EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Submitted By: Tamia Shoaib

Registration No: 29-FBAS/MSES/F21
Submitted To: Dr Waqar-UN-Nisa
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
(CIRBS)
WHAT IS EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION?
Extraction
Extraction is a separation
process consisting in the
separation of a substance
from a matrix. Common
examples include liquid-
liquid extraction, and solid
phase extraction.
Purification
Purification in a chemical context
is the physical separation of a
chemical substance of interest
from foreign or contaminating
substances. Purification means
the removal of unwanted
impurities present in an organic
compounds. Example is
Sublimation and Crystallization.
 1: Solid Phase Extraction
2: Solvent Extraction
3: Differential Extraction
CONTENTS 4: Sublimation
5: Filtration
6: Crystallization
WHAT IS SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION?
“A solid phase extraction consist of bringing a liquid or
gaseous test sample in contact with a solid phase, whereby
the analyte is selectively adsorbed on the surface of solid
phase.”
.SPE is a sample preparation technology that uses
solid particle, chromatographic packing material,
usually contained in a cartridge type device, to
chemically separate the different components of a
sample.
SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction is a continuous
extraction procedure that takes place in
a special apparatus.
 Solvent extraction is an important technique in
chemical analysis. According to this technique
 A solute can be separated from a solution by
shaking the solution with a solvent in which the
solute
 is more soluble and the added solvent does
not mix with the solution.
 SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction, also called liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on
their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids.
Immiscible liquids are ones that cannot get mixed up together
and separate into layers when shaken together. These liquids are
usually water and an organic solvent.
Organic compounds are generally much more soluble in organic
solvents, like benzene, chloroform, and ether, than in water and
these solvents are immiscible with water.
PROCEDURE OF SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
 ETHER EXTRACTION
❑The most common laboratory example of solvent extraction is ether
extraction.
❑This is used to separate the products of organic synthesis from water. In a
typical organic synthesis, the aqueous solution containing the organic product is
shaken up with ether in a separating funnel and allowed to separate.
❑The inorganic impurities remain in aqueous phase whereas the organic
compound goes to the ether layer. The ether layer is separated and the
organic product is obtained by evaporating the ether.
❑ The technique is particularly useful when the product is volatile or thermally
unstable.
 Differential extraction is the method of separation
of any organic component present in an aqueous
solution. In this process, we use an organic solvent
for which the solubility of the desired compound is
more than compared to that in water. Also,
the organic solvent is chosen such that it is
DIFFERENTIAL immiscible with the aqueous solution so that it can
EXTRACTION form layers and can be separated easily using a
separating funnel.

The process of continuous extraction is used in

cases when the solubility of the compound is
less in the organic solvent.
DIFFERENTIAL
EXTRACTION
 SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the
solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid
state.
It is a process in which a solid, when heated, vapourizes
directly without passing through the liquid phase and these
vapours can be condensed to form the solid again.
It is frequently used to purify a solid. Examples of such
solids are ammonium chloride, iodine, naphthalene, benzoic
acid, etc.
 HOW TO CARRY OUT THE PROCESS OF
SUBLIMATION?
❑To carry out the process, the substance is taken in a watch-glass
covered with an inverted funnel.
❑ The substance is then heated slowly over a sand-bath and the
funnel is cooled with wet cotton.
❑ The pure solid deposits on the inner side of the funnel.
❑ It is an endothermic process.
SUBLIMATION
 The process of filtration is used to
separate insoluble particles from
liquids.

It can be performed with several

types of filter media.
FILTRATION
Nature of the precipitate and other
factors dictate which filter medium
must be used.
WAYS OF FILTRATION

The most convenient ways

of filtration are either
through a
 filter paper or through
 a filter crucible.
FILTER PAPER
Filtration by a glass funnel and filter
paper is usually a slow process. As
the mixture is poured onto
the filter paper, the solvent (water)
passes through leaving behind the
suspended particles on the filter
paper.
Filter papers are available in a
variety of porosites (pore sizes) .
Which pore size is to be used,
depends upon the size of particles in
the precipitate.
FLUTED FILTER PAPER
The rate of filtration through conical funnel
can be considerably increased using a
Fluted Filter paper.

For preparation of such a paper ordinary

filter paper is folded in such a way that a
fan like

arrangement with alternate elevations and

depressions at various folds is obtained.
CRYSTALLIZATION
 CRYSTALLIZATION
➢ Crystallization is the removal of a solid
from solution by increasing its
concentration above the saturation
point in such a manner that the excess
solid separates out in the form of
crystals.
➢ The basic principle of crystallization is
the fact that the solute should be
soluble in a suitable solvent at high
temperature and the excess amount of
the solute is thrown out as crystals
when it is cooled.
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