 MEANING

 GENERAL PROCEDURE
 FACTORS
 TYPE
 METHODS/USES
 EXTRACTION
Extractions are a way to separate a desired
substance when it is mixed with others.

The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent

in which the substance of interest is soluble, but
the other substances present are insoluble.

In this method, the wanted components are

dissolved by the use of selective solvents known
as menstrum & undissolved part is a marc.

Marc: solid residue obtained after extraction

Menstrum: solvent used for extraction
  Easy Example of Extraction


Tea-making is a very basic
non-laboratory extraction.
You boil tea leaves in water to
extract the tannins,
theobromine, polyphenols,
and caffeine out of the solid
tea leaves and into the liquid
water. You are then free to
drink and enjoy the water and
the extracted substances it
contains.
  Easy Example of Extraction


Tea-making is a very basic
non-laboratory extraction.
You boil tea leaves in water to
extract the tannins,
theobromine, polyphenols,
and caffeine out of the solid
tea leaves and into the liquid
water. You are then free to
drink and enjoy the water and
the extracted substances it
contains.
 General Extraction Procedure:
 Ensure that the stopcock
to the separatory funnel is
closed.
 As a safety measure, place
a beaker underneath the
funnel in case it leaks.

Place the solution to be extracted in the
separatory funnel.

You should also have two beakers ready, one
labeled "organic layer" and the other labeled
"aqueous layer"

To remove all inorganic substances from the
organic layer, shake the separatory funnel to
increase the contact between these substances
and the water.

The proper way to hold a separatory funnel is to
grasp the funnel so that the stopper is in the
palm of one hand the stopcock is held with the
other. This way leaks are prevented and any
pressure built up inside the funnel will not pop
the stopper off.

It is imperative to VENT the separatory funnel of
any gas pressure.

After a few shakes, hold the funnel upside
down with the funnel stem pointed away from
nearby people, and open the stopcock to
release any pressure.

Close the funnel and shake the funnel a little
more vigorously and vent again as necessary.

This "shake and vent" method can be repeated
two or three times as needed.

When finished, the funnel can be returned to the
ring stand and the layers allowed to separate.

To determine which layer is which, one can
simply add distilled water to the funnel.
Whichever layer increases in size must be the
aqueous layer and the other is the organic layer.
At this point the two layers can be separated
into their respective beakers.

Once the extraction process is completed,
drying agents can now be used and the product
can be isolated from the organic solvent.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
EXTRACTION PROCESS
 Nature of drug
 Solvent
 Temperature
 PH
 Particle size
 TYPES OF EXTRACTION
 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
 Solid-Liquid Extraction
 Acid-Base Extraction
 Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as
solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method
to separate compounds or metal complexes,
based on their relative solubilities in two
different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar)
and an organic solvent (non-polar).
 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an extractive
technique by which compounds that are
dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are
separated from other compounds in the mixture
according to their physical and chemical
properties. Analytical laboratories use solid
phase extraction to concentrate and purify
samples for analysis.
 Acid-base extraction is a procedure using
sequential liquid–liquid extractions to purify
acids and bases from mixtures based on their
chemical properties.
 USES OF EXTRACTION

Extracting Natural Compounds

Fruit and plant leaves are primarily composed of
cellulose and water, but also contain "essential
oils." a greasy mixture of compounds that
capture the "essence" of the plant material's
smell and taste. Orange oil is roughly 95%
limonene (Figure 4.3b), and due to its nonpolar
structure, can be extracted from its rind into an
organic solvent like hexanes or dichloromethane
(Figure 4.3a). The oil can then be concentrated
and used to flavor or scent foods, cleaning
supplies, and candles.
 In the chemistry lab, essential oils are often
extracted from their source using solvents, and
analyzed using gas chromatography or
spectroscopy.
Figure 4.3: a) Orange rind extracted into dichloromethane, b) GC spectrum of orange oil.
 Transferring Compounds From Layers
 Another method for extracting essential oils
from fragrant plant materials is through steam
distillation (Figure 4.4b). This process often
results in the lovely smelling compounds
suspended in the aqueous distillate (Figure
4.4c). In order to concentrate the oil, the
aqueous suspension is often extracted with a
low-boiling organic solvent (Figure 4.4d), which
can then be easily removed from the oil.
Figure 4.4: a) Whole cloves, b) Steam distillation of cloves, c) Milky distillate composed of oil
and water, d) Using extraction to separate the oil from the water.

Selective Removal of Components
When conducting an experiment that synthesizes
a chemical product, a reaction is often complete
whenever stirring or heating is ceased. And yet,
there are always more steps in the procedure!
What commonly happens directly afterwards is
to "work-up" the reaction in some way. A work-
up refers to methods aimed at isolating the
product from the reaction mixture, and often
begins by using a separatory funnel and
extractions.
Figure 4.5: Reaction to make isopentyl acetate.