EE 213 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II

Lecture 3
Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Dr. A. Zidouri

1
Recap: Sinusoidal Sources
 A sinusoidal voltage (current) source produces a
voltage (current) that varies sinusoidally in time.

v t   Vmcos  t   

Amplitude

Frequency
(radians)
Phase

2
Recap: Frequency and Period
 A function that repeats itself is called periodic. The
amount of time required to complete one full cycle is
called the period.
 The number of cycles per second is called the
frequency. T
1
Period (sec.) T 
f

Frequency (Hertz)

Frequency (rad./sec.)   2f

3
Recap: Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value
 The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the
square-root of the mean value of the squared
function.
1 T
Vrms 
T 0
v 2 t dt

 For sinusoidal signal sources, the RMS value can be

shown to be
Vm
Vrms 
2

4
Recap: Phasor
 Phasor is a complex number that carries the
amplitude and phase information of a sinusoidal
function.

V  P Vmcos  t     Vme j 

 The sinusoidal function is obtained from the inverse

phasor transform as

v t   P -1 V   e Ve jt 

5
Recap: Polar and Rectangular Forms
 Euler Identity shows us how to go from polar form to
the rectangular form:

e j   cos    j sin  
 One can then go from rectangular to polar form as

j
V  x  jy  Vme
with

y 
Vm  x  y2 2
  tan   1

x 
6
Recap: Addition and Multiplication
 Multiplication is more convenient in polar form:
j  1  2 

Vm 1e j 1  Vm 2e j 2  Vm 1Vm 2 e 

V1 V2 V

 Taking a power is simple in polar form:

 
k
j 1
Vme  Vmke jk
 Addition is more convenient in rectangular form:

Vm 1e j 1  Vm 2e j 2  Vm 1 cos  1   Vm 2 cos  2   j  Vm 1 sin  1   Vm 2 sin  2  

V1 V2

7
Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
3-Phase Line
3-Phase
Voltage 3-Phase
Source Load

 A set of balanced three-phase voltage consists of

three sinusoidal voltages that have identical
amplitudes and frequencies, but are out of phase
with each other by exactly 120 degrees (2/3
radians).

8
Positive and Negative Phase Sequences
 abc or Positive phase sequence:
Vc
Va  Vm
 j 120 Va
Vb  Vme
Vc  Vme  j 120 Vb

 acb or Negative phase sequence:

Vb
Va  Vm
Vb  Vme  j 120 Va
 j 120
Vc  Vme Vc
9
Positive Phase or abc Sequence
Vc
Va  Vm
 j 120
Vb  Vme Va
Vc  Vme  j 120
Vb

10
Negative Phase or acb Sequence
Vb
Va  Vm
 j 120
Vb  Vme Va
Vc  Vme  j 120
Vc

11
Important Properties
 The sum of balanced three-phase voltages in phasor
domain is zero.

Va  Vb  Vc  0

 This is true for the instantaneous voltages as well:

va t   vb t   vc t   0

 If we know the phase sequence (i.e. whether it is

positive or negative) and one voltage in the set, then
we can determine the entire set.

12
 Commercial Power Distribution
Vˆan  V p 0
Vˆbn  V p   120
Vˆcn  V p 120
V p is rms value of the voltage
The peak is 2 V p

Vp 0  Vp   120  Vp 120  0

Time domain representation

van (t )  2V p sin t V
vbn (t )  2V p sin(t  120 ) V
vcn (t )  2V p sin(t  120 ) V
The line-to-line voltage between conductors of the transmission line are the
phasor sums of the phase voltages

Vˆab  Vˆan  Vˆbn  V p 0  V p   120  3V p 30

Vˆac  Vˆan  Vˆcn  V p 0  V p 120  3V p   30
Vˆbc  Vˆbn  Vˆcn  V p   120  V p 120  3V p   90

Thus the line-to-line voltages are 3 larger than the phase voltages:

VL  3 V p
 Wye-Connected Loads
Transmission of power from generator to the load

The three impedances making up the load are identical (Balanced load)
ˆI  V p 0
Zˆ L
a

ˆI  V p   120
Zˆ L
b

ˆI  V p 120
Zˆ L
c

ˆI  Iˆ  Iˆ  Vp 0  Vp   120  Vp 120  0
Zˆ L
a b c

Hence the current returning through the neutral wire is zero,

and the neutral may be removed
Delta-Connected Loads

16
Three-Phase Voltage Sources
 Y-Connected Source:
a
Zw
+ V Zw  Rw  jXw
 a

Vc Winding impedance
n Vb
Zw Zw
Neutral terminal b

c
17
Three-Phase Voltage Sources
 -Connected Source:
a

Zw Va Zw  Rw  jXw
Winding impedance

Vc
Zw
Vb
Zw + b

c
18
Possible Combinations of Sources & Loads
 Since both source and load can be either Y- or -
connected, there are four possible combinations:

Source Load
Y Y
Y 
 Y
 

 As other combinations can also be reduced to it, we

first start with the analysis of the Y-Y combination.

19
 Analysis of the Y-Y Circuit
a' a A
Zga Z1a
I0 IaA
Va' n  Z0 ZA
n N
b'
 Zgb Z1b ZB
b IbB B
Vb ' n
Vc' n  ZC

Zgc Z1c
c' c IcC C

VN VN  Va ' n VN  Vb' n VN  Vc' n

   0
Z0 ZA  Z1a  Zga ZB  Z1b  Zgb ZC  Z1c  Zgc
20
Conditions for a Balanced 3-Phase Circuit
1. Balanced three-phase voltage sources:
Va' n  Vb' n  Vc' n  0
2. Same impedance in each phase of the voltage source:
Zga  Zgb  Zgc
3. Same impedance in each line (or phase) conductor:
Z1a  Z1b  Z1c
4. Same impedance in each phase of the load:

ZA  ZB  ZC

21
Balanced 3-Phase Y-Y Circuit
 For a balanced three-phase Y-Y circuit, we have
 1 3  Va ' n  Vb ' n  Vc' n
VN     0  VN  0
Z
 0 Z  Z

where Z  ZA  Z1a  Zga  ZB  Z1b  Zgb  ZC  Z1c  Zgc

 The line currents are necessarily balanced:

Va ' n  VN V Vb ' n  VN V
IaA   a' n IbB   b' n
ZA  Z1a  Zga Z ZB  Z1b  Zgb Z

Vc' n  VN Vc' n
IcC  
ZC  Z1c  Zgc Z
22
A Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit
 VN  0  I0  0. Hence, we may either remove the
neutral conductor or make a short circuit from n to N.
 Analysis of a single phase is enough, since other phase
voltages/currents follow from balancedness.
a' a A
Zga Z1a
IaA
ZA
Va ' n 

n N
 Remark: The current from N to n in the single-phase
circuit is not I0 ! Recall that I0  IaA + IbB + IcC  0.
23
Line-to-Line and Line-to-Neutral Voltages
A
 Line-to-line voltages:  
VAN
 VAB ZA
VAB  VAN  VBN
  VBN 

VBC  VBN  VCN VCA B ZB
VCA  VCN  VAN  
 VBC VCN ZC
 Balanced line-to-neutral voltages
 
lead to balanced line-to-line voltages: C
VAN  V VAB  3V e  j 30
VBN  V e  j 120  VBC  3V e  j 90
VCN  V e  j 120 VCA  3V e  j 150
24
Balancedness of Line-to-Line Voltages
 Line-to-line voltages form a set of balanced three-
phase voltages.
 The magnitude of the line-to-line voltage is 3 times
the magnitude of the line-to-neutral voltage.
 Positive- (negative-) phase sequence line-to-line
voltages lead (lag) line-to-neutral voltages by 30.
VBC
VCN VAB VBN
VCA
30
VAN V
30 AN
VCA
VBN
VBC VCN VAB
25
Some Terminology and Remarks
 Line voltage: voltage accross any pair of lines
 Phase voltage: voltage accross a single phase
 Line current: current in a single line
 Phase current: current in a single phase
 In a Y-connection, line current and phase current are
identical.
 In a –connection, line voltage and phase voltage are
identical.

26
 Recap: -to-Y Transformations
a Zc b Zb Zc
Z1 
Za  Zb  Zc
Zc Za
n -to-Y: Z2 
Za  Zb  Zb
Za Zb
Z3 
Za  Zb  Zc
Z3
Z1Z2  Z2Z3  Z1Z3
Za 
Z1
Z1Z2  Z2Z3  Z1Z3
Y-to-Δ: Zb 
c Z2
Z Z1Z2  Z2Z3  Z1Z3
Equal impedances  ZY  Zc 
3 Z3
27
Analysis of the Y- Circuit
 Y-to- transformation in the load  single-phase
equivalent circuit in Slide 19 with ZA=Z/3.
 Line currents: A
IaA
IaA  I AB  ICA I AB ICA
IbB  IBC  I AB
IcC  ICA  IBC IBC
IbB B C
 Balanced phase currents Z
IcC
lead to balanced line currents
I AB  I  I aA  3 I  e  j 3 0
IBC  I  e  j 120  IbB  3I  e  j 150
ICA  I  e  j 120 IcC  3I  e  j 90
28
Balancedness of Line Currents
 Line currents form a set of balanced three-phase
currents.
 The magnitude of the line currents is 3 times the
magnitude of the phase currents.
 Positive- (negative-) phase sequence line currents lag
(lead) the phase currents by 30.
IcC IbB IBC IaA
ICA
30
I AB
30
I AB
IbB ICA I
IBC IaA cC

29
Recap: Power Calculations
 Complex power: I  I rmse ji
2 
V
*
S VI  I Z   P  jQ  VA  V  Vrmse jv Z  R  jX
2

Z* 
 Average power: P  Vrms I rms cos  v  i  W 
Vrms
2

 I rms
2
R 
R
 Reactive power: Q  Vrms I rms sin  v  i   VAR 
Vrms
2

 I rms
2
X 
X
 Apparent power: S  P2  Q 2  VA 
 Instantaneous power: p t   P 1  cos 2t  +Q sin 2t
30
Recap: Power Factor and Reactive Factor
 Power Factor(pf):
pf = cos  v  i 
 Knowing the value of pf is not enough to find v  i.
Problem is resolved by the following terminology:
Lagging Power Factor means current lags voltage
– hence an inductive load (v  i > 0).
Leading Power Factor means current leads voltage
– hence a capacitive load (v  i < 0).
 Reactive Factor (rf):
rf = sin  v  i 

31
Average Power in a Balanced Y Load
 With phasors expressed using the rms values:
PA  VAN IaA cos  vA  iA 
PB  VBN IbB cos  vB  iB 
PC  VCN IcC cos  vC  iC 
 In a balanced 3-phase system:
V  VAN  VBN  VCN
I  IaA  IbB  IcC
  vA  iA  vB  iB  vC  iC
 Total average power in terms of the rms magnitudes
of the line voltage (VL) and line current (IL):
PT  3V I  cos   3VL IL cos 
32
Complex Power in a Balanced Y Load
 With similar derivations for the reactive power:
QT  3V I  sin   3VL IL sin 
 For a balanced load:
* *
S  VAN I aA  VBN I bB  VCN I cC*  V I *

where V and I represent, respectively, a voltage

and a current taken from the same phase.
 The total complex power is given by:
j
ST  3S  3VL ILe

33
Power Calculations in a Balanced  Load
 With phasors expressed using the rms values:
PA  VAB I AB cos  vAB  iAB 
PB  VBC IBC cos  vBC  iBC 
PC  VCA ICA cos  vCA  iCA 
 In a balanced 3-phase system:
V  VAB  VBC  VCA
I  I AB  IBC  ICA
  vAB  iAB  vBC  iBC  vCA  iCA
 Similar calculations lead to:
j
ST  3S  3VL ILe

34
Instantaneous Power in 3-Phase Circuits
 With Vm and Im being the maximum amplitues of the
phase voltage and line current, and  = vA  iA :
pA t   vAN iaA  Vm I m cos  t  cos  t   
pB t   vBN ibB   
 Vm I m cos t  120 cos t    120 
pC t   vCN icC  Vm I m cos  t  120  cos  t     120 
 In a balanced three-phase circuit, the total
instantaneous power is invariant over time:
pT  pA  pB  pC  1.5Vm I m cos 
 Hence the torque developed at the shaft of a three-
phase motor is constant  less vibration in
machinery powered by 3-phase motors.
35
35
 Measuring Power in 3-Phase Circuits
Electrodynamometer

cc
pc

Wattmeter Reading  V I cos  n-1 wattmeters are needed

: Angle betweenV and I for a network with n lines.

36
The Two-Wattmeter Method
W1  VAB IaA cos 1
 VL IL cos 1
W2  VCB IcC cos 2
 VL IL cos 2
 For an abc sequence:
1    30
2    30
:phase angle between the phase voltage and current
 The total power is then given by:
PT  W1  W2  3VL IL cos 

37
 Solution of Ex – I: A.1


cos A  cos A  240   cos A  240   cos A
 cos  A  cos 240  sin  A  sin 240
 cos  A  cos 240  sin  A  sin 240


 cos A 1  2 cos 240
  cos A 1  2 cos 360  120 
  

  
cos A  1  2 cos 360 cos 120    

 2 sin 360 sin 120  
 
 1 0 
 
 cos A 1  2 cos 90  30

  

   
cos A  1  2 cos 90 cos 30   
 2 sin 90 sin 30   
 
 0 1 1/2 
 0

38
Solution of Ex – I: A.2
a

  j 150
V
+ 0 e

+ + b
n
j 90 j 150
V0e V0e
c
 j 150 j 30
Va  V0e  V0e
Vb  V0e
j 150
 V0e
j 150 Balanced 3-phase voltage source with
acb (negative) phase sequence
j 90  j 90
Vc  V0e  V0e

39