CHANAKYANATI

ONALLAW UNI
VERSI
TY
NYAYANAGAR,
MITHAPUR,
PATNA-
800001

RESEARCHPROPOSALSUBMI
TTEDI
NPARTI
ALFULLFI
LMENTCOURSE

Thi
sfi
nal
draf
tissubmi
tt
edinpar
ti
alfulf
il
menti
nInt
ernati
onal
lawf
or
thecompl
eti
onofB.
A.LL.B.
(HONS.
)course

“
SUCCESSI
ONOFDEBTOFPREDECESSORSTATEBY
SUCCESSORSTATE”

PROPOSALSUBMI
TTEDBY:

SAJALSANATAN

ROLLNO.
:-
2149

SEMESTER:
-FI
FTH

COURSE:
-B.
A.LL.
B(HONS.
)

PROPOSALSUBMI
TTTEDTO

Mr
s.SugandhaSi
nha

ASSI
STANTPROFESSOROFLAW
 DECLERATI
ON

Iher
ebydecl
aret
hatt
hepr
ojectent
it
led“SUCCESSI
ON OFDEBTOF
PREDECESSOR STATE BY SUCCESSOR STATE“submi
tt
ed bymeat
CHANAKYA NATI
ONAL LAW UNI
VERSI
TY i
sar
ecor
d ofbona f
ide
pr
ojectwor
kcar
ri
edoutbymeundert
hegui
danceofourment
orMr
s.
SUGANDHA SI
NHA .If
urt
herdecl
aret
hatt
hewor
krepor
tedi
nthi
s
pr
ojecthasnotbeensubmi
tt
edandwi
l
lnotbesubmi
tt
ed,ei
theri
npar
t
ori
nful
l
,fort
heawar
dofanyot
herdegr
eeordi
plomai
nthi
suni
ver
sit
y
ori
nanyot
heruni
ver
sit
y.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I
tisaf
actt
hatanyr
esear
chwor
kpr
epar
ed,compi
l
edorf
ormul
atedi
nisol
ati
oni
s

i
nexpl
i
cabl
eto an ext
ent
.Thi
sresear
ch wor
k,al
though pr
epar
ed byme,i
sa

cul
minat
ionofef
for
tsofal
otofpeopl
ewhor
emai
ned,whogav
ethei
rint
ense

suppor
tandhel
pedmei
nthecompl
eti
onoft
hispr
oject
.

Fi
rst
ly,Iam v
erygr
atef
ult
omysubj
ectt
eacherMr
s.SugandhaSi
nha,wi
thoutt
he
ki
ndsuppor
tandhel
pofwhom t
hecompl
eti
onoft
hispr
ojectwasaher
cul
eant
ask
f
orme.Shedonat
ed herv
aluabl
eti
mef
rom hi
sbusyschedul
eto hel
p met
o
compl
etet
hispr
oject
.Iwoul
dli
ket
othankherf
orherv
aluabl
esuggest
ionst
owar
ds
t
hemaki
ngoft
hispr
oject
.

Iam hi
ghl
yindebt
edt
omypar
ent
sandf
ri
endsf
ort
hei
rki
ndco-
oper
ati
onand
encour
agementwhi
chhel
pedmei
ncompl
eti
onoft
hispr
oject
.

Lastbutnott
hel
east
,Iwoul
dli
ket
othankt
heAl
might
ywhokeptmement
all
y
st
rongandi
ngoodheal
tht
oconcent
rat
eonmypr
ojectandt
ocompl
etei
tint
ime.

It
hankal
loft
hem !

-
--
-

SAJALSANATAN

ROLLNO.
:-
2149

B.
A.LL.
B(HONS.
)
 TABLEOFCONTENT

1)I
NTRODUCTI
ON

2)STATESUCCESSI
ONI
NINTERNATI
ONALLAW

3)KI
NDSANDCONSEQUENCESOFSTATESUCCESSI
ON

4)THEORI
ESOFSTATESUCCESSI
ON

5)SUCCESSI
ONOFSTATEI
NRESPECTTODEBTANDPROPERTY

6)SECCESSI
ONOFSTATETOASSESTSANDDEBTS

7)CONCLUSI
ON

8)BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

St
atesuccessi
oni
soneoft
hemostcompl
exl
egali
ssuesoft
hemoder
nti
me.I
tis
pr
imar
il
yassoci
atedwi
tht
heemer
genceofnewst
atesassubj
ect
sofi
nter
nat
ional
l
aw andt
heneedt
oaddr
esscompl
exi
ssuesr
egar
dingi
nter
nat
ionalt
reat
ies,st
ate
pr
oper
ty,
debt
s,ar
chi
veset
c.I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatt
hei
ssueofSt
atesuccessi
oni
s
byf
aroneoft
hemostcont
rov
ersi
alt
opi
cs,notuni
for
m,butr
athercont
radi
ctor
y
i
nvol
vi
ngt
onsofopposi
ngv
iewsamongl
egalspeci
ali
sts.Thi
scompl
exi
tycanbe
associ
atedwi
tht
heemer
genceofanew st
ate,ar
elat
ivel
yrar
ephenomenoni
n
i
nter
nat
ional
lawt
hathasi
tsownchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

St
atesuccessi
onr
efer
stot
hemer
gingoft
woormor
eSt
ates.I
tisdi
ff
erentf
rom
gov
ernmentsuccessi
on i
nthe sense t
hati
n gov
ernmentsuccessi
on t
her
e’sa
changeofgov
ernmentwher
easi
nSt
atesuccessi
ont
heSt
atel
osescont
rolov
eri
ts
par
ti
alorwhol
eter
ri
tor
y. 
Art2(
1)(
b) 
oft
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ionont
hesuccessi
onof
St
atesi
nrespectoft
reat
iesi
n 1978 def
inest
he t
erm 
Stat
e successi
on 
as 
‘
the
r
epl
acementofone St
ate byanot
heri
nthe r
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
he i
nter
nat
ional
r
elat
ionsoft
err
it
ory
’.

I
nessence,
itdeal
swi
tht
hesuccessi
onofonest
atewi
thanot
herandt
het
ransf
erof
r
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ions.
 Thi
s concepthasassumedgr
eat
eri
mpor
tancesi
nceWor
ld
WarI
Iowi
ngt
oit
sef
fect
sont
hel
egalobl
i
gat
ionsoft
heSt
ates.
 Thet
err
it
ori
al
changecausedbyt
hecol
l
apseoft
heSov
ietUni
onandt
hef
ormat
ionofnewSt
ates
i
s one of t
he good exampl
es of successi
on of St
ates.I
nthi
s case,t
he
Commonweal
thofI
ndependentSt
atesgai
nedal
lther
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
he
pr
edecessorSt
ate,t
heUSSR.Aswasment
ionedear
li
ert
hepr
obl
em ofsuccessi
on
of4St
atesi
soneoft
hecompl
exmat
ter
sini
nter
nat
ionall
aw;howev
er,i
ntheev
ent
oft
hecol
l
apseoft
heUSSRi
thadbecomepar
ti
cul
arl
ycompl
exandchal
l
engi
ng.
 AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VE

1)Ther
esear
cherai
msi
stof
ocusonst
atesuccessi
on

2)Ther
esear
chert
endst
ohi
ghl
i
ghtt
heconsequencesofst
atesuccessi
on

3)Ther
esear
cherwoul
dli
ket
ofocusonsuccessi
onofwi
thr
espectt
odebt

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Ther
esear
cherhasr
eli
edupondoct
ri
nal
met
hodofr
esear
cht
ocompl
etet
hepr
oject
.

HYPOTHESI
S

Doesl
i
abi
l
ityofsuccessorst
atei
sthedut
yofpr
edecessorst
ate

SOURCESOFDATA

Theresear
cherhadusedbot
hpr
imar
yaswel
lassecondar
ysour
cet
ocompl
etet
he
paper
.
 STATESUCCESSI
ONI
NINTERNATI
ONALLAW

Si
nceWor
ldWarI
I,
Stat
esuccessi
onhasbecomei
ncr
easi
ngl
yimpor
tantasi
taf
fect
s
mor
eSt
atesandmor
elegalr
elat
ionshi
pst
hanev
erbef
ore.Appr
oxi
mat
ely100new
St
atesemer
gedwi
tht
heendofdecol
oni
zat
ion.Recent
ly,Ger
manyr
euni
fi
ed,whi
l
e
t
heSov
ietUni
on,
Yugosl
avi
aandCzechosl
ovaki
adi
ssol
ved.Thesechangesaf
fect
ed
mor
elegalr
elat
ionshi
ps t
han t
he ear
li
erdecol
oni
zat
ion pr
ocess.These newl
y
f
ormedEur
opeanSt
atesar
emor
eint
egr
atedi
ntot
hepol
i
tical
,economi
candl
egal
gl
obalf
ramewor
kandar
eofgr
eat
eri
mpor
tance,t
hanwer
ethef
ormerdependent
t
err
it
ori
est
hatbecamenew St
ates1.Thi
sAr
ti
cleat
tempt
stoi
ntr
oducet
hel
aw of
st
atesuccessi
on,
theef
fectofst
atesuccessi
onondebt
s.Thi
sar
ti
clet
ri
est
oref
lect
upon t
he nat
ure oft
he pr
obl
ems t
hatar
ise and maygo some wayt
owar
ds
amel
i
orat
ingt
hei
ref
fect
.Thi
sAr
ti
clewi
l
lar
guet
hati
nspi
teofaf
ail
uret
ocodi
fy
St
atesuccessi
onmat
ter
s,al
ackofconsensusamongl
ear
nedaut
hor
s,andcl
ear
t
endenci
esi
nol
derpr
ecedent
s,t
her
eseemst
obeanemer
gingconsensusi
nrecent
pr
act
icesuggest
ingt
hatSt
atesuccessi
onshoul
dnotnor
mal
l
yleadt
oadi
srupt
ionof
l
egal
rel
ati
onshi
psatal
ll
evel
s.

m2hasst
Oppenhei atedt
hatasuccessi
onofi
nter
nat
ionalper
sonsoccur
swhenone
ormor
eint
ernat
ionalper
sonst
akest
hepl
aceofanot
heri
nter
nat
ionalper
son,i
n
consequenceofcer
tai
nchangesi
nthel
att
er’
scondi
ti
on.Suchasuccessi
onmay
i
nvol
veanycat
egor
yofi
nter
nat
ionalper
sons,buti
tisconv
eni
enther
etoconsi
der
onl
y successi
ons i
nvol
vi
ng st
ates,whet
herf
ull
y orpar
ti
all
y sov
erei
gn.Whi
l
e
Fei
l
chenf
eld si
mpl
ynot
es t
hatt
he t
ransf
erofone St
atet
o anot
heri
s usual
l
y
descr
ibedas‘
Stat
eSuccessi
on’
.

Vi
ennaIandI
Ist
atet
hatsuccessi
oni
s"t
her
epl
acementofoneSt
atebyanot
heri
n
t
he r
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
he i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions ofa t
err
it
ory
."Thi
s def
ini
ti
on
excl
udesmer
echangesofgov
ernmentl
i
ket
hoser
evol
uti
onar
ytr
ansf
ormat
ionsofa
St
atebr
oughtaboutbyt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofsoci
ali
sm orbyi
tsabol
i
tion.TheVi
enna
Conv
ent
ions'def
ini
ti
onav
oidst
ri
ckyquest
ionsast
o,whati
sast
ate?-I
nthesame
1
D.P.O'
Connel
l,
Reflect
ionsontheSt
ateSuccessionConv
enti
on,39ZaoRV725(1979)
.
2
L.Oppenhei
m,Int
ernati
onalLawaTreat
ise,
EditedbyH.Laut
erpacht
,8t
hEdi
ti
on(1955)
wayt
hatal
linv
ocat
ionsoft
hepr
inci
pleofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionav
oidsay
ingt
owhom
t
her
ighti
sgr
ant
ed.Thedef
ini
ti
onofSt
atesuccessi
onl
i
mit
sit
sel
ftoasy
mpt
om or
t
otheef
fectr
elev
antf
ori
nter
nat
ionall
aw i
nthesuccessi
onofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ora
pr
edecessorSt
ate'
sint
ernat
ionalr
elat
ions.Yett
hissy
mpt
om ofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
or
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsi
sther
esul
tofasoci
al,pol
i
tical
,andhi
stor
icalpr
ocesswi
th
consequencesi
nthef
iel
dsofnat
ionalconst
it
uti
onal
,admi
nist
rat
ive,andci
vi
llaw.
And t
her
ethequest
ion concer
ning t
hepr
ocessofSt
atesuccessi
on f
requent
ly
becomesunav
oidabl
e,especi
all
ywheni
tisnecessar
ytodet
ermi
net
hedat
eon
whi
ch St
ate successi
on has t
aken pl
ace.I
n addr
essi
ng t
he i
ssue ofwhen a
successi
on has occur
red,t
he Vi
enna Conv
ent
ions si
mpl
y st
ate:'
dat
e oft
he
successi
onofSt
ates'
meanst
hedat
euponwhi
cht
hesuccessorSt
ater
epl
acedt
he
pr
edecessorSt
atei
nther
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hei
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsoft
het
err
it
ory
t
owhi
cht
hesuccessi
onofSt
atesr
elat
es.Thenat
ureofSt
atesuccessi
onmustbe
consi
der
edwhenaSt
atecl
aimst
obei
dent
icalwi
thaf
ormerSt
ate.Thedef
ini
ti
onof
t
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ionscor
rect
lyr
efl
ect
sthegener
alconv
ict
iont
hataSt
atei
dent
ical
3
wi
thanot
heronecannotbei
tssuccessor
.

Thei
ssueofst
atesuccessi
oncanar
isei
nanumberofdef
inedci
rcumst
ances,
whi
chmi
rr
ort
heway
sinwhi
chpol
i
tical
sov
erei
gnt
ymaybeacqui
redby
,forexampl
e,
decol
oni
zat
ionofal
lorpar
tofanexi
sti
ngt
err
it
ori
aluni
t,di
smember
mentofan
exi
sti
ngst
ate,secessi
on,annexat
ionandmer
ger
.Ineachoft
hesecasesaonce-
r
ecogni
zedent
it
ydi
sappear
sinwhol
eori
npar
ttobesucceededbysomeot
her
aut
hor
it
y,t
huspr
eci
pit
ati
ngpr
obl
emsoft
ransmi
ssi
onofr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ions.
Howev
er,t
hequest
ionofst
atesuccessi
ondoesnoti
nfr
ingeupont
henor
malr
ight
s
anddut
iesi
fst
atesunderi
nter
nat
ionall
aw.Theseexi
stbyv
irt
ueoft
hef
undament
al
pr
inci
plesofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw andasaconsequenceofsov
erei
gnt
yandnotasa
r
esul
toft
ransf
erencef
rom t
hepr
evi
oussov
erei
gn.Thei
ssueofst
atesuccessi
on
shoul
d al
so be di
sti
ngui
shed f
rom quest
ions ofsuccessi
on ofgov
ernment
s,
par
ti
cul
arl
yrev
olut
ionar
ysuccessi
on,andconsequent
ialpat
ter
nsofr
ecogni
ti
onand
4
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

Obv
iousl
ythepr
obl
em i
sdi
ff
erenti
nthecaseoft
otalacqui
sit
ionf
rom whati
tist
he

3
.D.
P.O'Connel
l,TheLawofStateSuccessionI-
2(1956)
.
4
SeeO’Connell
,Stat
eSuccessi
on,vol
.I,chapter
s8and14.
caseofpar
ti
alacqui
si
ti
on.I
nthef
ormercaset
her
eisnosur
viv
ingper
sont
owhom
ant
ecedentr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsmayst
il
lbeat
tr
ibut
ed,wher
easi
nthel
att
ercase
t
her
eis.Thepr
obl
em i
ntheonecasei
stoascer
tai
nwhatr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionspass
t
otheSuccessorSt
ateandwhatl
apsef
orwantofaj
uri
dicalent
it
yinwhi
cht
heycan
bei
nvest
ed.Thepr
obl
em i
ntheot
hercasei
sto di
sti
ngui
sh t
hoser
ight
sand
obl
i
gat
ions,whi
char
eaut
omat
ical
l
ytr
ansf
err
edt
othesuccessorst
atef
rom t
hose,
whi
chr
emai
nwi
tht
hePr
edecessorSt
ate.

Who deci
des whet
her St
ate successi
on has t
aken pl
ace? The i
nter
nat
ional
communi
tycani
nfl
uencet
hisdet
ermi
nat
ion.Thi
rdSt
atedeci
sionsar
enot
,howev
er,
det
ermi
nat
ive,cr
eat
ingapr
obl
em si
mil
art
othatofr
ecogni
ti
onofSt
ates:Ast
hir
d
St
atescannotr
ecogni
zeanent
it
yasasov
erei
gnSt
atet
hatdoesnotwantt
obeone,
l
i
kewi
set
hir
dSt
atescannoti
mposet
hei
rvi
ew i
ncasesofSt
atesuccessi
on.Thus
t
hecl
aim ofEst
oni
a,Lat
viaandLi
thuani
anott
obesuccessorSt
atest
otheSov
iet
Uni
onhasbeengener
all
yaccept
edi
nSt
atepr
act
ice.Al
thought
hir
dSt
atescannot
f
orcesov
erei
gnt
yuponanunwi
l
li
ngent
it
y,t
hir
dSt
atescanwi
thhol
drecogni
ti
on,
and
t
hus under
mine a St
ate'
s cl
aim t
o successi
on.Forexampl
e,t
he i
nter
nat
ional
communi
tydi
sregar
dedYugosl
avi
a'
s(Ser
biaandMont
enegr
o)cl
aimt
obei
dent
ical
wi
tht
he SFRY si
nce r
ecogni
ti
on woul
d nothav
e been compat
ibl
e wi
tht
he
r
ecogni
ti
on ofSl
oveni
a,Cr
oat
ia,Bosni
a and Her
zegov
ina,and Macedoni
a as
sov
erei
gn St
ates wi
thi
nter
nat
ional
l
yrecogni
zed f
ront
ier
s.I
tis pr
eci
sel
ythese
f
ront
ier
sthatwer
equest
ionedbyt
heFeder
alRepubl
i
cofYugosl
avi
athr
oughi
ts
5
cl
aimt
obei
dent
ical
tot
hef
ormerSFRY.

5
OnDecember16, 1991,t
hememberSt at
esoftheEuropeanCommuni ti
eshave,i
nt hef
ramewor
kof
thei
rpoli
ti
calcooperati
on,adopt
eda"Decl
arati
ononYugoslavi
aandont heGuideli
nesonthe
Recognit
ionofNewSt ates"demandi
ngtherespectoft
heinvi
olabi
l
ityofboundar
ies.Eur
opean
Communi ty
 KI
NDSANDCONSEQUENCESOFSTATESUCCESSI
ON

Uni
ver
sal
-ast
atei
sannexedt
oanot
herst
ateori
stot
all
ydi
smember
edormer
ges
wi
thanot
herst
atet
ofor
m anew st
ate.Thei
nter
nat
ionalper
sonal
i
tyoft
heoft
he
f
ormerst
atei
scompl
etel
yabsor
bedbyt
hesuccessor
.

ConquestandSubj
ugat
ion-decl
aredi
l
legal
bypr
esentl
aws

e.
g.MongolEmpi
ret
oAsi
aandEur
ope(
1300)
,Ger
manI
nvasi
oni
nWest
ernEur
ope
(
1940)
,Spani
shCol
oni
zat
ionoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes(
1521)

Di
vi
si
onofSt
ates

e.
g.Mal
aysi
ato Mal
aysi
a and Si
ngapor
e(1965)
,Paki
stan t
o Paki
stan and
Bangl
adesh(
1971)
,Czechosl
ovaki
atoCzechRepubl
i
candSl
ovaki
a(1993)

Mer
gerorAbsor
pti
on-t
woormor
est
atescombi
nesi
ntoonest
atee.
g.Tangany
ika
andZanzi
bart
oTanzani
a(1964)
,Scot
landandEngl
andt
oUni
tedKi
ngdom ofGr
eat
Br
it
ain(
1707)
,Nor
thVi
etnam andSout
hVi
etnam(
1976)
,Br
it
ishcol
onyofTer
ri
tor
yof
PapuaandGer
manNew Gui
nea(
1949)
,EastandWestGer
many(
1990)
,Nor
thand
Sout
hYement
oYemenAr
abRepubl
i
c(1990)
,Uni
tedSt
atesandTexas(
1845)

Par
ti
al-t
akespl
acewhenapor
ti
onoft
het
err
it
oryofast
atesecedesori
scededt
o
anot
herorwhenani
ndependentst
atebecomesapr
otect
orat
eorsuzer
aint
yorwhen
adependentst
ateacqui
resf
ull
sov
erei
gnt
y.

Secessi
on-t
heactofwi
thdr
awi
ngf
rom anor
gani
zat
ion,uni
on,mi
l
itar
yal
l
ianceor
especi
all
yapol
i
tical
ent
it
y.

e.
g.Secessi
onofBel
gium f
rom t
heNet
her
lands(
1830)andI
ndonesi
atoI
ndonesi
a
andTi
morLest
e(1975)
.Al
so,onJune25,1991,Cr
oat
iaandSl
oveni
asecededf
rom
t
he Soci
ali
st Feder
alRepubl
i
c of Yugosl
avi
a.Bosni
a and Her
cegov
ina and
Macedoni
aal
sodecl
aredi
ndependence,
aft
erwhi
cht
hef
eder
ati
onbr
okeup,
causi
ng
t
hesepar
ati
onoft
her
emai
ningt
wocount
ri
esSer
biaandMont
enegr
o.Sev
eralwar
s
ensued bet
ween FR Yugosl
avi
aand secedi
ng ent
it
it
esand among ot
heret
hni
c
gr
oupsi
nSl
oveni
a,Cr
oat
ia,Bosni
aandHer
zegov
ina,andl
ater
,Kosov
o.Mont
enegr
o
peacef
ull
ysepar
atedf
rom i
tsuni
onwi
thSer
biai
n2006.Kosov
odecl
areddef
act
o
i
ndependenceonFebr
uar
y17,
2008,
andwasr
ecogni
zedbysev
eraldozencount
ri
es,
butof
fi
cial
l
yremai
nsunderUni
tedNat
ionsadmi
nist
rat
ion.

Cessi
on-t
heassi
gnmentofpr
oper
tyt
oanot
herent
it
y.

e.
g.Fol
l
owi
ng t
he Fi
rst Opi
um War (
1839–1842) and Second Opi
um War
(
1856–1860)
,HongKong(
Treat
yofNanki
ng)andKowl
oon(
Conv
ent
ionofPeki
ng)
wer
ecededbyt
heQi
ngdy
nast
ygov
ernmentofChi
nat
otheUni
tedKi
ngdom;and
f
oll
owi
ngdef
eati
ntheFi
rstSi
no-
JapaneseWar
,Tai
wanwascededt
otheEmpi
reof
Japani
n1895.

St
atesuccessi
onr
aisecompl
exl
egal
probl
emsconcer
ningt
heext
entt
owhi
chr
ight
s
andobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hepr
edecessorst
atear
etr
ansf
err
edt
othesuccessorst
ate.Unt
il
r
ecent
ly,st
atesuccessi
onwasmer
elybasedoncust
omar
yint
ernat
ionall
awbutt
he
Vi
ennaConv
ent
iononSuccessi
onofSt
atesi
nRespectt
oTr
eat
ies(
1978)andt
he
Conv
ent
iononSuccessi
onofSt
atesi
nRespectofSt
atePr
oper
ty,Ar
chi
vesand
Debt
s(1983)r
egul
atel
argear
easoft
hel
awofst
ateofsuccessi
on.

Asr
esul
tofst
atesuccessi
on,t
heal
l
egi
anceoft
hei
nhabi
tant
soft
hepr
edecessor
st
atei
str
ansf
err
edt
othesuccessor
.Massnat
ural
i
zat
ionusual
l
yoccur
saswhen
Phi
l
ippi
neci
ti
zenshi
pwasconf
err
edt
othei
nhabi
tant
sofPhi
l
ippi
nei
slandsbyv
irt
ue
oft
heTr
eat
yofPar
is.I
naddi
ti
on,
pol
i
ticall
awsar
eaut
omat
ical
l
yabr
ogat
edandmay
onl
yber
est
oredbyaposi
ti
veactoft
henewsov
erei
gn.

Gener
all
y,r
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionst
hatar
eli
nkedt
othei
nter
nat
ional
per
sonal
i
tyoft
he
ext
inctst
ate(
inper
sonam)ar
enotaut
omat
ical
l
ytr
ansf
err
edt
othesuccessorst
ate.
Thi
sincl
udest
reat
iesofpol
i
ticalnat
ureormi
l
itar
yal
l
iances.Howev
er,mat
ter
sof
cont
ract
ualobl
i
gat
ions,debt
sort
ort
sti
edt
othef
ormersuccessorst
ate,i
slar
gel
y
l
eftt
othej
udgmentoft
hesuccessorst
ate.Thoser
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionst
hatar
e
l
i
nkedt
othephy
sicalt
err
it
oryoft
hest
ate(
inr
em)dosur
viv
e,suchasdi
sposi
ti
ve
t
reat
ieswhi
chdeal
wit
hri
ght
sov
ert
err
it
ory
,boundar
ytr
eat
ies,
ser
vit
udes,
andt
it
let
o
publ
i
cpr
oper
ty.

Fur
ther
,aSt
atet
hatacqui
resaut
hor
it
yov
erl
andandpeopl
efr
om anot
herSt
ate
succeedst
other
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hatSt
ate.I
fthi
rdSt
ateshav
eanycl
aim
agai
nstt
hedef
unctSt
ate,t
heset
tl
ementofsuchobl
i
gat
ionsdependsupont
he
successorSt
ate.The Ci
ti
zensoft
he def
unctSt
ate hav
e no r
ightt
oresor
tto
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw agai
nstt
heact
ionst
akenbyt
heannexi
ngSt
ate,becauset
hei
r
f
ormercount
ryhasl
osti
tsi
nter
nat
ionalper
sonal
i
ty.Quest
ionsonsai
dissuesnow
becomedomest
ici
nnat
ure.Thesov
erei
gnal
sodeci
desupt
owhatext
enti
tmaybe
boundbyt
heobl
i
gat
ionsoft
heext
ingui
shedSt
atet
oit
sci
ti
zens.

THEORI
ESOFSTATESUCCESSI
ON

Thi
sist
heol
destt
heor
yofsuccessi
onpr
opoundedbyGr
oti
us,usi
ngt
heRoman
anal
ogyofsuccessi
onont
hedeat
hofanynat
uralper
son.Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
y,
t
her
ight
sanddut
iesoft
heol
dSt
atei
.e.
,thepr
edecessorSt
atepassont
othenew
St
atei
.e.
,the successorSt
ate upon successi
on wi
thoutany except
ions and
modi
fi
cat
ions.
 

I
nfact
,ther
ear
etwoj
ust
if
icat
ionsbehi
ndt
hist
heor
y. 

1.Fi
rstt
hatt
heSt
ateandt
heSov
erei
gngai
nal
lthei
rpowerf
rom Godanda
mer
echangei
nGov
ernmentshoul
dn’
tcauseanychangei
nthepower
s. 
2.Second,
iti
sper
manentandnot
hingcancausei
ttosecede.
 

Theappl
i
cat
ionoft
hist
heor
ycanbeseeni
ncasesoff
usi
oni
nthe20t
hcent
ury
.The
f
usi
onofSy
riaandEgy
pt,Somal
iLandandSomal
i
a,Tangany
ikaandZanzi
barar
e
exampl
esoft
his.Howev
er,
thi
stheor
yfai
l
edt
ogetanyat
tent
ionf
rom t
hemaj
ori
tyof
St
atesf
rom t
hewor
ldandhasal
sobeencr
it
ici
zedbyschol
arsf
rom t
hewor
ldduet
o
i
tsRomanl
awanal
ogy
,apoordi
sti
nct
ionbet
weensuccessi
onandi
nter
nal
changei
n
gov
ernment
s,et
c. 

Popul
arCont
inui
tyTheor
y

ThePopul
arCont
inui
tyTheor
ycanbedescr
ibedasanot
herv
ersi
onoft
heUni
ver
sal
Successi
on t
heor
ythatwas pr
opounded by Fi
ore and Fr
adi
erf
oll
owi
ng t
he
uni
fi
cat
ionoft
heGer
manandI
tal
i
annat
ional
s.Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
y,t
heSt
ate
hasa 

 Pol
i
ticalper
sonal
i
ty:
 
Itbasi
cal
l
yref
erst
other
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
he
St
atet
owar
dst
hegov
ernment
. 
 Soci
alper
sonal
i
ty:l
tbasi
cal
l
yref
erst
othet
err
it
oryandt
hepopul
ati
onof
t
heSt
ate.
 

Hence,uponsuccessi
on,t
hepol
i
ticalper
sonal
i
tyget
schangedwher
east
hesoci
al
per
sonal
i
tyr
emai
nsi
ntact
.So,aSt
atesuccessi
onwoul
dnotal
tert
her
ight
sand
dut
iesoft
hepopul
ace.
 

Howev
er,
thi
stheor
yhasnotf
oundi
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
nanycount
ryout
sideEur
opeand
al
sohasbeencr
it
ici
sedont
hegr
oundst
hati
tfunct
ionedaccor
dingt
othemuni
cipal
l
awsi
.
e,t
hel
ocall
aws,
whi
chi
swhyi
twasdi
ff
icul
ttounder
standt
heef
fectofSt
ate
successi
onusi
ngt
hist
heor
y. 

Or
gani
cSubst
it
uti
onTheor
y

Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
y,t
her
ight
sanddut
iesoft
heSt
atecont
inueev
enaf
ter
successi
onbyanot
herSt
ate.VonGi
erkehadpubl
i
shedapaperi
n1882 
regar
ding
Theexecut
ionofr
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsofasoci
albodyaf
teri
tsdi
ssol
uti
on.I
twas
f
rom her
ethatMaxHuberder
ivedhi
sor
gani
csubst
it
uti
ont
heor
y.Huberdr
ew t
he
anal
ogyt
hatt
hepr
obl
em ofSt
atesuccessi
onwassi
mil
art
othatofdi
ssol
uti
onofa
soci
ali
nst
it
uti
on.

Thef
act
ualel
ementoft
hepeopl
eandt
het
err
it
oryhav
eanor
gani
cbond 
i
.e.
,the
bondbet
weent
hepeopl
eandel
ement
sofSt
ateanduponsuccessi
onbyanew
sov
erei
gn,
theor
gani
cbondr
emai
nsi
ntactandonl
ythej
uri
dicalel
ementchanges.I
t
of
fer
sanewexpl
anat
iont
othecont
inui
tyofr
ight
sanddut
iesi
.e.
,thesubst
it
uti
onof
asuccessorSt
atei
ntheper
sonal
i
tyofi
tspr
edecessorSt
ate.But
,justl
i
ket
heot
her
t
heor
ies,t
hist
heor
ytoohashadnopr
act
icalappl
i
cat
ionandhasbeencr
it
ici
zedf
or
t
hesame.

Sel
fAbnegat
ionTheor
y
Thi
stheor
ywaspr
opounded i
n 1900 byJel
l
inek 
and i
sanot
herv
ersi
on oft
he
uni
ver
salt
heor
yofcont
inui
ty.Accor
dingt
oJel
l
inek,t
hesuccessorSt
ateagr
eest
o
obser
vet
her
ulesofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw andper
for
mst
heobl
i
gat
ionst
owar
dsot
her
St
atescr
eat
edundert
hem.Al
though,t
hist
heor
yconsi
der
sthatt
heper
for
manceof
t
hei
nter
nat
ionalobl
i
gat
ion,i
smer
ely‘
mor
aldut
y’oft
hesuccessorSt
ate,butatt
he
samet
imei
tgi
vest
her
ightt
otheot
herSt
ates,
toi
nsi
stupont
hesuccessorSt
atet
o
per
for
mtheexi
sti
ngobl
i
gat
ion.I
fthesuccessorSt
ater
efusest
oaccept
,theot
her
St
atesmayev
enwi
thhol
dit
srecogni
ti
onormaket
her
ecogni
ti
oncondi
ti
onalupon
t
heaccept
anceoft
hepr
edecessor
’scommi
tmentt
owar
dst
hem.
 

Negat
iveTheor
y

Thi
stheor
ywasdev
elopeddur
ingt
hemi
d-19t
handear
ly20t
hcent
uri
es.Af
terWor
ld
WarI
I,t
hej
uri
stsoft
heSov
ietNat
ionsst
art
edemphasi
zi
ngont
her
ightofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion and on gi
vi
ng compl
etef
reedom t
otheSt
atest
o mai
ntai
nthei
r
i
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions.Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
y,t
hesuccessorSt
atedoesn’
tabsor
b
t
heper
sonal
i
tyoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atei
nit
spol
i
tical
andeconomi
cint
erest
s. 

Upon successi
on,t
he new St
atei
s compl
etel
yfr
ee oft
he obl
i
gat
ions oft
he
pr
edecessorSt
ate.ThesuccessorSt
atedoesnotexer
cisei
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
ert
he
t
err
it
oryi
nvi
rt
ueofat
ransf
erofpowerf
rom i
tspr
edecessorbuti
thasacqui
redt
he
possi
bil
i
tyofexpandi
ngi
tsownsov
erei
gnt
y.

Communi
stTheor
y 

Accor
dingt
otheCommuni
stTheor
yofSt
ateSuccessi
on,asuccessorSt
atei
s
bur
denedbyt
heeconomi
candpol
i
ticalcommi
tment
soft
hepr
edecessor
.Thus,
thi
s
comes as somet
hing compl
etel
y cont
rar
ytot
he Negat
ive Theor
y of St
ate
Successi
onandunl
i
ket
heNegat
iveTheor
y,i
tdoesn’
tfr
eet
hesuccessorSt
atef
rom
t
heobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hepr
edecessorSt
ate.
 

TheSuccessorSt
atei
sboundt
oadher
etot
hecommi
tment
soft
hepr
edecessor
St
ate.Pol
i
ticalcommi
tment
sinv
olv
e peace,war and t
err
it
ori
alt
reat
ies and
agr
eement
swhi
l
eeconomi
ccommi
tment
sincl
udeanyamountofmoneybor
rowed
orl
ent
.Al
lthesehav
etobef
ulf
il
ledbyt
henewSt
ate.
 SUCCESSI
ONOFSTATEI
NRESPECTTODEBTAND
PROPERTY

Vi
ennaConv
ent
iononSuccessi
onofSt
atesi
nRespectofSt
atePr
oper
ty,Ar
chi
ves
andDebt
sof1983wasdr
aft
edont
hebasi
soft
hir
teenr
epor
tsel
abor
atedbyDr
.
MohammedBedj
aoui
,anAl
ger
iandi
plomatandj
uri
st.TheConv
ent
ionwasadopt
ed
wi
th54v
otesi
nfav
or,wi
th11v
otesagai
nstand11abst
ent
ions.I
thasnotent
ered
i
ntof
orce,asi
tobt
ainedonl
y6accessi
onsoutoft
hef
if
teenr
equi
red-Cr
oat
ia,
Est
oni
a,Geor
gia,
Slov
eni
a,t
heFor
merYugosl
avRepubl
i
cofMacedoni
aandUkr
aine.
Si
x ot
her5 count
ri
es hav
e si
gned t
he Conv
ent
ion.Si
gni
fi
cant
ly,St
ates hav
ing
deposi
tedt
hei
rinst
rumentofaccessi
onar
eal
lemer
gedf
rom t
hedi
sint
egr
ati
onof
6
t
heUSSRandt
heSFRY.

Gener
alpr
ovi
si
onsofConv
ent
ioncor
respondwi
tht
her
espect
ivepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Vi
ennaConv
ent
ionof1978ont
hesuccessi
onofSt
atesi
nrespectoft
reat
ies.
Subst
ant
ivepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heConv
ent
ioncanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wogr
oups:gener
al
pr
ovi
si
onsconcer
ningal
lthet
ypesofsuccessi
on,andspeci
fi
cregul
ati
onsdeal
i
ng
wi
thpar
ti
cul
art
ypesofsuccessi
on.TheSt
atepr
oper
tywasdef
inedasal
lki
ndsof
pr
oper
ty,
right
s,andi
nter
est
sthat
,att
hedat
eoft
hesuccessi
onofSt
ates,
bel
onged
t
othepr
edecessorSt
atei
naccor
dancewi
thi
tsdomest
icl
aw.Dur
ingt
hecodi
fi
cat
ion
conf
erenceaspeci
alpr
ovi
sionsuchasAr
ti
cle13wasaddedi
nor
dert
oguar
ant
ee
t
hei
ntegr
it
yoft
hepr
edecessor
’spr
oper
tybef
orei
tst
ransf
ert
othesuccessor
St
ate.
vTheef
fect
soft
het
ransf
erofSt
atepr
oper
tywer
edef
inedi
nAr
ti
cle9oft
he
Conv
ent
ion,accor
dingt
owhi
cht
hepr
oper
tyr
ight
soft
hepr
edecessorSt
ateexpi
re
andt
heyar
erepl
acedbyt
heequalr
ight
soft
hesuccessorSt
ate.Thet
ransf
eroft
he
pr
oper
tycannoti
nfl
uence anypossi
bler
ight
sand i
nter
est
soft
hir
d par
ty.The
pr
edecessorSt
atei
s notent
it
led t
o anycompensat
ion.Fi
nal
l
y,a gener
alr
ule
pr
ovi
ding f
ort
hepr
ior
it
yofan agr
eementbet
ween t
hepr
edecessorSt
ateand
successorSt
ateast
othepar
ti
ti
onofSt
atepr
oper
tywasconf
ir
med.

I
nal
ltheki
ndsofSt
atesuccessi
ont
het
ransf
erofaf
ixedpr
oper
tyt
othesuccessor
i
sconf
ir
med.Speci
fi
cregul
ati
onsconcer
nadest
inyofmobi
l
epr
oper
tyi
npar
ti
cul
ar
t
ypesofsuccessi
on.I
nthecaseofcessi
on,
thesuccessorSt
ateacqui
rest
hepar
tof
6
Recogni
ti
onofSt
ates:
AComment
.N.
p.:
Eur
opeanJour
nal
ofI
nter
nat
ional
Law
t
hemobi
l
epr
oper
tyconnect
edwi
tht
hepr
edecessor
’sact
ivi
ti
esi
nthecededpar
tof
t
het
err
it
ory
.Int
hecaseoft
heuni
ti
ngofSt
ates,cl
ear
lyandmani
fest
lyl
ogi
cal
sol
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hatt
hesuccessorSt
ateacqui
rest
hewhol
epr
oper
tyoft
he6
pr
edecessorSt
ate.Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cles17and18oft
heConv
ent
ion,i
ncasesof
separ
ati
onanddi
ssol
uti
onofSt
atest
hesuccessorSt
ateacqui
rest
hei
mmobi
l
e
pr
oper
tysi
tuat
edi
nit
sthet
err
it
ory
,themobi
l
epr
oper
tyr
elat
edt
otheact
ivi
ti
esoft
he
pr
edecessorSt
atei
nthe r
espect
ive par
toft
he t
err
it
ory
,and -
int
he case of
di
ssol
uti
ononl
y-anequi
tabl
eshar
eoft
her
emai
ningmobi
l
epr
oper
tyaswel
lasof
t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atesi
tuat
edabr
oad.

Fi
nal
l
y,speci
alpr
ovi
si
on ofAr
ti
cle 15 deal
s wi
tht
he posi
ti
on oft
he newl
y
i
ndependentSt
ates.ThoseSt
atesshoul
drecei
venotonl
ythewhol
epr
oper
tyoft
he
pr
edecessorSt
atesi
tuat
edi
nthet
err
it
oryoft
henewSt
ate,
butal
sopr
oper
tyhav
ing
bel
ongedt
othet
err
it
oryoft
hesuccessorSt
atesi
tuat
edout
sideofi
tandhav
ing
becomepr
oper
tyoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atedur
ingt
heper
iodofdependence.I
n
par
ti
cul
ar,t
hepr
ovi
sionofAr
ti
cle15,aswel
lasAr
ti
cle38,wi
thr
egar
dtodebt
s,
est
abl
i
shest
hatt
hedev
olut
ionagr
eement
swi
thnewl
yindependentSt
atesshal
lnot
i
nfr
inget
hepr
inci
pleoft
heper
manentsov
erei
gnt
yofev
erypeopl
eov
eri
tsweal
th
andnat
uralr
esour
ces.Thi
sledt
other
eject
ionoft
heConv
ent
ionbyt
heWest
ern
St
ates.

Ar
ti
cle19-
31 oft
heConv
ent
iondeal
swi
tht
hesuccessi
oni
nrespectofSt
ate
ar
chi
vesandcont
ainsspeci
all
egi
slat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
othepr
ovi
sionsconcer
ningt
he
St
atepr
oper
ty.Gener
alpr
ovi
sionsoft
hatchapt
ercor
respondwi
tht
her
egul
ati
ons
concer
ningt
heSt
atepr
oper
ty.Speci
fi
cregul
ati
onsr
elat
ingt
other
espect
ivet
ypesof
successi
onpr
ovi
def
ort
hepr
imacyoft
hedev
olut
ionagr
eement
.Ifnoagr
eement
wasconcl
uded,
int
hecaseofcessi
ont
hesuccessorSt
ateshoul
drecei
vet
hepar
tof
7
t
hear
chi
vesnecessar
yforanef
fi
cientadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heacqui
redt
err
it
ory
, as
wel
lal
lthedocument
srel
ati
ngmost
lyt
othecededt
err
it
ory
.Ot
herdocument
s
shoul
dber
epr
oduceduponr
equest
,att
heex
penseoft
hesuccessorSt
ate.The
pr
ovi
si
onsconcer
ningsecessi
onanddi
smember
mentpr
ovi
def
ort
hepar
ti
ti
onoft
he
ar
chi
vesoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atei
naccor
dancet
othemodelel
abor
atedi
nthecase
ofcessi
on.Fi
nal
l
y,i
nthecaseoft
heuni
fi
cat
ionofSt
atest
hesuccessorSt
ate

7
"
Int
ernat
ional
LawAssoci
ati
on,
Ber
li
nConf
erence(
2004)
,Aspect
soft
heLawofSt
ateSuccessi
on.
"
acqui
resal
lthear
chi
vesoft
hepr
edecessorSt
ate.Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsguar
ant
eed
al
soapr
ivi
l
egedposi
ti
onoft
henewl
yindependentSt
ates,whi
chshoul
dobt
aina
par
tofal
lthear
chi
vesoft
hef
ormerst
ate.Thesol
uti
onwoul
dseem cont
rar
yto
Ar
ti
cle25oft
heConv
ent
ion,pr
ocl
aimi
ngt
hepr
inci
pleoft
heuni
tyofar
chi
ves.
Nev
ert
hel
ess,t
hef
actt
hatpar
toft
hear
chi
vesobt
ainedi
scl
osel
yrel
atedt
othe
newl
yindependentSt
ate,
inpar
ti
cul
art
oit
ster
ri
tor
y,expl
ainst
hatchoi
ce.

Accor
ding t
o Ar
ti
cle 33,t
he Conv
ent
ion r
egul
ated t
he successi
on off
inanci
al
obl
i
gat
ionsofSt
atest
owar
dsot
herSt
ates,i
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionsandot
her
subj
ect
sofi
nter
nat
ionall
aw,t
henexcl
udi
ngpr
ivat
epar
ti
es.TheConv
ent
iondi
dnot
r
efert
oanycl
assi
fi
cat
ionofdebt
sment
ionedabov
e.Anot
heri
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionof
t
heConv
ent
ionr
eadst
hatt
hesuccessi
onofSt
atesi
tsel
fdoesnoti
nfr
ingeanyr
ight
s
oft
hecr
edi
tor
.Thatcl
ausei
simpor
tanti
nthel
i
ghtoft
hegener
alpr
ovi
siont
hatt
he
successi
oncannoti
nfr
inger
ight
sanddut
iesoft
hir
dpar
ti
es.Ther
ight
soft
he
cr
edi
torcannotbechangedbyamer
edev
olut
ionagr
eement
.Inal
lcasesi
nwhi
cha
par
ti
ti
oni
srequi
red,t
hecr
it
eri
agener
all
yadopt
edbyt
heConv
ent
ionwast
hatt
he
debtpassest
othesuccessorSt
atei
nanequi
tabl
epr
opor
ti
on.Theexcept
ionwas
t
hesi
tuat
ionoft
henewl
yindependentSt
ates,f
orwhi
chnodebt
spasst
othem,
unl
essanagr
eementpr
ovi
desot
her
wise,pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hisagr
eementdoesnot
i
nfr
inget
hepr
inci
pleofsov
erei
gnt
yofpeopl
esov
erweal
thandnat
uralr
esour
ces.
Agai
n,t
hissol
uti
on wasonet
hatpr
ovoked t
her
eject
ion oft
heConv
ent
ion by
West
ernSt
ates.

8
Ast
oot
herpar
ti
cul
art
ypesofsuccessi
on,int
hecaseoft
hecessi
ont
hepr
imacyof
t
he agr
eementbet
ween t
he par
ti
es was emphasi
zed.I
fther
e was no such
agr
eement
,thesuccessorSt
ateshoul
dpayanequi
tabl
eshar
eoft
hedebtoft
he
pr
edecessorSt
atedebt
.Si
mil
arsol
uti
onswer
eappl
i
edi
ncasesofsecessi
onand
di
smember
mentoft
he pr
edecessorSt
ate -t
he debtshoul
d be di
vi
ded i
nto
pr
opor
ti
onalshar
es.Wi
tht
heexcept
iont
hatt
hepr
oper
ty,r
ight
sandi
nter
est
sthat
passt
othesuccessorSt
ateshal
lbet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onf
ort
hedet
ermi
nat
ion
ofanequi
tabl
epr
opor
ti
on,t
heConv
ent
iondi
dnoti
ndi
cat
eanyot
hercr
it
eri
aof
equi
tabl
epar
ti
ti
on.Fi
nal
l
y,i
nthecaseofuni
fi
cat
ionofSt
ates,t
hedebtshoul
dbe
pai
dbyt
hesuccessorSt
ate.

8
.TheLawofSt
ateSuccessi
on.Vol
.1.Cambr
idge
 SUCCESSI
ONOFSTATESTOASSESTSANDDEBTS

Thepr
imar
yrul
ewi
thr
egar
dtot
heal
l
ocat
ionofasseti
ncl
udi
ngar
chi
vesanddebt
s
i
n successi
on si
tuat
ions i
sthatt
he r
elev
antpar
ti
es shoul
d set
tl
eissues by
agr
eement
.Vi
rt
ual
l
yal
loft
her
ulest
hatar
efor
mul
atedi
nthesecondconv
ent
ionar
e
deemedt
ooper
ateonl
ywher
esuchagr
eementhasnott
akenpl
ace.I
naddi
ti
ont
he
Yugosl
avAr
bit
rat
ionCommi
ssi
ondecl
aredi
nOpi
nionNo.9t
hatt
hesuccessor
St
atest
otheSFRYmustt
oget
herset
tl
eal
laspect
soft
hesuccessi
onbyagr
eement
”
v
iandr
einf
orcedt
hisappr
oachi
nOpi
nionNo.14decl
ari
ngt
hatt
hef
ir
stpr
inci
ple
appl
i
cabl
etoSt
atesuccessi
oni
sthatt
hesuccessorSt
atesshoul
dconsul
twi
theach
ot
herandagr
eeaset
tl
ementofal
lquest
ionsr
elat
ingt
osuccessi
on.

Thepubl
i
cdebt(
ornat
ionaldebt
)ist
hatdebtassumedbyt
hecent
ralgov
ernmenti
n
t
hei
nter
est
soft
heSt
ateasawhol
e.I
tconst
it
utesapar
ti
cul
arl
ysensi
ti
vei
ssue
si
ncet
hir
dpar
ti
esar
einv
olv
edwhoar
eof
tenr
eluct
antt
oacceptachangei
nthe
i
dent
it
yoft
hedebt
or.Ar
ti
cle40oft
hesecondVi
ennaConv
ent
ionof1983pr
ovi
des
t
hatwher
epar
tofast
atesepar
atest
ofr
om anot
herst
ate,
unl
essot
her
wiseagr
eed,
t
hest
atedebtoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atepassest
othesuccessorSt
atei
nanequal
pr
opor
ti
ont
aki
ngi
ntoaccounti
npar
ti
cul
art
hepr
oper
ty,r
ight
sandi
nter
est
swhi
ch
pass t
othe successorSt
atei
nrel
ati
on t
othatdebt
.Iti
s doubt
fult
hatt
his
pr
oposi
ti
onconst
it
utesacodi
fi
cat
ionofcust
omar
ylaw assuchi
nvi
ew oft
he
conf
used and di
spar
atepr
act
iceofSt
atest
o dat
e,buti
tdoesr
efl
ectav
iabl
e
appr
oach.

I
tfol
l
owsf
rom whathasal
readybeensai
dthatt
hesuccessorSt
atehasar
ightt
o
t
akeupf
iscalcl
aimsbel
ongi
ngt
othef
ormerst
ate,i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
ocol
l
ect
t
axes due.Pr
of lZemanek9 l
.Kar i
ke successi
on t
othe si
tuat
ion wher
e pr
ior
i
ndependenceanaut
onomouspol
i
ticaldependencyhascont
ract
edal
ocal
i
zeddebt
t
hrought
heagencyoft
hemet
ropol
i
tanpower
,whi
chi
saut
omat
ical
l
yat
tr
ibut
edt
o
t
henewst
ateaf
tersepar
ati
on.I
npr
act
icemuni
cipalcour
tswi
l
lenf
orceobl
i
gat
ions
oft
hepr
edecessorSt
ateagai
nstt
hesuccessoronl
ywhent
hel
att
erhasr
ecogni
zed
t
hem.Whent
hesuccessorSt
atei
sanewl
yindependentst
ate,nost
atedebtshal
l
9
Recuei
lDesCour
s(1965/
II
I)
.1sted.Vol
.116.NewYor
k:Spr
inger
,1968.
pass,
exceptbyagr
eement
,andonl
yifcer
tai
ncondi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied.Accor
dingt
o
Ar
ti
cle2(
I)
(e)a‘
newl
yindependentst
ate’meansasuccessorSt
atet
het
err
it
oryof
whi
chhasbeen‘
adependentt
err
it
oryf
ort
hei
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsofwhi
cht
he
pr
edecessorSt
atewasr
esponsi
ble’
.

Publ
i
cdebt
smaybedi
vi
dedi
ntonat
ional
debt
s,bei
ngdebt
sownedbyt
heSt
ateasa
whol
e;l
ocaldebt
s,bei
ngdebt
scont
ract
edbyasub-
gov
ernment
alt
err
it
ori
aluni
tor
ot
herf
orm ofl
ocalaut
hor
it
y,andl
ocal
i
zeddebt
s,bei
ngdebt
sincur
redbyt
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentf
ort
hepur
poseofl
ocal
proj
ect
sorar
eas.

Localdebt
scl
ear
lypassundercust
omar
yint
ernat
ionall
awt
othesuccessorSt
ate,
si
ncet
heyconst
it
utear
rangement
sent
ered i
nto bysub-
gov
ernment
alt
err
it
ori
al
aut
hor
it
ies now t
ransf
err
ed t
othe j
uri
sdi
cti
on oft
he successorSt
ate and a
successi
ondoesnotdi
rect
lyaf
fectt
hem,
inef
fect
,theycont
inuet
oconst
it
utedebt
s
bor
nebyt
hespeci
fi
cter
ri
tor
yinquest
ion.Si
mil
arl
y,l
ocal
i
zeddebt
s,bei
ngcl
osel
y
at
tachedt
othet
err
it
oryt
owhi
cht
hesuccessi
onr
elat
es,
alsopasst
othesuccessor
St
atei
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
hesamet
err
it
ori
alpr
inci
ple.

I
ntr
uth,onecannotpr
ovi
deaconcr
eteanswert
othequest
ionast
heal
l
ocat
ionof
t
he nat
ionaldebtas such.I
nthe case ofsecessi
on orsepar
ati
on wher
ethe
pr
edecessorSt
atecont
inuest
oexi
st,i
twoul
dappeart
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
sthat
t
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hegener
alSt
ateaf
tert
hesuccessi
on.
 CONCLUSI
ON

Ani
ssuer
equi
ri
ngat
tent
ioni
sthedef
ini
ti
onofSt
atedebt
,enshr
inedi
nAr
ti
cle33of
t
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ionof1983,i
nwhi
ch,i
nteral
i
a,not
edt
hat“
“St
atedebt
”means
any f
inanci
alobl
i
gat
ion of a pr
edecessor St
ate ar
isi
ng i
n conf
ormi
ty wi
th
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw t
owar
dsanot
herSt
ate,ani
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionoranyot
her
subj
ectofi
nter
nat
ional
law.
”

The l
ack of ment
ioni
ng such pr
ivat
e ent
it
ies,especi
all
y pr
ivat
e banks and
t
ransnat
ionalcor
por
ati
onsi
s,i
nmyper
sonalopi
nion,amaj
ordr
awbacki
npr
act
ical
t
ermsbecauset
odat
e,economi
cpowerandi
nfl
uenceoft
heseor
gani
zat
ionson
wor
ldpol
i
ticsar
eundeni
abl
e.

Tr
ansf
erofSt
atepr
oper
tywasdef
inedi
nAr
ti
cle9oft
heConv
ent
ion,accor
dingt
o
whi
cht
hepr
oper
tyr
ight
soft
hepr
edecessorSt
ateexpi
reandt
heyar
erepl
acedby
t
heequal
right
soft
hesuccessorSt
ate.

Aswasment
ionedabov
e,t
heAr
ti
cles17and18oft
heConv
ent
ion,i
ncasesof
separ
ati
onanddi
ssol
uti
onofSt
atest
hesuccessorSt
ateacqui
rest
hei
mmobi
l
e
pr
oper
tysi
tuat
edi
nit
sthet
err
it
ory
,themobi
l
epr
oper
tyr
elat
edt
otheact
ivi
ti
esoft
he
pr
edecessorSt
atei
nthe r
espect
ive par
toft
he t
err
it
ory
,and -
int
he case of
di
ssol
uti
ononl
y-anequi
tabl
eshar
eoft
her
emai
ningmobi
l
epr
oper
tyaswel
lasof
t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hepr
edecessorSt
atesi
tuat
edabr
oad.Fi
nal
l
y,speci
alpr
ovi
sionof
Ar
ti
cle15deal
swi
tht
heposi
ti
onoft
henewl
yindependentSt
ates.

I
nthecaseoft
heuni
fi
cat
ionofSt
atest
hesuccessorSt
ateacqui
resal
lthear
chi
ves
anddebt
soft
hepr
edecessorSt
ate.Thi
siscl
ear
lyst
atedi
ntheAr
ti
cle40oft
he
secondVi
ennaConv
ent
ionof1983pr
ovi
dest
hatwher
epar
tofast
atesepar
atest
o
f
rom anot
herst
ate,
unl
essot
her
wiseagr
eed,
thest
atedebtoft
hepr
edecessorSt
ate
passest
othesuccessorSt
atei
nanequal
propor
ti
ont
aki
ngi
ntoaccounti
npar
ti
cul
ar
t
hepr
oper
ty,r
ight
sandi
nter
est
swhi
chpasst
othesuccessorSt
atei
nrel
ati
ont
o
t
hatdebt
.

Fi
nal
l
y,i
fthesuccessorSt
atei
sanewl
yindependentst
ate,
nost
atedebtshal
lpass,
exceptbyagr
eement
,andonl
yifcer
tai
ncondi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied.Accor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle
2(
e)a'
newl
yindependentst
ate'
meansasuccessorSt
atet
het
err
it
oryofwhi
chhas
been'
adependentt
err
it
oryf
ort
hei
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ionsofwhi
cht
hepr
edecessor
St
atewasr
esponsi
ble'
.

Localdebt
scl
ear
lypassundercust
omar
yint
ernat
ionall
awt
othesuccessorSt
ate,
si
ncet
heyconst
it
utear
rangement
sent
ered i
nto bysub-
gov
ernment
alt
err
it
ori
al
aut
hor
it
ies now t
ransf
err
ed t
othe j
uri
sdi
cti
on oft
he successorSt
ate and a
successi
ondoesnotdi
rect
lyaf
fectt
hem,
inef
fect
,theycont
inuet
oconst
it
utedebt
s
bor
nebyt
hespeci
fi
cter
ri
tor
yinquest
ion.

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Books:

1)I
ntr
oduct
ion t
o Publ
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