POLYPHASE CIRCUITS

LEARNING GOALS
Three Phase Circuits
Advantages of polyphase circuits

Three Phase Connections

Basic configurations for three phase circuits

Source/Load Connections
Delta-Wye connections
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
ia

ib
Vm  120 2 ic

Instantaneous Phase Voltages

van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V )
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V )
Balanced Phase Currents
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V )
ia (t )  I m cos( t   )
ib (t )  I m cos( t    120) Instantaneous power
i (t )  I cos( t    240) p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )
c m

Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m
p( t )  3 cos (W )
2
 Proof of Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

V I cos(120)  0.5
p(t )  3 m m cos (W ) Lemma
2
cos   cos(  120)  cos(  120)  0
Instantaneous power
Proof
p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )
cos   cos 
cos  t cos( t   ) 
cos(  120)  cos  cos(120)  sin  sin(120)
p(t )  Vm I m  cos( t  120) cos( t  120   ) 
  cos(  120)  cos  cos(120)  sin  sin(120)
 cos( t  240) cos( t  240   )
cos  cos(  120)  cos(  120)  0
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
1
2
3cos   cos(2 t   ) 
p(t )  m m   cos(2 t  240   ) 
V I
2
  cos(2 t  480   ) 
  2 t  
cos(  240)  cos(  120)
cos(  480)  cos(  120)
 THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS

Positive sequence
a-b-c

Y-connected
loads Delta connected loads
 SOURCE/LOAD CONNECTIONS

BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION Line voltages

Van | V p | 0
Vbn | V p |   120
Vab
Vcn | V p | 120 Vab  Van  Vbn
Vca | V p | 0 | V p |   120
Positive sequence
phase voltages | V p | 1  (cos120  j sin120) 
Vbc
 1 3
| V | p  | V p |    j 
 2 2 
 3 | V p | 30

Vbc  3 | V p |   90

Ia 
Van V V
; I b  bn ; I c  cn Vca  3 | V p |   210
ZY ZY ZY
VL  3 | V p |  Line Voltage
I a | I L |  ; I b | I L |   120; I c | I L |   120
I a  I b  I c  I n  0 For this balanced circuit it is enough to analyze one phase
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
Vab  208  30
Determine the phase voltages

The phasor diagram could be rotated by any angle

Positive sequence
a-b-c
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30
Balanced Y - Y
Vbn | V p |   120
Van lags Vab by 30
Vcn | V p | 120
Van  120  60 Vab  208  30
Positive sequence
Vbn  120  180 phase voltages
Van  12060 | Vab |
Van  (30  30)
3
Relationship between
phase and line voltages
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
source V phase  120(V )rms , Zline  1  j1, Z phase  20  j10 Because circuit is balanced
data on any one phase is
Determine line currents and load voltages sufficient

I bB  5.06  120  27.65( A)rms

I cC  5.06120  27.65( A)rms

V AN  I aA  ( 20  j10)  I aA  22.3626.57
V AN  113.15  1.08(V ) rms
1200
Chosen
as reference VBN  113.15  121.08(V )rms
VCN  113.15118.92(V )rms
Van  1200
Vbn  120  120
Vcn  120120
Abc sequence
Van 1200
I aA  
21  j11 23.7127.65
 5.06  27.65( A)rms
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES Convert to an equivalent Y connection

Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30
Vbc  VL  120  3

Vca  VL120  
Vbn 
VL
  150
 3
Vab  3 | V p | 30  VL
V
 cn  90
 3
Van lags Vab by 30 Example
Vab  20860  Van  12030
 
Vbc  208  60  Vbn  120  90
Relationship between
phase and line voltages Vca  208180  V  120150
 cn
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine line currents and line voltages at the loads

Source is Delta connected.

Convert to equivalent Y
Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30
Vbc  VL  120  
3
Vca  VL120   VL
 bn
V    150
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90
 3
Analyze one phase

(208 / 3)  30

I aA   9.38  49.14( A)rms
12.1  j 4.2
V AN  (12  j 4)  9.38  49.19  118.65  30.71(V )rms
VAB  3 118.65  0.71

Determine the other phases using the balance

I bB  9.38  169.14( A)rms VBC  3 118.65  120.71

I cC  9.38  71.86( A)rms VCA  3 118.65119.29
 Load phase currents
DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
V AB
I AB  | I  |      30   Z
Z
VBC
I BC  | I  |    120
Z
VCA
I CA  | I  |    120
Z
Z  | Z L |  Z Line currents
I aA  I AB  I CA
I bB  I BC  I AB
I cC  I CA  I BC
Method 1: Solve directly
Method 2: We can also convert the delta
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30 connected load into a Y connected one.
Vbn | V p |   120 Vbc  3 | V p |   90
The same formulas derived for resistive
circuits are applicable to impedances
Vcn | V p | 120
Vca  3 | V p |   210 Z
Positive sequence
Balanced case ZY 
3
phase voltages | I line | 3 | I  |
 |V | / 3
 line     30 Van | I aA | AB
I aA  | I aA |  L   | Z | / 3
ZY 
Line-phase current  L   Z
relationship
 | V | 3 | V phase |
    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationship

| I line | 3 | I  |
 line     30
Line-phase current
relationship

 LEARNING EXTENSION
I aA  1240.
Find the phase currents
I AB  6.9370
I BC  6.93  50
I CA  6.93190
REVIEW OF Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Y
Rab  Ra  Rb
Transformations Y 

Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
R1 R2   R    R 
R2 ( R1  R3 ) Ra  R  R  R Rb R3
3 2
Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra  Rb  1 2 3
R1  R2  R3 R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
Rb 
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
Rb  Rc  R1 
R R Rb
R1  R2  R3 Rc  3 1
R1  R2  R3 R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2  a b
R (R  R )  Y Rc
Rc  Ra  1 2 3
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R3 
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y 
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
R
R  R1  R2  R3  RY 
3
LEARNING EXAMPLE Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series
with 20-mH inductance. Source is Y-connected, abc sequence,
120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase currents
Van  12030(V )rms
Zinductance  2  60  0.020  7.54

Z   10  j 7.54  12.5237.02  ZY  4.1737.02

V AB 120 360
I AB    16.6022.98( A)rms
Z 10  j 7.54
I BC  16.60  97.02( A)rms
| V | 3 | V phase | I CA  16.60142.98( A)rms

    phase  30 I aA  28.75  7.02( A) rms

Line - phase voltage
relationship
| I line | 3 | I  |
 line     30
Line-phase current
relationship
I bB  28.75  127.02( A)rms
I cC  28.75112.98( A)rms
Alternatively, determine first the line currents
and then the delta currents
Polyphase