.
2 captain / troops: ‘Surrender peacefully!’ 2 She feels unwell. She shouldn’t have eaten / should
3 tourist / us: ‘Can you show me the way eat so much.
to the cathedral, please?’ 3 We’ll go without Rachel if she can’t / will be able to
4 teacher / him: ‘Don’t forget to hand in your work come.
on time.’ 4 You can / have to be over 18 or they won’t let you in.
5 friend / me: ‘You really should train for a half 5 I should have written / should write to my grandad
marathon.’ and now I wish I had.
6 parents / her: ‘Don’t worry too much about 6 He won’t be able to / doesn’t have to help me,
your exams, dear.’ I can do it alone.
228 Units 9–10

CONCEPT CHECK
7 Complete the sentences with the words below. Read the sentences and answer
the questions.
allowed to ■ can ■ can’t ■ let ■ not allowed to ■
not supposed to ■ supposed to 1 He really regrets not learning to drive.
(Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
allowed to bring my dog into the café?
0 Am I ..........................
0 He has learnt to drive. No
1 Jess, .......................... I borrow your iPad to check
1 He hasn’t learnt to drive.
my mail?
2 He wants to learn to drive now.
2 She was .......................... be here by now. Where is she?
3 He is sorry that he learnt to drive.
3 Our parents didn’t .......................... us stay out late
4 He is sorry that he didn’t learn to drive.
on a weekday.
5 He now wishes that he had learnt to drive.
4 American women were .......................... vote until
1920. 2 William cooked today so he doesn’t have to help
5 He .......................... continue playing because he’s with the washing-up.
had a red card. (Answer True / False / Don’t know)
6 You’re .......................... wear your shoes in a mosque.
0 William always cooks. Don’t know
8 Choose the correct option. 1 He usually helps with the washing-up.
2 He must help with the washing-up today.
0 ‘My father lost his best friend in the war.’
3 He mustn’t help with the washing-up.
‘That mustn’t have been / can’t have been easy.’
4 He’s excused from the washing-up because
1 ‘My little cousin fell into the river and she can’t swim.’
he cooked.
‘Oh no, she must have drowned / might have
5 He can help with the washing-up if he wants to.
drowned.’
2 ‘They regret not telling their neighbours about 3 Pamela must have missed that bus.
the party.’ (Answer True / False)
‘They may have warned / should have warned them.’
0 Pamela was supposed to catch a bus. True
3 ‘The enemy troops surrounded the city for months.’
1 She was expected to catch a particular bus.
‘The siege must have been / didn’t have to be
2 She hasn’t arrived when expected.
terrifying.’
3 She has very probably missed that bus.
4 ‘The time of the lesson has changed from ten
4 We know why she missed the bus.
to nine o’clock.’
5 We can deduce she missed it because she’s not
‘That’s OK, I will be able / won’t be able to come
on it.
earlier.’
5 ‘Those young men all volunteered for the army.’ 4 Betsy left the cat outside in the snow all night.
‘Their choice; they didn’t have to join / mustn’t join up.’ He could have frozen to death.
6 ‘I know a really good joke about the Trojan horse.’ (Answer Yes / No / Maybe)
‘I think you may have told / should have told me 0 The cat didn’t come inside overnight. Yes
already.’ 1 It was a very cold night.
9 TRANSLATION Translate the text messages 2 The cat is no longer outside.
into English. 3 There had been a possibility that he wouldn’t
survive.
1 Potrai venire stasera?
4 The speaker blames Betsy for risking the cat’s life.
2 Dove? Dovrei fare i compiti.
5 The cat has died of the cold.
3 Dovresti aver sentito. C’è una riunione alle otto.
6 The cat has survived a cold night outside.
4 Mi ricordo adesso. Dovevi ricordarmelo.
5 Mi spiace, mi sono dimenticato di dirtelo, ma te lo
sto dicendo ora.
6 Non credo avrò il permesso di venire. Dovrai See GRAMMAR REFERENCE
andare senza di me. pages 122, 123, 124
Units 9–10 229

LITERATURE SKILLS 1
The play
LEAD IN
1 Have you ever been to the theatre or seen
film versions of plays? Were they comedies
or tragedies? Which characters do you remember?
The Importance
of Being Earnest (1895)
by Oscar Wilde
This play is a comedy that satirises various aspects

of Victorian society. In this scene Jack Worthing is
talking to Gwendolen Fairfax. Gwendolen thinks that
Jack’s name is Ernest. Algernon is Jack’s best friend.
from ACT I
Jack (Nervously) Miss Fairfax, ever since I met you I have admired you more than any girl …
Gwendolen Yes, I know. And I often wish that in public, at least, you had been more demonstrative. For me you have
always had an irresistible fascination. Even before I met you I liked you. (Jack looks at her in amazement1.)
We live, as I hope you know, Mr. Worthing, in an age of ideals … and my ideal has always been to love
someone of the name of Ernest. There is something in that name that inspires absolute confidence. When 5
Algernon told me that he had a friend called Ernest, I knew I was destined to love you.
Jack You really love me, Gwendolen?
Gwendolen Passionately!
Jack Darling! You don’t know how happy you’ve made me.
Gwendolen My own Ernest! 10
Jack But you don’t really mean to say that you couldn’t love me if my name wasn’t Ernest?
Gwendolen But your name is Ernest.
Jack Yes, I know it is. But supposing it was something else? Do you mean to say you couldn’t love me then?
Gwendolen Ah! That is clearly a metaphysical speculation, and like most metaphysical speculations has very little
to do with the actual facts of real life. 15
Jack Personally, darling, to speak quite openly, I don’t much care about the name of Ernest … I don’t think
the name suits2 me at all.
Gwendolen It suits you perfectly. It is a divine name. It has a music of its own. It produces vibrations.
Jack Well, really, Gwendolen, I must say that I think there are lots of other much nicer names. I think Jack,
for instance, a charming name. 20
Gwendolen Jack? … No, there is very little music in the name Jack. It does not thrill . It produces absolutely
3
no vibrations … I have known several4 Jacks, and they all, without exception, were very plain5… and I pity
any woman who is married to a man called Jack. The only really safe name is Ernest.
(abridged excerpt)
1. amazement : stupore
2. suits : si adatti 4. several : alcuni
3. thrill : emoziona 5. plain : ordinari

RESEARCH
SKILLS
PRACTICE 7 Critical thinking Read

[3.09]
Read and listen to the scene. Do the following words the questions below
2
and phrases refer to the name Jack (J) or Ernest (E)? and discuss in groups.
1 inspires absolute confidence J E 1 How is going to the cinema
2 plain J E different from going to the
3 divine J E theatre? Think about:
4 safe J E ■■ the type of people who go
5 does not thrill J E ■■ the way people dress
and behave
3 Read the scene again. Decide if the sentences are true (T)
or false (F). Correct the false ones. ■■ the cost and getting tickets
2 Is the theatre an elitist art
1 Jack has never met Gwendolen before. T F form? How could more people
2 Gwendolen has always liked Jack. T F be encouraged to go
3 Jack insists that his name is really Jack. T F to the theatre?
4 Jack thinks that the name Ernest suits him. T F
5 Gwendolen thinks that men called Jack are handsome. T F 8 PAIRWORK Here are some films
that were originally plays.
4 [3.10]
Listen to the exchange between Jack, Gwendolen, Find out who wrote the plays
Algernon and Algernon’s aunt, Lady Bracknell. What surprising and if the films and plays have
discovery do they make? the same name.
■■ My Fair Lady (1964)
■■ Amadeus (1984)
■■ Romeo + Juliet (1996)
■■ Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
■■ Finding Neverland (2004)
9 RESEARCH Choose one

of the films and find out how
different it is from the original
play. Think about:
■■ setting
■■ main story
■■ characters
10 Find a review of one of the films

and a review of the original
play and compare. Was the film
or the play more successful?
5 [3.10] Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Was Jack happy when he found out that he had a brother?
2 What did Jack and Algernon’s father do?
3 Why doesn’t Algernon remember his father’s name?
4 Where does Jack find his father’s name? COMPETENCY
5 Did Lady Bracknell like her brother-in-law, the general? SKILLS
1 Do you think people associate character traits with names? ■ Collaborating
and participating (ex 7)
Choose three names and make a list of character traits for each.
2 In groups of three, Jack (Ernest), Gwendolen and Algernon, write ■ Identifying links and relations (ex 7)
your own short final scene for the play. ■ Communicating (ex 8)

LITERATURE SKILLS 2
The science-fiction novel

LEAD IN
changed our lives dramatically. What invention would
you like to see in the future?
The Time Machine (1895)

by Herbert George Wells
In this novel H. G. Wells popularised the idea of travelling

into the past and the future. The main character is called simply
friends about his first trip nearly a million years into the future.
from CHAPTER XI
I have already told you about how confusing travelling on the

Time Machine is and how it made me feel ill. For an indefinite
time I hung on to1 the machine as it vibrated violently. I looked
at the control dials2 and I was amazed to find where I had
arrived. One dial records days, and another thousands of days, 5
another millions of days, and another thousands of millions.

I pushed the levers3 forward and saw that the thousands dial
— into the future.
As I drove on, everything started to look different. There seemed 10
to be an eternal twilight4, a twilight only broken now and then

when a comet flew across the sky. The sun did not set5 any more
— it simply rose6 and fell in the west very quickly, and grew
wider and redder and the moon had completely disappeared. At
last, the sun, red and very large, stopped motionless on the 15
horizon. The earth had come to rest with one face to the sun,
just as in our own time the moon faces the earth. I decided to
slow down and pulled back the levers. The machine started to
go slower and slower until a desolate beach grew visible.
I stopped very gently and sat upon the Time Machine, looking 20
1. hung on to : mi sono tenuto round. The sea stretched away to the south-west but there
7
2. dials : quadranti were no waves because not a breath8 of wind was stirring. Only
3. levers : leve a slight rise and fall like a gentle breathing showed that the
4. twilight : crepuscolo
5. set : tramontava
6. rose : saliva
7. stretched away : si distendeva There was a sense of oppression in my head, and I noticed that
8. breath : alito I was breathing very fast.
(abridged excerpt)
RESEARCH
SKILLS

and discuss in groups.
years’ time. In what ways will
classrooms be different
from today?
lives better in the past when
more interesting and fun?

to find out how far in the future
PRACTICE and films are set.
2 [3.11]
Read and listen to the extract. Does the Traveller feel
better at the end of the text? Explain your answer. ■■ The Martian Chronicles (1950)
■■ Dune (1965)
3 Read the extract again and order the events. ■■ Blade Runner (1982)
a The Time Machine slowed down. ■■ The Matrix (1999)
b The Time Traveller felt sick because of the vibrations. ■■ Inception (2010)
c The Time Traveller pushed the levers forward. ■■ Independence Day: Resurgence
d The Time Machine landed on a beach. (2016)
e The Time Traveller was breathing quickly. 9 RESEARCH Choose a sci-fi
f The sun didn’t set. book or film and find out what
g The sun stopped moving. technological or scientific
4 [3.12]
Listen as the Traveller continues his journey into the future.
10 Which aspects of the fictional
5 [3.12] Listen again. Match the adverbs and adjectives to the nouns. world in the film / book do you
think will become reality
1 bitterly a silence in the future? Give reasons
2 bright b fingers for your answers.
3 chilling c cold
4 complete d hills
5 distant e stars
6 great f wind
7 frozen g darkness COMPETENCY
SKILLS
1 Imagine you are an anthropologist in the year 3017. What four
objects best represent society in 2017? What do they tell you ■ Acting autonomously
about the way life is lived in 2017? and responsibly (ex 7)
2 Choose a year: 817, 1117, 1517, 1817 or 3017. You are 16 years old. ■ Communicating (ex 8)
Write a short account of your daily routine. Say where you are living. ■ Learning to learn (ex 10)

LITERATURE SKILLS 3
The detective story

LEAD IN
1 GROUPWORK As a class, brainstorm a list of fictional detectives
(e.g., Hercule Poirot, Montalbano, Sherlock Holmes).
2 GROUPWORK Choose one detective, describe them and say what qualities
they have which help them to solve crimes. Share your ideas with the class.
The Adventure of the Priory School (1904)

by Arthur Conan Doyle
This is a short story featuring the world-famous detective, Sherlock Holmes. Holmes has been called
to the Priory School to investigate the disappearance of a young pupil, Arthur, the son of the Duke of Holdernesse.
In this excerpt the head of the school is explaining what happened.
On May 1st Arthur arrived, at the start of the summer we are almost certain that he escaped through the
term1. He was a charming boy, and he soon settled window and climbed down the plant.
in2. I can tell you that he was not very happy at His absence was discovered at seven o’clock on
home. It is an open secret that the Duke’s marriage Tuesday morning. His bed had been slept in. He had 20
5 had not been a happy one. It ended in a separation dressed himself fully, before going off, in his usual
and the Duchess went to live in the south of France. school uniform of black jacket and dark grey
What we do know is that the boy’s sympathies were trousers. There were no signs that anyone had
strongly with his mother. It was for this reason that entered the room, and it is quite certain that there
the Duke wanted to send him to my school. After a was no struggle4 or shouting because Caunter, the 25
10 couple of weeks the boy was quite at home with us boy in the next room, is a very light sleeper.
and was apparently absolutely happy. When Arthur’s disappearance was discovered,
He was last seen on the night of Monday, May 13th. I immediately assembled the boys, the masters, and
His room was on the second floor beside a larger the servants. It was then that we found out that he
room, in which two boys were sleeping. These boys had not been the only person to disappear. 30
15 saw and heard nothing. His window was open, and Heidegger, the German master, was missing.
there is a strong ivy plant leading to the ground so
3
His room was also on the second floor but at the
other end of the building. His bed had also been
slept in, but he had apparently gone away partly
dressed, since his shirt and socks were lying on the 35
floor. He had also climbed down the ivy, for we

could see the marks of his feet where he had landed
on the ground. His bicycle was kept in a small shed5
and it also was gone. Two days later Heidegger’s
body was found about a mile away from the school 40
but there is still no sign of Arthur.

(abridged excerpt)
1. term : quadrimestre 3. ivy : edera

2. settled in : si è 4. struggle : lotta
adattato 5. shed : capanno

RESEARCH
SKILLS

and discuss in groups
or with a partner.
1 Is it easier to solve crimes today
than it was in Sherlock Holmes’
days? What technology
and devices help detectives
in their work?
2 Can crime fiction encourage
people to commit real crimes?
Can you find any examples
of this happening?

PRACTICE to find out the name
3 PAIRWORK Read and listen to the excerpt.
[3.13] of the detective in these
Why do you think Arthur ran away? Compare your ideas. well-known novels.
4 Read the excerpt again and answer the questions. ■■ The Big Sleep (1939)
■■ A Murder is Announced (1950)
1 Did Arthur like his mother or father best? ■■ The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
2 Was it hard for Arthur to start a new life at the Priory School? (2005)
3 How did Arthur get down to the ground from the second floor? ■■ The Private Patient (2008)
4 Does the headmaster think that Arthur had to leave very quickly? Why? ■■ The Wrong Side of Goodbye (2016)
5 Does the headmaster think that Mr Heidegger left very quickly? Why?
5 [3.14]
Listen to Arthur’s father as he explains what happened. of the novels and design
Order the events. a mind map to show the crime,
a James and Hayes kidnapped Arthur. suspects and motive.
b The Duke got married. 11 Choose a TV crime series
c James wrote a letter to his father. (e.g., CSI, Bones, Sherlock).
d Arthur was born. Prepare a report including:
e James was born. ■■ a description of the main
f The Duke sent Arthur to the Priory School. characters
g Hayes was sent to prison. ■■ the time and location
6 [3.14] Listen again and answer the questions. ■■ your opinion of the series
1 Why did the Duke send Arthur to the Priory School?

2 Why did Arthur go to meet James?
3 Why did Heidegger follow Arthur? COMPETENCY
4 Who killed Heidegger? SKILLS
5 What happened to Hayes?
6 What punishment did James accept?

■ Collaborating
and participating (ex 7)
1 Write the letter that James sent to his father after he had kidnapped ■ Communicating (ex 8)
Arthur. ■ Learning to learn (ex 9)
2 In pairs, Student A is Sherlock Holmes and Student B is James.
Write Holmes’ interrogation of James after Arthur has been found.

LITERATURE SKILLS 4
The fantasy novel

LEAD IN
1 Alice in Wonderland is a well-known fantasy
novel. As a class, brainstorm what you
already know about this famous work.
Alice in Wonderland (1865)
by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)
Alice in Wonderland is the story of a young girl, Alice,

who dreams of incredible adventures. In this excerpt we
find out how Alice’s adventures began.
from CHAPTER I
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting beside

her sister and of having nothing to do: once or twice
she had looked into the book her sister was reading,
but it had no pictures or conversations in it, ‘and
5 what is the use of a book,’ thought Alice, ‘without
pictures or conversations?’
So she was considering, in her own mind (as well as
she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy In another moment down went Alice after it, never 25
and stupid), whether she should pick some daisies

1
once considering how in the world she would get
10 and make a daisy-chain , when suddenly a White
2
out again.
Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for
There was nothing so very remarkable in that, nor did some way, and then dipped suddenly down6, so
Alice think it so very strange to hear the Rabbit say to suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about 30
itself, ‘Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!’ (when she stopping herself before she found herself falling
15 thought it over later, it occurred to her how strange down a very deep well7.
that was, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an
but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its end? ‘I wonder how many miles I’ve fallen by this
waistcoat-pocket , and looked at it, and then hurried
3
time?’ she said aloud. ‘I must be getting somewhere 35
on, Alice jumped to her feet, for it flashed across her near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would
20 mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with be four thousand miles down, I think — yes, that’s
either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, about the right distance — but then I wonder what
and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field Latitude or Longitude I’ve got to?’ (Alice had no idea
after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought 40
down4 a large rabbit-hole under the hedge5. they were nice big words to say.)
(abridged excerpt)
1. pick : raccogliere
2. daisy-chain : ghirlanda di margherite 4. pop down : saltare giù 6. dipped… down : scendeva
3. waistcoat-pocket : taschino del gilet 5. hedge : siepe 7. well : pozzo

RESEARCH
SKILLS
PRACTICE 7 Critical thinking In groups,

2 [3.15]
Read and listen to the extract. Do you think Alice choose one of the questions
is frightened or excited by her strange adventure? below and discuss.
1 ‘Imagination is the only
3 Read the extract again and answer the questions.
weapon in the war against
1 Why didn’t Alice want to read with her sister? reality’, is a quotation from
2 What seemed natural to Alice at the time that later seemed strange? Alice in Wonderland. What do
3 What did the Rabbit do that really surprised Alice? you think it means?
4 Where was the rabbit-hole? 2 Why are fantasy books and films
5 How far did Alice think she was falling? so popular today? Which type
6 What did Alice like about the words longitude and latitude? of fantasy appeals most to your
age group? Discuss.
4 [3.16]
Listen to the continuation of the story. Why is Alice
feeling frustrated? 8 PAIRWORK How many of the
fantasy works below have you
5 [3.16]
Listen again. Decide if the sentences are true (T)
heard of, read or seen?
or false (F). Correct the false ones.
Compare your answers.
1 The long hall was very dark. T F
■■ The Chronicles of Narnia (1950)
2 The table had four legs. T F
■■ The Fellowship of the Ring (1955)
3 Alice was able to open one of the doors. T F
■■ His Dark Materials (1995)
4 She saw a beautiful forest. T F
■■ A Game of Thrones (1996)
5 She had a telescope. T F
■■ Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s
6 Choose one of the following tasks. Stone (1997)
1 Make a list of the things in the two excerpts which are not realistic 9 RESEARCH Choose one
and which help to make Alice in Wonderland a fantasy novel. of the above and write
2 Through a small door Alice saw ‘the loveliest garden’. In pairs, try a short summary of the plot.
to imagine what was in the garden. 10 These songs were inspired
by Alice in Wonderland.
Find out what the connection
between one of the songs
and the novel is. Present
your findings to the class.
■■ Alice (Avril Lavigne)
■■ Queen of Hearts (Saxon)
■■ Pulk / Pull Revolving Doors
(Radiohead)
COMPETENCY
SKILLS
■ Planning and prioritising (ex 6)

■ Communicating (ex 8)
■ Learning to learn (exs 9, 10)
■ Problem solving (ex 10)

LITERATURE SKILLS 5
The war poem

LEAD IN
1 PAIRWORK Think of films or TV series or books
about war. Which, in your opinion, was the most
realistic?
In Flanders Fields (1915)
by John McCrae
John McCrae was a Canadian doctor and writer.

He treated wounded soldiers during the First World
War in the Flanders region of Belgium. In this poem
he is honouring the hundreds of thousands of soldiers
who died in Flanders.
In Flanders fields the poppies blow

Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks1, still bravely singing, fly
5 Scarce2 heard amid3 the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago

We lived, felt dawn4, saw sunset5 glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
10 Take up our quarrel6 with the foe:
To you from failing7 hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith8 with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
15 In Flanders fields.
1. larks : allodole
2. scarce : appena
3. amid : in mezzo a
4. dawn : alba
5. sunset : tramonto
6. quarrel : lotta
7. failing : deboli
8. break faith : tradisci la fiducia
Poppy fields, Flanders

RESEARCH
SKILLS
PRACTICE 7 Critical thinking Discuss

2 [3.17]
Read and listen to the poem. Decide if the words below these statements in groups.
are nouns (N) or verbs (V). Then match the words to the correct 1 Human beings are by nature
definition. violent, so there will always be
1 blow a enemy wars.
2 foe b line 2 If more women were
3 glow c move in the wind in positions of power, there
4 row d radiate light would be fewer wars.
3 If all countries had nuclear
3 Read the poem again and answer the questions. weapons, there would be
1 Which lines refer to where the soldiers are buried? no more war.
2 Why can’t the song of the larks be heard?
8 GROUPWORK Look at the list
3 What do the dead soldiers remember about when they were alive?
of famous war films and discuss
4 What would the dead like the living to do in line 10? which wars they are about.
5 Why might the dead soldiers ‘not sleep’?
6 Do you think it is more optimistic or pessimistic in tone? Why? ■■ The Deer Hunter (1978)
■■ Apocalypse Now (1979)
4 [3.18]
Listen to a lecture about the war poets Siegfried Sassoon, ■■ Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke. Did they have similar attitudes ■■ Schindler’s List (1993)
towards the war? ■■ Hacksaw Ridge (2016)

of the war films and do
some research to find out:
■■ the main events in the film
■■ the main characters
and how the war affects them
■■ the ending of the film
and if it is happy or sad
10 Choose one of the poems

and prepare a fact file
including information about
the author, the conflict
described and the poem itself.
Siegfried Sassoon
■■ Belfast Confetti (1990)
5 [3.18] Listen again and match the information to the name. by Ciarán Carson
1 Siegfried Sassoon a He wrote a very popular poem. ■■ At the Border (1979)
b He didn’t die during the war. by Choman Hardi
2 Wilfred Owen c He went to university.
d He was killed in France.
3 Rupert Brooke e He died at sea. COMPETENCY
f He was influenced by an older poet. SKILLS
1 Imagine you are a soldier fighting in a war. Write a letter / email ■ Acquiring and interpreting
to your family telling them what your life is like. information (ex 7)
2 With a partner, make a list of all the negative consequences of war ■ Identifying links and relations (ex 8)
(e.g., buildings are destroyed). Can anything positive ever come out of war? ■ Learning to learn (ex 10)

A
CLIL
Germs
and resistance
In this Module, we will plan a publicity campaign to raise people’s awareness of infectious
Science diseases.
1 LEAD IN Read the descriptions of four videos s

designed to show how infectious diseases can Infectious diseases spread when pathogen
d
such as bacteria and viruses are transferre
spread. Which do you think is the most effective? ted orga nism into
from the body of an infec
another body.
Video 1 – Five friends are exercising. When they
stop, they pick up one bottle of water
and they all drink from this bottle. A close-up Video 3 – Four scenes in sequence:
of the bottle and a slogan appears on the screen. 1 A close-up of a man’s hand holding the handrail
�� of an escalator in a metro or bus.
2 The man runs to the door of a restaurant
and we see his hand opening the door.
Video 2 – Many people are walking along the street 3 The man rushes to the table where three friends
and a person sneezes freely and does not are already eating, they shake hands.
cover his mouth. The people walking into the 4 The man sits and we see his hands taking some
sneeze are disgusted and a slogan appears. bread and putting it into his mouth.
�� A slogan appears on the screen.
��
Video 4 – Four scenes in sequence:

1 A cute dog is retrieving a Frisbee from the edge
of a stream and sees a sick-looking rat.
The dog nudges the sick rat.
into the hairy coat of the dog.
3 The dog runs back to his best friend and they
run home.
4 Later the two are sleeping in bed and a flea bites
the boy’s arm which is hugging the dog.
A slogan appears on the screen.
2 Decide which of the slogans below would conclude
each video most effectively. Write these slogans in ��
the spaces provided. There are three extra slogans.
2 Sneeze it, share it! Don’t infect the world … trap your germs in a tissue!
3 Don’t wash your hands before you eat? Yummy … you are eating everything
that you have touched.
4 Great to share time with friends … NOT great to share pathogens.
6 Always use a tissue when you open doors.
240 CLIL A
CLIL A
3 [3.19]
Why should we not overuse antibiotics? Complete the text with the words and phrases below.
Then listen and check.
antibiotic resistance ■ genetic diversity ■ germ theory of disease ■

overused, abused and misused ■ pasteurisation ■ penicillin
In 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that diseases are carried by microorganisms that are too small to see
with the naked eye. It took another 300 years before Fracastoro’s 1 .......................... was accepted in the late
1800s, when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch demonstrated the relation between microorganisms and
disease. Pasteur showed that heating beer and wine stops their degradation because high temperatures kill
the microorganisms. Today, we still use 2 .......................... to eliminate bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli
found in raw milk.
In 1928 Alexander Fleming found that 3 .........................., a substance produced by a mould (Penicillium
notatum), could stop bacterial growth. The discovery of penicillin is recognised as one of the greatest
moments in medicine. However, Fleming also warned against resistance. He noted that if too little penicillin
was used or if the treatment time was too short to eliminate most of the bacteria, the bacteria developed
4
......................... .
Why does resistance develop? Bacteria divide in a way that makes them slightly different, genetically.
This 5 .......................... within a population of bacteria allows some of the cells to survive the antibiotic treatment
if the treatment is not strong enough. When these surviving cells then replicate, the next generation of
bacteria is genetically more resistant to that antibiotic. What is worrying is that resistance can form against
all antibiotics. Unfortunately, since their discovery, antibiotics have been 6 .......................... . The World Health
Organisation (WHO) warns that, if we are not careful, we might find ourselves with superbacteria, against
which we have no antibiotics.
4 GROUPWORK Work in groups of four and prepare 5 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four,
a leaflet for your campaign. Follow these steps. create a video storyboard.
1 Choose one message from the text above that the 1 Use the video descriptions in exercise 1 to help you
campaign should communicate to the public. generate ideas.
Here are some examples: 2 Divide your video into scenes and decide what will
■■ High temperature can kill bacteria. happen in each scene.
■■ Always finish a course of antibiotics. 3 Draw each scene and write a caption underneath
■■ Pathogens can become resistant to describing what is happening.
antibiotics and develop into superbugs. 4 Present your ideas to the class. Act out the scene,
■■ Using antibiotics too often helps pathogens record it and play your video to the class.
to become resistant.
2 Now try and think of a slogan, like the ones
Glossary
bugs : insetti nudges : spinge
Present your leaflet
to the class.
fleas : pulci raw : crudo
The class can vote
mould : muffa tissue : fazzoletto
on the best one.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Communicating ✓ CLIL A 241

B
CLIL
Populations
and epidemics
In this Module, we will understand how infectious diseases have shaped populations
History and affected the survival of different peoples.
e us
1 LEAD IN In pairs, think of your friends and family. Pathogens such as viruses or bacteria mak
ill and can transmit a series of illne sses from
1 Who always / never gets sick? ia.
fever, coughs, and diarrhoea to pneumon
2 What about you? How frequently do you get sick? However, some people seem to get sick all
the time while others are always healthy.
2 Look at the captions (1–6) below and match them to the appropriate picture (A–F).
1 Homozygous twins.
D
2 Genetic information is used in legal cases.
3 Genetic diversity is seen through hair and skin colour.
4 Genetic differences affect how well intestines absorb nutrients.
5 Infective pathogens are transmitted by insects.
6 Some people get sick more than others.
F
E
B
242 CLIL B
CLIL B
GENETIC DIVERSITY, SELECTIO
N AND SURV IVAL
3 PAIRWORK Read and complete Since we are slightly different
from each other genetically,
the text with the linking words / everyone in the same way. 1 infectious pathogens do not
.........................., between 134 affect
phrases below. bacteria Yersinia pestis elim 6 and 1353, the bubonic pla
inated one-third of the popula gue
more than 100 million people tion in Europe. 2 ....................
across the world died from this ..... .
3
.......................... were probably pandemic, many survived.
■ although genetically more resistant to
4
.......................... a form of gen the plague bacteria. Epidemics
■ are therefore etic selection, since survivo
rs of a given epidemic are
genetically more resistant
■ for example to that pathogen. Offsprin
5
.........................., and in the futu g of these survivors inherit
■ these resistant genes re they would probably be
pathogen than someone who less severely affected by this
had never been in contact wit
■ these survivors experiences genetic selection h it. (Unless 6 .......................... als
o
and becomes more infectious!
■ this pathogen )
4 PAIRWORK Look at the each statement about

infectious diseases and match it to the correct
picture.
1 In crowded living conditions, a pathogen can spread

much more quickly and affect many more people.
Those who survive are genetically more resistant
to that pathogen.
2 Where population density is low and people live A In the Old World: densely populated
in open fields, pathogens are less likely to spread and crowded European cities and slums.
since people can easily isolate themselves from
infected individuals. However, this means that there
is less genetic selection and the population remains
more susceptible to future pathogens.
3 People who have never been exposed to a certain
pathogen will be easily infected if they come
into close contact with that pathogen, which
could be carried by populations that have become
B In the New World: Native Americans meeting
less susceptible.
the Europeans.
5 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four, investigate one of the following points.

Prepare a presentation for your class.
1 There have been several epidemics and pandemics in history. Some have been recurrent
and others have not. Investigate one of them and explain how it influenced historical events.
2 Before understanding the existence of pathogens, people thought that bad smells caused
diseases. Investigate why this theory might make sense. Then prepare a report on the events
that led to the understanding that infectious diseases were transmitted by
Glossary
microorganisms. How did society change because of these findings?
have shaped : hanno
3 In some religions, such as Judaism, you must wash your hands before eating. Find out
plasmato
how this helped people survive epidemics. Choose one particular period in history,
offspring : progenie
like for instance the one of the Black Death, and find out if this religious practice
pandemic : pandemia
reduced deaths in the Jewish population.
smallpox : vaiolo
4 Investigate how smallpox played a part in helping the Europeans conquer Central
America in the 1500s.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Acquiring and interpreting information ✓ CLIL B 243
C
CLIL
Travel
and health
In this Module, we will reflect on how mobility has changed and what this means
Geography for the management of disease control today.
1 LEAD IN In pairs, examine the maps and, also using

the scales, decide if the sentences are true (T) or false
(F). Correct the false ones.
1 This family is originally from the UK. T F
2 The family roots are in the town of Leeds. T F
3 The farthest the grandfather
had travelled to was Ilkley. T F
4 The father was the first generation
to leave the UK. T F
5 The son has travelled as far as Australia. T F
6 The farthest the great-grandfather
travelled was ca. 100 km from home. T F
7 The son has not been to Africa. T F
8 The farthest the father
had travelled to was Corsica. T F
9 The first trains were probably invented
when the son was a boy. T F
10 The son was probably the first
in his family to travel by plane. T F
The images illustrate the distances travelled by four generations of a certain family.
Great-grandfather Grandfather
Wetherby 1 Liverpool
Ilkley 2 York
3 Sheffield 2
Otley
1
3
10 km Leeds 100 km
Father Son
1,000 km 10,000 km
244 CLIL C
CLIL C
2 [3.20]
Look at the letter below from an insurance company and put the sentences in order.
Use the words in bold to help you. Then listen and check.
Dear Traveller,
You have received this letter because you are about to go on holiday to an exotic country.
It is really important that you read this information and comply with the instructions.
a As an infected tourist, you must remember contact the local hospital immediately and present
that you have three responsibilities when you return. the insurance card enclosed with this letter.
To start with, you must notify the infective disease d Lastly, if you notice any people around you
officer at the airport on arrival, even if you no longer becoming ill with the same symptoms, alert them of your
have any symptoms. experience and encourage them to seek medical attention.
b In preparation for this trip, you have received e Once again, enjoy your trip. Please comply
the necessary injections. However, you could still with this strong recommendation. It is crucial to maintain
become infected by one of the many pathogens public health and prevent the spread of highly infectious
present in the country you are visiting. For some and fatal diseases.
pathogenic infections, the symptoms are immediate, f Then, as soon as you get home, you should visit
such as diarrhoea or stomach ache. your local GP so that they can monitor any abnormal
c If you experience such symptoms, please developments.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
3 Critical thinking In pairs, discuss the problems 4 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four, choose one
of disease control. Why are these points of the following diseases to investigate.
of concern? ■■ SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
1 Pathogens often have an incubation period, ■■ avian flu
which means symptoms do not appear until some ■■ swine flu
weeks after the traveller has returned home. ■■ Zika virus
2 Some travellers could be resistant to the pathogen
and may only be slightly ill or show no symptoms Find out:
at all of being infected. They are still carriers, 1 What do epidemiologists believe is the origin
however, and can infect others around them of this disease?
with the disease. 2 How has long-distance movement of people
3 Travel to distant places often requires stopovers and agricultural products affected this disease?
at crowded airports. 3 What are the ways we can stop or control
4 Some people insist on taking their pets the spread of the disease?
with them on holiday. How would Use your findings to produce a health information
this contribute to the transmission leaflet for travellers to help prevent the spread
of pathogens through of the disease.
fleas and lice?
Glossary
fleas : pulci
GP (general practitioner) : medico generico
lice : pidocchi
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Acquiring and interpreting information ✓ CLIL C 245
D
CLIL
Art and
mortality
In this Module, we will see how artists depicted people’s beliefs and attitudes towards
Art death, especially the Black Death of the fourteenth century.
1 LEAD IN In pairs, look at the timeline. Then decide if the sentences about the Black Death are true (T)
or false (F). Correct the false ones.
At the time of the Black Death, people:
1 did not know that germs caused infectious diseases. T F
2 did not understand the association between sanitation and health. T F
3 used soft toilet paper, flushable toilets and had running water at home. T F
4 of the poor working class lived in overcrowded slums where sanitation was non-existent. T F
5 did not wash regularly and smelled very natural. T F
Recurrence of the plague over 300 years: almost half of the population eliminated Pasteur, Koch and others
recognised that microorganisms
Leeuwenhoek (father of microscopy) cause infectious diseases
Black Death enters Europe Discovery of microorganisms
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
1347 1670
Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio, Preti, van Dyck
2 [3.21] Read and listen to the lecture about the Black Death and answer the questions.
1 Where did the Black Death come from?
2 In which period(s) of history did it occur?
3 How did it spread from animals to humans and among people?
4 What did people think were the causes of it? Why did they think that?
Between 1346 and 1353 people all over Europe were dying from the Black Death. This was probably
the bubonic plague bacteria which had already caused epidemics in Asia. It is believed that the
bacterium was brought into Europe by rats travelling on ships returning from the East. Rats are
carriers of the bacteria but fleas were responsible for the quick spread of the disease by transferring
infected blood from rats to humans. Once a person is infected, person-to-person transmission happens
through any exchange of body fluids, like sharing food for example. In the 1300s most people lived
in overcrowded conditions that they shared with animals, so the plague spread quickly. Between
1346 and 1353, almost one-third of the population in Europe died of the plague. The spread
of the plague was so fast that ordinary people were horrified, shocked and felt helpless.
They had no idea where the disease came from or why it killed some people but not
others. As scientific research was in its infancy, no one knew that the plague was
caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Many people believed that it was a punishment
from God and this resulted in a renewed religious fervour. Other people believed that
inhaling bad smells brought the Black Death into human bodies. This was called the miasma theory
and this theory persisted until around 1880, many years after the discovery of microorganisms.
246 CLIL D
CLIL D
3 Look at the paintings inspired by the Black Death and match
the paintings to their descriptions.
1 Here, Robert Seymour (1798–1836), known for illustrating
the writings of Charles Dickens, depicts the belief that infections
are caused by clouds of foul air, miasma.
2 Since many priests had died during the Black Death, it was hard
to find priests to help the dying. To solve this problem, the Church
created two Latin texts called Ars moriendi (The Art of Dying) that
allowed people to perform the last rites even without a priest.
Since most were illiterate, art became a medium to help people
understand the instructions. Many woodcuts were created
around 1450 by an unidentified German engraver. This one
illustrates a man at his deathbed, tortured by his greed
for material goods.
3 In the Middle Ages and beyond, people believed that death
through disease or war was a punishment from God.
Paintings of the plague, therefore, depicted saints pleading
towards Heaven, such as Anthony van Dyck’s painting of Saint A
Rosalie Interceding for the Plague-stricken of Palermo (1624).
C B
Glossary 4 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four, find out more

engraver : incisore about how the Black Death changed art.
Follow the steps below.
fleas : pulci
flushable : con sciacquone 1 Identify and research other famous paintings and works that
foul : nauseante depicted the plague. Compare these artists’ work with others
goods : beni they had produced. How are the pieces similar? Or different?
inhaling : respirare 2 Did special symbolisms of death emerge during the plague?
last rites : estrema unzione Are any of these still used to symbolise death in today’s
smells : odori paintings, comics, music or even digital art? Prepare
woodcuts : incisioni su legno a presentation to share your findings with your class.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Identifying links and relations ✓ CLIL D 247
E
CLIL
Epidemiology
through numbers
In this Module, we will study epidemics through graphs and maps and learn how to record
Maths data about the antibiotic industry.
1 LEAD IN The following text summarises the information in the graph.
In pairs, complete the text with the phrases provided.
Cases of plague in the USA from 1900 to 2012
1900–1925 1926–1964 1965–2012
Cases per state

1
2–5
6–25
>25
and 1964 ■ by rats transported in ships ■ disease has evolved ■ carriers of the plague bacterium ■
exposed to infected fleas ■ in densely populated port cities ■ much farther inland ■ very few in 1906
Between the years of 1900 and 2012 the US recorded three eras of plague outbreaks. In the first era (1900–1925) 496
cases were reported, but only 1 .......................... . This is similar to how the Black Death (bubonic plague) entered Europe
in 1346; 2 .......................... . Although there were no cases reported in 1905 and 3 .........................., the greatest number
of cases in history was reported in 1907, with 191 infections. However, after the outbreak in 1924 in Los Angeles, there
were only 42 cases for the next 38 years, between 1926 4 .......................... . This is the second era of the plague
in the US. However, what is interesting about this second era is that some cases were found 5 ..........................
This reflects the migration of the plague bacterium. In fact, different species of rodents such as
squirrels, prairie dogs and chipmunks had become 6 .......................... . Since these rodent
species are indigenous to the North American continent, their infection with a foreign
pathogen explains how the 7 .......................... in the third era (1965–2012). In fact, the 468 cases
recorded for this era mainly occurred inland and also involved individuals from affluent areas
who were probably 8 .......................... through domestic pets or while attending to their gardens.
248 CLIL E
CLIL E
2 PAIRWORK Study the table of new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
[3.22]
between 1999 and 2005 and listen to the information. Then answer the questions.
1 Which of the illnesses cited in the table are acute (normally cured within a month)
and which are chronic (normally take much more time, sometimes never cured)?
Complete the table with c = chronic or a = acute.
2 The problem with illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses is that, in time,
these pathogens can become drug-resistant. This means that old drugs are no longer effective.
Put a tick (✓) next to the illnesses caused by pathogens that can develop resistance.
3 How many drugs were developed for chronic illnesses?
4 How many drugs might become less effective because of pathogens developing drug resistance?
5 What do you think motivates drug companies to develop new pharmaceuticals?
Category of 95 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1999 and 2005
Number Duration Develop
Drug type of drugs (chronic / resistance?
approved acute) Yes / No
Antibiotics for bacterial infections 11
Medications for neurological disease (depression, psychiatric disorders,
22
Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, migraine)
Oncological therapeutics (for cancer treatments) 22
Medications for cardiovascular problems
16
(including medicines for managing cholesterol)
Medications for diabetes 9
Treatment for respiratory problems (asthma, emphysema) 4
Medications for viral infections (coughs, colds) and others 11
3 REAL-LIFE TASK In groups of four, research one of the

following points and present your findings in tables, graphs
and other effective visuals such as maps.
1 The cost of researching a new drug is from $800 million to $1.7
billion. Research one pharmaceutical company and find out
how much they spend to produce different drugs. Which drugs
bring them more profit (the money they get from the sale
of the drug is higher than the money they spend to produce it)?
2 Why don’t pharmaceutical companies invest in antibiotics?
Research a pharmaceutical company. Look at how much
Glossary
money they spend to produce an antibiotic drug. Then research
affluent : ricche
how much they sell it for. Are they making a profit? Compare
migraine : emicrania
this data with another drug they produce. What conclusions can
outbreaks : epidemie
you draw?
rodents : roditori
CITIZENSHIP AND COMPETENCY SKILLS Identifying links and relations ✓ CLIL E 249
1 WRITING EXPANSION
A travel blog
Question
Travel blogs wanted of the airport, but the metro was easy to work out.
We are looking for travel blogs for our new online I practised my GCSE Spanish (grade A last year!) and
English-language magazine for teenagers. managed to get directions to the hotel. It’s quite small
Your blog must begin with this sentence: We got and friendly, very modern with bright colours
here this morning. What an amazing place! everywhere, and a wonderful smell of coffee!
Your blog must include: • The sea • Food The first thing we did was eat. There was a tapas bar
Write your blog. next to the hotel. There was lots of weird–looking sea
food, which I avoided (I will try it before we leave,
honestly!) so I stuck with things that looked familiar –
Answer it was delicious. Then we hit the tourist trail!
Barcelona: dream city
We got here this morning. What an amazing place!
Luckily, I’d managed to get a window seat on the plane,
so I was watching as we landed. I could see the beaches
clearly (it felt like we were heading straight for them!).
There were rows of colourful umbrellas and the sea
was sparkling blue (not like the sea back home in
Britain!). Maybe because Barcelona is quite a big city,
I hadn’t imagined anything so beautiful.
1 Read the question and the answer.

Underline the two pieces of information the writer
needed to include.
2 Now read the blog again and answer these
questions. 4 TASK Think of a holiday you’ve been on
1 Where was the writer while writing the blog?
and write a short blog (about 150 words)
to recount events. Include information about your
2 How did they travel?
travel, the food you ate and any interesting people
3 Why was the writer surprised? you met.
4 What were their first impressions of the hotel?
5 What kind of food did the writer not eat?
6 What does ‘we hit the tourist trail’ mean? Steps to writing
3 PAIRWORK What does the blog tell you about
the writer? Answer these questions. what you need to include.
2 Read the Writing strategy box on page 19 again.
1 Has the writer ever been to Barcelona before?
2 Where does the writer come from?
the events.
3 Roughly how old is she / he?
4 Which of these words best describe her / him?
Include abbreviations, slang expressions and
Why do you think so?
contractions.
fearless adventurous
excited lazy 5 Do a rough draft. Check spelling, punctuation
enthusiastic unimaginative and grammar.
nervous inquisitive 6 Write a final draft.

WRITING EXPANSION 2
A formal email
Question Answer
You recently ordered a book online.
It was a birthday present for a friend.
To: Customer Services
The order arrived but there were Object: Order number ADX 00325738
certain problems with it.
Write an email to the Customer Dear Sir or Madam,
Services department complaining I am writing to complain about a book which I recently
about the service you have received. bought from your website. The title of the book is Green
Inform them of the problem Living, by David and Sarah Masters.
with your item. Make sure you ask The main issues I have are these. Although you told me
the company to respond to your that it would arrive the next day, it actually took a week.
complaint and provide some Moreover, when it finally arrived the package was wet
compensation (like refund you and torn open and the book was damaged. The book was
the money or send an alternative book).
supposed to be a present, but it was so badly damaged,
I had to buy something else.
order number: ADX 00325738
I would therefore like a refund. Could you also let me
Green Living, by David and know how to return the damaged book free of charge?
Sarah Masters (paperback) I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.
£8.50 Yours faithfully,
next day delivery
Joe Simpson
1 Read the question. Underline all the information

the writer needs to include. Steps to writing
2 Now read the email. Then answer these questions.
1 Does the writer know who he is writing to? 2 Make sure you start with a formal
How do you know? greeting.
2 The writer makes two complaints. What are they? 3 Remember to state the problem
Which word links them? at the start of your email.
3 What does the writer want the company to do?
4 Remember the rules for formal
4 How does the writer ask for his money back?
language (avoid contractions
5 How does the writer ask for more information?
and informal expressions).
6 How does the writer show that he would like a quick
5 Make sure you end with a formal
reply?
salutation and request that
3 TASK Write an email to the Customer Services the company provides some resolution
department complaining about something you have to your problem (you should indicate
just bought online. Think about these questions what you want them to do).
and include this information in your email. 6 Write in full sentences and make sure
■■ What is the item? you check your spelling and grammar.
■■ Why are you disappointed? (e.g., Did they 7 Write your first draft. Write about
send the wrong thing? Is it broken? 100–120 words.
Was it described badly?) 8 Check your work again and then write
■■ What do you want – your money a final draft.
back (a refund), or a replacement?
Writing Expansion 251

3 WRITING EXPANSION
An opinion essay
QUESTION ANSWER
In your English class you have been It is shocking that British people throw away
talking about food waste. 15 million tonnes of good food every year.
Now, your English teacher has Meanwhile, thousands of people do not have
asked you to write an essay. Write
enough to eat. What can we do about this?
an essay answering the question 5 There are several local answers.
below, using all the notes and any
First, communities could share food by having
extra ideas you can think of.
a community fridge and donating leftover food and taking what they
Give reasons for your point of view.
need. This is a great idea, although it depends on people’s generosity.
Every year the UK throws away 15 In addition, some people could take food when they do not really
million tonnes of good food, but 10 need it. Secondly, restaurants could recycle food that shops
thousands of people are hungry. and other restaurants don’t need. There are already some cafés like
What do you think is the solution this and they are popular. On the other hand, they also depend
to this problem? on people’s good will to survive. A third idea is that the government
should act to control food waste and help the poor. For example,
NOTES – Write about: 15 they could fine people who throw away good food. They could also
1 sharing food give more financial help to the poor, so that nobody is hungry.
2 restaurants that recycle food In my opinion, although local projects help with food waste
3 (your own ideas) governments – and hunger, they are not enough by themselves. I believe
control waste, help the poor that government action is the only way to solve the problem properly.
1 Read the question. What is the essay about? 4 TASK Write an opinion essay
to answer this question. Use
2 PAIRWORK Read the answer and discuss these questions. the notes and your own ideas.
1 How does the writer show that he / she has read the question Write about 140–190 words.
carefully? What is the best way to help poor
2 What is the purpose of each paragraph? people in developing countries?
3 What phrases does the writer use to link ideas? Write about:
4 How do we know when the writer is stating his / her own opinion? 1 raising money for charity
2 philanthropy
3 Use some of the linkers below to complete these sentences.
3 (your own ideas)
(On the one hand …) on the other hand ■ However, … ■
… although … ■ so (that) ■ because (of that) ■ therefore ■
for this reason ■ Firstly / First of all, … ■ Secondly, … ■ Steps to writing
Finally, … ■ In addition, … ■ Moreover, … ■ 1 Read the question carefully.
Not only that, … ■ For example, … 2 Brainstorm ideas and add
There are several possible solutions to food waste. ..........................,
1 to the notes.
we could buy less food. 2 .........................., we could store it better. 3 Plan your paragraphs, making
3
.........................., we could share it with other people. sure each one has a clear
We live in a rich country. 4 .........................., a lot of people go hungry purpose.
every day. 5 .......................... many people don’t even have anywhere 4 Make sure you state the question
to live. in the introduction in your own
There are poor people in our town. 6 .........................., a man words, and summarise your
sometimes sleeps in the street outside the supermarket. points in the conclusion.
7
.......................... we are raising money to help the homeless.

WRITING EXPANSION 4
An informal letter
1 Read the question. Where is Sara from?
Answer
Dear Mr and Mrs Jackson,

I’m writing to say a big thank you for giving me such
Question a great time in London. You were very kind to me and I
really enjoyed it.
You’ve just returned from
a week in London with a host family. I think my favourite day was when we went on the Millennium
Write a letter to thank them. Wheel and saw that fantastic view of London.
In your letter: I thought I was going to feel sick because it went up so high,
but it wasn’t scary at all! It was fun walking along the side
■■ say what you enjoyed the most
of the river and I liked the art gallery, too. I’d never seen art
■■ say what you will always
like that before!
remember – and why
I’ll always remember your English breakfasts! They seemed
■■ send them greetings
very strange at first but I liked them very much. Oh,
from your family
and I’m sorry I laughed when you drank cappuccino
and invite them
in the afternoon. (We never do that here in Italy!)
to visit you
My parents send their best wishes. They would like
Write at least 150 to welcome you here one day.
words. I’d better go now. My mum’s calling me.
You do not need Thank you again,
to write any With love, Sara
addresses.
2 PAIRWORK Read the answer and reply to these questions.

Steps to writing
1 What phrase does Sara use instead of ‘thank you very much’?
1 Read the question carefully,
2 What form of the verb comes after ‘thank you for …’?
especially the points the writer
3 What did they do on her favourite day?
needs to include.
4 What does she apologise for? Do you think it was a very serious
matter? 2 Brainstorm ideas and make notes.
3 Refer back to the Writing
3 PAIRWORK Read the letter again and discuss these questions. strategy box on page 45.
1 Does the writer answer the question properly (think of the points 4 Plan your paragraphs, making
she had to insert)? sure each one has a clear purpose
2 What is the purpose of each paragraph? (introduction, middle, end).
3 What phrases does the writer use to start and end the letter? 5 Make sure you begin and end
your letter appropriately.
4 TASK Your British exchange partner is coming to stay
with you for a week. You have already been to stay 6 Check your spelling,
with her / him, so you know each other. You have decided punctuation and grammar
to write to her / him in preparation for the visit. (think of the main tense you will
use).
In your letter:
7 Write your first draft.
1 ask how she / he is and give some news about yourself
Write about 140–190 words.
2 explain some plans for the week
3 ask what she / he would like to do 8 Check your work again and then
4 send greetings to her / his family write a final draft.
Write at least 150 words. You do not need to write any addresses.

5 WRITING EXPANSION
A news report
1 Rearrange the paragraphs to make a news report. Write 1, 2, 3 and 4.
him as Police spokesman PC Burns praised Police Constable

Witnesses described
ite, and Mr Turner for his quick thinking
about 16 years old, wh
a blue
skinny. He was wearing and public-spirited attitude.
hair and He appealed to anyone who could
hoodie which hid his
direction
face. He ran off in the help identify the culprit to contact
e
of the bus station befor the police on 07834893.
.
anyone could stop him
Mr Turner, who was inside the On Monday 17 January

shop at the time, noticed a youth at 10:15 am there was
behaving suspiciously. When the an attempted robbery in
youth put his hand into 18-year‑old the Quickstop Shop on
Elisabeth Jones’s bag, Mr Turner Lansdowne Road.
shouted ‘Stop!’. This frightened The attempt failed
the thief, who dropped the purse thanks to 79-year-old
and ran out of the shop. Jack Turner.

1 Where did the incident happen? 2 What did Mr Turner see?
3 What happened next? 4 Who was nearly the victim of the crime?
5 What have the police requested?
3 TASK You are a journalist for a local newspaper. Read the situation
and the notes, then write a report. Write between 140 and 190 words. Steps to writing
Closed Follow the order given in the notes. 1 Read the task carefully,
Circuit TV and make sure you
A group of school children have been shoplifting sweets from several shops
near where you live. Police have CCTV images of them, but their faces are cover all the points.
not visible because of their hoodies. 2 Refer back to the Writing
strategy box on page 55.
3 Plan your paragraphs.
4 Use formal language
y’s
Supermarket (London Road), 2 in Lind (except in direct
– 8 incidents 8th-15th May: 4 in Mega
da’s Newsagent’s (Cliff Street) quotations).
Sweets (also London Road) and 2 in Maz
5 Write your first draft.
wearing hoodies
– 2 boys, 2 girls, approx. 12/13 yrs old, Write about 140–190
t said extra store detectives on duty
– spokesman from Mega Supermarke words.
ed parents (‘They should control their
– Lindy Pearce from Lindy’s Sweets: blam 6 Check your work again
kids – it’s a disgrace’) and then write
8
s behaviour: telephone number 030438 a final draft.
– police: asked public to report suspiciou

WRITING EXPANSION 6
A summary 1 Indiana Jones, who is one of my
favourite film characters, is the hero
of a series of amazing films created
by the famous filmmaker
• Indiana Jones – hero of series George Lucas. He also created Star
of films Wars, another top film series. Steven
• Created by George Lucas Spielberg directed the Indiana Jones
(also created Star Wars) films, so that’s why they’re so great.
• Director: Steven Spielberg Harrison Ford is the star, and he’s
• Star: Harrison Ford brilliant. He plays an archaeologist
• Archaeologist and explorer – who has exciting and romantic
adventures. The first film in the series
exciting and romantic adventures
is called Raiders of the Lost Ark and it
• First film 1981, Raiders
was released way back in 1981.
of the Lost Ark They’ve been incredibly popular
• series popular ever since then ever since.
a series
2 Indiana Jones is the hero of
Luc as, who
of films created by George
cted by
1 PAIRWORK Look at the notes of an article also created Star Wars, and dire
stars
on Indiana Jones and then read the two summaries. Steven Spielberg. The film series
Which one is better? Why? Harrison Ford in the role of an
archaeologist, who has exciting
been
2 Now look at the notes on Petra. Fill in the gaps and romantic adventures. It has
first
to form a summary. popular ever since 1981, when the
film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, was
released.
• in Jordan – ancient city –
carved out of rock 3 TASK Look again at the text on page 63.
• called the Rose City – pink Then look at the notes and headings from
rock exercises 11 and 12 on page 62. Write a
• dates back to approx. summary of the text. Use about 80 words.
312 BC – named as a wonder
of the world 2007 Steps to writing
• still being excavated – 2016
1 Read the text carefully and check
important new discoveries
your notes cover all the points.
• site very popular with tourists – too much tourism a threat –
damage to environment 2 Use the headings to help you.
3 Refer back to the Writing strategy box
on page 63.
Petra, 1 .......................... is in Jordan, is 2 .......................... ancient 4 Make sure you don’t include unnecessary
city carved out of rock. It is often called the Rose City information or direct speech.
3
.......................... of the rock’s pink colour. The city, 5 Use linkers and relative clauses to link
4
.......................... dates back to 5 .......................... 312 BC, was points.
named as a wonder of the world 6 .......................... 2007. 6 Remember that style and accuracy are
Petra is still being excavated, 7 .......................... in 2016 as important as content.
8
.......................... important new discoveries were made. 7 Write your first draft. Write about 80
The site is 9 .......................... popular with tourists, although too words.
much tourism is creating a threat 10 .......................... it causes
8 Check your work again and then write
damage to 11 .......................... environment.
a final draft.

7 WRITING EXPANSION
An online review Answer
Question The Fig Tree, Birmingham

A group of us went there last Saturday to celebrate
You see this announcement on a website my friend’s 18th birthday. It was my first time there
but I liked it straight away. The staff were really friendly
Have you eaten out and they’d even decorated our table with balloons. Most
recently? What was it like? of us ordered pizzas and they tasted great –
We’d love to hear from you! they obviously use fresh ingredients – although they
Write a review and post it weren’t very big, and if you wanted salad, you had
here. Tell us about the food, to order it separately. My friend’s lasagne wasn’t very
the atmosphere, the impressive – it’d been reheated in a microwave,
service, the prices – in fact and she said it was a bit dry and tasteless. Most people
share the whole experience! had ice cream for dessert and said it was excellent.
I had tiramisù and it was to die for! The service was fast
Write your answer in 140–190
– maybe even a bit too fast! The final bill was a bit pricey,
words in an appropriate style.
but we all enjoyed the evening and would go again.
So, I’d definitely recommend it, but I’d go for a pizza if
I were you, and keep away from the lasagne!
Stella, Birmingham
1 Read the question and the answer. Would you 3 A T he fish was pretty good, but the chips were
like to eat at The Fig Tree? Why / Why not? rather disappointing.
B The French fries were sub-standard, although
2 PAIRWORK Now read the answer and discuss
the fish was satisfactory.
the questions.
4 A The ambience and decor were not to my taste.
1 Does the writer cover all the points in the question? B I wasn’t too keen on the style, personally.
2 What was Stella’s first impression
of the restaurant? Underline the parts of the text 4 TASK You are going to write your own answer
to the question in exercise 1.
that tell you.
3 What was good about the food, and what was Choose a café or restaurant you have been to recently.
not so good? Make sure that you include the sections mentioned
4 What do we learn about the waiters in the question. Consider these things too:
and waitresses? ■■ Would you recommend it?
5 Did Stella like her tiramisù? Which phrase tells us? Why / Why not?
6 Did she think the restaurant was good value? ■■ Do you have any tips
How do you know? or advice for potential customers?
7 What advice does she give to potential customers?
Steps to writing
3 PAIRWORK Which sentence (A or B) is more
appropriate for an online review? Why? 1 Read the question carefully.
2 Make sure you include the areas the question
1 A I am writing this review in order to recommend it –
talks about (there are usually three or four).
we thoroughly enjoyed our evening there.
3 Brainstorm ideas under these headings and
B I’m happy to recommend this place – we had
make notes.
a great evening.
4 Refer back to the Writing strategy box on page 73.
2 A The service was a bit slow but apart from that
it was all good. 5 Use an informal style, but check your spelling,
B Unfortunately the slow service spoiled what was punctuation and grammar.
otherwise a pleasant experience. 6 Write your first draft. Write about 140 and 190 words.
7 Check your work again and then write a final draft.

WRITING EXPANSION 2
8
A story Answer
I thought I was dreaming. I was walking home, late at night,
quiet, silent, empty, lonely street,
through the dark and 0 .........................................................................
Question when 1 .......................... there was a / an 2 .......................... flash of light
You have seen this in the sky. I looked up from my phone. For a few seconds,
I saw something that looked like a / an 3 .......................... plane,
announcement on your school but it wasn’t moving.
notice board. Then the sky was 4 .......................... again. It happened so
5
.......................... that I thought perhaps I had imagined it.
English Story Competition By next morning I had 6 .......................... forgotten all about it –
but not for long.
The winning story will appear in the school magazine.
‘Have you heard the news?’ my sister asked at breakfast time.
This is your last chance to enter! Your story must
‘People are saying they saw a UFO last night.
begin with this sentence: I thought I was dreaming … How stupid! They watch too many sci-fi films.’ I didn’t say
anything. Is that what I’d seen? I tried to remember exactly
Write your story. Use between 140 and 190 words. what had happened. My sister was staring at me. ‘What’s
the matter?’ she asked, ‘You look 7 .......................... . You don’t
believe in that rubbish, do you?’
1 PAIRWORK Read the question, and look at the I felt too 8 .......................... to reply. I was saved by a message on
incomplete answer. Suggest words to complete my phone. I picked it up 9 .......................... . There was the proof
the gaps. There are lots of possible answers.
that I hadn’t been dreaming. I held up the phone
Think about these things:
to show my sister – a / an 10 .......................... thing in the shape
■■ What kind of word is it (adjective or adverb)? of a plane, but with no wings, right above our house.
■■ Which words would fit the context and feel
of the story?
Steps to writing
2 PAIRWORK Now answer the questions.
1 Read the question carefully. Remember to include
1 What time of day was it? the sentence you are given. Do you have to put it
2 At the beginning of the story, what was the narrator at the beginning or at the end?
looking at? How do you know? 2 Make sure your story fits well with the sentence.
3 What happened then?
3 Brainstorm your story:
4 What was the news the following morning?
■■ what kind of story is it? Scary, sci-fi, funny, …?
5 How did he know he hadn’t been dreaming?
■■ who are the main characters?
6 Is the phone message explained? What do you
What are their names?
think happened?
■■ is your story in the first person (I) or in the third
3 PAIRWORK Answer the questions. person (he / she)?
■■ what is the sequence of events?
1 Which tenses are used
■■ how can you make it interesting?
■■ to set the scene?
4 Plan three or four paragraphs. Think about which
■■ to show sequence of events?
tenses to use. Consider using direct speech.
2 Look at the direct speech in paragraph 2.
5 Remember to use adjectives and adverbs to add
Do you think it would be better as reported
colour – but not too many.
speech? Why / Why not?
3 What do you think of the ending? How would you 6 Refer back to the Writing strategy box on page 81.
have ended it? 7 Use an informal style, but check your spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
4 TASK Write a story (140 and 190 words) 8 Write your first draft. Write about 140 and 190 words.
that begins with these words:
9 Check your work again and then write a final draft.
Nobody ever believed me.

9 WRITING EXPANSION
An article
QUESTION ARTICLES WANTED FOR OUR STUDENTS' MAGAZINE
Have you already experienced the world of work? What did you do? What was
it like? What did it teach you? Has it helped you decide what career you’d like?
ANSWER 2 I’d had no idea that dentists started work so

early – until I was told to turn up at 7:45 sharp. My
job was mostly to go into the waiting room and
call the next patient. Then I had to stand back and
observe. It doesn’t sound difficult, and I suppose it
wasn’t, but I learnt so much!
3 I hadn’t realised how kind and sensitive a dentist
has to be. Some of the patients were clearly
terrified, but she always managed to calm them
down with a friendly word and maybe a joke. I
OPEN WIDE! MY WEEK AT THE DENTIST’S could see them relaxing. One woman was so scared
1 It wasn’t even 9:00, and already I was staring she asked me to hold her hand. She thanked me
into a stranger’s mouth, wondering if I really afterwards and said it had helped. I felt really proud.
wanted to be a dentist. It was the first day 4 Although I’d wondered how I’d get through the
of my work experience and I wasn’t sure I’d week, I was sad when Friday came. Do I still want
survive the morning, never mind a whole week. to be a dentist? Definitely!
1 PAIRWORK Read the question, and look at the answer.

Discuss the questions. Steps to writing
1 Read the question carefully. Make sure
2 Now answer these questions.
you answer all the parts.
1 What did the writer have to do? 2 Brainstorm what to include in your
2 What surprised the writer? article – try to include some interesting
3 Why did the writer feel proud? details as well as more general information.
4 What are the key facts in the first paragraph, that set the scene? 3 Think of an eye-catching title
5 The third paragraph has six adjectives in it. What are they? and opening sentence.
6 How does the last paragraph link to the first paragraph? 4 Plan three or four paragraphs. Try to link
7 Have all the parts of the question been answered properly? the conclusion with the opening.
3 TASK Choose one option. You can either answer 5 Use linking words and phrases, and a variety
the question in exercise 1 or answer this question. Write of tenses, to show the sequence of events;
between 140 and 190 words. include some interesting details and use
adjectives and adverbs (but not too many)
ARTICLES WANTED
QUESTION to give colour.
6 Refer back to the Writing strategy box
FOR OUR STUDENTS' MAGAZINE on page 91.
Tell us about something new that you recently 7 Use an informal style, but check your
experienced. For example, it could be a new sport spelling, punctuation and grammar.
or hobby, a new place you visited or a new TV show 8 Write your first draft. Write about 140 and
you’d never seen before. 190 words.
Explain: Why did you do it? How did you feel at the 9 Check your work again and then write
beginning? What was it like? How did you feel at the end? a final draft.

WRITING EXPANSION 10
Online comments
1 PAIRWORK Read the conclusion to an article, 3 Read the conclusion to another article.
and two comments. Then answer the questions. What was the article discussing?
In conclusion, although it is not politically

correct to say that little boys are more
aggressive than little girls, in my opinion it is
true. Of course girls can also be aggressive,
but generally speaking, boys are more likely
to get into fights than girls. They might not be
born like it, but for whatever reason, that’s
the way they are.
Sorry, but I completely disagree. To sum up, in my opinion war is never

JD justified. It simply makes things worse, and
Aggression doesn’t just mean
physical fighting. Little girls can kills more people. I strongly agree with the
be really nasty, and so can little proverb ‘Two wrongs do not make a right’.
boys. It’s nothing to do with their Instead of fighting, we should talk more
gender. and try to understand each other better.
NJW Here here! It depends on

how they are brought up.
You can’t generalise.
1 What do you think the article is about?

2 What is the writer’s opinion?
3 Which part of the conclusion does JD disagree with?
4 Who does NJW agree with?
5 Who do you agree with?
4 TASK Write your own comment.
2 Place the comments into the correct category Write three or four sentences.
below.
5 PAIRWORK Read your partner’s comment
1 (Sorry, but) I completely disagree. and respond to it with another comment.
2 Absolutely!
3 Here, here!
4 I completely agree. Steps to writing
5 I don’t agree at all. 1 Read the conclusion carefully.
6 I don’t think you’re right.
2 Consider your own opinion – do you agree
7 I partly agree.
or disagree – or do you think there are
8 I quite agree!
two sides to the argument?
9 I see what you mean, but …
3 Think about ways to express your
10 I think some of that is true, but …
response clearly — see exercise 2.
11 That’s true, but
on the other hand … 4 Refer back to the Writing Strategy box on
12 Well said! page 99.
Agree: Absolutely!, 5 Use an informal style, but check
Disagree: your spelling, punctuation and grammar.
Arguments on both sides:

1 VOCABULARY EXTENSION
Word building
1 verb   noun
1 Look at the spelling columns below. Change these verbs into the names of jobs
and add them to the correct lists.
assist ■ build ■ compose ■ consult ■ design ■ direct ■ entertain ■ interpret ■ invent ■
lecture ■ manage ■ narrate ■ navigate ■ produce ■ sail ■ translate
verb + -er verb + -or verb + -ant
reporter painter actor conductor attendant
reader singer But
��
But decorate decorator
��
write writer drive driver ��
dance dancer blog blogger ��
��
��
��
��
2 noun   noun
2 Look at how these nouns changed into the names of jobs. Change the nouns below
the same way and add them to the correct lists.
violin ■ cartoon ■ library ■ mathematics ■ history
+ -ist + -ian
journalist novelist musician
artist guitarist �� magician ��
But �� But ��
saxophone saxophonist piano pianist �� comedy comedian ��
economics economist drama dramatist �� politics politician ��
3 Change the head words into the name

WORD STRATEGY
of a job. Then name famous examples.
composer ...........................
Verdi Occupations
0 compose ..........................:
1 music ..........................: .......................... Many words that refer to jobs and occupations are
2 comedy ..........................: .......................... both verbs and nouns. In these cases, the spelling
3 act ..........................: .......................... usually changes.
4 write ..........................: ..........................
5 dance ..........................: ..........................
6 art ..........................: ..........................
7 blog ..........................: ..........................
8 politics ..........................: ..........................
9 design ..........................: ..........................
260 Vocabulary Extension

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 2
Strong adjectives 2 Match the normal adjectives to the strong
adjectives.
and intensifiers
0 e cold a impossible
1 tired b boiling
WORD STRATEGY
2 difficult c tiny
Intensifiers 3 surprising d fascinating
To make adjectives stronger, we use intensifiers: 4 angry e freezing
very, really, extremely, incredibly. 5 hungry f gorgeous
It’s very cold today. 6 hot g extortionate
I’m really tired. 7 clean h furious
That’s an extremely difficult puzzle. 8 small i awful
The result was incredibly surprising. 9 silly j delicious
The film is exceptionally interesting. 10 big k exhausted
When we have extreme adjectives, these are 11 interesting l terrifying
already strong: 12 pretty m spotless
exhausted = very tired 13 expensive n skinny
astonished = very surprised 14 bad o astonishing
In this case, we do not use very 15 scary p filthy
but we can still use really, 16 thin q starving
extremely, incredibly 17 funny r brilliant
and exceptionally. We can also 18 dirty s huge
use absolutely, totally, 19 clever t ridiculous
completely. Note: we don’t 20 tasty u hilarious
use these intensifiers
with normal adjectives. 3 PAIRWORK Brainstorm strong adjectives.
For example, there are several more words
I’m really starving!
that mean very bad.
I’m absolutely
exhausted. 4 PAIRWORK Choose five things, places
It’s totally freezing today. or people and describe them using intensifiers
and adjectives. Use the ideas below or your own
That’s a completely
ideas.
impossible puzzle.
■■ chocolate ■■ mangoes
■■ Ferraris ■■ the Sahara Desert
■■ the English language ■■ opera
1 Complete the diagram with the intensifiers
from the strategy box. ■■ mosquitoes ■■ politics
■■ Fedez ■■ ice cream
■■ Rome ■■ sharks
■■ the Antarctic ■■ Einstein
Strong
Chocolate is incredibly delicious.
adjectives
Both My brother’s / My sister’s bedroom is totally
Normal
adjectives
filthy.
absolutely
really 4 ....................... 5 PAIRWORK Change partners. Take turns
1 ....................... 5 ....................... to describe what you chose – but don’t name
very 2 ....................... them. Can your partner guess what they are?
3 ....................... It’s incredibly delicious.
It’s totally filthy.
Vocabulary Extension 261

Stem words
1 PAIRWORK Complete the tables. Use a dictionary for any words you don’t know.
ADJECTIVE NOUN VERB NOUN
• polluted • pollution
............................. • ............................. • pollution
• ............................. • hunger • destroy • .............................
• thirsty • ............................. • ............................. • waste
• ............................. • poverty • protect • .............................

• ............................. • conservation
• wealthy • .............................
• renew • .............................
• ............................. • unemployment
• ............................. • action
• homeless • .............................
• progress • progress
• ............................. • freedom
• protest • protest
• happy • .............................
• produce • produce (e.g., fruit, vegetables,
• ............................. • misery milk, often from a farm)
or product (something made)
2 Practise saying these sentences. The letters in 4 Make sentences with similar meanings.
bold show where the word stress lies. Complete the second sentence with words
from exercises 1 and 3.
1 Medical research is making great progress.
Medical research continues to progress. 0 The number of homeless people is a big problem.
2 There was a protest about tuition fees yesterday. Homelessness is a big problem.
...................................
Students often protest about tuition fees. 1 A lot of people in our town suffer from poverty
3 We sometimes buy fresh produce from the farm shop. and hunger.
The farmers produce fresh food for the shops. A lot of people in our town are ..........................
and .......................... .
2 Food banks support people who don’t have much
WORD STRATEGY
money. They often don’t have jobs.
the + adjective Food banks support the .......................... .They are
We can use the + some adjectives to talk about often .......................... .
groups of people: 3 I sometimes buy things that developing countries
■■ the rich ■■ the poor make.
■■ the wealthy ■■ the blind I sometimes buy .......................... from developing
countries.
4 We must stop people destroying the rain forests.
3 PAIRWORK Say how we can describe:
It’s vital to conserve them.
the homeless
0 people with no homes: ................................................... We must stop the .......................... of the rain forest.
1 people who are sick: ....................................................... Their .......................... is vital.
2 people with disabilities: ................................................. 5 Some people have been protesting about cuts
3 people with no jobs: ....................................................... in government help for old people.
4 elderly people: ................................................................. There have been some .......................... about cuts
5 hungry people: .................................................................. in government help for the .......................... .

Formal and informal verbs
1 Read the strategy box and match the verbs to their equivalent.
0 explode
blow up ..........................
1 .......................... refuse 6 look at ..........................
think about / over / through

2 7 .......................... postpone
.......................... turn down ■
put off ■ consider ■
discover ■ establish ■
3 .......................... review explode ■ go over ■ 8 set up ..........................
get in touch with ■
omit ■ observe ■
take out
4 find out .......................... 9 .......................... remove
5 .......................... contact 10 leave out ..........................
2 Complete the sentences with words

WORD STRATEGY
from exercise 1. Write one word in each gap.
off Formal and informal verbs
0 Don’t put .......................... your decision – act now!
1 Perhaps one day we will .......................... new There are often formal and informal ways of saying
colonies on Mars. the same thing. Phrasal verbs tend to be less formal,
2 Powerful telescopes allow us to .......................... and words with Latin or Greek roots tend to be more
distant galaxies. formal.
3 Please, .......................... everything through carefully e.g., explode — blow up
before you decide.
4 Are aliens trying to .......................... us? Perhaps we
will never .......................... the answer.
5 Remember to include all your data – don’t
.......................... anything out.
6 Driverless cars will .......................... the need
to take a driving test!
7 Please, take great care. Otherwise, the experiment
might .......................... up.
8 If you had the chance to live forever, would you
turn it .........................., or say yes?
3 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 2, using

the alternative verbs.
0 Don’t postpone your decision – act now!

Crime and the justice system
1 Complete the sentences with the nouns given. Check a dictionary for words
you don’t know.
statement about what
The witness must make a ..........................
0
they saw.
The .......................... for a speeding .......................... is

1
usually a fine.
Education and training are part of the prisoners’

accusation ■ 2
.......................... .
defence ■ defendant ■
investigation ■ offence ■
Are you sure that boy stole your phone? That’s
penalty ■ prosecution ■ 3
a serious .......................... .
rehabilitation ■
statement ■ suspect ■
trial 4 A judge is in charge of the .......................... .
The .......................... lawyer defends the ..........................,

5
and argues with the .......................... lawyer.
After a thorough .......................... the police arrested

6
their .......................... .
2 PAIRWORK Make pairs of words and expressions that mean

the same.
accused ■ against the law ■ crime ■ criminal ■ defendant ■
evidence ■ illegal ■ innocent ■ interview ■ jail ■ not guilty ■
offence ■ offender ■ prison ■ proof ■ question
accused defendant
3 Use words from exercise 2 to complete the sentences.

accused / defendant is found ..........................,
0 If the ..............................................
he / she is free to go.
1 The police need .......................... before they arrest
their suspect and .......................... him / her.
2 Serious ..........................s go to high-security
..........................s.
3 Dangerous driving is
a serious .......................... .
4 It’s ..........................
to drink and drive.

Descriptive adjectives
1 PAIRWORK Use a dictionary to complete the diagram and check the meanings.
noun adjective
0 picture
..........................
picturesque
mountain ..........................
1
..........................
2 palatial
tropics ..........................
3
..........................
4 agricultural
pollution ..........................
5
..........................
6 touristy
tradition ..........................
7
..........................
8 crowded
humidity ..........................
9
..........................
10 accessible
peace ..........................
11
12
.......................... coastal
2 Look at the adjectives in the list below. 3 Use words from this page to complete
They have the opposite meanings to the adjectives the sentences.
in the diagram above. Find the opposites.
deserted !
0 There’s no one here. It’s completely ......................
1 Some people dislike 21st-century architecture
1 clean polluted
..........................
and prefer more .......................... styles.
2 deserted .......................... 2 There’s no phone signal here, it’s
too .......................... .
3 dry .......................... 3 There are lots of hotels and souvenir shops in Bath
because it’s quite .......................... .
4 flat .......................... 4 There aren’t enough houses for everyone.
The town is too .......................... .
5 industrial ..........................
5 John’s got a huge house, it’s really .......................... .
6 inland .......................... My house, on the other hand, is so small,
it’s .......................... .
7 modern .......................... 6 There are too many cars and factories in London.
The air is .......................... .
8 polar .......................... 7 Switzerland is popular with climbers and skiers
because it is so .......................... .
9 noisy ..........................
8 I can’t sleep. It’s too .......................... outside.
10 remote / off the beaten track .......................... 9 The ice caps in .......................... regions are melting
because of global warming.
11 sleepy / unspoilt .......................... 10 Tourists like to pose for photos in front
of the Taj Mahal because it’s so .......................... .
12 tiny ..........................
11 When the sea is at high tide, some ..........................
areas can be affected by flooding.
13 ugly ..........................
12 Clouds are formed when .......................... air rises.

7
Taste and texture
1 PAIRWORK Use a dictionary to complete the diagrams and check the meanings.
There’s a lot of … It tastes … It … It’s …
salt. salty
..........................
0
. tastes nice. 11 tasty
.......................... .
1
.......................... . peppery. crunches. .......................... .
12
water. .......................... .
2 crumbles. .......................... .
13
3
.......................... . spicy. sticks (to your
.......................... .
14
fingers).
milk. .......................... .
4
needs to be chewed. .......................... .

15
5
.......................... . greasy.
has lots of lumps in it. .......................... .
16
cream. .......................... .
6
7
.......................... . sugary.
oil. .......................... .
8
9
.......................... . juicy.
butter. 10
.......................... .
3 GAME In pairs, do the tasks below.

1 Choose six things from the list below and match
them to adjectives from this page.
■■ custard ■■ toffee ■■ lemons
2 Make pairs of opposites. Use a dictionary ■■ strawberries ■■ crisps ■■ coffee
where necessary. ■■ chocolate ■■ apples ■■ lettuce
■■ bland ■■ moist ■■ curry ■■ chips ■■ rocket
■■ crisp ■■ rich ■■ porridge ■■ biscuits ■■ cheese
■■ delicious ■■ smooth ■■ toast ■■ bananas ■■ pizza
■■ dry ■■ soft 2 Read your adjectives to another pair.
■■ fresh ■■ soggy Can they guess the food?
■■ hard ■■ sour, bitter
■■ hot, spicy ■■ stale A Delicious, sweet, sticky.
■■ light ■■ sweet
■■ lumpy ■■ tasteless
B Chocolate!
bland - hot, spicy

Idioms with mind
1 PAIRWORK
Match the meanings to the correct expressions.
0 d have a mind of your own

a decide something, then decide something different
1 keep / bear something in mind
b not decide anything – keep thinking about something
2 have something on your mind
c make a decision
3 change your mind
d be an independent thinker
4 be / go out of your mind
e be thinking about something all the time
5 give someone a piece of your mind
f say what you think
6 be in two minds (about something)
g be worried about a lot of things
7 have / keep an open mind
h be unsure what to do
8 make up your mind
i be / go crazy
9 take your mind off something
j have a plan
10 have something in mind
k make a note of something, remember it
11 speak your mind
l tell someone why you’re angry with them
12 have a lot on your mind
m take a break from worrying
2 Read the expressions from exercise 1

and complete the missing words.
on
0 I keep thinking about it. It’s ......................... my mind.
1 I think I’ll watch a film. It’ll .......................... my mind
.......................... my problems.
2 It’s a difficult decision. I’m .......................... two
.......................... about it.
3 Thanks, that’s useful information. I’ll ..........................
it .......................... mind.
4 I didn’t sleep well last night. I have
a lot .......................... my mind.
5 I don’t need advice, thanks.
I .......................... a mind .......................... my own.
6 I know what I’m going to do.
I’ve .......................... my mind. 3 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
7 I’m going to give my opinion. 1 Look at the expressions again.
I’ll .......................... my mind. How do you say them in Italian?
8 I’m terribly worried. 2 Which ones are the closest to Italian?
I’m going .......................... my mind.

Business
1 Match the phrasal verbs for business to the correct definitions.
1 c carry out a establish, start (a business)
2 take off b test
3 weigh up c perform, do
4 try out d succeed
5 set up e resolve
6 give up f think of (a plan, an idea)
7 think over g put an end to (a business)
8 sort out h look at both sides
9 come up with i stop trying
10 close down j consider thoroughly
2 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs 3 Complete the sentences with the words below.
from exercise 1.
carry out an investigation
0 The police will .....................
into the bank fraud. carry ■
1 I’d like to .......................... my own business one day. close ■ come ■
2 When did Mark Zuckerberg .......................... the idea give ■ out ■ over ■
of Facebook? set ■ sort ■
3 Please .......................... your plan again and check take ■ weigh ■
everything. with
4 I need to .......................... all my options and then
I’ll decide.
5 I hope my new business will ..........................
come up 1 .......................... a great idea,
If you 0 .............
and make me rich.
you might want to 2 .......................... up your
6 The business didn’t do well so we
own business. Before you do, you should
had to .......................... it 3
.......................... out lots of research, think it
.......................... . 4
.......................... carefully and 5 ..........................
7 Try not to .......................... if your
up the pros and cons. Then your business is
plan doesn’t work first time.
more likely to 6 .......................... off. However,
Try again!
if it doesn’t succeed, don’t 7 .......................... up
8 Let’s discuss the problems
and 8 .......................... it down. Instead,
and .......................... a solution. 9
.......................... out the problems or try
9 We should .......................... the 10
.......................... something new!
product first, to see if it works properly.

Idioms with battle
1 Match the sentences to the explanations. Then check the meaning of the idioms with a dictionary.
1 d You have to learn to fight your own battles.

2 Y ou should learn to choose your battles. a Both sides competed seriously.
You can’t argue about everything! b They had a short-term victory
3 The contestants battled it out in the final. but it didn’t last long.
4 The workers who went on strike got a pay rise, but c It was a test of determination
six months later they were sacked. and will power.
They won the battle but lost the war. d Don’t rely on other people – be
5 Nobody was willing to change their mind. assertive.
It was a battle of wills. e Focus on the things that really
matter.
2 Match the idioms in exercise 1 (1—5) to the 3 Complete the sentences with the idioms below.
situations below (a—e). Use the idioms to Check a dictionary to find out what they mean.
answer the questions.
a losing battle ■ an uphill battle ■
a battle of wits ■ a running battle ■
a 4 Jack and his friend argue. Jack won half the battle
the argument but then he felt bad 0 It was the final of the chess competition. It really
because he’d been rude. What had a battle of wits .
was ...................................
he done? He’d won the battle but … 1 We didn’t manage to persuade Tom to come
b If Maisie has a problem at school,
with us – he really didn’t want to. We were fighting
she always gets her brother to sort it
............................................................................................ .
out for her. What should she do?
2 We had to overcome a lot of obstacles before
c Ben and Josh both believed they were
right and they both just waited for the we finally managed to solve the problem. It was
other one to give in. How could you ............................................................................................ .
describe it? 3 The mobile phone company keeps sending me
d Ellie complains about everything and the wrong bill. It’s been going on for months. We’re
although she is often right nobody fighting ............................................................................. .
takes her seriously. 4 When you’re learning a new language,
What should she do? self-confidence is .......................................................... .
e The tennis match went
on and on as both 4 PAIRWORK Discuss these questions.
players fought hard 1 Which of the idioms in exercises 1 and 3 are similar
to win. What were in Italian?
they doing? 2 Can you think of other idioms in Italian on
the theme of battles?
WORD STRATEGY
Battle can be a verb or a noun.

WORDLIST
A bad posture (n) /bæd ˈpɒs.tʃər/
brutta postura
bus (n) /bʌs/ autobus
buttery (n) /ˈbʌt·ər·i/ burroso
accessible (adj) /əkˈses.ə.bl̩/ acces-
bake (v) /beɪk/ cuocere al forno
sibile
bank account (n) /ˈbæŋk əˌkaʊnt/
accountant (n) /əˈkaʊn.tənt/ conta-
conto bancario
C
bile call (v) /kɔːl/ chiamare
bank loan (n) /bæŋk ləʊn/ prestito
accusation (n) /ˌæk.jʊˈzeɪ.ʃən/ ac- capture (v) /ˈkæp.tʃər/ catturare
bancario
cusa car (n) /kɑːr/ auto, macchina
bar (n) /bɑːr/ sbarra
accused (n) /əˈkjuːzd/ accusato carpenter (n) /ˈkɑː.pɪn.tər/ falegname
basketball (n) /ˈbɑː.skɪt.bɔːl/ palla-
acrylic (n) /əˈkrɪl.ɪk/ acrilico carry out (phr v) /ˈkær.i aʊt/ esegui-
canestro
act (v) /ækt/ agire re, effettuare
battle (n) /ˈbæt·l/ battaglia
action (n) /ˈæk.ʃən/ azione cash machine (n) /ˈkæʃ məˌʃi:n/
battle (v) /ˈbæt.l̩/ combattere
actor (n) /ˈæk.tər/ attore bancomat
beat (v) /biːt/ sconfiggere
add (v) /æd/ aggiungere casualty (n) /ˈkæʒ.ju.əl.ti/ vittima,
bedding (n) /ˈbed.ɪŋ/ biancheria da
adventurous (adj) /ədˈven.tʃər.əs/ ferito, morto, caduto in guerra
letto
avventuroso catchy (adj) /ˈkætʃ.i/ che attira
big (adj) /bɪg/ grande
affluent (adj) /ˈæf.lu.ənt/ ricco census (n) /ˈsen.səs/ censimento
bike (n) /baɪk/ bicicletta
afloat (adj) /əˈfləʊt/ a galla chain store (n) /tʃeɪn stɔːr/ catena
bitter (adj) /ˈbɪt.ər/ amaro
ageing (n) /ˈeɪ.dʒɪŋ/ invecchiamento di negozi
bland (adj) /blænd/ insipido charge (n) /tʃɑːdʒ/ tariffa
agricultural (adj) /ˌæg.rɪˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/
block (v) /blɒk/ bloccare charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ accusare, incolpare
agricolo
blogger (n) /ˈblɒg.ər/ blogger charge interest (phr v)
alien (n) /ˈeɪ.li.ən/ alieno
blow up (v) /ˈbləʊ.ʌp/ esplodere, far /tʃɑːdʒ ˈɪn.trəst/ far pagare gli in-
ally (n) /ˈæl.aɪ/ alleato
esplodere teressi
alter (v) /ˈɒl.tər/ alterare, cambiare
board game (n) /ˈbɔːd ˌgeɪm/ gioco cheerful (adj) /ˈtʃɪə.fəl/ allegro
although (conj) /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ benché
da tavola chewy (adj) /ˈtʃuː.i/ gommoso, diffi-
amazement (n) /əˈmeɪz.mənt/ stu-
boat (n) /bəʊt/ barca cile da masticare
pore
boil (v) /bɔɪl/ far bollire chop (v) /tʃɒp/ tagliare a pezzetti
amazing (adj) /əˈmeɪ.zɪŋ/ formidabile
boiling (adj) /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ/ bollente civilian (n) /sɪˈvɪl.i.ən/ civile
amid prep /əˈmɪd/ in mezzo a
bomb (v) /bɒm/ bombardare classical (adj) /ˈklæs.ɪ.kəl/ classico
angry (adj) /ˈæŋ.gri/ arrabbiato
bomber (n) /ˈbɒm.ər/ bombardiere clay (n) /kleɪ/ argilla
antisocial (adj) /ˌæn.tiˈsəʊ.ʃəl/ anti-
bone (n) /bəʊn/ osso clean (adj) /kliːn/ pulito
sociale
borrow (v) /ˈbɒr.əʊ/ prendere in clever (adj) /ˈklev.ər/ intelligente
anxiety (n) /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/ ansia
prestito climate change (n) /ˈklaɪ.mɪt ˌtʃeɪndʒ/
anxious (adj) /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/ ansioso
bottle bank (n) /ˈbɒt.l̩ bæŋk/ conte- cambiamento climatico
appalling (adj) /əˈpɔː.lɪŋ/ orribile
nitore per la raccolta del vetro climbing (n) /ˈklaɪ.mɪŋ/ arrampicata
apple core (n) /ˈæp.l kɔːr/ torsolo
brain scan (n) /breɪn skæn/ scansio- close down (phr v) /kləʊz daʊn/
architect (n) /ˈɑː.kɪ.tekt/ architetto
ne cerebrale, TAC al cervello chiudere
armbands (n) /ˈɑːm.bændz/ braccioli
breadcrumbs (n) /ˈbred.krʌm/ pane close-up (n) /ˈkləʊs.ʌp/ primo piano
arrest (v) /əˈrest/ arrestare
grattugiato cloud storage service (n)
artificial intelligence (AI) (n)
break faith (phr v) /breɪk feɪθ/ tradi- /klaʊd ˈstɔː.rɪdʒ ˈsɜː.vɪs/ servizio
/ˌɑː.tɪˌfɪʃ.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒənts (eɪ.ˈaɪ)/
re la fiducia di cloud storage
intelligenza artificiale
break out (phr v) /breɪk aʊt/ scop- coal (n) /kəʊl/ carbone
assist (v) /əˈsɪst/ assistere
piare coastal (adj) /ˈkəʊ.stəl/ costiero
astonishing (adj) /əˈstɒn.ɪ.ʃɪŋ/ sba-
breath (n) /breθ/ alito cold (adj) /kəʊld/ freddo
lorditivo, sorprendente
brick (n) /brɪk/ mattone collision (n) /kəˈlɪʒ.ən/ scontro
astronaut (n) /ˈæs.trə.nɔːt/ astronauta
bridge the gap (phr v) /brɪdʒ ðiː gæp/ come up with (phr v) /kʌm ʌp wɪð/
attack (v) /əˈtæk/ attaccare
colmare il divario escogitare, inventarsi
attacker (n) /əˈtæk.ər/ aggressore
brilliant (adj) /ˈbrɪl.i.ənt/ brillante, comfort food (n) /ˈkʌm.fət fuːd/
awful (adj) /ˈɔː.fəl/ terribile, tremendo
geniale, spendido cibo di conforto
bug (n) /bʌg/ insetto comic (n) /ˈkɒm.ɪk/ fumetto, comico
B build (v) /bɪld/ costruire (attore)
back (v) /bæk/ sostenere builder (n) /ˈbɪl.dər/ lavoratore edile comment (n) /ˈkɒm.ent/ commento
bad (adj) /bæd/ cattivo bury (v) /ˈber.i/ seppellire compose (v) /kəmˈpəʊz/ comporre
270 Wordlist
WORDLIST
conclusion (n) /kənˈkluː.ʒən/ con- defendant (n) /dɪˈfen.dənt/ impu- electronic (adj) /ɪˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪk/ elet-
clusione tato tronico
concrete (n) /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/ cemento delicatessen (n) /ˌdel.ɪ.kəˈtes.ən/ empathise (v) /ˈem.pə.θaɪz/ capire
confidence (n) /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dəns/ sicu- gastronomia bene, identificarsi
rezza, fiducia delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃ.əs/ squisito encourage (v) /ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/ incorag-
confident (adj) /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/ sicuro delighted (adj) /dɪˈlaɪ.tɪd/ felicis- giare
di sé simo encouragement (n) /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ.mənt/
conquer (v) /ˈkɒŋ.kər/ conquistare deliver (v) /dɪˈlɪv.ər/ consegnare incoraggiamento
conscious (adj) /ˈkɒn.ʃəs/ cosciente, demonstration case (n) encouraging (adj) /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/ in-
consapevole /ˌdem.ənˈstreɪ.ʃən keɪs/ prototipo coraggiante
consciousness (n) /ˈkɒn.ʃəs.nəs/ di valigia engineer (n) /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪər/ tecnico,
coscienza dentist (n) /ˈden.tɪst/ dentista ingegnere
conservation (n) /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/ department store n /dɪˈpɑːt.mənt engraver (n) /ɪnˈgreɪ.vər/ incisore
conservazione ˌstɔːr/ grande magazzino entertain (v) /en.təˈteɪn/ divertire
conserve (v) /kənˈsɜːv/ conservare depress (v) /dɪˈpres/ deprimere enthusiastic (adj) /ɪnˌθjuː.ziˈæs.tɪk/
consult (v) /kənˈsʌlt/ consultare depressed (adj) /dɪˈprest/ depresso entusiasta
cool (v) /kuːl/ far raffreddare depressing (adj) /dɪˈpres.ɪŋ/ depri- eradication (n) /ɪˌræd.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ eli-
copper (n) /ˈkɒp.ər/ rame mente minazione
corner shop (n) /ˈkɔː.nər ʃɒp/ nego- depression (n) /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/ depres- essay (n) /ˈes.eɪ/ saggio
zio di alimentari sione evidence (n) /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ prova, prove
cost (v) /kɒst/ costare design (v) /dɪˈzaɪn/ progettare, dise- exchange rate (n) /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ ˌreɪt/
cotton (n) /ˈkɒt.ən/ cotone gnare tasso di cambio
counselling (n) /ˈkaʊn.səl.ɪŋ/ tera- destroy (v) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ distruggere excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪd/ eccitato,
pia destruction (n) /dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/ di- emozionato
court (n) /kɔːt/ corte struzione exhausted (adj) /ɪgˈzɔː.stɪd/ esausto
creamy (adj) /ˈkriː.mi/ cremoso details (n) /ˈdiː.teɪlz/ dettagli expensive (adj) /ɪkˈspen.sɪv/ caro,
crime scene (n) /kraɪm siːn/ scena developing country (n) costoso
del crimine /dɪˈvel.ə.pɪŋ ˈkʌn.tri/ paese emer- extortionate (adj) /ɪkˈstɔː.ʃən.ət/
crisp (adj) /krɪsp/ croccante gente esorbitante
cross (your) arms (phr v) /krɒs ɑːmz/ dial (n) /ˈdaɪ.əl/ quadrante extraordinary (adj) /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.i/
mettersi a braccia conserte diamond (n) /ˈdaɪə.mənd/ diamante straordinario
crowded (adj) /ˈkraʊ.dɪd/ affollato difficult (adj) /ˈdɪf.ɪ.kəlt/ difficile eye contact (n) /aɪ ˈkɒn.tækt/ con-
crumbly (adj) /ˈkrʌm.bli/ friabile dip down (phr v) /dɪp daʊn/ scendere tatto visivo
crunchy (adj) /ˈkrʌn.tʃi/ croccante direct (v) /daɪˈrekt/ dirigere
currency (n) /ˈkʌr.ən.si/ valuta dirty (adj) /ˈdɜː.ti/ sporco
cut (v) /kʌt/ tagliare disgraceful (adj) /dɪsˈgreɪs.fəl/ ver-
F
fabric (n) /ˈfæb.rɪk/ tessuto
cyberspace (n) /ˈsaɪ.bə.speɪs/ ciber- gognoso
face-to-face (adj) /ˌfeɪs.təˈfeɪs/ fac-
spazio disgusting (adj) /dɪsˈgʌs.tɪŋ/ disgu-
cia a faccia, di persona
cycling (n) /ˈsɑɪ.klɪŋ/ ciclismo stoso
fade (v) /feɪd/ affievolirsi
diving (n) /ˈdaɪ.vɪŋ/ tuffi (sport)
failing (adj) /ˈfeɪ.lɪŋ/ debole
dramatic (adj) /drəˈmæt.ɪk/ dram-
D matico
fair trade (n) /ˌfeə ˈtreɪd/ commer-
daisy-chain (n) /ˈdeɪ.zi tʃeɪn/ ghir- cio equo e solidale
dreadful (adj) /ˈdred.fəl/ terribile
landa di margherite fake (v) /feɪk/ fingere
driverless car (n) /ˈdraɪ.və.ləs kɑːr/
dating site (n) /deɪtɪŋ saɪt/ sito per fall out (phr v) /fɔːl aʊt/ litigare
auto senza pilota
appuntamenti fantastic (adj) /fænˈtæs.tɪk/ fantastico
drug addiction (n) /drʌg əˈdɪk.ʃən/
dawn (n) /dɔːn/ alba farmers’ market (n)
tossicodipendenza
debit card (n) /ˈdeb.ɪtˌkɑːd/ carta di /ˈfɑː.məz ˌmɑː.kɪt/ mercato con-
dry (adj) /draɪ/ secco
debito tadino
deciding factor (n) /dɪˈsaɪ.dɪŋ ˈfæk.tər/ fascinating (adj) /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪ.tɪŋ/ af-
fattore decisivo E fascinante
defeat (v) /dɪˈfiːt/ sconfiggere earn (v) /ɜːn/ guadagnare fearless (adj) /ˈfɪə.ləs/ coraggioso
defence (n) /dɪˈfens/ difesa electrician (n) /ˌɪl.ekˈtrɪʃ.ən/ elettri- ferry (n) /ˈfer.i/ traghetto
defend (v) /dɪˈfend/ difendere cista fidget (v) /ˈfɪdʒ.ɪt/ agitarsi
Wordlist 271
WORDLIST
fight (v) /faɪt/ lottare greenhouse gas (n) injure (v) /ˈɪn.dʒər/ ferire
fighter (n) /ˈfaɪ.tər/ combattente, /ˈgriːn.haʊs ɡæs/ gas serra injured (adj) /ˈɪn.dʒəd/ ferito
aereo da caccia grill (v) /grɪl/ grigliare innocent (adj) /ˈɪn.ə.sənt/ inno-
filthy (adj) /ˈfɪl.θi/ sudicio grow up (phr v) /grəʊ ʌp/ crescere cente
finally (adv) /ˈfaɪ.nə.li/ alla fine guilty (adj) /ˈgɪl.ti/ colpevole inquisitive (adj) /ɪnˈkwɪz.ɪ.tɪv/
find out (phr v) /faɪnd aʊt/ scoprire curioso
firstly / first of all (adv) /ˈfɜːst.li/ insurance (n) /ɪnˈʃɔː.rəns/ assicu-
/ˈfɜːst əv ɔːl/ in primo luogo
H razione
hack (v) /hæk/ piratare (informatica) interesting (adj) /ˈɪn.trəs.tɪŋ/ in-
flea (n) /fliː/ pulce
flooded (adj) /ˈflʌd.ɪd/ allagato handful (n) /ˈhænd.fʊl/ manciata teressante
flushable (adj) /ˈflə.shə.bəl / con hand gesture (n) /hænd ˈdʒes.tʃər/ interpret (v) /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/ interpre-
sciacquone gesto della mano tare
follow (v) /ˈfɒl.əʊ/ seguire handshake (n) /ˈhænd.ʃeɪk/ stret- invade (v) /ɪnˈveɪd/ invadere
follower (n) /ˈfɒl.əʊ.ər/ seguace ta di mano invent (v) /ɪnˈvent/ inventare
football (n) /ˈfʊt.bɔːl/ calcio hang onto (phr v) /hæŋ ˈɒn.tu/ te- investigate (v) /ɪnˈves·tɪ·ɡeɪt/ in-
for example (phr) /fɔːr ɪgˈzɑːm.pl̩/ nersi a vestigare
per esempio happiness (n) /ˈhæp.i.nəs/ felicità investigation (n) /ɪnˌves.tɪˈgeɪ.ʃən/
fork (n) /fɔːk/ forchetta happy (adj) /ˈhæp.i/ felice indagine
for this reason (phr) hard (adj) /hɑːd/ duro ivy (n) /ˈaɪ.vi/ edera
/fɔːr ðɪs ˈriː.zən/ per questa ra- headline (n) /ˈhed.laɪn/ titolo
hedge (n) /hedʒ/ siepe
gione
foul (adj) /faʊl/ nauseante hilarious (adj) /hɪˈleə.ri.əs/ spas- J
soso jail (n) /dʒeɪl/ carcere, prigione
fraud (n) /frɔːd/ frode
hit (v) /hɪt/ picchiare, prendere a jingle (n) /ˈdʒɪŋ.gl̩/ motivetto
free (adj) /friː/ libero
botte journalist (n) /ˈdʒɜː.nə.lɪst/ gior-
freedom (n) /ˈfriː.dəm/ libertà
homegrown (adj) /ˌhəʊmˈgrəʊn/ nalista
freezing (adj) /ˈfriː.zɪŋ/ gelido
di produzione locale judge (n) /dʒʌdʒ/ giudice
fresh (adj) /freʃ/ fresco
homeless (adj) /ˈhəʊm.ləs/ senza- juicy (adj) /ˈdʒuː.si/ succoso
from scratch (phr) /frɒm skrætʃ/
tetto jury (n) /ˈdʒʊə.ri/ giuria
da zero
fry (v) /fraɪ/ friggere homelessness (n) /ˈhəʊm.ləs.nəs/
funny (adj) /ˈfʌn.i/ divertente l'essere senzatetto K
furious (adj) /ˈfjʊə.ri.əs/ furibondo hooked (adj) /hʊkt/ (diventato) kick off (phr v) /ˈkɪk.ɒf/ iniziare,
dipendente dare il via a
horrifying (adj) /ˈhɒr.ɪ.faɪ.ɪŋ/ knock-on effect (phr)
G spaventoso /ˈnɒk.ɒn ɪˌfekt/ effetto a catena
galaxy (n) /ˈgæl.ək.si/ galassia horse riding (n) /ˈhɔːs ˌraɪdɪŋ/ knowledge (n) /ˈnɒl·ɪdʒ/ cono-
genetic engineering (n) equitazione scenza
/dʒəˈnet.ɪk ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ hot (adj) /hɒt/ caldo
ingegneria genetica however adv /ˌhaʊˈev.ər/ tuttavia
get in touch with (phr v) huge (adj) /hjuːdʒ/ enorme L
/get ɪn tʌtʃ wɪð/ contattare humanoid (n) /ˈhjuː.mə.nɔɪd/ landfill site (n) /ˈlænd.fɪl saɪt/ di-
give up (phr v) /gɪv ʌp/ rinunciare umanoide scarica pubblica
glass (n) /glɑːs/ vetro humid (adj) /ˈhjuː.mɪd/ umido lark (n) /lɑːk/ allodola
gold (n) /gəʊld/ oro hunger (n) /ˈhʌŋ.gər/ fame last rites (phr) /læst raɪts/ riti fu-
goods (n) /gʊdz/ beni hungry (adj) /ˈhʌŋ.gri/ affamato nebri / estrema unzione
go over (phr v) /gəʊ ˈəʊ.vər/ rie- lavishly furnished (adj)
saminare /ˈlæv.ɪʃli ˈfɜː.nɪʃt/ ben arredato
gorgeous (adj) /ˈgɔː.dʒəs/ bellis- I lawyer (n) /ˈlɔɪ.ər/ avvocato
simo impossible (adj) /ɪmˈpɒs.ɪ.bl̩/ im- lazy (adj) /ˈleɪ.zi/ pigro
GP (general practitioner) (n) possibile lead (n) /liːd/ piombo
/ˌdʒiːˈpiː/ medico generico in addition (phr) /ɪn əˈdɪʃ.ən/ leaflet (n) /ˈliː.flət/ volantino
grass (n) /grɑːs/ erba inoltre leather (n) /ˈleð.ər/ cuoio
grate (v) /greɪt/ grattugiare increase (v) /ɪnˈkriːs/ aumentare leave out (phr v) /liːv aʊt/ omet-
greasy (adj) /ˈgriː.si/ unto inhale (v) /ɪnˈheɪl/ respirare tere
272 Wordlist
WORDLIST
lecture (v) /ˈlek.tʃər/ tenere con- miserable (adj) /ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bl̩/ in- outdated (adj) /ˌaʊtˈdeɪ.tɪd/ sor-
ferenze felice passato
lecturer (n) /ˈlek.tʃər.ər/ docente misery (n) /ˈmɪz.ər.i/ infelicità ovenproof dish (phr)
universitario misleading (adj) /ˌmɪsˈliː.dɪŋ/ /ˈʌv.ən.pruːf dɪʃ/ pirofila
leftovers (n) /ˈleftˌəʊ.vəz/ avanzi fuorviante over the counter (phr)
lend (v) /lend/ prestare, dare in mix (v) /mɪks/ mescolare /ˈəʊ·vər ðə ˈkaʊn.tər/ in contanti
prestito mixture (n) /ˈmɪks.tʃər/ miscuglio allo sportello
lever (n) /ˈliː.vər/ leva mock (v) /mɒk/ prendere in giro owe (v) /əʊ/ dovere, avere un de-
lice (n) /laɪs/ pidocchi moist (adj) /mɔɪst/ umido bito di
life expectancy (phr) mood (n) /muːd/ umore
/laɪf ɪkˈspek.tən.si/ aspettativa
di vita
moreover (adv) /ˌmɔːˈrəʊ.vər/ P
per di più paddle (v) /ˈpæd.l̩/ pagaiare
light (adj) /laɪt/ leggero motorbike (n) /ˈməʊ.tə.baɪk/ mo- palatial (adj) /pəˈleɪ.ʃəl/ impo-
line (v) /laɪn/ fiancheggiare tocicletta nente, grandioso
linen (n) /ˈlɪn.ɪn/ lino mould (n) /məʊld/ muffa pandemic (n) /pænˈdem.ɪk/ pan-
lock up (phr v) /ˈlɒk.ʌp/ incarcerare mountainous (adj) /ˈmaʊn.tɪ.nəs/ demia
lodge (v) /lɒdʒ/ rimanere incastrato montagnoso paper (n) /ˈpeɪ.pər/ carta
longevity (n) /lɒnˈdʒev.ə.ti/ lon- mourn (v) /mɔːn/ piangere la per- paper crane (phr) /ˈpeɪ.pər kreɪn/
gevità dita di gru di carta (origami)
look at (phr v) /lʊk ət/ guardare mud (n) /mʌd/ fango paragraph (n) /ˈpær.ə.grɑːf/ para-
loot (v) /luːt/ depredare grafo
lorry (n) /ˈlɒr.i/ camion passive smoking (phr)
low (adj) /ləʊ/ abbattuto N /ˈpæs.ɪv ˈsməʊ.kɪŋ/ fumo passivo
lumpy (adj) /ˈlʌm.pi/ grumoso narrate (v) /nəˈreɪt/ raccontare
pass sentence (phr v)
navigate (v) /ˈnæv.ɪ.geɪt/ navigare
/pɑːs ˈsen.təns/ condannare,
negative (adj) /ˈneg.ə.tɪv/ nega-
M tivo
emettere una sentenza
pay (v) /peɪ/ pagare
magazine (n) /ˌmæg.əˈziːn/ rivista nervous (adj) /ˈnɜː.vəs/ ansioso peaceful (adj) /ˈpiːs.fəl/ pacifico,
magnificent (adj) /mægˈnɪf.ɪ.sənt/ newspaper (n) /ˈnjuːzˌpeɪ.pər/ tranquillo
magnifico giornale peel (v) /piːl/ pelare
manage (v) /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ/ gestire, not only that (phr) /nɒt ˈəʊn.li ðæt/ peer pressure (phr) /ˈpiəˌpreʃ.ər/
organizzare non solo questo pressione esercitata dai coetanei
mankind (n) /mænˈkaɪnd/ umanità novelist (n) /ˈnɒv.əl.ɪst/ romanziere penalty (n) /ˈpen.əl.ti/ pena, pe-
marble (n) /ˈmɑː.bl̩/ marmo nudge (v) /nʌdʒ/ spingere delica- nalità
mechanic (n) /məˈkæn.ɪk/ mecca- tamente peppery (adj) /ˈpep.ər.i/ pepato
nico pick (v) /pɪk/ raccogliere
meditation (n) /ˌmed.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ pickpocket (n) /ˈpɪkˌpɒk.ɪt/ bor-
meditazione O seggiatore
mental health (phr) /ˈmen.təl helθ/ offence (n) /əˈfens/ offesa, reato
picturesque (adj) /ˌpɪk.tʃərˈesk/
salute mentale offer a job (phr v) /ˈɒf.ər ə dʒɒb/
pittoresco
merge (v) /mɜːdʒ/ integrarsi, fon- offrire un lavoro
pilot (n) /ˈpaɪ.lət/ pilota
dersi offspring (n) /ˈɒf.sprɪŋ/ progenie pinch (n) /pɪntʃ/ pizzico
message (n) /ˈmes.ɪdʒ/ messaggio oil (n) /ɔɪl/ petrolio, olio pitch (n) /pɪtʃ/ lancio
message board (phr) /ˈmes.ɪdʒ bɔːd/ oily (adj) /ˈɔɪ.li/ unto, oleoso plain (adj) /pleɪn/ ordinario
bacheca dei messaggi on the one hand (phr) plane (n) /pleɪn/ aereo
metal (n) /ˈmet.əl/ metallo /ɒn ðiː wʌn hænd/ da una parte plastic (n) /ˈplæs.tɪk/ plastica
migraine (n) /ˈmiː.greɪn/ emicrania on the other hand (phr) plumber (n) /ˈplʌm.ər/ idraulico
milky (adj) /ˈmɪl.ki/ al latte /ɒn ðiː ˈʌð.ər hænd/ d'altra par- police station (phr)
mind (n) /maɪnd/ mente te / dall’altra /pəˈliːsˌsteɪ.ʃən/ commissariato
minimum wage (phr) optimism (n) /ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.zəm/ otti- di polizia
/ˈmɪn.ɪ.məm weɪdʒ/ salario mi- mismo pollute (v) /pəˈluːt/ inquinare
nimo optimistic (adj) /ˌɒp.tɪˈmɪs.tɪk/ polluted (adj) /pəˈluːtɪd/ inquinato
miraculous (adj) /mɪˈræk.jʊ.ləs/ ottimista, fiducioso pollution (n) /pəˈluː.ʃən/ inquina-
miracoloso outbreak (n) /ˈaʊt.breɪk/ epidemia mento
Wordlist 273
WORDLIST
polyester (n) /ˌpɒl.iˈes.tər/ polie- reoffend (v) /ˌriː.əˈfend/ ricom- shoplifter (n) /ˈʃɒpˌlɪftər/ tac-
stere mettere un reato cheggiatore
poor (adj) /pɔːr/ povero report (n) /rɪˈpɔːt/ resoconto, siege (n) /siːdʒ/ assedio
pop down (phr v) /ˈpɒp.daʊn/ sal- rapporto silk (n) /sɪlk/ seta
tare giù rich (adj) /rɪtʃ/ nutriente, gustoso silly (adj) /ˈsɪl.i/ sciocco
positive (adj) /ˈpɒz.ə.tɪv/ positivo rickshaw (n) /ˈrɪk.ʃɔː/ risciò silver (n) /ˈsɪl.vər/ argento
post (v) /pəʊst/ postare ridiculous (adj) /rɪˈdɪk.jʊ.ləs/ ri- sink (v) /sɪŋk/ affondare
pour (v) /pɔːr/ versare dicolo skating (n) /ˈskeɪ.tɪŋ/ pattinaggio
poverty (n) /ˈpɒv.ə.ti/ povertà rise (v) /raɪz/ sorgere skiing (n) /ˈskiː.ɪŋ/ sci
preheat (v) /ˌpriːˈhiːt/ preriscaldare roast (v) /rəʊst/ arrostire skinny (adj) /ˈskɪn.i/ smilzo
pretty (adj) /ˈprɪt.i/ carino rock (n) /rɒk/ pietra slate (n) /sleɪt/ ardesia
produce (n) /ˈprɒd·juːs/ prodotti rodent (n) /ˈrəʊ.dənt/ roditore slice (v) /slaɪs/ affettare
produce (v) /prəˈdjuːs/ produrre rowing (n) /ˈrəʊ.ɪŋ/ canottaggio small (adj) /smɔːl/ piccolo
progress (n) /ˈprəʊ.gres/ progresso rub (v) /rʌb/ amalgamare smallpox (n) /ˈsmɔːl.pɒks/ vaiolo
progress (v) /prəˈɡres/ progredire rubber (n) /ˈrʌb.ər/ gomma smell (n) /smel/ odore
proof (n) /pruːf/ prova running (n) /ˈrʌn.ɪŋ/ corsa smile (n) /smaɪl/ sorriso
prosecute (v) /ˈprɒs.ɪ.kjuːt/ per- smooth (adj) /smuːð/ omogeneo
seguire legalmente
S so (that) (conj) /səʊ/ in modo che
prosecution (n) /ˌprɒs.ɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ sail (v) /seɪl/ navigare a vela social media (phr)
azione penale salty (adj) /ˈsɒl.ti/ salato /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl ˈmiː.di.ə/ social media,
protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteggere sand (n) /sænd/ sabbia i social
protection (n) /prəˈtek.ʃən/ pro- scandalous (adj) /ˈskæn.dəl.əs/ soft (adj) /sɒft/ morbido
tezione scandaloso soggy (adj) /ˈsɒg.i/ molliccio
protest (n) /ˈprəʊ.test/ protesta scarce (adj) /skeəs/ appena soldier (n) /ˈsəʊl.dʒər/ soldato
protest (v) /prəˈtest/ protestare scary (adj) /ˈskeə.ri/ pauroso sort out (phr v) /ˈsɔːt.aʊt/ sistemare
put off (phr v) /pʊt ɒf/ rimandare scene (n) /siːn/ scena sour (adj) /saʊər/ aspro, acido
sea bed (phr) /ˈsiː.bed/ fondale space colony (phr) /speɪs
Q marino ˈkɒl.ə.ni/ colonia spaziale

spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪ.si/ piccante
quarrel (n) /ˈkwɒr.əl/ lotta seasonal food (phr)
/ˈsiː.zən.əl fuːd/ cibo / prodotti spotless (adj) /ˈspɒt.ləs/ candido
question (v) /ˈkwes.tʃən/ inter-
di stagione spread (v) /spred/ spalmare
rogare
secondly (adv) /ˈsek.ənd.li/ in stale (adj) /steɪl/ stantio, raffermo
secondo luogo standard of living (phr)
R self-confidence (n) /ˈstæn.dəd əv ˈlɪv.ɪŋ/ tenore di
raise prices (phr v) /reɪz praɪsɪz/ /ˌselfˈkɒn.fɪ.dəns/ sicurezza di sé vita
aumentare i prezzi self-esteem (n) /ˌself.ɪˈstiːm/ au- starship (n) /stɑ:.ʃɪp/ navicella
raisin (n) /ˈreɪ.zən/ uvetta tostima spaziale, astronave
raw (adj) /rɔː/ crudo sensor (n) /ˈsen.sər/ sensore starving (adj) /ˈstɑː.vɪŋ/ molto
reduce (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ ridurre sequence (n) /ˈsiː.kwəns/ sequenza affamato, che ha una fame da lupi
refugee (n) /ˌref.jʊˈdʒiː/ rifugiato serve (v) /sɜːv/ servire statement (n) /ˈsteɪt.mənt/ di-
rehabilitation (n) set (v) /set/ tramontare chiarazione, denuncia
/ˌriː.həˌbɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ riabilitazione set up (phr v) /ˈset.ʌp/ fondare, steam (v) /stiːm/ cuocere al vapore
relax (v) /rɪˈlæks/ rilassare, rilassarsi stabilire steel (n) /stiːl/ acciaio
relaxation (n) /ˌriː.lækˈseɪ.ʃən/ settle in (phr v) /ˈset.l̩ ɪn/ siste- stick up for yourself (phr v)
relax, riposo marsi, ambientarsi /stɪk ʌp fɔːr/ farsi valere
relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ rilassato several (adj) /ˈsev.ər.əl/ alcuni sticky (adj) /ˈstɪk.i/ appiccicoso
relaxing (adj) /rɪˈlæk.sɪŋ/ rilassante shape (v) /ʃeɪp/ plasmare stir (v) /stɜːr/ mescolare
release (v) /rɪˈliːs/ scarcerare, rila- share (n) /ʃeərz/ azione (finanza) stone (n) /stəʊn/ sasso
sciare share (v) /ʃeər/ condividere stove (n) /stəʊv/ fornello, stufa
renew (v) /rɪˈnjuː/ restaurare, rin- shed (n) /ʃed/ capanno strap (n) /stræp/ cinghia
novare ship (n) /ʃɪp/ nave stress (n) /stres/ stress
renovation (n) /ˌren.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ re- shocking (adj) /ˈʃɒk.ɪŋ/ scioccante stress (v) /stres/ stressare
stauro, rinnovo shoot (v) /ʃuːt/ sparare stressed (adj) /strest/ stressato
274 Wordlist
WORDLIST
stressful (adj) /ˈstres.fəl/ stres- terrifying (adj) /ˈter.ə.faɪ.ɪŋ/ terri- update (v) /ʌpˈdeɪt/ aggiornare
sante ficante
stretch away (phr v) /stretʃ əˈweɪ/ terrorise (v) /ˈter.ər.aɪz/ terrorizzare
distendersi terrorist (n) /ˈter.ə.rɪst/ terrorista
V
valuables (n) /ˈvæl.jʊ.bl̩z/ oggetti
struggle (n) /ˈstrʌg.l̩/ lotta text (v) /tekst/ mandare messaggi,
di valore
struggle (v) /ˈstrʌg.l̩/ affannarsi messaggiare
stunning (adj) /ˈstʌn.ɪŋ/ sorpren- van (n) /væn/ furgone
therefore (adv) /ˈðeə.fɔːr/ perciò
dente, straordinario, splendido vegetable patch (phr)
thin (adj) /θɪn/ magro
sugary (adj) /ˈʃʊg.ər.i/ pieno di /ˈvedʒ.tə.bl̩ pætʃ/ orto
think about / over / through (phr v)
zucchero verdict (n) /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/ verdetto
/θɪŋk əˈbaʊt/ /ˈəʊ.vər/ /θruː/ ri-
suit (v) /suːt/ adattarsi a vet (n) /vet/ veterinario
flettere su, considerare
suitable (adj) /ˈsuː.tə.bl̩/ adatto victim (n) /ˈvɪk.tɪm/ vittima
thirst (n) /θɜːst/ sete
sunset (n) /ˈsʌn.set/ tramonto victorious (adj) /vɪkˈtɔː.ri.əs/ vit-
thirsty (adj) /ˈθɜː.sti/ assetato
superior (adj) /suːˈpɪə.ri.ər/ supe- torioso
thrill (n) /θrɪl/ emozione
riore vinyl (n) /ˈvaɪ.nəl/ vinile
time machine (phr) /taɪm məˈʃiːn/
supermarket (n) /ˈsuː.pəˌmɑː.kɪt/ virtual reality (phr)
macchina del tempo
supermercato /ˌvɜː.tju.əl.riːˈæl.ə.ti/ realtà
tiny (adj) /ˈtaɪ.ni/ minuscolo
surgeon (n) /ˈsɜː.dʒən/ chirurgo virtuale
tired (adj) /taɪəd/ stanco
surprising (adj) /səˈpraɪ.zɪŋ/ sor- tissue (n) /ˈtɪʃ.uː/ fazzoletto
prendente
toast (v) /təʊst/ abbrustolire W
surrender (v) /sərˈen.dər/ arren- waistcoat-pocket (phr)
touristy (adj) /ˈtʊə.rɪ.sti/ turistico,
dersi /ˈweɪs.kəʊt ˈpɒk.ɪt/ tasca del gilet
invaso dai turisti
surround (v) /səˈraʊnd/ circondare waste (n) /weɪst/ rifiuti
towel (n) /taʊəl/ asciugamano
survivor (n) /səˈvaɪ.vər/ superstite waste (v) /weɪst/ sprecare
traditional (adj) /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
suspect (n) /ˈsəsˌpekt/ sospetto,
tradizionale waste disposal (phr)
sospettato
train (n) /treɪn/ treno /weɪst dɪˈspəʊ.zəl/ smaltimento
suspect (v) /səˈspekt/ sospettare
tram (n) /træm/ tram rifiuti
swear an oath (phr v)
translate (v) /trænsˈleɪt/ tradurre water (n) /ˈwɔː.tər/ acqua
/sweər ən əʊθ/ giurare, fare un
trendy (adj) /ˈtren.di/ alla moda watery (adj) /ˈwɔː.tər.i/ annac-
giuramento
trial (n) /traɪəl/ processo quato, brodoso
sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dolce
troll (v) /trəʊl/ fare il troll, trollare wealth (n) /welθ/ ricchezza
sweetened (adj) /ˈswiː.tənd/ dol-
tropical (adj) /ˈtrɒp.ɪ.kəl/ tropicale wealthy (adj) /ˈwel.θi/ ricco
cificato
try out (phr v) /ˈtraɪ.aʊt/ provare website (n) /ˈweb.saɪt/ sito web
swimming (n) /ˈswɪm.ɪŋ/ nuoto
Tube (n) /tjuːb/ metropolitana (di weigh up (phr v) /weɪ ʌp/ valutare
Londra) well (n) /wel/ pozzo
T turn down (phr v) /tɜːn daʊn/ ri- wheel (n) /wiːlz/ rotella
take off (phr v) /ˈteɪk.ɒf/ avere fiutare whisk (v) /wɪsk/ frullare, sbattere
successo twilight (n) /ˈtwaɪ.laɪt/ crepuscolo con la frusta
take out (phr v) /ˈteɪk.aʊt/ toglie- withdraw an army (phr v)
re, portare via /wɪðˈdrɔː ən ˈɑː.mi/ ritirare le
tangled hair (phr) /ˈtæŋgld heər/ U truppe
capelli annodati uncover (v) /ʌnˈkʌv.ər/ mettere withdraw cash (phr v)
tasteless (adj) /ˈteɪst.ləs/ insipido a nudo /wɪðˈdrɔː kæʃ/ ritirare contanti
tasty (adj) /ˈteɪ.sti/ gustoso, sa- underground (n) /ˌʌn.dəˈgraʊnd/ witness (n) /ˈwɪt.nəs/ testimone
porito metropolitana wonderful (adj) /ˈwʌn.də.fəl/ me-
taxi (n) /ˈtæk.si/ taxi unemployed (adj) /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪd/ raviglioso
telepathy (n) /təˈlep.ə.θi/ telepatia disoccupato wood (n) /wʊd/ legno
tempting (adj) /ˈtemp.tɪŋ/ allet- unemployment (n) woodcut (n) /ˈwʊd.kʌt/ incisione
tante /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ disoccupa- su legno
tennis (n) /ˈten.ɪs/ tennis zione wool (n) /wʊl/ lana
tense (n) /tens/ tempo verbale unimaginative (adj) working conditions (phr)
term (n) /tɜːm/ quadrimestre /ˌʌn.ɪˈmædʒ.ɪ.nə.tɪv/ privo di /ˈwɜː.kɪŋ kənˈdɪʃ.ənz/ condizio-
terrified (adj) /ˈter.ə.faɪd/ terro- fantasia ni di lavoro
rizzato unravel (v) /ʌnˈræv.əl/ svelarsi wounded (adj) /ˈwuːn.dɪd/ ferito
Wordlist 275
SPEAKING SKILLS – Dialogues
Unit 1, page 21, exercises 24, 25 and 26 incredibly fast. We’ll have to hurry up or we’ll miss
our chance.
Anna Hi Grace. How are you doing?
Anna Yes, but they all say that! It might not be true. I’m
Grace Hi Anna. I’m OK, but guess what? The fire brigade
sorry, but how do you know these tickets actually
came this morning.
exist?
Anna No way! Really? What happened? Was there a fire?
Grace That’s a ridiculous thing to say. I mean, look at the
Grace No, there wasn’t a fire at all.
website! It’s got loads of really positive reviews. I
Anna But I thought you said the fire brigade… ?
expect they buy thousands of tickets at a discount
Grace Yes, but it wasn’t for a fire. Somebody was on the
– that’s how they do it.
roof. They had to rescue him.
Anna Well, I suppose you might be right – but even if the
Anna What do you mean? Who was on the roof?
Grace One of the kids in Year 9. He climbed up and he tickets exist, how do you know they’ll actually send
couldn’t get down again. them? They might just take our money.
Anna Why did he go up there? Grace No, they won’t do that. Look, it says here that they’ll
Grace I don’t know. I think it was a stupid game. send us the tickets two days before the event. So,
Anna Hang on a minute, how did he get up there? come on, let’s do it.
Grace He climbed out of a window, and went up. Anna Hmm, I’m still not sure. Look, why don’t we find out
Anna Oh, I see. And then he realised he couldn’t get down a bit more about these people, before we send them
– right? our money?
Grace Yes, so then he started shouting for help. He Grace Well, OK, if you really want to. But I hope we don’t
sounded terrified. I think he was crying. miss out.
Anna Oh poor kid. What happened next?
Grace Huh! Stupid idiot, more like. Well, after he’d been up Unit 3, page 39, exercises 21, 22 and 23
there for about half an hour the headteacher called
Luke Have you got any fund raising ideas yet, Anna? You
the fire brigade. They put up an enormous ladder
know, for Children in Need?
and one of the firefighters climbed up and got him.
Anna Well, I thought I’d join the sponsored walk, the one
Anna Oooh do you mean he carried him down?
the school’s organising. My family have all said
Grace No, he didn’t do that. He just helped him down,
they’ll sponsor me. Are you going to do it too, Luke?
step by step. He was as white as a sheet. People
Luke No, I don’t think so. I think it’s a bit boring to be
were laughing at him. And the teachers were mad
at him. honest. I mean, like, walking is something you do
Anna What happened in the end? every day.
Grace The headteacher took him to his office. After that, I Anna Well, not really! I don’t usually walk ten miles!
don’t know. Luke No, but, you know what I mean. Listen, I reckon we
Anna Oh, well, he won’t do that again. should do something more interesting, something a
bit crazy. For example, I could shave my hair off.
People would pay to see that.
Unit 2, page 29, exercises 24, 25 and 26
Anna Oh no! If you ask me that’s a terrible idea. For a start,
Grace Hey, Anna, you know that concert next month, the your parents would, like, have a fit.
one we were talking about? Luke I don’t think so. I mean, it’s for charity.
Anna Oh, yes. What about it? You know we can’t go, don’t Anna Well, for another thing you’d be cold! And anyway,
you, Grace – it’s way too expensive. The prices are you’d look ridiculous.
extortionate. Luke Hmm, maybe you’re right. OK then, what about a
Grace Well, that’s true, but I’ve found a website that’s sponsored silence?
selling cheap tickets. Anna You mean people pay you to stay quiet? Now that
Anna What? Really? How cheap? sounds like an excellent idea! Where do I sign?
Grace Less than half price.
Anna Oh yeah? I can’t believe that. It’s probably a scam.
Grace I really don’t think so. Look, they’ve got tickets for
loads of things – not just music – go on, have a look. Grace Right guys, you have to help me. There’s a class
Anna Oh, OK then … Yes, I see what you mean but I really debate tomorrow. I’m really nervous about it.
don’t think we should trust it. Joel What’s the debate about?
Grace Why not? Look – it says the tickets are selling out Grace The future of jobs. I have to present the argument
276 Speaking Skills – Dialogues

that a lot of jobs will have disappeared in ten years’ always losing things. Do you remember that time on
time. the bus when she left her school bag?
Joel OK, let’s hear it then. Grace That was ages ago – she was 12 or something! She’s
Grace Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for coming here not that bad now! At least I hope she is not. Anyway,
today, it’s a great honour … what do you think is best?
Luke Oh come on! Get on with it! Joel Well, why don’t you take a bank card, and just carry
Grace Yes, sorry, OK, right … Well the first thing we have to small amounts? You can take it out of a machine if
consider is that in ten years’ time technology will you need to. That’s what I’d do, anyway.
have evolved. I am convinced that a lot of jobs will Grace Yes, I suppose that’s a good plan … But I’ve got my
have disappeared. It is clear to me that jobs in bum bag, my money will be pretty safe in there,
factories won’t exist because there will be robots to won’t it?
do these jobs. Joel Yes, I expect so, but still, better safe than sorry. I
Joel What? mean, thieves look out for tourists, they target them,
Grace You’re supposed to ask me questions – it’s a debate! you know.
Joel Oh, right, well … Erm … can you define robots? Grace OK, I’ll follow your advice, and use cash machines.
Grace Yes, I mean any kind of machine that works Joel Good plan – although be careful no one is watching
automatically. you. It’s a good idea to have a friend stand behind
Luke But surely robots will always need someone to you.
operate them? Grace Joel, are you trying to scare me? I’m not an idiot,
Grace Yes, but just one person to program, not a factory you know. Rosie will be there too, remember?
full of people. Anybody can see that most jobs will Joel Yes, right, that’s what worries me! Joking, joking …
disappear in ten years’ time.
Luke I doubt that very much - we’ll always need people to Unit 6, page 65, exercises 23, 24 and 25
do professional jobs.
Grace Hem … OK … could you explain what you mean by Joel Hi, Anna. What are you looking at? You look a bit
professional jobs? stunned.
Luke Yes, you know, bankers, teachers, we’ll always need Anna Well, Joel, I am. Come and see. Grace has just
teachers and scientists, and doctors. posted some new pictures. Look – that’s her new
Grace You can’t deny that robots already do these jobs. boyfriend, in front of his house.
Luke What? Really? Where did you get that information Joel Really? Who, which one? The one with long hair? He
from? looks familiar.
Grace Well, there is no doubt that robots already help Anna No, that’s a friend of his, I think. Grace’s boyfriend is
doctors perform most operations. the one standing next to the flashy sports car. He
Joel Oh, come on! You’re exaggerating. Helping is not the looks like a film star, look at that leather jacket, and
same as replacing. You need to research your facts. those sunglasses. I wonder where she met him?
Grace … I know, I hate this topic, what am I going to do? Joel Hmm, and is that really his house? It’s massive.
Luke Hmm … Anna Yes, it is. She says it’s got a swimming pool in the
Joel Look at it this way, this time tomorrow you will be grounds and a cinema in the basement.
able to relax. Joel Has it? Oh, well, that’s amazing … but are you sure … ?
Luke Yes, this time tomorrow you’ll have lost the debate Anna Yes. She says it’s been in his family for generations.
and we can all relax. Maybe he’s a lord or something …
Grace Thanks, great friend you are! Joel Yes, maybe … errr … what did you say his name
was?
Anna Oh, I don’t know. She doesn’t say … I’ll ask her.
Unit 5, page 57, exercises 22, 23 and 24 Joel Yes, you should. But actually I think I already know
Joel So, when are you off on your holiday? it. He’s the lead singer in that band, isn’t he? You
Grace Next week. New York City here we come! know, he’s the one that won the X Factor last year.
Joel Was that an American accent?! That was terrible. Anna Is he? Wow! Grace didn’t say …
Grace I know! Listen, I’m trying to decide how to carry my Joel No. Listen, I’m sorry, but I think she’s winding you up.
money. Rosie’s taking all hers in cash. Do you think Anna You mean …
that’s OK? I’m not sure. Joel Yep, I think maybe it’s a bit of fake news. Sorry, Anna!
Joel Hmm, well, I’d be a bit careful about that. Rosie’s Anna What? No way! Well, how mean is that!
Speaking Skills – Dialogues 277

Unit 7, page 75, exercises 22, 23 and 24 football! I’ve never been into team games. On the
whole, I’d rather do an individual sport.
Luke Grace! Grace, listen I need your help.
Luke Like swimming?
Grace Why? What’s the matter Luke? Are you OK?
Grace Mmm, maybe not. I don’t really like the swimming
Luke Oh yes, I’m fine but I’ve got to make dinner tonight
pool near the school. It’s always too crowded, you
– my parents are both working late and I promised
know, people get in your way all the time.
ages ago – I’ve only just remembered. They’ll be
Luke Not always. If you go first thing in the morning, there
home in half an hour so I need to get home quick
aren’t many people there, as a rule.
and start cooking, but I have no idea what to do.
Grace And how do you know that? Don’t tell me you go
Anna Typical! OK, so, go home, look in the fridge for eggs
swimming first thing in the morning – or ever?
and milk. Do you usually have eggs and milk at
Luke No, not these days. But I used to have a swimming
home?
lesson every week. I’d go before school. The pool
Grace Umm, eggs, yes … and er, milk, was it? Yes, there’s was almost empty then, generally speaking.
usually lots. Grace That was probably because you were there.
Grace Right. Good. What about cheese? Luke Ha ha very funny. So, come on then, what sport are
Luke Yes, we’ve always got parmesan. Will that be OK? you going to take up? How about running? I’ll do it if
Grace Yes, it’s fine. What about salad? you do.
Luke Errr, yes, would tomatoes be alright? We always Grace So when shall we start?
have tomatoes. Luke Hmm, I need some new trainers first.
Grace Yes, perfect. So, make a big omelette and serve it Grace Good point. Me too.
with tomato salad and bread. OK? Luke So, some time next week, then?
Luke OK. Err. What about dessert? Grace Sure. Some time next week.
Grace Oh I don’t know … fruit? What about a fruit salad?
Can you chop up some fruit, do you think?
Luke Oh, yes, good plan. And there’s ice cream in the freezer.
Grace Great, can I finish my essay now? Anna Oh, Joel, I’m really nervous – I’ve got an interview
Luke OK, umm, Grace? with the careers officer next week and I don’t know
Grace What now? what to say.
Luke Well, you know you said make an omelette? Umm, Joel Don’t worry, Anna, I’ll ask you a few questions. Sit
could you talk me through it … down, chillax.
Grace Oh, honestly! OK, listen, write it down, … first, get a Anna Chillax!
bowl and break six eggs into it. Joel Shall I be the interviewer first? Then we can change
Luke Six, did you say six? round.
Grace Yes … then add a bit of milk and some salt and Anna OK. I’m ready! Fire away.
pepper. Whisk it up with a fork. Joel Well, ahem … Thank you for coming, do sit down …
Luke Hang on … with a … fork? Is that what you said? Anna Get on with it!
Grace Yes … A fork … then grate some cheese into the Joel Could you tell me your full name, please?
mixture … Anna Yes, of course, it’s Anna Alison Smith.
Joel Thank you. And what shall I call you?
Anna Oh, er, please call me Anna.
Joel Right. So, umm … let me see … Tell me about your
Grace Wow, Luke, I’m so unfit these days, I really need to ideal job.
start doing some exercise. Anna Oh, er … Well, that’s an interesting question, when I
Luke You’re not the only one, Grace. I’m the same. I used was younger I wanted to be a doctor, but I’m not
to be quite sporty, you know. Now I mostly just sit sure now.
around. Joel OK, well, would you still like to work in science or in
Grace You? Sporty? You never do anything remotely sporty. a hospital?
Luke Oh, be fair, never is a bit strong. I mean, I sometimes Anna Err, I’m not sure, to be honest, err, let me see, well,
cycle to school. But I used to go cycling with a club maybe not, though I’d still like to work with people.
two to three times a week, and I was in a football Joel OK, well, err, what’s your favourite subject? Let’s
team, too. start with that.
Grace Wow, when was that? You were about 12, or Anna Well, I love languages and I think I’d like to visit other
something, right? I can’t even imagine you playing countries.
278 Speaking Skills – Dialogues

Joel Ah, OK, well, how about a travel guide? Luke Hmm, my mum and dad are the same. They say I
Anna Yes, err, possibly, but I’m not sure I’d like to work should be more tolerant, he’s only little.
with tourists. I think I’d like to help people, you Grace Oh, that’s not fair. Just because he’s younger than
know, people who are poor, who really need help. you doesn’t mean he can do what he likes.
Joel OK, I’ve got it, you’d like to do VSO or work for a Luke Too right. We all have a right to our privacy.
charity? Grace Yes – oh, and another thing … how come I always
Anna Err, sorry could you repeat that, please? have to help round the house and my sister
Joel Sorry, VSO, voluntary service overseas – work for a doesn’t? She always has a good excuse, she’s got
charity in a developing country, helping people. important homework, or she doesn’t feel well.
Anna Oh, yes, that’s it! Good idea! Thank you! OK, let’s Then I have to do it. And I have exams coming up,
switch. So … Thank you for coming. Do sit down … she doesn’t. I mean, she has loads more free time
Joel Right … than me.
Luke Yeah, I have to do everything too. Including
babysitting! At least you don’t have to do that!
Grace No, that’s true. If I had to babysit my sister, I hate to
Luke What’s up. Grace? You look a bit fed up. think what would happen! It’s a good thing she’s too
Grace That’s cos I am, Luke. It’s my sister. She’s so old for that!
annoying. Luke Well, lucky you. In fact, I have to babysit again
Luke What’s she done this time? tonight, which means I can’t go out. They don’t even
Grace Where do I start? She keeps borrowing things from pay me!
my room without asking. I never take her stuff. Grace That’s harsh. I tell you what, I could come round and
Luke Oh, tell me about it! My little brother’s always help you control him. I’m sure between us we could
coming into my room and taking things, and you manage it. It might even be fun. To tell you the truth,
should see the mess he makes. It drives me mad. I think he’s cute.
Grace I know! Same here. And my mum just thinks it’s Luke Oh well, if that’s what you think, yes, please, come
funny. She says it’s all part of family life. and help. He’s all yours …
Speaking Skills – Dialogues 279

VERB TABLES
Present simple
affirmative negative short answers
questions
full full contracted affirmative negative
I read I do not read I don’t read Do I read? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
you read you do not read you don’t read Do you read? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
she/he/it reads she/he/it does not read she/he/it doesn’t read Does she/he/it read? Yes, she/he/it does. No, she/he/it doesn’t.
we read we do not read we don’t read Do we read? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
you read you do not read you don’t read Do you read? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
they read they do not read they don’t read Do they read? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Present continuous
questions
full contracted full contracted affirmative negative
I am talking I’m talking I am not talking I’m not talking Am I talking? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
you are talking you’re talking you are not talking you aren’t talking Are you talking? Yes, you are. No, you’re not.
she/he/it is she/he/it’s she/he/it is not she/he/it isn’t Is she/he/it Yes, she/he/it is. No, she/he/it isn’t.
talking talking talking talking talking?
we are talking we’re talking we are not talking we aren’t talking Are we talking? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
you are talking you’re talking you are not talking you aren’t talking Are you talking? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
they are talking they’re talking they are not talking they aren’t talking Are they talking? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Past simple
questions
I played I did not play I didn’t play Did I play? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
you played you did not play you didn’t play Did you play? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
she/he/it played she/he/it did not play she/he/it didn’t play Did she/he/it play? Yes, she/he/it did. No, she/he/it didn’t.
we played we did not play we didn’t play Did we play? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.
you played you did not play you didn’t play Did you play? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
they played they did not play they didn’t play Did they play? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
Past continuous
questions
I was waiting I was not waiting I wasn’t waiting Was I waiting? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
you were waiting you were not waiting you weren’t waiting Were you waiting? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
she/he/it was waiting she/he/it was not she/he/it wasn’t Was she/he/it Yes, she/he/it was. No, she/he/it
waiting waiting waiting? wasn’t.
we were waiting we were not waiting we weren’t waiting Were we waiting? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.
you were waiting you were not waiting you weren’t waiting Were you waiting? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
they were waiting they were not waiting they weren’t waiting Were they waiting? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
280 Verb Tables

VERB TABLES
Present perfect
affirmative negative
full contracted full contracted
I have seen I’ve seen I have not seen I haven’t seen
you have seen you’ve seen you have not seen you haven’t seen
she/he/it has seen she/he/it’s seen she/he/it has not seen she/he/it hasn’t seen
we have seen we’ve seen we have not seen we haven’t seen
you have seen you’ve seen you have not seen you haven’t seen
they have seen they’ve seen they have not seen they haven’t seen
short answers
questions
Have I seen? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have you seen? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Has she/he/it seen? Yes, she/he/it has. No, she/he/it hasn’t.
Have we seen? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
Have you seen? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have they seen? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Present perfect continuous

I have been waiting I’ve been waiting I have not been waiting I haven’t been waiting
you have been waiting you’ve been waiting you have not been waiting you haven’t been waiting
she/he/it have been waiting she/he/it’s been waiting she/he/it has not been waiting she/he/it hasn’t been waiting
we have been waiting we’ve been waiting we have not been waiting we haven’t been waiting
you have been waiting you’ve been waiting you have not been waiting you haven’t been waiting
they have been waiting they’ve been waiting they have not been waiting they haven’t been waiting
short answers
questions
Have I been waiting? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have you been waiting? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Has she/he/it been waiting? Yes, she/he/it has. No, she/he/it hasn’t.
Have we been waiting? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
Have you been waiting? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have they been waiting? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Verb Tables 281

VERB TABLES
will
questions
I will I’ll I will not I won’t Will I? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
you will you’ll you will not you won’t Will you? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
she/he/it will she/he/it’ll she/he/it will not she/he/it won’t Will she/he/it? Yes, she/he/it will. No, she/he/it won’t.
we will we’ll we will not we won’t Will we? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.
you will you’ll you will not you won’t Will you? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
they will they’ll they will not they won’t Will they? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
Past perfect
I had seen I’d seen I had not seen I hadn’t seen
you had seen you’d seen you had not seen you hadn’t seen
she/he/it had seen she/he/it’d seen she/he/it had not seen she/he/it hadn’t seen
we had seen we’d seen we had not seen we hadn’t seen
you had seen you’d seen you had not seen you hadn’t seen
they had seen they’d seen they had not seen they hadn’t seen
short answers
questions
Had I seen? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.
Had you seen? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.
Had she/he/it seen? Yes, she/he/it had. No, she/he/it hadn’t.
Had we seen? Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.
Had you seen? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.
Had they seen? Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
Future perfect
questions
I will have seen I’ll have seen I will not have seen I won’t have seen Will I have seen? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
you will have you’ll have seen you will not have you won’t have Will you have seen? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
seen seen seen
she/he/it will she/he/it’ll have she/he/it will not she/he/it won’t Will she/he/it have Yes, she/he/ No, she/he/it
have seen seen have seen have seen seen? it will. won’t.
we will have we’ll have seen we will not have we won’t have Will we have seen? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.
seen seen seen
you will have you’ll have seen you will not have you won’t have Will you have seen? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
seen seen seen
they will have they’ll have seen they will not have they won’t have Will they have seen? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
seen seen seen
282 Verb Tables

VERB TABLES
Future continuous
I will be waiting I’ll be waiting I will not be waiting I won’t be waiting
you will be waiting you’ll be waiting you will not be waiting you won’t be waiting
she/he/it will be waiting she/he/it’ll be waiting she/he/it will not be waiting she/he/it won’t be waiting
we will be waiting we’ll be waiting we will not be waiting we won’t be waiting
you will be waiting you’ll be waiting you will not be waiting you won’t be waiting
they will be waiting they’ll be waiting they will not be waiting they won’t be waiting
short answers
questions
Will I be waiting? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.
Will you be waiting? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will she/he/it be waiting? Yes, she/he/it will. No, she/he/it won’t.
Will we be waiting? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.
Will you be waiting? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will they be waiting? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.
Passive tenses
affirmative negative questions short answers
present simple
it is made it isn’t made Is it made? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
they are made they aren’t made Are they made? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
past simple
it was made it wasn’t made Was it made? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
they were made they weren’t made Were they made? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
present perfect
it has been made it hasn’t been made Has it been made? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.
they have been made they haven’t been made Have they been made? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Verb Tables 283

IRREGULAR VERBS
base form past simple past participle base form past simple past participle
be was / were been lie lied lied
beat beat beaten light lit lit
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun make made made
bend bent bent mean meant meant
bet bet bet meet met met
bite bit bitten pay paid paid
bleed bled bled put put put
blow blew blown read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
break broke broken ride rode ridden
bring brought brought ring rang rung
build built built rise rose risen
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt run ran run
burst burst burst say said said
buy bought bought see saw seen
catch caught caught seek sought sought
choose chose chosen sell sold sold
come came come send sent sent
cost cost cost set set set
cut cut cut sew sewed sewn / sewed
deal dealt dealt shake shook shaken
dig dug dug shine shone shone
do did done shoot shot shot
draw drew drawn show showed shown
dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt shrink shrank shrunk
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
drive drove driven sing sang sung
eat ate eaten sink sank sunk
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep slept slept
feel felt felt smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found found spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forbid forbade forbidden split split split
forget forgot forgotten spread spread spread
forgive forgave forgiven spring sprang sprung
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given stick stuck stuck
go went gone sting stung stung
grow grew grown stink stank stunk
hang hung hung strike struck struck
have had had swear swore sworn
hear heard heard sweep swept swept
hide hid hidden swim swam swum
hit hit hit swing swung swung
hold held held take took taken
hurt hurt hurt teach taught taught
keep kept kept tear tore torn
know knew known tell told told
lay laid laid think thought thought
lead led led throw threw thrown
learn learned / learnt learned / learnt understand understood understood
leave left left wake woke woken
lend lent lent wear wore worn
let let let win won won
lie lay lain write wrote written
284 Irregular Verbs

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Photographer’s Choice; p. 38 (photo b): Hero Images; p. 38 (photo c): mrPliskin/E+; Images Plus; p. 215 (chocolate): artisteer/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 217:
p. 38 (bread): DmitriyKazitsyn/iStock Plus; p. 40 (TL) & p. 96 (BR): AFP; p. 40 (march): tommaso79/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 219 (target): lvcandy/DigitalVision Vectors;
Selcuk Acar/Anadolu Agency; p. 40 (protest): JASON REDMOND/AFP; p. 40 (BG): p. 221: KatarzynaBialasiewicz/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 223: ShutterWorx/E+; p.
subjob/iStock Plus; p. 41 (students): ColorBlind Images/The Image Bank; p. 41 (BR) 224 (swimming): chokkicx/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 224 (smoking): chokkicx/iStock/
& p. 77 (TL): sorbetto/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 41 (abstract): shuoshu/DigitalVision Getty Images Plus; p. 224 (litter): alessandro0770/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 224
Vectors; p. 41 (newspaper): vladwel/iStock Plus; p. 42 (book): Michael Freeman/ (dog): tombaky/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 224 (camp): Patiwit/iStock/Getty
Corbis Documentary; p. 43 (TL): Atomic Imagery/DigitalVision; p. 43 (BR): D-BASE/ Images Plus; p. 224 (ball): SvetaP/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 224 (alcohol):
DigitalVision; p. 44 (BL): IlexImage/E+; p. 45 (TL): Scott Peterson/Getty Images News; mizar_21984/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 224 (BR), p. 237, : Print Collector/Hulton
p. 46 (CR): JIM WATSON/AFP; p. 46 (TR): Pinkypills/iStock Plus; p. 48 (TL): Christian Archive; p. 225 (photo a): George C. Beresford/Hulton Archive; p. 225 (photo b):
Mueller/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 48 (CR): VisitBritain/Chris Renton; p. Meinzahn/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 225 (photo c): Dominique
48 (TR): cybrain/iStock Plus; p. 49: bowdenimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 52 BERRETTY/Gamma-Rapho; p. 230 (T) & p. 231 (CL): robbie jack/Corbis Entertainment;
(header): Peter Dazeley; p. 52 (header): Spaces Images/Blend Images; p. 52 (T): p. 231 (T): Robert Downie/EyeEm; pp. 232–233: Robert Downie/EyeEm; p. 234 (BL):
Marco Di Lauro/Getty Images News; p. 52 (C, B): Marco Di Lauro/Getty Images News; mspoli/iStock; p. 235: Archive Photos; p. 236: Fototeca Storica Nazionale./Hulton
p. 52 (handcuffs): Theerakit/iStock Plus; p. 53 (T): vicvic13/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Archive; p. 238: CactuSoup/Vetta; pp. 238–239: Alex Linghorn/Photolibrary; p. 239
p. 54 (canoe): Willard/iStock; p. 55 (police): Christopher Furlong/Getty Images Plus; (Siegfried Sassoon) & p. 244 (Cunard): Hulton Deutsch/Corbis Historical; p. 240 (BR):
p. 55 (CL): goldy/iStock Plus; p. 56 (camera): Yoanna Boyadzhieva/EyeEm; p. 56 avemario/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 240 (BC): Goldfinch4ever/iStock/Getty
(interrogation): RichLegg/E+; p. 56 (witness): rubberball; p. 56 (fingerprint): Images Plus; p. 240 (Icons): ChengChiLin/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 240 (BG):
smile3377/iStock Plus; p. 57 (B): johavel/iStock Plus; p. 57 (silhouettes): Bearty/ MarsBars/E+; p. 240 (TR): Frank Bienewald/LightRocket; p. 240 (player): filborg/
iStock Plus; p. 58 (TL): BrianAJackson/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 58 (BR): iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 241 (bacteria): PASIEKA/Science Photo Library; p. 241
Lightcome/iStock Plus; p. 59 (TL): omgimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 59 (TR): (capsule): pbombaert/Moment; p. 242 (photo a): iXinXing/iStock/Getty Images
Denis Doyle; p. 60 (flood): Marco Secchi/Getty Images News; p. 60 (boot): Plus; p. 242 (photo b): niball/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 242 (photo c): nechaev-
DelmeThomasPhotography/iStock; p. 60 (T): valentinrussanov/iStock Plus; p. 61 (B): kon/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 242 (photo d): LittleBee80/iStock/Getty Images
AmedeoZullo/iStock; p. 62 (BL): ulimi/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 63 (Europe): Planet Plus; p. 242 (photo e): Chris Ryan/OJO Images; p. 242 (photo f ): sankalpmaya/iStock/
Observer/UIG; p. 63 (meteorite): StephanHoerold/E+; p. 63 (BG): Digital Vision Plus; Getty Images Plus; p. 242 (TR): Yuri_Arcurs/E+; p. 243 (crowded city): Print Collector/
p. 64 (Taj): saiko3p/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 64 (White Temple): rmnunes/iStock/ Hulton Fine Art Collection; p. 243 (war): MPI/Archive Photos; p. 243 (paper): Gregor
Getty Images Plus; p. 64 (La Sagrada): Peter Phipp/Photolibrary; p. 64 (London): Schuster/Photographer’s Choice RF; p. 243 (BR): saemilee/DigitalVision Vectors; p.
OlegAlbinsky; p. 64 (boot): PierreDesrosiers/iStock Plus; p. 64 (belt): Sergey_ 244 (BL): Jakataka/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 244 (BR): PASHA18/iStock/Getty Images
Peterman/iStock Plus; p. 64 (museum): Howard Kingsnorth/Photolibrary; p. 66 Plus; p. 244 (walking): Time & Life Pictures; p. 244 (BG): Chester Ong/Dorling
(swans): David Tipling/Lonely Planet Images; p. 66 (water): danilovi/E+; p. 67 (pie Kindersley; p. 244 (TR): Kaupang/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 244 (parchment):
chart): mathisworks/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 70 (BL): dlerick/E+; p. 70 (BR): T.T./The StellarGraphic/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 245 (BL): Selektor/E+; p. 245 (envelope):
Image Bank; p. 70 (tomato): anna1311/iStock Plus; p. 70 (T): clubfoto; pp. 72–73 Coprid/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 245 (logo): serkorkin/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
(BG): dogayusufdokdok/E+; p. 73 (Chef ): Pier Marco Tacca/Getty Images News; p. 73 p. 245 (BR): mediaphotos/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 246 (microscope): Coco
(Johnny): Dougal Waters/DigitalVision; p. 73 (Kylie): filadendron/E+; p. 73 (Greg): Flamingo/Imagezoo; p. 246 (BL): Science Photo Library; p. 246 (virus): Kittisak_
Justin Case/DigitalVision; p. 74 (crumble): AnjelaGr; p. 74 (apples): OlyaSolodenko/ Taramas/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 247 (CL): Bettmann; p. 247 (TR): Print
iStock Plus; p. 76 (BR): Maxiphoto/E+; p. 76 (BC) & p. 266 (CR): Lew Robertson/ Collector/Hulton Archive; p. 247 (BR): Farinosa/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 248:
DigitalVision; p. 76 (TL): Jonathan Kantor/DigitalVision; p. 78 (girl): fizkes; p. 78 negoworks/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 248 (BG): National Institutes of Health/
(header): AVAVA/iStock Plus; p. 78 (digital clock): kickstand/E+; p. 78 (analog clocks): Stocktrek Images; p. 248 (CR): Auscape/Universal Images Group; p. 248 (BR): Jane
Rouzes/E+; p. 78 (BG): Oktay Ortakcioglu Plus; p. 79 (B): SteveStone/E+; p. 80 Burton/Nature Picture Library; p. 249 (CR): Brian Hagiwara/Photolibrary; p. 249 (CL):
(discussion): Youst/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 80 (newspaper): Don Farrall/DigitalVision tanuha2001/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 250 (Barcelona): TomasSereda/iStock
Plus; p. 80 (man): dima_sidelnikov/iStock Plus; p. 80 (beach): Lisa-Blue/iStock Plus; Editorial; p. 250 (object): Bombyx/iStock Plus; p. 250 (circle): Weedezign/iStock Plus;
p. 80 (train): Nikada/E+; p. 81 (TL): Universal Images Group; p. 81 (woman): p. 251 (email): Aşkın Dursun KAMBEROĞLU/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 251 (B):
antoniokhr/iStock Plus; p. 252 (TC): vuk8691/E+; p. 252 (TR): 22kay22/iStock Plus; p. Photolibrary Video; 00:27: AfriLens/Creatas Video; 00:33: WireImage House/Getty
253: dobok/iStock Plus; p. 254 (policeman): Andrew_Howe/E+; p. 254 (newspaper): Images Entertainment Video; 00:38: NurPhoto/Getty Images Editorial Footage;
Zerbor/iStock Plus; p. 254 (notepad): jaroszpilewski/iStock Plus; p. 254 (camera): 00:44: ITN; 00:50: A&E Television Networks/Image Bank Film; 00:58: The March of
MicrovOne/iStock Plus; p. 255 (Indiana Jones): Murray Close; p. 255 (CL): Peter Time; 01:08: De Agostini/M. Finotti/De Agostini Picture Library; 01:19: Bill Bennett/
Unger/Lonely Planet Images; p. 255 (frame): hudiemm/iStock Plus; p. 255 (BG): Corbis Video; 01:27, 01:54 & 02:09: Discovery FootageSource; 01:42: RockfordMedia/
Vitalalp/iStock Plus; p. 255 (paper): ke77kz/iStock Plus; p. 256 (girl): LittleBee80/ Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 02:01: SkyworksFootage/Creatas Video; 02:16:
iStock; p. 256 (laptop): wabeno/iStock; p. 256 (coffee): djgunner/E+; p. 256 (chef ): A&E Television Networks/Image Bank Film; 02:26: Gary Isaacson/Image Bank
Hero Images/DigitalVision; p. 257 (spaceship): koya79/iStock Plus; p. 257 Film; Unit 7: 00:03: piola666/Vetta; 00:11: William Livingston Productions Inc./
(blackboard): eli_asenova/iStock Plus; p. 258 (TL): 1001nights/E+; p. 258 (woman): Verve; 00:23: staticnak1983/Creatas Video; 00:32: footagefactory/Image Bank
izusek/E+; p. 259 (B): lenanet/iStock Plus; p. 259 (soldiers): Frank Rossoto Stocktrek/ Film; 00:50: piola666/Creatas Video; 01:03: Buena Vista Images/Photodisc; 01:17:
DigitalVision; p. 260 (BR): Savaryn/iStock Plus; p. 261: ViktorCap/iStock Plus; p. 263 Rick Steves/Getty Images Editorial Footage; 01:29: Froomer Pictures Ltd./Image
(satellite): ClaudioVentrella/iStock Plus; p. 264 (BL): grinvalds/iStock Plus; p. 264 (BR): Bank Film; 01:36: genjok/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 01:44: vidfoot/Creatas
Avosb/iStock Plus; p. 265 (earth): comotion_design/E+; p. 266 (CL): Floortje/E+; p. Video; 01:50: navigatorstudio/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 01:57: Kardaska/
266 (B): malerapaso/E+; p. 267 (woman): John Sommer/E+; p. 267 (head): Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 02:04: Sky News/Film Image Partner; 02:12:
brainmaster/E+; p. 268 (man): Yuri_Arcurs/DigitalVision; p. 268 (bulb): gorica/iStock korudirect/Creatas Video; 02:23: haoliang/Creatas Video; 02:29: Science Photo
Plus; p. 269 (court): Dkart/E+; p. 269 (man) & p. 269 (woman): OSTILL/iStock Plus. Library/Photolibrary Video; Unit 8: 00:03: STK Pictures/Image Bank Film: Signature;
00:08: Wavebreakmedia/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 00:13: Rocketclips/
p. 25 (CR): Jeff Morgan 07/Alamy Stock Photo/Alamy; p. 232 (CL): Pictorial Press Ltd/ Verve+; 00:21: monkeybusinessimages/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 00:30:
Alamy Stock Photo/Alamy; p. 246 (TR): Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo/ Purplevideos/Creatas Video; 00:38: STK Pictures/Image Bank Film: Signature;
Alamy; p. 247 (CR): FineArt/Alamy Stock Photo/Alamy. 00:54: code6d/Creatas Video; 01:04: simonkr/Creatas Video; 01:09: Mark Andersen/
Photolibrary Video; 01:19: ZoneCreative/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 01:27:
Videos Don Cravens/The LIFE Images Collection; 01:40: 3ddi3/Creatas Video+/Getty
All videos are sourced from GettyImages. Images Plus; 01:46: ITN; 01:57: hoozone/Creatas Video; 02:08: nmlfd/Vetta; 02:15:
tawattiw/Creatas Video; 02:23: tawattiw/Creatas Video; Unit 9: 00:03: Sons of
Unit 1: 00:04: ykol/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 00:06: Martin Lisius/Image Thunder Enterprises Inc/Image Bank Film; 00:13: Deluxe Photo/Image Bank Film;
Bank Film; 00:08: VisitBritain/Photolibrary Video; 00:10: KLH49/Creatas Video; 00:12: 00:19: Aldo Pavan - Footage/Getty Images Editorial Footage; 00:25: Do Diligence
Thomas Barwick/one80: Signature; 00:18: Stusya/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Inc./Image Bank Film: Signature; 00:35: Allstar Picture Library/Photolibrary Video;
Plus; 00:30: Mr. Big Film/one80: Signature; 00:40: Archive Films/Archive Films: 00:42: Peter John Phipp/Image Bank Film; 00:49: ReeldealHD Ltd./Verve+; 00:55:
Editorial; 00:44: Frame Level Productions/Image Bank Film; 00:54: footagefactory/ SolStock/Vetta; 01:09: gabriel__bostan/Creatas Video; 01:20: miodrag ignjatovic/
Image Bank Film; 00:59: Prelinger/Archive Films: Creative; 01:02: Ultra Film/ Creatas Video; 01:23: bluecinema/Creatas Video; 01:26: Photolibrary Pty Limited/
Archive Films: Creative; 01:06: Sea Monkey Associates Inc./Verve; 01:09: n-trash/ Oxford Scientific Video; 01:28: Big Circle Pictures/Image Bank Film: Signature; 01:30:
Creatas Video; 01:14: martin-dm/Creatas Video; 01:18: mkToy/Creatas Video; 01:23: FatCamera/Creatas Video; 01:39: jessikla/Creatas Video; 01:45: Kustvideo/Creatas
NurPhoto/Getty Images Editorial Footage; 01:33: Nikocam/Corbis Video; 01:38: Video+/Getty Images Plus; 01:52: simonkr/Creatas Video; 01:59: basketman23/
Nikocam/Corbis Video; 01:42: Sky News/Film Image Partner; 01:46: ITN Archive Creatas Video; 02:11: Ariel Skelley/Iconica Video: Signature; 02:23: Prelinger/Archive
Limited/Getty Images Editorial Footage; 01:51: valentinrussanov/Vetta; 02:00: Films: Creative; Unit 10: 00:03: Erik Lattwein/Alamy Stock Photo; 00:10: Christian
jjneff/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 02:03: Earthchild Productions/Image Bank Ender/Image Bank Film; 00:19: Education Images/Universal Images Group; 00:25–
Film; 02:06: CICADA TV/Oxford Scientific Video; 02:09: robertharding/Photolibrary 00:43: Grinberg, Paramount, Pathe Newsreels/Sherman Grinberg Library; 00:52:
Video; 02:12: MasterShot/Creatas Video+; Unit 2: 00:04: Imageways/Archive Film Audio Services/Archive Films: Creative; 00:59: Film Audio Services - Footage/
Films: Creative; 00:12: Prelinger/Archive Films: Creative; 00:17: BFI HD Collection/ Archive Films: Editorial; 01:05: Luka99/Creatas Video; 01:14: Ronnie Kaufman/Image
Archive Films: Creative; 00:27: marrio31/Creatas Video; 00:33: ozgedemirci/Creatas Bank Film: Signature; 01:25: ITN; 01:32: ko_orn/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus;
Video+/Getty Images Plus; 00:39: RubberBall Productions LLC/Verve+; 00:49: 01:43: Christian Ender/Image Bank Film; 01:55: Education Images/Universal Images
Multi-bits/Image Bank Film; 00:52: piola666/Creatas Video; 00:55: Nisian Hughes/ Group; 02:02: Artisan 14/Oxford Scientific Video; 02:14: Luka99/Creatas Video.
Image Bank Film: Signature; 00:58: Mixmike/Creatas Video; 01:01: Stephen Marks
Inc./Photolibrary Video; 01:07: BFI HD Collection/Archive Films: Creative; 01:17: Illustrations by Damiano Groppi.
iknowhow/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 01:20: Sky News/Film Image Partner;
01:25: Sky News/Film Image Partner; 01:30: selamiozalp/Creatas Video; 01:34: Music
freelance videgrapher/Moment Video RF; 01:38: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images All music is sourced from GettyImages.
News; 01:44: Stewart Cohen Pictures/Image Bank Film: Signature; 01:57: HECTOR
MATA/AFP; 02:02: winterling/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; 02:08: simonkr/ Starter: Classical – Enzo Orefice/SoundExpress; Jazz – FivePlay Jazz Quintet/
Creatas Video; Unit 3: 00:03: OrlowskiDesigns/Creatas Video+/Getty Images Plus; SoundExpress; Electronic – Alekss Hercbergs/SoundExpress; Pop – Jack D.
00:06: Feature Story News - Footage/Getty Images Editorial Footage; 00:13: Elliot/SoundExpress; Blues –piccadillyCircus/SoundExpress; Folk – Stephan
OlgaGroza/Creatas Video; 00:17: Miquel Benitez/Getty Images Entertainment Hermannsdörfer/SoundExpress. U1: Michael Egan/SoundExpress. U2: Galactic
Video; 00:25: Getty Images Video/Getty Images Entertainment Video; 00:33: Anthems/SoundExpress. U3: Sergey Gutorov/SoundExpress. U4: Richard Ames/
Miquel Benitez/Getty Images Entertainment Video; 00:40: Getty Images Video/ SoundExpress. U5: Dominik Hauser/SoundExpress. U6: Mauricio Yazigi Music/
Getty Images Entertainment Video; 00:55: Silver555/Creatas Video+/Getty Images SoundExpress. U7: Peter Lainson/SoundExpress. U8: Chrissy Flatt/SoundExpress.
Plus; 01:02: VikramRaghuvanshi/Creatas Video; 01:08: ITN Archive Limited/Getty U9: Peggy Atwood/SoundExpress. U10: RFM/SoundExpress. Changing Language:
Images Editorial Footage; 01:17: Sky News/Film Image Partner; 01:22: Brian Craig/ Thomas Feller/SoundExpress.
Getty Images Entertainment Video; 01:29: Deluxe Photo/Image Bank Film; 01:36:
Sky News/Film Image Partner; 01:46: WGBH Stock Sales - Footage/Getty Images Video stills by Lada films.
Editorial Footage; 01:51: jal/wlp/Image Bank Film; 01:56: GRN - Footage/Getty
Images Editorial Footage; 02:01: Tom Stoddart - Footage/Getty Images Editorial Video produced by Lada films.
Footage; 02:04: Getty Images Video/Getty Images Entertainment Video; 02:08: Sky
News/Film Image Partner; Unit 4: 00:03: Hulton Archive; 00:04: znichka/Creatas CLIL Modules by Teresa Ting.
Video+/Getty Images Plus; 00:09: Hulton Archive; 00:11: Universal History Archive/
Universal Images Group; 00:13: BFI HD Collection/Archive Films: Creative; 00:20: The publishers would like to extend a special thank you to the following teachers
Peter Starman; 00:20: The Movie Rocket/Verve+; 00:28: Hulton Archive; 00:33: for the invaluable feedback they have provided during the development of the
Discovery FootageSource; 00:38: Laurence Dutton/Vetta; 00:51: lixuyao/Vetta; material:
00:54: Thought Equity Motion/Verve+; 01:02: Stephen Marks Inc./Photolibrary Claudia Bianchi, Paola Camiciottoli, Giovanna Da Villa, Fiorenza Iori
Video; 01:10: Lisa-Blue/Vetta; 01:14: ImagesBazaar/Photolibrary Video; 01:14: Big
Circle Pictures/Image Bank Film: Signature; 01:21: Caiafilm; 01:28: Thomas Barwick/ The authors and publishers would also like to thank the following teachers:
Image Bank Film: Signature; 01:38: Image Source Ltd/Verve+; 01:52: BFI HD Albertini Katia, Aldegheri Federica, Ariatta Annamaria, Attimonelli Francesca,
Collection/Archive Films: Creative; 02:03: RubberBall Productions LLC/Verve+; Avigdor Silvia, Bernascone Rossella, Bertino Mauro, Cara Laura, Coppola Antonietta,
02:12: MachineHeadz/Creatas Video; 02:17: Laurence Dutton/Creatas Video; 02:22: Cusinato Mirella, Davino Stefania, Di Marco Cecilia, Fattori Paola, Finzi Mughetto,
Hyperfocal Film Co./Image Bank Film; Unit 5: 00:03: OmniMovi Ltd/Corbis Video; Fioretta Laura, Giolitti Loredana, Giorgi Claudia, Marchetti Cristina, Meini Valtere,
00:08: Footagestore - Footage/Archive Films: Editorial; 00:13: Footagestore - Moscati Franca, Munno Pasquale, Nicolosi Patrizia, Norsa Alessandra, Orlarei Maria
Footage/Archive Films: Editorial; 00:25: Purplevideos/Creatas Video; 00:33: Sky Pia, Paoli Anna, Patrizia Cozzini, Pescini Benedetta, Petrelli Patrizia, Piras Gianna,
News/Film Image Partner; 00:44: Purplevideos/Creatas Video; 00:56: John Duncan Pisani Antonella, Pluchino Rossana, Pontillo Francesca, Pozzi Ausilia, Prato Maria
Films/Moment Video RF; 01:00–01:48: Marco Di Lauro/Reportage/Getty Images Teresa, Puccioni Laura, Radini Claudia, Roffi Donatella, Romagnoli Anna Maria,
News; 01:57: Discovery FootageSource; 02:05–02:21: Marco Di Lauro/Reportage/ Rossi Antonella, Sale Cinzia, Salvagno Martina, Sollevanti Elena, Sortino Flaviana,
Getty Images News; 02:21: Tara Moore/Image Bank Film: Signature; Unit 6: 00:03: Stefanini Laura, Stringa Daniela, Tagliaretti Elena, Tubino Raffaella, Venturi Letizia,
Craig McCourry/Verve+; 00:14: valentinrussanov/Creatas Video; 00:20: AsiaImages/ Zambito Francesca, Zecchi Antonella
First Published by Cambridge University Press 2018
© Cambridge University Press 2018
cambridge.org/cambridgeenglish
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Nonostante la passione e la competenza delle persone coinvolte nella realizzazione di quest’opera, è possibile che in
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Progetto grafico SB: Simona Corniola – Colibrì graphic design, Rapallo

Impaginazione: Simona Corniola – Colibrì graphic design, Rapallo; Fregi e Majuscole s.r.l., Torino
Redazione: Fregi e Majuscole s.r.l., Torino
Copertina: Massimo Principi Adv, Torino
Stampa: Printed in Italy by Rotolito S.p.A.

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DIDATTICA INCLUSIVA

Student’s Book & Workbook

MandyV’s big blog

Grammar Guide and thought-

boxes and provoking texts.

activities. Ano he Ven ce

of music. Write the order you hear.

with clear and

6 Starter A Starter A 7 60 Unit 6 Unit 6 61

12 PAIRWORK Answer the questions.

e you ever disagreed with someone

ended up having a big argument?

......... Could you have handled

between the media WR T NG SK LLS

er, or would it have happened anyway? respect

stay and the public.

even if you disagree with what they say

n friends fall out, there are usually 5

practice and of interaction is valuable? verb tables and

◗ Speak in a normal, conversational voice – not too

me when it happens. .............

concept irregular verb list

up for quietly, not too loudly. m

course, it’s important to stick

rself and state your own opinion. If you

◗ Watch your body language. Try to relax, and look

’t, it’s probably because last century.

activities in 13 Read complete

comments below two online

friendly and interested.

-confidence, and you’re too afraid of

articles. What were the articles

◗ Listen to the other person, and consider their points.

ting other people’s feelings – you’d m

every unit. reference section.

◗ Respect the other person’s feelings, and their right 35

her hurt your own! 3 .............

mto their own opinions. thread A What an interesting review.

7 Look at the photo and answer the questions.

ntence. Then listen and check. 1 byarguments

People24often write theirandown

differently, the whole thing could have been avoided.

Insert sentences into the textquietly, not too loudly.

aggressive – especially if you’re angry.

main text, or continue the

people’s feelings – you’d

about? fall outComment : litigano

stick up for yourself : farsi valere

comments that form a

That doesn’t necessarily 15 ◗ Remember it’s OK

an argument and walk away?

you shouldn’t have said?

the sound you hear. Your partner accents.

Funct ona anguage v deos Chang ng Language v deos use he a es

a school rule. of the verbs in brackets.

you for further study

the best answer.

3 Express your own viewpoint.

provide practice of the Cambridge providing exam-style

English: First (FCE) exam. of unit language.m

VOCABULARY LIFE SKILLS

C me and he u ce y em normal and good behaviour:

social skills needed

for today’s world.