Introduction to Amplifiers

B.Tech 4th semester

Subject: Analog Electronics

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 To learn……..
• List the three fundamental ac properties of
amplifiers
• Describe the general model of a voltage amplifier
• Discuss how i/p and o/p impedance effect on the
effective gain of the circuit
• Study the three BJT amplifier configurations
• Discuss the various amplifier operation classes
• Understand the concept of dB

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 Typical amplifiers.
VCC
VCC

BJT JFET
Amplifier R1 RC
RD
Amplifier

Load
Q1 Load Q1

R2 R1
RE RS

Rf

Rin
+V Op-Amp Based
Amplifier
Load
-V
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General amplifier models.
Zout

Zin A

Zin A Zout

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 Table : Gain symbols.

Type of Gain Symbol Relation

vout
Voltage Av Av 
vin
iout
Current Ai Ai 
iin
Pout
Power Ap Ap 
Pin

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 Fig 8.3 Example 8.1.
The symbol shown in Fig. 8.3 is a generic symbol for an amplifier.
Calculate the voltage gain for the amplifier represented in the figure.

400V 250mV
A

vout 250mV
Av    625
vin 400μV

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 Voltage amplifier model.

RS Zout

vS vin Zin Avvin vL RL

Z in RL
vin  vS vout  Av vin vL  vout
RS  Z in Z out  RL
vL
Av (eff ) 
vS 7
 Combined effects of the input and
output circuits.
RS Zout
20 250

vS Zin RL
v vout vL
15mV in 980 1.2k

Av=340

Z in 980Ω RL 1.2kΩ
vin  vS  15mV  vL  vout  5V 
RS  Z in 1kΩ Z out  RL 1.45kΩ
 14.7mV  4.14V
vout  Av vin  340 14.7mV vL 4.14V
Aveff     276
 5V vS 15mV 8
 Voltage Amplifier
Characteristics
Ideal:
• Any value of voltage gain (can be infinite if
needed)
• Infinite input impedance
• Zero output impedance

Practical:
• Certain value of gain (cannot reach
infinity).
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance 9
 BJT Amplifier
Configurations
• Common-emitter (CE) amplifier
• Common-collector (CC) amplifier
• Common-base (CB) amplifier

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 Table: Property ranges.

Property Low Midrange High

Gain < 100 100-1000 >1000

Impedance <1k 1k-10k >10k

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Common-emitter (CE) amplifier.
+VCC

•Midrange values of
voltage and
vout
current gain.
vin •High power gain
4Vpp
•Midrange input
Load
20mVpp impedance
•Midrange output
impedance

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Common-collector (CC)amplifier.

• Midrange current gain.

+VCC
• Extremely low voltage gain
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance
vin

vout
2Vpp

1.8Vpp
Load

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 Common-base (CB)
amplifier.
• Midrange voltage gain
• Extremely low current gain (slightly less than 1)
• Low input impedance
+VCC
• High output impedance
vin vout

20mVpp 2Vpp
Load

-VEE 14
 Table :A comparison of CE, CC,
and CB circuit characteristics.

Type Av Ai Ap Zin Zout

CE Midrange Midrange High Midrange Midrange

CC <1 Midrange Ai High Low

CB Midrange <1 Av Low High

A
p  Av Ai 

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BJT Terminal Connections

Type Emitter Base Collector

CE Common Input Output

CC Output Input Common

CB Input Common Output

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 Amplifier Classifications
• Class A – low distortion, high loss
• Class B – some distortion, lower loss
• Class C – high distortion, lowest loss
• Others
– Classes D, E, G, H, T

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Class A Amplifiers
VCC
Conduction: Transistor conducts
during 360 deg. of ac input.
Maximum theoretical eff.: 25%
Distortion: Little (subject to
R1 RC
nonlinear distortion.)

Q1 Load

R2
RE

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Class B Amplifiers
+VCC
Conduction: Each transistor conducts
for 180 deg. of ac input.
R1
Maximum theoretical eff.: 78.5%
Q1
Distortion: Little. Crossover distortion
is most common.
R2
RL
Q2
R3

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Class C (Tuned) Amplifiers
+VCC
Conduction: Each transistor
conducts for less than 180 deg. of
L1 C1 ac input.
Maximum theoretical eff.: 99%
Distortion: Mild to severe.

Q1 RL

-VBB
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 Decibels (dB)
Pout
Ap (dB)  10 log Ap  10 log dB
Pin

dB Value Ap dB Value Ap
3 2 -3 1/2

6 4 -6 1/4

12 16 -12 1 / 16

20 100 -20 1 / 100

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 dB gains are additive.

Input A A Output

Ap1 = 20 dB Ap2 = 6 dB
ApT = 26 dB

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 The dBm Reference
P
Ap (dBm)  10 log
1mW

dB Voltage Gain
2
Pout vout Rin vout Rin
Ap (dB)  10 log  10 log 2
 20 log  10 log
Pin Rout vin vin Rout
vout
Ap (dB)  Av (dB)  20 log Av  20 log  Rout  Rin 
vin
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 Summary
• Amplifier properties
• BJT amplifier configurations
• Amplifier classifications
• Decibels

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 Reference
• Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits By Robert
T. Paynter
• Electronics Devoces and Circuit Theory by Robert L.
Boylestad.

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