EG Unit 3..

COURSE NOTES / GE 8152 / ENGINEERING GRAPHICS July, 2019
V.R.S. College of Engineering & Technology

Arasur-607107
(Accredited by NAAC and an ISO 9001:2008 Recertified Institution)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GE 8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

B.E /I SEMESTER (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)
(COURSE NOTES & QUESTION BANK)
Unit 3
1
UNIT III
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids when the axis
is inclined to one of the principal planes by rotating object method.
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 A solid is a three dimensional object having length, breadth and thickness.

 It is completely bounded by a surface or surfaces, which may be curved or plane.
Classified under two main headings

 Polyhedron
 Solids of revolution
Regular polyhedron
 Solid bounded only by plane surfaces (faces).
 Its faces are formed by regular polygons of same size and
 All dihedral angles are equal to one another.
Tetrahedron
four equal equilateral Cube/hexahedron Octahedron
triangular faces six equal square faces eight equal equilateral triangular faces
Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Twelve equal regular pentagonal faces twenty equal equilateral triangular faces
Other polyhedra
 when faces of a polyhedron are not formed by equal identical faces,
 They may be classified into prisms and pyramids.
Prism
Solids having top and base of same shape
2
Pyramid Solids having base of some shape and just a point as a top, called apex
Solids of revolution
When some of the plane figures are revolved about one of their sides – solids of revolution is
generated
Cylinder Cone sphere

Dimensional parameters of solids to be known
3
1. A pentagonal prism of side of base equal to 40 mm and axis height 110 mm rests on one of its
corner of its base on H.P. such that the axis is inclined at an angle of 40° with H.P. Draw its
projection.
Step-1. Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2. Draw a pentagon of side of length 40 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance such
that one side of the pentagon should be perpendicular with the x-y line, as shown into the
figure. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3. From the notations of the pentagon in top view, draw perpendicular vertical projectors of the
length equal to 110 mm from x-y line, and connect all the points in sequence with straight
lines and give the notations as shown into the figure. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
Step-4. Now copy the front view of the 1st stage as the front view of the 2nd stage with the same
dimensions, such that the center line of the pentagonal prism should be inclined at an angle
40° with the x-y line, and the corner of the prism that is d’ should touch with the x-y line, as
shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the front view of the 2nd stage.
Step-5.From the notations of the front view of the 2nd stage draw vertical projectors into down ward
direction and from the top view of the 1st stage draw projectors into horizontal direction as
shown into the figure, which will intersect with each other at respective points.
Step-6.From these respective points of intersections, draw straight lines between all the points in
sequence as shown into the figure. It is the shape like a pentagonal prism. But be careful that
some of these lines are dotted lines because of hidden. And give the notations. It is the top
view of the 2nd stage.2.
2. Draw the projections of a cube of side 50 mm which rests on a point of its corner on H.P. and
one of its solid diagonal is parallel to H.P.
Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2.Draw a cube of side of length 50 mm (i.e., a square) below the x-y line at some suitable
distance such that all side of the cube should be equally inclined with the x-y line, as shown
into the figure. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3.From the corners of the cube in the top view i.e., point s “ a, b, c, d”, draw perpendicular
vertical projectors up to 50 mm above to the x-y line. And draw a rectangular figure as
shown in the figure and give the notations. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
4
Step-4.Now copy the front view of the 1st stage as the front view of the 2nd stage with the same
dimensions, such that the diagonal 1’-c’, should be parallel to the x-y line and the corner a’
should be on the x-y line, and the remaining drawing should be drawn accordingly as shown
into the figure. It is the front view of the 2nd stage.
sequence as shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 2nd stage.
3. A hexagonal prism of 30 mm side of base and 70 mm height, resting on the H.P. such that the
axis is inclined at 300 to the H.P. Draw its projections.
Step-1.Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2.Draw a hexagon of side of length 30 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance such
that two sides of the hexagon should be perpendicular with the x-y line, as shown into the
figure. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3. From the notations of the hexagon in top view, draw perpendicular vertical projectors of the
length equal to 70 mm from x-y line, and give the notations as shown into the figure. It is the
front view of the 1st stage.
dimensions, such that the center line of the hexagonal prism should be inclined at an angle
30° with the x-y line, and the corner of the prism that is a’b’ should touch with the x-y line,
as shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the front view of the 2nd stage.
shown into the figure, which will intersect with each other at respective points
.Step-6. From these respective points of intersections, draw straight lines between all the points in
sequence as shown into the figure. It is the shape like a hexagonal prism. But be careful that
some of these lines are dotted lines because of hidden. And give the notations. It is the top
view of the 2nd stage.
5
4. A Hexagonal Prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm resting on one of its base edges
on HP with axis inclined 30o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its Projections
5. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long, resting on
one of its rectangular faces on the H.P.
6
6. Draw the Projections of a hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis 55 mm long lies with
one of its rectangular faces on HP, Such that the axis inclined at 550to VP. Draw its projections.
7. A pentagonal pyramid has height 60 mm and the side of a base 30 mm. The pyramid rests on one
of its sides of the base on the H.P. such that the triangular face containing that side is
perpendicular to the H.P. Draw its projections.
Step-1.Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2. Draw a pentagon of side of length 30 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance such
that one side of the pentagon should be perpendicular with the x-y line, as shown into the
figure. From the corners of the pentagon draw straight lines to the center of the pentagon,
these lines represents the vertical slant edges of the pentagon converging at the center, in top
view. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3.From the center of the pentagon in the top view i.e., point “ o ”, draw a vertical center line of
the length equal to 60 mm. And from the notations of the pentagon in top view, draw
perpendicular vertical projectors up to the x-y line. From these end points draw slant lines
connecting to the apex point “ o’ ” in the front view, and give the notations as shown into
the figure. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
dimensions, such that the line o’a’, should be perpendicular to the x-y line, and the remaining
drawing should be drawn accordingly as shown into the figure. It is the front view of the 2nd
stage.
7
Step-5.From the notations of the front view of the 2nd stage draw vertical projectors into downward
sequence as shown into the figure. It is the shape like a pentagon. And give the notations. It
is the top view of the 2nd stage.
8. ABCD is a tetrahedron of 60 mm long edges. The edge AB is in the H.P. The edge CD is
inclined at an angle of 300to the H.P. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron.
Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y reference line of some suitable length.

Step-2.To draw edge CD inclined to H.P. at 300, we need to assume that tetrahedron is resting on
H.P. through one its base edges AB. Draw plan and elevation of tetrahedron resting on
H.P. through one of the edge AB which will be the first stage as shown in figure above.
Step-3.To find point d in plan we need to joint corners with their opposite edge's mid point. At a
point where all joint lines will be intersected should be denoted as "d". And all rest points of
plan and elevation can be founded by general projection procedure that we have already
discussed in earlier projection of solids problems.
Step-4.Now its time to draw second stage of projection in which slant edge CD is making an angle
of 300 with the H.P. Draw edge c'd' from 1st stage elevation inclined to H.P. at 300 so
that perpendicular bisector of c'd' makes 60o with H.P. In such a way we'll get an elevation
for second stage in which tetrahedron's edge cd will be inclined to H.P. by 30o.
Step-5. To find out plan of second stage we need to project all points towards plan area or towards
H.P. for reference. And reference of 1st stage plan will be used to track all point of 2nd stage
plan. Join a' with a, b' with b and similarly find all point of 2nd stage plan.
Step-6. Except ab edge all other edges will be full thick and ab will be hidden in plan as it cannot be
seen from top, when cd is inclined to H.P. by 30o. This will complete second stage as both
plan and elevation drawn.
9. A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 30 mm and axis length 90 mm rests on one of its slant edge
on the H.P. Draw the projection of it
8

Step-2. Draw a hexagon of side of length 30 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance such
that two sides of the hexagon should be parallel with the x-y line, as shown into the figure.
From the corners of the hexagon draw straight lines to the center of the hexagon, these lines
represents the vertical slant edges of the hexagon converging at the center, in top view. And
give the notations. It is the top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3.From the center of the hexagon in the top view i.e., point “ o ”, draw a vertical center line of
the length equal to 90 mm. And from the notations of the hexagon in top view, draw
perpendicular vertical projectors up to the x-y line. From these end points draw slant lines
connecting to the apex point “ o’ ” in the front view, and give the notations as shown into
the figure. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
dimensions, such that the line o’-a’, should be parallel to the x-y line& resting on it, and the
remaining drawing should be drawn accordingly as shown into the figure. It is the front view
of the 2nd stage.
Step-5. From the notations of the front view of the 2nd stage draw vertical projectors into down
ward direction and from the top view of the 1st stage draw projectors into horizontal
direction as shown into the figure, which will intersect with each other at respective points.
sequence as shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the top view of the 2nd stage.
10. A Hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and axis 55 mm long is resting on HP on one of its
base corner. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis makes an angle 450 with HP and the
base of the solid is nearer to VP
9
11. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm with a
triangular face rest on VP and parallel to HP.
12. A square pyramid of base side 60 mm and altitude 100 mm lies on the HP on one of its
triangular faces with its axis parallel to the VP. Draw its projections (April/May 2019).
13. A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, is freely suspended from one
corner of base so that a plane containing it’s axis remains parallel to Vp. Draw its projections.
14. A cylinder diameter 50 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on the H.P on a point so that
of its axis is inclined at to 300 to the H.P and parallel to the VP. Draw its top view and
front view (April/May 2019).
10

Step-2.Draw a circle of diameter 50 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance, and divide
this circle into 12 equal divisions, as shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the
top view of the 1st stage.
Step-3. From the notations of the circle in top view, draw perpendicular vertical projectors of the
length equal to 70 mm from x-y line, and give the notations as shown into the figure. Its
shape is a rectangle. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
dimensions, such that the center line of the rectangle should be inclined at an angle 30° with
the x-y line, and the corner of the rectangle that is point a’ should touch with the x-y line, as
shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the front view of the 2nd stage
Step-6. Now connects these all the points with either straight lines or curves in sequence, depending
on the shape of the solid cylinder, as shown into the figure. It is the shape like a cylinder. But
be careful that some of these lines or curves are dotted because of hidden. And give the
notations. It is the top view of the 2nd stage.
15. A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on VP while
it’s axis makes 450 with VP. Draw projections..
11
16. Draw the projection of a cylinder 35 mm diameter and axis 56 mm long when it rests on the HP
on one of its generator. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to HP and inclined at 50o to VP
17. A cone of diameter of base 60 mm and axis length equal to 100 mm rests on one of its generators
on H.P. draw the projections.
Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-2.Draw a circle of diameter 60 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance, and divide
Step-3. From the center of the circle in top view, draw a perpendicular vertical projector of the
length equal to 100mm from x-y line, and give the notations as shown into the figure. And
from the notations of the circle in top view, draw perpendicular vertical projectors up to the
x-y line. From these end points draw slant lines connecting to the apex point “ o’ ” in the
front view, and give the notations as shown into the figure. It is the front view of the 1st
stage.
dimensions, such that the line o’- a’, should be parallel to the x-y line & resting on it, and the
remaining drawing should be drawn accordingly as shown into the figure. It is the front view
of the 2nd stage.
Step-6. From these respective points of intersections, draw a medium dark smooth curve passing
through the points a to h in sequence as shown into the figure. And connect the extreme two
points i.e., h & c, with straight lines with the apex o as shown in the figure. And give the
notations. It is the top view of the 2nd stage.
12
18. A cone of diameter of base 60 mm and axis length equal to 100 mm rests on a point of its
periphery of the base on H.P. such that its axis is inclined at an angle of 35° with the H.P. Draw
its projection.

Step-2. Draw a circle of diameter 60 mm, below the x-y line at some suitable distance, and divide
Step-3.From the center of the circle in top view, draw a perpendicular vertical projector of the length
equal to 100 mm from x-y line, and give the notations as shown into the figure. And from the
notations of the circle in top view, draw perpendicular vertical projectors up to the x-y line.
From these end points draw slant lines connecting to the apex point “ o’ ” in the front view,
and give the notations as shown into the figure. It is the front view of the 1st stage.
dimensions, such that the center line of the rectangle should be inclined at an angle 35° with
the x-y line, and the corner of the rectangle that is point e’ should touch with the x-y line, as
shown into the figure. And give the notations. It is the front view of the 2nd stage.
Step-6. Now connects these all the points with either straight lines or curves in sequence, depending
on the shape of the cone, as shown into the figure. It is the shape like a cone. But be careful
13
that some of these lines or curves are dotted because of hidden. And give the notations. It is
the top view of the 2nd stage.
Questions to be practiced
1. A Pentagonal Prism of base side 30 mm and axis 70 mm long lying on the ground on one of its
base edges such that the axis is parallel to VP and the base is inclined at 30o to HP. Draw the
Projections.
2. A Pentagonal Prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on HP on one of the
base corners with the base edges containing it being equally inclined to HP. The axis is
inclined at 45o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw the Projections of the prism by change of
position method. AU May 2007)
3. A Hexagonal Prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm resting on one of its base edges
on HP with axis inclined 30o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its Projections.
4. A Hexagonal Prism side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm rest with one of its base corner on
HP. Such that the base makes an angle of 60o to HP and its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its
Projections.(AU May 2005)
5. A Hexagonal Prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one of its
base edges with axis inclined 60o to the HP and parallel to VP. Draw its Projections
(Nov/Dec 2015,Jan 2018)
6. Draw the projections of a Hexagonal Prism of base side 20 mm and axis length 50 mm rests
on the ground on one of its base edges and the axis inclined 35o to the ground and parallel
to VP. (Nov/Dec 2015,APRIL/MAY 2015)
7. Draw the projection of cube of side 40mm when it rests on one of its corners with a
diagonal of the solid vertical(Nov/Dec 2015)
8. A Square prism of base side 35 mm and axis length 60 mm lies on the HP on one of its
longer edges with its faces equally inclined to the HP. Draw its projections when its axis is
inclined at 30o to the VP. Use change of position method (April/May 2015)
9. Draw the Projections of a pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 50 mm
when it is lying on the ground on its rectangular face and the axis is inclined at 45 0to the
VP.(AU Jan 2008)
10. Draw the Projections of a hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis 60 mm long lies
with one of its rectangular faces on HP, Such that the axis inclined at 45 0to VP. Draw its
projections (AU Nov 2007)
11. A pentagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and axis 55 mm long is resting on a lateral edge
on HP. The rectangular face containing that edge is inclined at 300 to HP, when the axis
inclined 400 to VP.
12. An equilateral triangular prism 20 mm side of base and 50 mm long rest with one of its shorter
edges on HP such that the rectangular face containing the edge on which the prism rests is
inclined at 300 to HP. The shorter edge resting on HP is perpendicular to VP.
13. Draw the projection of a cylinder 40 mm diameter and axis 70 mm long when it is rest on
the HP on one of its base point. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to VP and inclined at 30 o
to HP.(AU Jan 2005)
14. Draw the projection of a cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis length 70 mm when it is rest
on the ground with its axis inclined at 45o to VP and parallel to the ground (May/june 2016)
15. Draw the projections of a cylinder of diameter 40 mm and axis length 70 mm, when it is
lying on the VP with its axis inclined at 400 to VP and parallel to HP.
14
16. Draw the projection of a cylinder 40 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long when it is rest on
the HP on one of its generator. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to HP and inclined at 45o
to VP
17. A cylinder of diameter 40 mm, height 60 mm is resting on its base. It is then tilted such
that a solid diagonal is vertical. Draw the projection.
18. Draw the projections of Pentagonal Pyramid of base 25 mm sides and axis 60 mm when it
is lying on the HP on one of its base edges, such that the axis is parallel to VP and inclined
at 30o to HP. (AU Jan 2005)
19. Hexagonal Pyramid of base edge 25 mm and height 50 mm rest on one of its base edges on
the HP with its axis inclined at 30o to the HP and parallel to VP. Draw its top and front
views.(AU Jan 2005)
20. A Hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and axis 65 mm long is resting on VP on one
of its base corner. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis makes an angle 45 0 with
VP and the base of the solid is nearer to VP. (AU Nov 06)
21. A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 20 mm and axis height 70 mm has one of the corners of
its base in the VP and the axis is inclined at 450 with VP and parallel to the HP . Draw the
projections of the solid. (June 2014)
22. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis height 65 mm
with a slant edge perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
23. Hexagonal Pyramid of base side of 25 mm and 65 mm rests on the HP on one of its edges
such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to both the HP
and VP. Draw its projections.
24. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on VP on one of
its base edges with the face containing the resting edge perpendicular to both HP and VP.
Draw its projections.
25. A square pyramid, side of base 40 mm and altitude 70 mm long, is lying on the HP on one
of its triangular faces with axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
26. A Pentagonal pyramid side of base 25 mm and axis 55 mm long lies with one of its slant
edges on HP. Such that its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
27. A Pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one
of its base corner such that the slant edge containing the resting corner perpendicular to
HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections (May/june 2016)
28. Hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and 70 mm rests on one of its base edges on the VP with
the axis inclined at 300 to the VP and the axis parallel to the HP. Draw its projections.
29. A Pentagonal pyramid of base side 20 mm and axis 60 mm long is freely suspended from
one of its base corners, such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw the front view and top
view of the solid in the above position. (AU 2005)
30. A Pentagonal pyramid of base edge 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is rest on HP on one of
its base side on HP such that the highest base corner is 20mm above HP. Its axis is parallel
to VP. Draw its top and front views (January 2018)
31. Draw the projection of a cone of diameter 50 mm and height 70 mm lying on the ground on one
of its base points with a generator perpendicular to HP.
32. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 65 mm is resting on HP on a point on the
circumference of the base with its axis inclined at 40o to HP parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
15
33. Draw the projection of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm, when it lies
on the ground on one of its generators with the axis parallel to the VP.
34. A Cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting on VP on one of its
generators with its axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
35. A Cone of base diameter 40 mm and height 56 mm is freely suspended from one of its base
points such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw its front view and top view. (Nov/Dec 2015)
36. A bucket in the form of the frustum of the cone has diameters 300mm and 750mm at the
bottom and the top respectively. The bucket height is 800mm. The bucket is filled with
water and then tilted through 400.Draw the projections showing water surface in both
views. Remember that the axis of the bucket is parallel to VP. (May/ June 2014)
37. A Tetrahedron of side 40 mm is resting on VP on one of its edges with the face containing
that edge is perpendicular to both VP and HP, Draw its Projections.
38. An octahedron of side 40mm is resting on the ground with one of its triangular faces on the
ground with an edge perpendicular to VP. Draw the projection(Nov/Dec 2014)
39. A pentagonal prism 30 mm side of base and axis 70 mm long is resting on one of its
edges of the base, in such a way that the base makes an angle of 40° with H.P. Draw
the projections if the axis is parallel to V.P. (Nov/Dec 2018)
40. A cylinder of base diameter 30 mm and axis 70 mm long has its cylindrical'
end that is inclined at 30° to V.P. Draw its projections, when the front view of the
axis is parallel to the reference line. (Nov/Dec 2018)
Mind map
Rectangular face rest on HP Lateral edge or vertical edge rest on HP
Base Edge rest on VP Base corner rest on VP
16
Base Edge rest on HP Base corner rest on HP
pyramid
Base Edge rest on HP Base corner rest on HP
Triangular face on HP slant edge rest on HP
Triangular face vertical to HP slant edge vertical to HP
17
CONE
Base point on HP Generator vertical to HP Generator lies on HP
Base point on VP Generator vertical to VP Generator lies on VP
Cylinder
Base point on HP Base point on VP Generator lies on HP
18

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COURSE NOTES / GE 8152 / ENGINEERING GRAPHICS July, 2019

V.R.S. College of Engineering & Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GE 8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

 A solid is a three dimensional object having length, breadth and thickness.

Classified under two main headings

Cylinder Cone sphere

Step-1. Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1.Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1.Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y reference line of some suitable length.

Step-1. Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1. Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1 Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Step-1. Draw a horizontal x-y line of some suitable length.

Rectangular face rest on HP Lateral edge or vertical edge rest on HP

Base Edge rest on VP Base corner rest on VP

Base Edge rest on HP Base corner rest on HP

Triangular face on HP slant edge rest on HP

Triangular face vertical to HP slant edge vertical to HP

Base point on HP Generator vertical to HP Generator lies on HP

Base point on VP Generator vertical to VP Generator lies on VP

Base point on HP Base point on VP Generator lies on HP

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