ESC201T : Introduction to

Electronics

Lecture 23: Power Supply (part-1)

B. Mazhari
Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur
Power Supply

VO

dc power RL
supply 12V
VS
Circuit

220V rms  311.127V peak value

vin

t
vO

t
Strategy

vin

v1 Half wave Rectifier

Filter
v2

t
Power Supply: Block diagram

VO

RL
Half wave
VS Filter
Rectifier
 Half wave Rectifier circuit

VO
D
VS R
220V rms
220V  2
 311.127V peak value

VO

VS R

VO

VS R
Filtered output voltage is too large ! VO

RL
Half wave
VS Filter
Rectifier

Must reduce the input voltage

Half Wave Rectifier

N1 N2
VO
+
VS N1 D

VIN N 2 VS Vin R

VO
0.7V
VIN R
For VO to be 12V, the input VIN should be ~12.7V

VS  220V  2 N1
 24.5
 311.127V peak value N2
 VO
0.7V
VIN R
Zoomed view
 N1 N2
N1 N2 VO
VO
D D
VS RL C
VS R
 VO VO

D
VS RL C RL
C

Diode is forward biased Diode is reverse biased

Output has a ripple

VM

VL

Ripple Voltage : Vr  VM  VL
VR
Average Output Voltage : VO (avg )  VM 
2
What does ripple voltage depend on?

VO
N1 N2
VO
D
RL
C
VS C RL
 VM
VL

t=0 t=t1
t1
t1 

Vr  VM  VL  VM  (1  e RL C
)
VL  VM  e RL C

t1 VM t1
Vr  VM {1  (1  )} 
Assuming that t1 << RL C RLC RLC
 T

VM
VL

t=0 t=t1

VM t1 VM T
t1  T Vr  
RLC RLC
Example N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
100F

RL C
5
T
Example N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
500F

𝑉 12 RLC
𝑉 ≅ =
𝑓 × 𝑅 𝐶 50 × 10 × 500 × 10
= 0.48𝑉  25
T
Design Example

Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω with ripple
voltage less than 0.1V.

N1 N2
+ VO
D
VS Vin 0.1K
C
-

N1 311.127
For VO to be 6V, the input VIN should be ~6.7V   46.4
N2 6.7
VM
Vr   0.1  C  12mF
fRLC

How do we choose a diode for this application?

Diode Specifications
How do we choose a diode for this application?
N1 N2
VO
D
VS RL
C

Determine peak and average diode currents; peak inverse voltage

Diode forward bias current
N1 N2
dvO vO
VO
iD  C  
D
RL
dt RL
VS
C

vO  VM  Cos(t ) (t )2
vO  VM  (1  )
2

t=0 VM
iD   C  VM   2  t 
RL
 (t )2 VM
vO  VM  (1  ) iD   C  VM   2  t 
2 RL

VM

VL

VM t=-Δt t=0
iD max  C  VM    t 
2

RL (t )2 1 2Vr
VL  VM  (1  )  t 
VM 2  VM
iD max  C  2VrVM 
RL
Peak and Average Diode Currents VM
iD max  C  2VrVM 
RL

1 1 2Vr
iD max  t t 
iDav  2  VM
T

t=-Δt t=0

i 2Vr VM 2VrVM VM
i  D max 
av i av
 
4 RL
D
4 RL RL
D
VM
 VM V VM
iD max  C  2VrVM  Vr  M iDavg . 
RL fRLC RL

iD max  2  2 f  C  VM  iDavg .  iDavg .

iD max  2  2 f  C  VM  iDavg .

One can see a tradeoff between ripple voltage and peak diode current
Peak and Average Diode Currents

N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
100F

VM
Vr 1.95V iDav   12mA
RL

N1 N2
VO
D
VS 1K
500F

VM
Vr  0.438V iDav   12mA
RL

Peak diode current increases as ripple reduces

Peak Inverse Voltage

N1 N2 -12.7 12
VO
- D
VS RL
C
+

12+12.7=24.7V

PIV  2vO  0.7

Design Example

Design a power supply that will supply 6V to a load of 100Ω with ripple
voltage less than 0.1V.
VM
N1 N2 iD max  C  2VrVM 
+ VO RL
D
VS Vin 0.1K
C
-

N1 311.127
For VO to be 6V, the input VIN should be ~6.7V   46.4
N2 6.7

VM
Vr   0.1  C  12mF How do we choose a diode for this application?
fRLC

𝑉
𝑖 ≅ = 60𝑚𝐴
𝑅