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Amplifiers
Differential Amplifier
is a type of electronic amplifier that multiplies the difference between two
inputs by some constant factor (the differential gain).
A Schematic Symbol of a
Differential Amplifier
where:
Vs+ and Vs_= supply voltages
A= amplifier gain
V = non-inverting input
+
V_ = inverting input
Basic Differential Amplifier Circuit
AC Equivalent
Vo Rc
Ad
Vd 2ri
Vd Vi Vi
1 2
where:
Ad= Differential Mode Gain
Common-Mode Operation
Vo RC
AC
Vi ri 2 1RE
Example page 656
Calculate the common-mode gain for the amplifier circuit shown below.
β1= β2=75
ri1= ri2 = ri =20kΩ
Block diagram of an Op amp
Pin diagram 741 Op amp
Characteristics of an Ideal op-amp
If the circuit above has R1=100kΩ and Rf=500kΩ, what output voltage results
for an input of V1=2V?
Rf 500k
Vo V1 (2V ) 10V
R1 100k
Example : 2 Page 716
Determine the output voltage for a 741 op-amp shown below with a
sinusoidal input of 2.5 mV.
Noninverting Amplifier
-is a constant gain amplifier circuit.
Example Page 686
If the circuit above has R1=100kΩ and Rf=500kΩ, what output voltage results
for an input of V1=2V?
240kΩ
2.4kΩ +16V
-16V
Multi-Stage Gains
When a number of stages are connected in series, the overall gain is the
product of the individual stage gains.
A A1 A 2 A 3
or
R f R f R f
A 1
R 1 R2 R3
Example page 717
Calculate the output voltage using the multi-stage circuit shown below for
resistor components of value Rf=470kΩ, R1=4.3kΩ, R2=33kΩ and
R3=33kΩ for an input of 80µV.
Example page 717
Show the connection of an LM124 quad op-amp as a three-stage
amplifier with gains of +10, -18 and -27. Use 270-kΩ feedback resistor for
all three circuits. What output voltage will result for an input of 150µV?
Example page 718
Show the connection of three op-amp stages using an LM348 IC to
provide outputs that are 10, 20 and 50 times larger than the input. Use a
feedback resistor of Rf=500kΩ in all stages.
Voltage Buffer/ Unity Follower
Any amplifier with no gain or loss is called a unity gain amplifier.
The advantages of using a unity gain amplifier:
V0 = V 1
Example
100kΩ 100Ω
100Ω 10Ω
+ vx -
3mA 1kΩ
5V
1MΩ 1MΩ
20kΩ
Voltage Summing Amplifier
The summing amplifier is used to add the voltages.
Since the input resistance is very large V1=V2=0, therefore
Calculate the output voltage of an op-amp summing amplifier for the following
sets of voltages and resistors. Use Rf=1MΩ in all cases.
(a) V1=1V, V2=2V, V3=3V, R1=500kΩ, R2=1MΩ, R3=1MΩ.
(b) V1=-2V, V2=3V, V3=1V, R1=200kΩ, R2=500kΩ, R3=1MΩ.
Example Page 720
Calculate the output voltage for the circuit of the figure below. The inputs
are V1= 50mV sin(1000t) and V2=10mV sin(3000t).
330kΩ
33kΩ +9V
4
11
10
10kΩ 741
5
6
-9V
Example
100kΩ
V1=0.1V
20kΩ
400kΩ
Vo
20kΩ 10kΩ
Subtractor Amplifier
-is used to subtract two voltages.
R3 R2 R4 R
V2 Vo V1 4 V2
R1 R3 R2 R2
if R1 R3 and R2 R4
Vo
V1
Vo V1 V2
Rf Rf Rf
Vo V1 V2
R
R3 1 R2
Rf R f Rf
Vo V2 V1
R2 R3R1
Example page 721
Determine the output for the circuit below with the components Rf=1 MΩ, R1=100kΩ,
R2=50kΩ and R3=500kΩ.
Example page 721
Determine the output voltage for the circuit shown below.
100kΩ 100kΩ
20kΩ 741 Vo
Vo
20kΩ
Integrator Amplifier
-is used to produce a voltage output proportional to the product (multiplication)
of the input voltage and time
Input-output waveforms using square wave
1
vo (t )
RC v1(t )dt
1
fa , gain limiting frequency
2RF C F
1
fb , frequency at which the gain is 0dB
2R1C F
Example 7-15 page 279
In the circuit of Figure 1, R1CF= 1 second and the input is a step (dc) voltage
as shown in Figure 2. Determine the output voltage and sketch it. Assume that
the op-amp is initially nulled.
Figure 2
Figure 1
Differentiator Amplifier
-is used to produce a voltage output proportional to the input voltage's rate of change
-is used in waveshaping circuits to detect high frequency components in an input signal
and also as a rate-of-change detector in FM modulators.
dv1 (t )
vo (t ) RC
dt
1
fa , frequency at which the gain is 0dB
2RF C1
1 1
fb , gain limiting frequency Input-output waveforms
2R1C1 2RF C F
Differentiator Amplifier
Time period, T ≥ RFC1
Steps in designing a workable Differentiator
+V c c
7
2 D1
- 6 + -
R 3 Vo
+ +
Rom=R
4
D2
- C
-V e e RL=10k
+
V in
-
GND
Output Waveform
Vi
The capacitor across the npn transistor is used to reduce the ac gain.
The diode protects the transistor against excessive reverse base-to-emitter voltage.
Vi
R1 max
Ic
max
Vi
R1 max