1. Summarize the popular IC package configurations available.

• The Metal can (TO) package.

• The Dual-in-line package (DIP).
• The flat package or flat pack.
2. Distinguish between dry etching and wet etching.
Etching is the process of material being removed from a material’s surface. The two

major types of etching are wet etching and dry etching (e.g., plasma etching). The

etching process that involves using liquid chemicals or etchants to take off the substrate

material is called wet etching. In the plasma etching process, also known as dry etching,

plasmas or etchant gases are used to remove the substrate material

3. Compare the ideal and practical op-amp characteristics.

4. Design an amplifier with a gain of -10 and input resistance of

10kΩ.

Ri = 10kΩ
Av= -Rf/Ri
-10 = -Rf/10kΩ
Rf= 10 x 10 kΩ = 100 kΩ

5. Summarize the applications of an instrumentation amplifier.

The instrumentation amplifier, along with a transducer bridge can be used in a wide
variety of applications. These applications are generally known as data acquisition
systems.
Temperature indicator, Temperature controller, Light intensity meter
Display of various sensor outputs

6. Draw the diagram of sample and hold circuit.

 7. Point out any two application of 555 Timer in Mono stable mode.
1.missing pulse detector 2.Linear ramp generator 3.frequecny divider 4.Pulse

width modulation
8. Summarize the different stages of operation in a PLL.
1.Free running stage 2.Capture range stage 3.Locked in stage
9. What are the limitations of three terminal regulator?
limitations of three terminal regulators are 1.No short circuit
protection 2.Output voltage (positive or negative) is fixed
10. What is SMPS?

PART-B (5 x 13 = 65 Marks)

11. (a) With neat illustrations explain the various steps involved in the IC fabrication (13)
process.
 (Or)

(b) Briefly describe the various processes involved in fabrication of monolithic IC

which integrates diode, capacitance and FET. (13)
12. (a) (i)Draw the inverting amplifier circuit and non-inverting amplifier circuit of an (10)
op-amp in closed loop configuration. Obtain the expression for the closed loop
gain for both amplifiers.
 (ii) For a non-inverting amplifier using an op-amp assume R1 = 470 Ω.and
R2 = 4.7 KΩ. Calculate the closed loop voltage gain of the amplifier.(3)

(Or)
(b) Explain the differential amplifier using opamp. (13)
13. (a) Write a note on log and antilog amplifiers using op-amp. (13)
• Definition
• Logarithmic amplifier gives the output proportional to the logarithm of
input signal. If Vi is the input signal applied to a differentiator then the
output is
• Vo = K*ln(Vi)+l
where K is gain of logarithmic amplifier,
l is constant.
The current equation of diode is given as
Id = Ido*(exp (V/Vt)-1)
where Ido is reverse saturation current,
V is voltage applied across diode;
Vt is the voltage equivalent of temperature.
Hence applying KCL at inverting terminal of opamp, we get
                            (0-Vin)/R1 + Id = 0  implies Id = Vin/R1
Substituting the equation for current in the above equation we get
Ido*(exp (V/Vt)-1) = Vin/R1.
Assuming exp (V/Vt) >> 1 i.e. V>>Vt and V = – Vo,
we get Ido*exp (-Vo / Vt) = Vin/R1.
Applying Antilog on both sides we get
                                      Vo = – Vt * ln (Vin/(R1*Ido)).
Gain of logarithmic amplifier
Gain of amplifier K = -Vt 
Anti log amplifier is one which provides output proportional to the anti log i.e.
exponential to the input voltage. If Vi is the input signal applied to a Anti log
amplifier then the output is Vo=K*exp(a*Vi) where K is proportionality constant,
a is constant.
• It is obvious from the circuit shown above that negative feedback is
provided from output to inverting terminal. Using the concept of virtual
short between the input terminals of an opamp the voltage at inverting
terminal will be zero volts.(Since the non inverting terminal of opamp is
at ground potential). The anti log amplifier can be redrawn as follows 
• The current equation of diode is given as
• Id = Ido*(exp (V/Vt)-1)
• where Ido is reverse saturation current,
• V is voltage applied across diode;
• Vt is the voltage equivalent of temperature
• Applying KCL at inverting node of opamp we get
•           Id = (0-Vo)/R = Io*(exp (Vin/Vt)) (assumed Vin /Vt >> 1)
• Hence Vo = -Io*R*(exp (Vin/Vt)).
• Gain of Anti log amplifier
• Gain of Anti log amplifier K= -Io*R
 (Or)
(b) (i) Explain the application of Instrumentation amplifier for transducer bridge (7)
circuit.
• The most commonly used Instrumentation amplifiers consist of three
op-amps. In this circuit, a non-inverting amplifier is connected to each
input of the differential amplifier.
• This instrumentation amplifier provides high input impedance for
exact measurement of input data from transducers .
• The op-amps 1 & 2 are non-inverting amplifiers and together form an
input stage of the instrumentation amplifier. The op-amp 3 is a
difference amplifier that forms the output stage of the instrumentation
amplifier.

• The output stage of the instrumentation amplifier is a difference

amplifier, whose output Vout is the amplified difference of the input
signals applied to its input terminals. If the outputs of op-amp 1 and
op-amp 2 are Vo1 and Vo2 respectively, then the output of the
difference amplifier is given by,
• Vout = (R3/R2)(Vo1-Vo2)
• The expressions for Vo1 and Vo2 can be found in terms of the input
voltages and resistances.
• Consider the input stage of the instrumentation amplifier as shown in
the figure below.

• The potential at node A is the input voltage V1. Hence the potential at
node B is also V1, from the virtual short concept. Thus, the potential at
 node G is also V1.
• The potential at node D is the input voltage V2. Hence the potential at
node C is also V2, from the virtual short. Thus, the potential at node H
is also V2.
• Ideally the current to the input stage op-amps is zero. Therefore the
current I through the resistors R1, Rgain and R1 remains the same.
• Applying Ohm’s law between the nodes E and F,
• I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(R1+Rgain+R1) ——————— 1
• I = (Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain)
• Since no current is flowing to the input of the op-amps 1 & 2, the
current I between the nodes G and H can be given as,
• I = (VG-VH)/Rgain = (V1-V2)/Rgain ————————- 2
• Equating equations 1 and 2,
• (Vo1-Vo2)/(2R1+Rgain) =  (V1-V2)/Rgain 
• (Vo1-Vo2) = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain —————— 3
• The output of the difference amplifier is given as,
• Vout = (R3/R2) (Vo1-Vo2)
• Therefore, (Vo1 – Vo2) =  (R2/R3)Vout
• Substituting (Vo1 – Vo2) value in the equation 3, we get
• (R2/R3)Vout = (2R1+Rgain)(V1-V2)/Rgain
• i.e. Vout = (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}(V1-V2)
• The above equation gives the output voltage of an instrumentation
amplifier. The overall gain of the amplifier is given by the
term (R3/R2){(2R1+Rgain)/Rgain}.
• Note:
• The overall voltage gain of an instrumentation amplifier can be
controlled by adjusting the value of resistor Rgain.
• The common mode signal attenuation for the instrumentation
amplifier is provided by the difference amplifier.

(ii) With neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of R-2R D/A converter. (6)
• The R-2R network consists of resistors with only two values - R and
2xR. If each input is supplied either 0 volts or reference voltage, the
output voltage will be an analog equivalent of the binary value of the
three bits. VS2 corresponds to the most significant bit (MSB) while
VS0 corresponds to the least significant bit (LSB).
14. (a) Briefly explain the functional block diagram of NE565 PLL IC to operate as a (13)
frequency divider.
 (Or)
(b) (i) Design and draw the waveform of a 1 kHz square wave generator using 555
timer for duty cycle of 50%.

(4)
(ii) Explain the astable operation of IC555 with necessary waveforms. (9)
15. (a) Explain the working principle of basic linear voltage regulator using op-amp.

(13)
(Or)
(b) Briefly explain the switched mode power supply with necessary circuit diagrams (13)
and waveforms.
PART-C (1 x 15 = 15 Marks)
16. (a) Design a circuit to produce V0=(V3+V4) -(V1+V2) using Op-Amp.

(8)

Redraw the above designed circuit for V2=V3=V4.

(7)
(Or)
(b) Design a frequency synthesizer circuit using PLL IC 565. Explain in detail about (15)
the operation and applications of it. How will you design a voltage regulator
using IC723 regulator to satisfy the following specifications.
(i) V0 = 12 V,
(ii) I0 = 500 mA,
(iii) Vin = 18±20%,
(iv) Isc = 600 mA,
(v) VSense = 0.7 V.
Give the complete schematic diagram. Assume and Justify if any data required.
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