GE 7 - EGYPTIANS

Aragones, Anjon - Researcher

Flores, Jeselle - Reporter and Researcher
Ramos, Rikka - Researcher and Maker of Report
Pulmano, Chelsea - Editor and PPT Maker
Sayson, Rennold - PPT Contributor and Reporter
Yauder, Kirk - Leader and Researcher
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 OVERVIEW
The Egyptian civilization was well known in the past. They were
famous for their architecture and for their ancient writing system.
People thrived under the heat of the sun as they had provided
themselves with sources of food and water from the Nile river, which
also allowed them to trade with neighboring cities. They invented
technologies that helped them survive in the desert and improve their
way of living, such as cosmetics, pottery, writing, and many more.
 INNOVATIONS
& CONTRIBUTIONS
 PAPYRUS OR PAPER
- one of the earliest contributions of Egyptian
civilization.
- It was derived from the Cyperus papyrus plant
which grew abundantly along the Nile River.
https://www.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/content/items/16951091ab5840
eeb9caffd448975b14/info/thumbnail/ago_downloaded.jpg/?w=400

CYPEROUS PAPYRUS PLANT

These plants were soaked in water until they reached

a slight state of rot which then were laid on top of
each other and pounded flat until they were merged.
The dried papyrus plant was used as paper, as well
as woven materials such as robes, mats, baskets,
and the like.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/papyrus-plant.jpg
Before the discovery of papyrus, they wrote on clay
tablets which were quite heavy and breakable compared
to papyrus that was lighter and thinner. Record-keeping
and communication was no longer a problem for the
Egyptians as they were easy to carry around and store,
hence, it would not take too much storage space.

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y/article/178/48/92845961.jpg?type=webp

People were able to communicate

through sending letters anywhere
since the paper could be delivered by
birds.
https://awingandaway.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/tomb_of_nebamun_web.jpg
 INK
Egyptians invented ink by mixing vegetable
gum, soot and bee wax. To make various
colors, they replaced soot with other materials
such as ochre.
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tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ74eQkflq0xwXhTVXjo4B30kPDi4N78
_hgGQ&usqp=CAU

They had to make sure that the ink

was tamper-proof and would
withstand the elements of nature
as this was used along with the
papyrus paper to write down
history, culture, and codified laws.
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 HIEROGLYPHICS
Hieroglyph means “sacred carvings”. Egyptians
believed that this writing system is provided by
their gods. It was used in ancient times for formal
writing system and an original form of writing
which all other forms have evolved. The two
latest forms were called hieratic and demotic.
https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*CdPBNruDMfB9vhLvPo44jw.jpeg

It is exclusively used for inscriptions carved or

painted in temple walls, which tells the history
and culture of Ancient Egyptians. This form of
pictorial writing was used on tombs, sheets of
papyrus, wooden boards covered with a stucco
wash, potsherds, and fragments of limestone.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Hieroglyphs_from_the_tomb_of_Seti_I.jpg
 COSMETICS
Egyptians believed that wearing eye
makeup could cure eye disease and “keep
them from falling victim to the evil eye”
which for them, that beauty was a sign of
holiness.

http://www.historyofcosmetics.net/images/historyofcosmetics/ancient-egypt.jpg

They invented eye makeup by combining

soot with galena, a lead mineral which
created a black ointment called kohl, which
were used to prevent or even cure eye
https://cf.ltkcdn.net/makeup/images/orig/222070-1600x1065-egyptian-women-applying-makeup.jpg
disease.
 WIGS

https://inteng-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/images/MAY/ancient-egyptian-wig.jpg https://www.museumfacts.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2020/02/2ac5f1570ebf4c31c0922d8193-300x270.jpg

Wigs were invented by the Egyptians to cover up the shaved or

balding parts of their heads. It protects them from the heat of the
sun. They did it to keep their heads clean and to prevent pests such
as lice. Others would buy wigs just to try new hair trends or to
enhance their appearances.
 CALENDAR
The ancient Egyptians used a solar calendar
which contained 365 days per year, 12
months with 30 days in each month, and
added 5 festival days. Their calendar
became incorrect since they did not
acknowledge the additional fraction of a day.

http://www.theasian.asia/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/90625736.lSGVmSHp.jpg

Eventually, Ptolemy III added a civil lunar

year every four years to add the extra
day needed to balance the solar calendar
to the Egyptian calendar.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Senenmut-Grab.JPG
 WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

It’s a device that uses gravity in

order to measure time. It uses
gravity to direct the water flow
from one vase to another. The
amount of water inside or the
height of the water is checked to
determine the time since the vase
is full making it useful for
timekeeping.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/77/8f/68/778f68fda1041983b25d086d2d7b7610.png
 PLOUGH

https://ipfactly.com/ancient-egypt-technology-and-inventions/ https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/images/life04b.jpg

Plough of the ancient Egyptians were wooden and were driven

with an ox cart. The plough itself has the shape of a hook
which did not turn the soil but instead served to open the
ground. The aim for this was to only plant seeds within the
opened soil. It was very useful for their agriculture.
 MUMMIFICATION
The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the
bodies of the dead that after thousands of years we
know of the diseases they suffered such as
arthritis, tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay,
bladder stones, and gallstones.

http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/images/anubis.jpg

The mummification process usually takes 70

days. Special priests works as embalmers,
treating and wrapping the dead body. Using
special processes, the Egyptians removed all
moisture from the body, leaving only a dried form
that would not easily decay. https://www.cleopatraegypttours.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Mummification-in-ancient-Egypt.jpg
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
IN EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
 • Being one of the more famous
Cleopatra VII Pharaohs in Egypt, she has
solidified herself as a key figure in
Egyptian history.

• Cleopatra was the last remaining

ruler of Ptolemies which had ruled
for over 300 years.

• During her father’s rule, he stated

that he wanted Cleopatra and her
brother, Ptolemy XIII to rule, but
her brother and his advisors were
against it so a civil war broke out.
http://cleopatrarules.weebly.com/uploads/8/1/0/0/81001300/cleopatra_orig.jpg
• Caesar had visited Egypt at that time
and helped Cleopatra regain the throne.

• During her rule, she prevented the

Roman empire from stealing their
independence.

• She had made a foreign policy rule with

Arabia and other countries from afar
such as India. With this simple policy
she was able to make Egypt a terrifying
world power with a great economy. https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/images/pics/cleopatra-vii-0.jpg
 Imhotep • He is one of Egypt’s most well
known Polymath, which means a
person who is an expert in many
areas.

• He was at first a priest that would

be promoted to take over the
construction of king Djoser’s
building, as he understood the will
of the gods the best as he was a
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Historical_Medical
_Exhibition%3B_cover_representing_Imhotep_Wellcome_L0021416.jpg
religious man.
• This led him to create one of the
most famous buildings in the world,
the step pyramid.

• He was also practicing medicine

2,200 years before Hippocrates.

• It is believed that he was the author

of the Edwin Smith Papyrus which
has over 100 anatomical terms and
48 injuries, and their treatments
which had the modern way to treat
these injuries.
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c70f11bd0000cf10369e00fa877ce9dc.jpg
Hatshepsut
• She is the first female
Pharaoh.

• Hatshepsut was not originally

the Pharaoh of Egypt, it
belonged to Thutmose II until
he died 1479 BC. They had a
daughter together and a half
son but since they were both
children, Hatshepsut rose to
prominence.
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 https://d3rr2gvhjw0wwy.cloudfront.net/uploads/mandators/41668/cms/567213/940x500-1-50-5ed8b6580068f0e4c268414c8fa03ecd.jpg https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a452d200-90d5-4003-
8e7c-33fc06bbf488/hatshepsut-statue.jpg

She had many construction projects such as the obelisk which contained depictions of her
as well as Thutmose II but the most well-known structure was the Deir el-Bahari which
means the most sacred of sacred places.

The temple contained shrines for the gods and pictures of Hatshepsut. She also did an
expedition to Puntite. The voyage was considered successful as there were pictures in the
temple that show the ships being loaded with many goods.
Tutankhamun • King Tutankhamun was mostly known for
being one of the youngest Pharaohs dated,
having the throne at age 9, as well as his
coffin being made of gold.

• During his reign, he reversed his father’s

reforms such as restoring images, temples
and privileges of the old gods they used to
worship. With the help of his advisers to
restore Egypt’s stature.

• During his death, it was discovered in his

tomb, a lot of gold surrounding his
sarcophagus, which was also made of gold.
https://cdn.britannica.com/99/4799-050-F1B26AEA/Tutankhamen-mask-tomb-king-
Egyptian-Museum-Cairo.jpg
Thutmose III • Thutmose III was one of the most well-
known military leaders in Egypt. He spent
most of his youth in studying and
athletics as he was too young to rule yet,
so Hatshepsut had to take over.

• He had at least 17 victories in 20 years

during is campaign. During his victories,
he would take over the cities and steal
their gold and resources.

• He also built many temples, tombs

monuments, and contributed to the
temple of Amun which preserve the
names of the past kings.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/TuthmosisIII-2.JPG
 Do you
have any
questions?

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 REFERENCES
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history/ancient-egypt

Dorman, P. F. , Samuel, . Alan Edouard , Bowman, . Alan K. , Wente, . Edward F. and Baines, . John R. (2021, May 26). ancient
Egypt. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt

Millmore, M. (1997). Ancient Egyptian Inventions. https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/

Mark, J. J. (2016, November 09). Ancient Egyptian Science & Technology. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/967/ancient-egyptian-science--technology/

Ancient Egyptian Papyrus. (2021). https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/papyrus.html

McNamara, D., Valverde, V., Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing Inc.

Canadian Museum History. (2021). Hieroglyphs. https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcw02e.html

Biography.com Editors. (2014, April 2). King Tut Biography. A&E Television Networks. https://www.biography.com/royalty/king-
tut

Dorman, P. F. (2021, April 7). Tutankhamun. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun

History.com Editors. (2009, November 9). Tutankhamun. A&E Television Networks. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/tutankhamen
The Ancient Egyptian Calendar. (2021, September 4). https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ancient-egyptian-calendar.html

Mark, J. J. (2017, July 20). Thutmose III. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Thutmose_III/

Tyldesley, J. (2020, April 1). Hatshepsut. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hatshepsut

Jarus, O. (2018, May 19). Hatshepsut: Powerful Female Pharaoh. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading
digital publisher. https://www.livescience.com/62614-hatshepsut.html

History.com Editors. (2009, December 16). Hatshepsut. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital
publisher. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hatshepsut

Jarus, O. (2014, March 13). Cleopatra: Facts & Biography. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital
publisher. https://www.livescience.com/44071-cleopatra-biography.html

Crawford, A. (2007, March 31). Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-was-cleopatra-151356013/

History.com Editors. (2009, November 9). Cleopatra. A&E Television Networks. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/cleopatra

Mark, J. J. (2016, February 16). Imhotep. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/imhotep/

Arnold, D. ( 1995). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, new ser., vol. 52, no. 4 (Spring), New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 51,
no. 62. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544255
 END
OF
PRESENTATION