ECE 3317

Prof. D. R. Wilton

Notes 10
Transmission Lines

(Impedance Matching)

[Chapter 6]
Smith Chart
Impedance matching is very important to avoid reflected power (loss of efficiency),
presence of standing waves (SWR), and strong frequency dependences.

Z L  Z0
L 
Z L  Z0
Zg L

sinusoidal source Z0 ZL
S

z=0

We will discuss two methods: z

 Quarter-wave transformer
 Single-stub matching
Quarter-Wave Transformer
Quarter-Wave Transformer: First consider a real load.

l /4

Z0 Z0T Z L = RL

Zin

 Z L  jZ 0T tan   l    2    
Z in  Z 0T   tan   l   tan     tan    
 Z 0T  jZ L tan   l     4 2

2
Z 0T 2
Z 0T
Z in  Hence Z in   real
ZL RL
Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)
l /4

Z0 Z0T ZL = RL

Zin

Set Z in  Z 0
2
Z 0T
Hence  Z0
RL

This yields Z 0T  Z 0 RL
Z 0T

Thus the tranformer section characteristic Z0 RL

impedance is the “geometric mean” of the
RL Z 0T
line and load impedances. 
Z 0T Z0
Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

Next, consider a general (complex) load impedance ZL.

l /4

Ys
Z0 Z0T YL = 1 / ZL
YL  GL  jBL

shunt (parallel) susceptance

Ys  jBs   jBL

New model: l /4

Z0 Z0T YLeq  GL
Z Leq  RLeq  1 GL
Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)

Summary of quarter-wave transformer matching method

l /4

Z0 Z0T YL = GL + j B L

Ys = jBs

Z 0T  Z 0 / GL
Bs   BL
Quarter-Wave Transformer (cont.)
Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

l /4

Z0 Z0T YL = GL + j B L

Z0s Bs = - BL

ls

1 1
jX s  jZ 0 s tan   sl s   j Bs  Y0 s cot   s ls 
jBs Bs
Single-Stub Matching

A susceptance is added at a distance d from the load.

d

Y0 = 1 / Z 0 ZL

Ys  jBs
Yin

1) We choose the distance d so that at this distance from the load

Yin  Y0  jBin (i.e., Gin = Y0)

2) We then choose the shunt susceptance so that

Bs   Bin
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Y 0 = 1 / Z0 Ys  jBs ZL

Yin  Y0

The feeding transmission line on the left sees a perfect match.

Yin  Y0  jBin
Bs   Bin
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)

Z0 ZL

Z0s
ls
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

We use the Smith chart as an admittance calculator to determine the

distance d.
d

Z0 ZL

Z0s
ls

1) Convert the load impedance to a load admittance YL.

2) Determine the distance d to make the normalized input conductance equal to 1.0.
3) If desired, we can also use the Smith chart to find the stub length.
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)

Example Z 0  50[]
Z L  100  j100 []

Z0 ZL

Z0s
Z LN  2  j 2
ls
1
Y 
L
N
 0.25  j  .25 
2  j2

Z L  Z 0 Z LN  1
L   N  L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
Z L  Z0 Z L  1
Single-Stub Matching (cont.) use this one
d  0.041  0.178  0.219
Solution : 0.178 or 0.041  0.322  0.363
Add - j1.57 at d  0.219
or  j1.57 at d  0.362
1  j1.57
X

0.219 X Z LN  2  j 2

0.363
0.041
X

X
1  j1.57
YLN  0.25  j 0.25
Smith chart scale:
0.322
wavelengths toward load
wavelengths toward generator Fig 6.18
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
UNMATCHED 1.62 1+  L  1.62
1.55

1.0
ZL V z / V 
0.78

V  1 0.38 1-  L  0.38
z
0
0.292 0.219 0.042
z

X Z LN 0.042
1.55
1.62 Crank diagram
0.38
0.78

0.219
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
1.62 1+  L  1.62
UNMATCHED 1.55

1.0
V z / V 
ZL 0.78

0.38 1-  L  0.38
SWR = 4.26
z
0
0.292 0.219 0.042
z
MATCHED
1.62
1.55
jBs ZL SWR = 1.0

0.78
V z / V 

z
0.219 0

0.219 0.042 z
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
Next, we find the length of the short-circuited stub: BsN  1.57

Rotate clockwise from S/C to desired Bs value.

Assume Z0s = Z0
 Im   z  Otherwise, we have to first
denormalize to the line
impedance, then renormalize to
0+j1 stub characteristic impedance!
0+j0.5 0+j2

S/C
Yn  
O/C
0+j0
 Re   z 

0-j0.5 0-j2

0-j1 BsN  1.57

admittance chart
Single-Stub Matching (cont.)
admittance chart
From the Smith chart:
ls  0.09

 T .G.  0.250
Analytically: O/C xS/C

BsN   cot   l 
0.09
1.57   cot  l
0  j1.57 X
1
cot  l  1.57; tan  l 
1.57  T .G.  0.259
2
l  l  0.567 [radians]

ls  0.0903