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LEARNING GOALS
Three Phase Circuits
Advantages of polyphase circuits
Source/Load Connections
Delta-Wye connections
Power Relationships
Study power delivered by three phase circuits
ib
Vm 120 2 ic
Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant
Vm I m
p( t ) 3 cos (W )
2
Proof of Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant
V I cos(120) 0.5
p(t ) 3 m m cos (W ) Lemma
2
cos cos( 120) cos( 120) 0
Instantane ous power
Proof
p(t ) van (t )ia (t ) vbn (t )ib (t ) vcn (t )ic (t )
cos cos
cos t cos( t )
cos( 120) cos cos(120) sin sin(120)
p(t ) Vm I m cos( t 120) cos( t 120 )
cos( 120) cos cos(120) sin sin(120)
cos( t 240) cos( t 240 )
cos cos( 120) cos( 120) 0
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
3 cos cos(2 t )
p(t ) Vm I m cos(2 t 240 )
cos(2 t 480 )
t
cos( 240) cos( 120)
cos( 480) cos( 120)
THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS
Positive sequence
a-b-c
Y-connected
loads Delta connected loads
SOURCE/LOAD CONNECTIONS
Van | V p | 0
Vbn | V p | 120
Vab Vab Van Vbn
Vcn | V p | 120 | V p | 0 | V p | 120
Vca
Positive sequence | V p | 1 (cos120 j sin 120)
Vbc phase voltages
1 3
| V | p | V p | j
2 2
3 | V p | 30
Vbc 3 | V p | 90
Van V V Vca 3 | V p | 210
Ia ; I b bn ; I c cn
ZY ZY ZY
VL 3 | V p | Line Voltage
I a | I L | ; I b | I L | 120; I c | I L | 120
Ia Ib Ic In 0 For this balanced circuit it is enough to analyze one phase
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
Vab 208 30
Determine the phase voltages
Positive sequence
a-b-c
Van | V p | 0 Vab 3 | V p | 30
Balanced Y - Y
Vbn | V p | 120
Van lags Vab by 30
Vcn | V p | 120
Van 120 60 Vab 208 30
Positive sequence
Vbn 120 180 phase voltages
Van 12060 | Vab |
Van (30 30)
3
Relationship between
phase and line voltages
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
source | V phase | 120(V ) rms , Z line 1 j1, Z phase 20 j10 Because circuit is balanced
data on any one phase is
Determine line currents and load voltages
sufficient
I bB 5.06 120 27.65( A)rms
I cC 5.06120 27.65( A)rms
Positive sequence
a-b-c
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES Convert to an equivalent Y connection
Vab VL0 VL
V
an 30
Vbc VL 120 3
Vca VL120 V VL 150
bn
3
Vab 3 | V p | 30 VL
V
cn 90
3
Van lags Vab by 30 Example
Vab 20860 Van 12030
Vbc 208 60 Vbn 120 90
Relationship between
phase and line voltages Vca 208180 V 120150
cn
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine line currents and line voltages at the loads
j 0.1 10 j 4
V AN 120 30
10.1 j 4.1
10 Only interested in magnitudes!
10.77
| V AN | 120 118 .57(V )rms
10.90
Vab 3 | V p | 30 | V AB | 205.4(V )rms
Load phase currents
DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
V AB
I AB | I | 30 Z
Z
VBC
I BC | I | 120
Z
VCA
I CA | I | 120
Z
Z | Z L | Z Line currents
I aA I AB I CA
I bB I BC I AB
I cC I CA I BC
Method 1: Solve directly
Method 2: We can also convert the delta
Van | V p | 0 Vab 3 | V p | 30 connected load into a Y connected one.
Vbn | V p | 120 The same formulas derived for resistive
Vbc 3 | V p | 90 circuits are applicable to impedances
Vcn | V p | 120
Vca 3 | V p | 210 Z
Balanced case ZY
Positive sequence 3
phase voltages | I line | 3 | I |
|V | / 3
line 30 Van | I aA | AB
I aA | I aA | L | Z | / 3
ZY
Line-phase current L Z
relationship
| V | 3 | V phase |
phase 30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip
| I line | 3 | I |
line 30
Line-phase current
relationship
LEARNING EXTENSION
I aA 1240.
Find the phase currents
I AB 6.9370
I BC 6.93 50
I CA 6.93190
REVIEW OF Rab R2 || ( R1 R3 ) Y
Y
Rab Ra Rb
Transforma tions Y
R1 R2 Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
R R
R2 ( R1 R3 ) Ra R1 R2 R3 Rb R3
3 2
Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra Rb
R1 R2 R3 R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
Rb
R3 ( R1 R2 ) R1 R2 R3 Ra Rb Rb Rc Rc Ra
Rb Rc R 1
R R Rb
R1 R2 R3 Rc 3 1
R1 R2 R3 R R Rb Rc Rc Ra
R2 a b
R (R R ) Y Rc
Rc Ra 1 2 3
Ra Rb Rb Rc Rc Ra
R1 R2 R3 R3
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
R
R R1 R2 R3 RY
3
LEARNING EXAMPLE Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series
with 20-mH inductance. Source is Y-connected, abc sequence,
120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase currents
Van 12030(V )rms
Zinductance 2 60 0.020 7.54
V AB 120 360
I AB 16.6022.98( A)rms
Z 10 j 7.54
I BC 16.60 97.02( A)rms
| V | 3 | V phase | I CA 16.60142.98( A)rms
*
STotal 3Vline I line Power factor angle
f
I line
| I line | 3 | I |
line 30
Line-phase current Ptotal 3 |Vline || I line | cos f
relationship Qtotal 3 |Vline || I line | sin f
S total 3Vline I *
*
STotal 3Vline I line
LEARNING EXAMPLE | Vline | 208(V )rms
Ptotal 1200W
power factor angle 20 lagging
Determine the magnitude of the line
Vline currents and the value of load impedance
per phase in the delta
- Impedance angle
Determine real and reactive power per phase at the load and total real, reactive and
complex power at the source
V AN I aA (20 j10) I aA 22.3626.57
V AN 113 .15 1.08(V )rms
*
S phase V AN I aA 113.15 1.08 5.0627.65
S phase 572.5426.57 512 j 256.09(VA )rms
Pper phase Qper phase
1200
Chosen
as reference *
Ssource phase Van I aA 1200 5.0627.65
inductive
f
capacitive
| I line | 139.23( A)rms
53,264
*
S line 3 ( Z line I line ) I line 2
3 Z line | I line | Vline 220.87(V )rms
3 139.13
S line 2908 j1163(VA )
pf cos f cos(29.17) 0.873 lagging
Sload total 43.6 j 24.8kVA 50.16029.63kVA
10
Determine the magnitude of the line current from the 408-V rms source
P S P jQ
| S1 | 5kVA P1 4kW
0.8 P | S | cos f
Q1 | S1 |2 P12 3.0kVA Q | S | sin f
pf lagging S1 4 j 3kVA pf cos f
P S total S1 S 2
| S 2 | 10kVA P 9kW
0.9
2
Ptotal 3 |Vline || I line | cos f
Q2 | S 2 | P22 4.36kVA
Qtotal 3 |Vline || I line | sin f
S 2 9 j 4.36kVA
| S total | 3 | Vline || I line |
S total 13 j 7.36kVA
| S total | 14,939
| I lineq | 21.14( A)rms
3 | Vline | 706.68
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Similar to single phase case.
Use capacitors to increase the
power factor
Sold
Qold
pf old Q Qnew Qold
Pold Reactive Power to be added
Qnew To use capacitors this value
pf new
should be negative
Qper capacitor CV 2 S P jQ pf
pf cos f sin f 1 pf 2 tan
The voltage depends on how P | S | cos f
f 2
Q P tan f 1 pf
the capacitors are connected Q | S | sin f
lagging Q 0
pf cos f
f 60 Hz , | Vline | 34.5kV rms. Required : pf 0.94 leading
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Pold 18.72 MW
Qnew 6.8 MVA
S P jQ pf new 0.94 leading
P | S | cos f Q 6.8 15.02 21.82 MVA
Q P tan f Qper capacitor 7.273 MVA
Q | S | sin f
pf 34.5
pf cos f tan f Y connection Vcapacitor kV rms
1 pf 2 3
lagging Qold 0 34.5 103
2
7.273 10 2 60 C
6
pf cos f sin f 1 pf 2 0.626 3
| Qold | 15.02 MVA C 48.6 F
Pold 18.72 MW
f 60 Hz , | Vline | 34.5kV rms. Required : pf 0.90 lagging
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Pold 18.72 MW
Qnew 9.067 MVA
S P jQ pf new 0.90 lagging
P | S | cos f Q 9.067 15.02 5.953 MVA
Q P tan f Qper capacitor 1.984 MVA
Q | S | sin f
pf 34.5
pf cos f tan f Y connection Vcapacitor kV rms
1 pf 2 3
lagging Qold 0 34.5 103
2
1.984 10 2 60 C
6
pf cos f sin f 1 pf 2 0.626 3
| Qold | 15.02 MVA C 13.26 F
Pold 18.72 MW
LEARNING EXAMPLE MEASURING POWER FLOW Which circuit is the source and
what is the average power supplied?
Phase differences
determine direction
120kV rms 125kV rms of power flow!
*
SY 3V AN I aA
S X 3Van ( I aA )*
Equivalent 1-phase circuit SY 3 12 0.2703(25 180.93) MVA
12000 12000
30 25 S X 3 12 0.2703(30 180.93) MVA
V V AN 3 3
I aA an PY 5.13 MW
1 j2 1 j2 S P jQ
PX 4.91MW P | S | cos f
I aA 270.30 180.93( A) rms
System Y is the source
Ploss ( PX PY )
LEARNING EXAMPLE INCREMENTAL COST OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
How much capacitance is required to improve the power factor by a fixed amount (say 0.01)
Desired:
Supplied by
capacitors
• very expensive as
pf OLD
1
CAPACITOR SPECIFICATIONS
4 106
C1 106.1 F
2 60 (10 10 )
3 2
25 106
C2 26.53 F
2 60 (50 10 )
3 2
voltage!
Capacitor 3 is the best alternative
LEARNING BY DESIGN
2. What capacitance
would be required to
have a composite
pf =0.92 lagging
Capacitors are to be
Y - connected
S1 70036.9 S 2 100060kVA S3 80025.8kVA S total S1 S 2 S3
560 j 420 kVA 500 j866 kVA 720 j 349 kVA S P jQ
S total 1780 j1635 kVA 241742.57 kVA P | S | cos f
SOLUTION:
• Use RC network for -60 deg (lag)
• Use inverter for -180 phase shift
1
j C 1
V V V
2
R
1 1 j R C
1
3
1
j C
3
buffer
V tan
2
1
R C 60
3
o
USE 10k RESISTORS FOR
UNIFORMITY
3-PHASE EMULATOR – PROPOSED SOLUTION
Polyphase