Y and  connections

Balanced 3-phase systems can be considered as 3 equal single phase

voltage sources connected either as Y or Delta () to 3 single three loads
connected as either Y or 

SOURCE CONNECTIONS LOAD CONNECTIONS

Y connected source Y connected load

 connected source  connected load

Y-Y Y- -Y -

21
 Balance Three-Phase Sources
• Two possible configurations:

Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected ; (b) Δ-connected

22
Balanced 3-phase systems LOAD CONNECTIONS

Y connection  connection
a
a

Z1 Zb
Zc
n

b
Z2 Z3 Za
b
c
c

Balanced load:
Z
Z1= Z2 = Z3 = Z Y Za= Z b = Zc = Z  ZY 
3

Unbalanced load: each phase load may not be the same.

23
 Phase Sequence
The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through
their respective maximum values.
a
Van  Van  Vp0 v an (t)  2Vp cos(t)
o
+

 Vbn  Vp  120
o
vbn (t)  2Vp cos(t  120o )
n
Vcn
 Vcn  Vp120 v cn (t)  2Vp cos(t  120o )
o

Vbn b
RMS phasors !
c
240o
120o
Van Vbn Vcn

24
 Phase Sequence

Vcn  Vp120o
a
Van
+

120o
n
Van  Vp0o
Vcn 120o

120o
Vbn b

c
Vbn  Vp  120o

Phase sequence : Van leads Vbn by 120o and Vbn leads Vcn by 120o

This is a known as abc sequence or positive sequence

25
 Phase Sequence

What if different phase sequence? Vbn  Vp120o

van (t )  2V p cos(t )  Van  Vp0

o

120o
Van  Vp0o
v cn (t)  2Vp cos(t  120 ) Vcn  Vp  120
o o
120o

vbn (t)  2Vp cos(t  120o ) Vbn  Vp120o 120o

RMS phasors !
Vcn  Vp  120o
Phase sequence : Van leads Vcn by 120o and Vcn leads Vbn by 120o

This is a known as acb sequence or negative sequence

240o
120o
Van Vcn Vbn

26
Example
Determine the phase sequence of the set of voltages.
van  200 cos(t  10)
vbn  200 cos(t  230)
vcn  200 cos(t  110)
Solution:
The voltages can be expressed in phasor form as

Van  (200 / 2 )10 V

Vbn  (200 / 2 )  230 V
Vcn  (200 / 2 )  110 V

We notice that Van leads Vcn by 120° and Vcn in turn leads Vbn by 120°.
Hence, we have an acb sequence.
 Balanced 3-phase Y-Y
Line current = phase current
Ia
A
a
Van Van  Vp0o
+ Phase
 ZY Vbn  Vp  120o
In voltages
n N
Vcn Vcn  Vp120o
Ib ZY ZY measured between the neutral
c Vbn B
b Ic C and any line
(line to neutral voltage)
Vp0o Vab  Va  Vb  Va  Vb  Vn  Vn 
Ia 
ZY  Van  Vnb  V p 0 o  V p 60 o

Vp  120o line  3V p 30 o

Ib  currents line-line
ZY
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc voltages
OR
Vp120o  3 Vp  90o
Ic  Line
ZY voltages
Ia  Ib  Ic  In  0 Vca  Vcn  Vna
The wire connecting n and N can be removed !  3 Vp150o 28
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vab  Van  Vnb

 Vp 0o  Vp 60o
 3 Vp 30o

29
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vab  Van  Vnb

 Vp 0o  Vp 60o Vcn

 3 Vp 30o Van

Vbn

30
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vab  Van  Vnb

 Vp 0o  Vp 60o
Vnb
 3 Vp 30 o Van

31
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vab  Van  Vnb

 Vp 0o  Vp 60o
Vnb
 3 Vp 30 o Van

Vbn
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc
 3 Vp  90o
Vnc

32
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vna
Vab  Van  Vnb
Vcn
 Vp 0o  Vp 60o
Vnb
 3 Vp 30 o Van

Vbn
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc
 3 Vp  90o
Vnc
Vca  Vcn  Vna
 3 Vp150o

33
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

Vca Vab
Vab  Van  Vnb
 Vp 0o  Vp 60o 30o Vcn

 3 Vp 30o 30o
Van
Vbn
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc 30o
 3 Vp  90o

Vbc
Vca  Vcn  Vna
 3 Vp150o
VL  3 Vp

where VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca and Vp  Van  Vbn  Vcn

Line voltage LEADS phase voltage by 30o 34

Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

For a balanced Y-Y connection, analysis can be performed using an

equivalent per-phase circuit: e.g. for phase A:
Ia A
a
Van
+
 ZY
In=0
n N
Vcn
Ib ZY ZY
c Vbn B C
b Ic

35
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y-Y Connection

For a balanced Y-Y connection, analysis can be performed using an

equivalent per-phase circuit: e.g. for phase A:
Ia A
a
Van
+
 ZY

n N

Van
Ia 
ZY

Based on the sequence, the other line currents can be

obtained from:

Ib  Ia  120o Ic  Ia120o

36
 Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y- Connection
Ia
a
Van Van  Vp0o
A
+
 Vbn  Vp  120o
Z Z
n
Vcn Vcn  Vp120o
Ib I AB Z ICA
B C
c Vbn b Ic IBC

Using KCL, Ia  IAB  ICA

Vab  3 Vp30o V
IAB  AB
Z  IAB (1  1120o )
 VAB
 IAB 3  30o
VBC Ib  IBC  IAB
Vbc  3 Vp  90 o IBC  Phase
Z currents  IBC (1  1120o )
 VBC
 IBC 3  30o
VCA
Vca  3 Vp150o ICA  Ic  ICA 3  30o
Z
 VCA 37
Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced Y- Connection

Ic

ICA
30o
IAB
Ia  IAB  ICA
30o
 IAB (1  1120o )
30o
Ib  IAB 3  30o
IBC Ia
Ib  IBC  IAB
IL  3Ip  IBC (1  1120o )
 IBC 3  30o
where IL  Ia  Ib  Ic and Ip  IAB  IBC  ICA o
Ic  ICA 3  30
Phase current LEADS line current by 30o 38
 Balanced 3-phase - Line-line voltage is the
Ia same as phase voltage in
a - 
Vab  Vp0o
A

Vca
Vbc  Vp  120o
Vab Z Z
Vcn  Vp120o
Ib I AB Z ICA
B

+

c C
Vbc b Ic IBC

Using KCL, Ia  IAB  ICA

V
Vab  VAB IAB  AB
Z  IAB (1  1120o )
 IAB 3  30o line
VBC Ib  IBC  IAB currents
Vbc  VBC IBC  Phase
Z currents  IBC (1  1120o )
 IBC 3  30o
Vca  VCA VCA
ICA  Ic  ICA 3  30o
Z
39
 Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced - Connection
Ia
a
Vab  Vp0o
A

Vca
Vbc  Vp  120o
Vab Z Z
Vcn  Vp120o
Ib I AB Z ICA
B

+

c C
Vbc b Ic IBC

Alternatively, by transforming the  connections to the equivalent Y

connections per phase equivalent circuit analysis can be performed.

40
 Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced -Y Connection
Ia
A
a
Vab  Vp0o

Vca
ZY Vbc  Vp  120o
Vab Loop1
N
Vca  Vp120o
Ib ZY ZY

+

c Vbc B C
b Ic

How to find Ia ?
Vab
Loop1 - Vab  Z YIa  Z YIb  0  Ia  Ib 
ZY

Since circuit is balanced, Ib = Ia-120o  Ia  Ib  Ia (1 1(120o ))

 Ia 330o
Vp 3
Therefore Ia    30o
ZY
41
 Balanced 3-phase systems Balanced -Y Connection
Ia
A
a
Vab  Vp0o

Vca
ZY Vbc  Vp  120o
Vab
N
Vca  Vp120o
Ib ZY ZY

+

c Vbc B C
b Ic

How to find Ia ? (Alternative)

Transform the delta source connection to an equivalent Y and then

perform the per phase circuit analysis

42
  A balanced Y-Y system, showing the source, line and load impedances.
Line Impedance

Source Impedance
Load Impedance

Equivalent Circuit

43
 Three-phase Circuits
Unbalanced 3-phase systems
Power in 3-phase system

44
 UNBALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
The line currents will not be equal nor will they have a 120° phase
difference as was the case with balanced loads.

45
 UNBALANCED FOUR-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
 On a four-wire system the neutral conductor will carry a current when the load
is unbalanced
 The voltage across each of the load impedances remains fixed with the same
magnitude as the line to neutral voltage.
 The line currents are unequal and do not have a 120° phase difference.

46
 UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
 The common point of the three load impedances is not at the
potential of the neutral and is marked "O" instead of N.
 The voltages across the three impedances can vary considerably
from line to neutral magnitude, as shown by the voltage triangle
which relates all of the voltages in the circuit.

 Draw the circuit diagram and select mesh currents as shown in Fig.
 Write the corresponding matrix equations (Crammer Rule)
47
 UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE, WYE-CONNECTED LOAD

Now the voltages across the three impedances are given by the products
of the line currents and the corresponding impedances.

48
 POWER IN BALANCED THREE-PHASE LOADS
 Since the phase impedances of balanced wye or delta loads contain
equal currents, the phase power is one-third of the total power.

• The voltage across is line voltage
• The current is phase current.
• The angle between V & I is the angle
on the impedance.
Phase power
Total power
• The voltage across is phase voltage
• The current is line current.
• The angle between V & I is the angle
on the impedance.
Phase power
Total power

For a balanced Δ-connected loads: For a balanced Y-connected loads:

49
POWER IN BALANCED THREE-PHASE LOADS

50
 INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER
 Remember: The instantaneous Single-phase power

51
 INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER
The instantaneous 3-phase power

p 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐴𝑁 𝐼𝑎 + 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝐼𝑏 + 𝑉𝐶𝑁 𝐼𝐶

52
 𝑉3𝑝 3 ∗(𝑙 ∗𝑆3𝑝) 3 ∗(𝑆1𝑝/2) 3
= = =
𝑉1𝑝 2∗(𝑙∗𝑆1𝑝) 2∗(𝑆1𝑝) 4
55