Generator & Load Mismatch

ECE202 Transmission Lines & Fields

 Generator & Load Reflections
 Let us consider a transmission line with no losses, but
mismatched generator and load impedances

i(z) Z0

Zg
g v(z) L ZL
Vg
Zin

-l Z=0

If generator impedance is not matched to the characteristic impedance

of transmission line i,e, Zg  Z0 , we will have reflection of the signal,
given by g

1
Similarly if i,e, ZL  Z0 , we will have reflection L at the load end
 Generator & Load Reflections
 Let us consider the input end of the line
i(z) Z0

Zg
g v(z)
Vg
Zin

-l
The voltage at the beginning of the line is
Z in
v( z  l )  Vg …(1)
Z in  Z g
Zg
Zin v(z) But we can also write voltage as

2
Vg 

v( z  l )  V0 e jl  L e  jl  …(2)
 Generator & Load Reflections

Comparing (1) & (2), we get

Vg
Z in
Z in  Z g


 V0 e jl  L e  jl 
 Z in 1
 V0  Vg

Z in  Z g e jl  L e  jl 
Substituting input impedance in the above equation

Z in  Z 0
1   e 2 j l

1   e 
L
 2 j l
L


 Vg

Z 0 1  L e 2 jl  e  jl
V0
   
Z 0 1  L e  2 jl  Z g 1  L e 2 jl 1  L e  2 jl 
3
 Generator & Load Reflections
Re-writing the previous equation
 Z 0 e  jl
 Vg
Z 0  Z g  Z 0  Z g L e 2 jl
V0

Now we can define reflection coefficient at generator end as

Z g  Z0
g 
Z g  Z0
Taking into account, the reflection at the generator, we have
 Z 0 e  j l
V0  Vg
 (Z g  Z 0 )  2 j l

Z 0  Z g 1  L e 
 ( Z 0  Z g ) 
 Z 0 e  jl
V0  Vg
4 ( Z 0  Z g )(1  g L e 2 jl )
 Generator & Load Reflections
 Why we require to find V0+ ?

 We require voltage v(z) to calculate power at any point on the

transmission line

Pavg
1

 Re v( z )i( z )*
2

 To know the voltage v(z) on the transmission line, we need the
amplitude of the voltage V0+ at that point


v( z )  V0 e  jz  L e jz 
 Previously we ignored the generator impedance in transmission
line calculations, hence, we require a corrected voltage V0+ value
that considers impedance mismatch and consequent reflection at
the generator end
5
 Effective Power Under Mismatch
The average power delivered to the load can be written as
 1 
Pavg
1
 1

 Re v( z )i ( z )  v( z ) Re
* 2

2 2  Z in 
2
1 2 Z in  1 
 Vg Re 
2 Z in  Z g  Z in 
If we consider Zin = Rin + j Xin & Zg = Rg + j Xg

Rin  X in
2 2
1 2 1
Pavg  Vg
2 ( Rin  Rg ) 2  ( X in  X g ) 2 Rin