POLYPHASE CIRCUITS

LEARNING GOALS
Three Phase Circuits
Advantages of polyphase circuits

Three Phase Connections

Basic configurations for three phase circuits

Source/Load Connections
Delta-Wye connections

Power Relationships
Study power delivered by three phase circuits

Power Factor Correction

Improving power factor for three phase circuits
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
ia

ib
Vm  120 2
ic

Instantane ous Phase Voltages

Balanced Phase Currents
ia (t )  I m cos( t   )
ib (t )  I m cos( t    120 )
ic (t )  I m cos( t    240 )
van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V )
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120 )(V )
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240 )(V )
Instantane ous power
p(t )  van (t )ia ( t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )

Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m
p( t )  3 cos (W )
2
 Proof of Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m cos(120 )  0.5
p( t )  3 cos (W ) Lemma
2
cos   cos(  120 )  cos(  120 )  0
Instantane ous power
Proof
p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )
cos   cos 
cos  t cos( t   ) 
cos(  120 )  cos  cos(120 )  sin  sin(120 )
p(t )  Vm I m  cos( t  120 ) cos( t  120   ) 
  cos(  120 )  cos  cos(120 )  sin  sin(120 )
 cos( t  240 ) cos( t  240   )
cos  cos(  120 )  cos(  120 )  0
cos cos  
1
cos(   )  cos(   )
2
3 cos  cos(2 t   )
Vm I m  
p (t )   cos(2 t  240   )
2  
 cos(2 t  480   ) 

   t 
cos(  240 )  cos(  120 )
cos(  480 )  cos(  120 )
 THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS

Positive sequence
a-b-c

Y-connected loads Delta connected loads

 SOURCE/LOAD CONNECTIONS

BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION Line voltages

Van | V p | 0
Vbn | V p |   120 
Vab Vab  Van  Vbn
Vcn | V p | 120 
Vca | V p | 0 | V p |   120 
Positive sequence
phase voltages | V p | 1  (cos120  j sin 120 ) 
Vbc
1 3
| V | p  | V p |   j 
2 2 
 3 | V p | 30

Vbc  3 | V p |   90

Ia 
Van V V
; I b  bn ; I c  cn Vca  3 | V p |   210 
ZY ZY ZY
VL  3 | V p |  Line Voltage
I a | I L |  ; I b | I L |   120 ; I c | I L |   120 
Ia  Ib  Ic  In  0 For this balanced circuit it is enough to analyze one phase
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
Vab  208   30 V rms
Determine the phase voltages

The phasor diagram could be rotated by any angle

Positive sequence
a-b-c
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30
Balanced Y - Y
Vbn | V p |   120 
Van lags Vab by 30
Vcn | V p | 120 
Van  120   60 Vab  208   30
Positive sequence
Vbn  120   180  phase voltages
Van  120 60 | Vab |
Van  (30  30)
3
Relationship between
phase and line voltages
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
source | V phase | 120 (V ) rms , Z line  1  j1, Z phase  20  j10
Determine line currents and load voltages Because circuit is balanced,
data on any one phase is
sufficient

I bB  5.06  120  27.65( A)rms

I cC  5.06120  27.65( A)rms
120 0 VAN  I aA  (20  j10)  I aA  22.3626.57

Chosen VAN  113 .15  1.08(V )rms

as reference VBN  113 .15  121 .08(V )rms
VCN  113 .15118 .92(V )rms
Van  120 0
Vbn  120   120 
Van  120 120 
Abc sequence
Van 120 0
I aA  
21  j11 23.7127.65
 5.06  27.65( A)rms
 LEARNING EXTENSION For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit

Van  120 90 (V )rms. Find the line voltages

Vab leads Van by 30

Vab  3  120 120  (V )rms Vab  3 | V p | 30

Vbc  3  120 0 (V )rms Van lags Vab by 30
Vca  3  120 240  (V )rms
Relationship between
phase and line voltages

Vab  2080 (V )rms. Find the phase voltages

208
Van    30 (V )rms Van lags Vab by 30
3
208
Vbn    150  (V )rms
3
208
Vcn  90 (V )rms
3
 LEARNING EXTENSION For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
load | V phase | 104 .0226.6(V ) rms , Z line  1  j1, Z phase  8  j 3
Determine source phase voltages Currents are not required. Use inverse
voltage divider
(8  j 3)  (1  j1)
Van  VAN
8  j3
8 9  j 4 8  j 3 84  j5
   1.153.41
8  j3 8  j3 73
 104 .0226.6(V )rms
Van  120 30
j 3 Vbn  120   90
Vcn  120 150 

Positive sequence
a-b-c
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES Convert to an equivalent Y connection

Vab  VL0   VL
  an
V    30 
Vbc  VL  120   3

Vca  VL120   V  VL   150 
bn
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90 
Vab  3 | V p | 30  3
Example
Van lags Vab by 30
Vab  208 60  Van  120 30
 
Vbc  208   60  Vbn  120   90
Relationship between
phase and line voltages Vca  208 180   V  120 150 
 cn
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine line currents and line voltages at the loads

Source is Delta connected.

Convert to equivalent Y.

Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30 
Vbc  VL  120   3

Vca  VL120   
 bn
V 
VL
  150 
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90 
 3
Analyze one phase
(208 / 3)  30
I aA   9.38  49.14( A)rms
12.1  j 4.2
VAN  (12  j 4)  9.38  49.19
VAN  118.65  30.71(V )rms
Vab  3 | V p | 30 V AB  3  118 .650.71
Determine the other phases using the balance

I bB  9.38  169 .14( A)rms VBC  3  118 .65  119 .29

I cC  9.38  71.86( A)rms VCA  3  118 .65120 .71
LEARNING EXTENSION Compute the magnitude of the line voltage at the load

Source is Delta connected.

Convert to equivalent Y
Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30 
Vbc  VL  120   3

Vca  VL120   
Vbn 
VL
  150 
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90 
 3
Analyze one phase
j 0.1 10  j 4
VAN  120   30
10.1  j 4.1
10 Only interested in magnitudes!
10.77
| V AN | 120  118 .57 (V )rms
10.90
Vab  3 | V p | 30 | VAB | 205.2(V )rms
DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD Load phase currents
V AB    30   Z
I AB  | I  |  
Z
VBC
I BC  | I  |    120 
Z
VCA
I CA  | I  |    120 
Z
Z  | Z L |  Z
Line currents
I aA  I AB  I CA
I bB  I BC  I AB

Method 1: Solve directly

I cC  I CA  I BC
Method 2: We can also convert the delta
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30 connected load into a Y connected one.
Vbn | V p |   120  V  3 | V |   90 The same formulas derived for resistive
bc p
circuits are applicable to impedances.
Vcn | V p | 120  Vca  3 | V p |   210  Z
Balanced case ZY 
Positive sequence 3
phase voltages  |V | / 3
Van | I aA | AB
| I line | 3 | I  | I aA  | I aA |  L   | Z | / 3
Line-phase current ZY   L   Z
 line     30 relationship
REVIEW OF Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )
Y  Y
Rab  Ra  Rb
Transforma tions
Y 

Ra R1 RR Rb R2 RR
  R3  b 1   R2  b 1
R2 ( R1  R3 ) R1 R2 Rb R3 Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra  Rb  Ra 
R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
RR Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R3 ( R1  R2 ) Rb  2 3
R1 
Rb  Rc  R1  R2  R3 Rb
R1  R2  R3
Rc 
R3 R1 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2 
R1  R2  R3 Rc
R1 ( R2  R3 )
Rc  Ra   Y Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R3 
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y 
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
R
R  R1  R2  R3  RY 
3
 | V | 3 | V phase |
    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip

| I line | 3 | I  |
 line     30
Line-phase current
relationship

 LEARNING EXTENSION
I aA  1240.
Find the phase currents
I AB  6.9370
I BC  6.93  50
I CA  6.93190 
LEARNING EXAMPLE Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series
with 20-mH inductance. Source is Y-connected, abc sequence,
120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase currents.

Van  120 30(V )rms

| V | 3 | V phase |
    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip
| I line | 3 | I  |
Zinductance  2  60  0.020  7.54
Z   10  j 7.54  12.5237.02  ZY  4.17 37.02
V AB 120 360
I AB    16.6022.98( A)rms
Z 10  j 7.54
I BC  16.60  97.02( A)rms
I CA  16.60142 .98( A)rms
I aA  28.75  7.02( A)rms
I bB  28.75  127 .02( A)rms
I cC  28.75112 .98( A)rms
Alternatively, determine first the line currents
and then the delta currents.

 line     30
Line-phase current
relationship