NAME: GUZMAN, RHYL HARLAN RATING:__________________

GROUP #:_____________________ DATE: 9/1/2021

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
COMMON LABORATORY OPERATIONS

OBJECTIVE:
1. To be familiar with the common laboratory operations regularly done in the chemistry
laboratory
2. To perform the common laboratory operations competently.

PROCEDURES:

1. Watch the following videos to understand and familiarize yourselves about the
common laboratory operations done in a chemistry laboratory.

a) A3Academy: Lab Techniques - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs-iWnBgke8

b) Common Lab Techniques Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrL9gXV__rk

c) Basic Laboratory Techniques - MeitY OLabs - https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=22ZB0ZwvOsQb

2. After watching the given videos, answer the activity questions below. And research
on the others procedures.

ACTIVITY QUESTIONS

1. Define the following terms:

a. Precipitation f. Decantate
b. Precipitate g. Residue
c. Filtration h. Supernatant
d. Filtrate i. Centrifugation
e. Decantation j. Centrifugate
  Precipitation- a chemical process in which a solid substance is produced
from a liquid.
 Precipitate- a solid formed by a change in a solution, often due to a
chemical reaction or change in temperature that decreases solubility of a
solid.
 Filtration- Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or
gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not
the solid.
 Filtrate- It is the liquid which has passed through the filter.
 Decantation- the process of pouring away a liquid while leaving a solid
(often a precipitate) behind.
 Decantate- to draw off (a liquid) without disturbing the sediment or the
lower liquid layers.
 Residue- The substance that remains after evaporation, distillation,
filtration or any similar process.
 Supernatant- The usually clear liquid overlying material deposited by
settling, precipitation, or centrifugation.
 Centrifugation- is a technique that, by rotating the sample at high speed,
separates solids suspended in a liquid (or liquids of different densities).
 Centifugate- rotate at very high speed in order to separate the liquids from
the solids.

2. Draw and label a set-up for evaporation.

3. Draw and label a set-up for evaporation – using a water bath.
4. Name and describe three (3) laboratory apparatus used to transfer liquid from one
container to another container.

 Pipette bulb- Used to transfer accurately measured amounts of liquid from

one container to another.
 Funnel- Used to pour liquids into another container without the risk of
spilling the liquid.
 Pasteur pipettes (or pipets)- are the most commonly used tool for transferring
small volumes of liquids from one container to another. They are considered
disposable, although some institutions may clean and reuse them if they have
a method for preventing the fragile tips from breaking.

5. Enumerate at least five (5) proper ways or safety procedures that should be done
when handling laboratory glasswares?
1. Clean glassware as soon as possible. The longer it is left unwashed, the harder it
will be to clean. If cleaning can’t be done immediately, soak the glassware or fill it
with cleaning solution until it can be cleaned properly.
 2. Always wear proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This includes safety
glasses, lab coat, and chemical gloves compatible with the cleaning agents being
used.
3. Carefully scrape away any thick solids from the glass if possible. Unless the solids
are known to be non-hazardous, dispose as hazardous waste in the Satellite
Accumulation area (SAA).
4. If using solvents for cleaning glassware, always collect the spent solvent or
cleaning solution and properly dispose as flammable hazardous waste in the SAA.
This includes solvents such as alcohols, acetone, methanol, and toluene. DO NOT
dispose of solvents in the sink drains! Always perform cleaning involving solvents
inside a ventilated fume hood.
5. Use of potassium hydroxide/alcohol baths for removing surface functional groups
on glassware must be performed with care. Always wear appropriate heavy chemical
gloves (neoprene) when adding/removing glassware. If possible, use long-handled
tongs rather than immersing gloved hands in the bath. Rinse bath solution off the
gloves before storing for later use. DO NOT dispose of the cleaning solution down
the sink drains; it must be disposed as flammable hazardous waste. Any initial rinses
of the glassware will contain significant contamination and must also be collected
and disposed as hazardous waste.
6. Aggressive cleaning methods may involve the use of corrosive solutions such as
sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or chromic acid.
These cleaning methods should only be used as a last resort on glassware that has
already been thoroughly scraped and rinsed to remove as much material as
possible. Excess material may react violently with corrosive cleaning solutions. DO
NOT dispose any of these solutions into the sink drains. They must be disposed as
hazardous waste. In the event that the solutions require neutralization (e.g., Aqua
Regia), an approved treatment permit from Waste Management is required.
6. What are the proper procedures or safety precautions that you should do when:
a. Heating or cooling laboratory glasswares?

 Use Pyrex or heat-treated glass for heating operations.

 Never put cold glassware onto a pre-heated hotplate. Always warm up the
glassware from ambient temperature.
 Use gloves in holding hot glassware.
b. Cleaning and drying laboratory glasswares?

 To remove organic residues, rinse glasware briefly with an organic solvent

(acetone or ethanol). The used rinse will then be discarded into the
organic waste.
 Use warm tap water and a brush with soapy water to scrub the inside of
curved glassware. This waste water can go down the sink.
 Remove soapsuds with deionized water to avoid harsh water stains. The
DI water rinse should form a smooth sheet when poured through clean
glassware. If this sheeting action is not seen, more aggressive cleaning is
needed. To expedite the glass-drying process, rinse again with acetone to
remove water. The residual acetone will go into the organic waste
container.
c. Disposing of contaminated and uncontaminated broken glassware?
Contaminated

 Contaminated glassware (broken or unbroken) is disposed of in a Sharps

Disposal Container and discarded through our Waste Disposal program.
 Wear gloves, safety glasses with side shields, and lab coat.
 Work within a fume hood or appropriate engineering control.

Uncontaminated
 Use a small brush and dust pan available to clean up after small
accidents. Forceps or duct tape can be used to pick up the smaller pieces
of broken glass.
 Use gloves if picking glassware
7. Enumerate and discuss five (5) Common Methods of Separating a Solid-Liquid
Mixture.

 Separation by filtration- The process of removing insoluble solids from a liquid

by using a filter paper is known as filtration. Filtration is used separating
insoluble substances from a liquid.
 Separation by centrifugation- We can separate the suspended particles of a
substance in a liquid very rapidly by using the method of centrifugation.
 Separation by Evaporation- The changing of liquid into vapours is called
evaporation. Evaporation is used to separate a solid substance that has
dissolved in water (or any other liquid).
 Purification by crystallization- The process of cooling a hot, concentrated
solution of a substance to obtain crystals is called crystallization.
 Separation by distillation- Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form
vapour, and then cooling the vapour to get back liquid.

REFERENCES:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/precipitation
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-precipitate-604612
https://www.thoughtco.com/filtration-definition-4144961
https://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/D/decantation.html
https://www.yourdictionary.com/residue
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernatant#:~:text=%3A%20the%20usually
%20clear%20liquid%20overlying,by%20settling%2C%20precipitation%2C%20or
%20centrifugation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/centrifugation
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/centrifugate#:~:text=centrifugate%20%2D%20rotate%20at
%20very%20high,centrifuge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.rsc.org%2Fexperiments
%2Fseparating-sand-and-salt-by-filtering-and-evaporation
%2F386.article&psig=AOvVaw1QMtuoYfHuTQtiDCA311Xm&ust=1630657535840000&sour
ce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCIi65O3u3_ICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAl
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fchemistrygod.com%2Fcharles-law-
experiment&psig=AOvVaw2TfkUuYQXf0RBiSKmeTHwY&ust=1630659713459000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCODSjY393_ICFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.dummies.com/education/science/chemistry/ap-chemistry-an-overview-of-common-
lab-equipment/
https://eta-safety.lbl.gov/safety-alert/glassware-cleaning-precautions
https://www.marquette.edu/riskunit/environmental/glassware.shtml
https://www.txstate.edu/chemistry/student-resources/Stockroom/cleaning-laboratory-
glassware.html
https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/glass-and-other-sharps-injury-and-illness-prevention-labs
https://safety.olemiss.edu/safety-training/safety-training-information/disposal-of-laboratory-
glassware/
https://www.aplustopper.com/separate-mixture-solid-liquid-using-evaporation/