Impact of a Jet – Conservation of Linear Momentum

• Measure the force on the

plate Fex due to the jet (jet-
vane system) via balance of
moment (weight beam).
• Calculate the force on the
plate Fj using the linear
momentum balance.
•Compare measured value Fex
with theoretically derived
value Fj. Discuss errors causing
the observed difference
between Fex and Fj
 1. Calculate the force on the plate by the jet using linear momentum
balance:
Use conservation of energy to obtain jet velocity
impinging onto the plate:
①

S P0V02 P1 V12
z0    z1    hL
z  2g  2g
⓪
Neglect head loss; P0=P1=0 atmosphere
pressure; z1-z0=S

V02 V12
 S
2g 2g
 V1  V02  2 gS
Note
V0=Q/A can be obtained from the measurement:
Q: total measured volume in weight tank/duration
 In a given direction:
F1 net force = net momentum fluxes
Momentum flux = mass flux times velocity
 
mass flux = V  A

  
A  A  A
V V
m inVin

   
V  A  Positive V  A  Negative
 Positive if flow is out of control surface (C.S.); Negative if flow is into C.S.

Conservation of linear momentum in z-direction:

 F   m V
out out   m inVin
z z z F1: force exerted by the plate onto
m
 inV1  F1 , F1   Fj the jet
Fj: reactive force; force exert by the
 inV1  QV1
 Fj  m jet onto the plate
2. Jet force can be directly measured from the balance of moment of
the weight-beam system:

Fsp

Fsp  a  W  g  b
a W

Fsp
Fsp  a  0.15( m)  Fex  W  g  b  x 
x

Note: given in class note W=0.6 Kg

a Fex W
Fex calculated this way can be
b+x compared with that calculated by
linear momentum balance Fj.
0.15 m
Error Analysis:

Wgx
Fj=QV1 Fj 
0.15
Error in Fj can be caused by Q and V1
Error in Fj can be caused by x and W

Fj+ ΔFj =(Q+ΔQ)(V1+ΔV1) Fj  ΔFj

0
 x  x W  W 
g
Fj+ ΔFj =QV1+·Q·ΔV1+·ΔQ·V1+ ·ΔQ·ΔV1 0.15
neglect higher g
 xW
order 0.15 0 neglect
Normalized by Fj, we obtain:

g
 x  W  x  W  x  W 
0.15
F j Q V1
 
Fj Q V1  Fj 
g
x  ΔW  x  W 
0.15
This relation is linear. ΔFj W x
  
i.e., 2% error in Q and 3% error in V1 make Fj W x
total error in estimating Fj to be 5%.
 For a circular plate:
1. Energy balance:
V02
P0 P1 V12
z0    z1    hL
 2g  2g
V02 V12
 S
2g 2g
S
z  V1  V02  2 gS

2. Momentum balance:

 F  m V  2m  V   F
in 1 out 1 1
F1 z
Mass conservation suggest:
 in  2m
m  out
 F1  2m
 inV1   Fj
Force for circular plate is two times
AV AV AV larger than that of flat plate !
  