ENGLISH PAPER

INJUCTION

supervisor :
Rosi kumala sari ,S.pd

Oleh :
1. Elva tahlia eftiviana
2. Foelsi khasafutri
3. Nadia afrilia cantika

AKPER BINA INSANI SAKTI SUNGAI PENUH TAHUN

AJARAN 2020/2021

1
 PREFACE

First at all, give thanks for god’s love and grace for us. Thanks to god for helping me
and give me chance to finish this assighment timely. And i would like to say thank you to
mom rosy kumala sari S.pd as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much know
ledgeabout how to practice english well.

Injection is the one of english task that composed of practical english usage english
As second language Irealized this injecion is not perfect. But I hope it can be useful for us.
Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this assighment be better

Hopefully we as a students in ‘’nursing academy of Sungai Penuh’’ can work more

professional by using english as the second language whatever we done. Thank you

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE....................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................4
B. PURPOSE..................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. DEFINITION OF INJECTION..................................................................................5
B. PURPOSE OF INJECTION.....................................................................................5
C. INDICATION..........................................................................................................5
D. EQUIPMENT...........................................................................................................5
E. INJECTION PROCESS...........................................................................................6
F. KINDS OF INJECTION..........................................................................................6
G. THINGS THAT NEED TO BE CAREFUL IN DOING INJECTION...................8

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion...............................................................................................................9
B. Suggestions..............................................................................................................9

REFERENCES

3
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
One of the most important duties of a nurse is to provide safe and accurate medication
to clients. Medicine is the main the rapeutic tool to treat clients who have client
problems. Medicines work to produce a beneficial the rapeutic effect. Al though
drugs benefit the client in many ways, some drugs can have serious side effects or
have the potential to cause dangerous effects if administered inappropriately.
A nurse has a responsibility to under stand the action of drugs and their side
effects, administer drug sappropriately, monitor client responses, and help clients use
them properly and base donknow ledge.
The route of drug administration is divided into several routes, including
irrational, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and intraocular administration. The route of
drug administration is chosen base don the drug content and the desired effect as
well as theclient'sphysicaland mental condition.
There fore this paper will discussone of the routes of drug administration,
namely the parenteral route, giving drugs by injecting the minto the body'stissues.

B. PURPOSE
The aimofthispaperistounderstandtheinjectiondrugadministrationtechnique.

4
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. DEFINITION OF INJECTION
Injection is a sterile preparation in the form of a solution, emulsion or suspension or
powder that must be dissolved or suspended before use,which is injected by tearing the
tissue into the skin or through the skin or mucous membranes.
The injectionisaninvasiveprocedurethatmustbeperformedusingsteriletechniques.
B. PURPOSE OF INJECTION
In general, injection is carried out with the aim of speeding up the process of drug
absorption to get a fast druge effect.
C. INDICATION
Injection is usually performed on patients who are unconscious and do not want to
cooperate because it is not possible to administer the drug orally. If the client is
unconscious or confused, so that the client is unable to swallow or keep the medicine
under the tongue. Therefore, to meet the client's drug needs, the drug is administered by
injection.
In addition, the indication for drug administration by injection is also caused by some
drugs that stimulate or are damaged by gastric juice (hormones), or are not reabsorbed by
the intestines. Giving injection can also be done for local anesthesia.
D. EQUIPMENT
The tools used for injection consist of a syringe and a needle. There are a variety of
syringes and needles available and each is designed to deliver a specific volume of
medication to a specific type of tissue. The nurse practices judgment when determining
which syringe and needle will be most effective.
1. Syringe
The syringe consists of a cylindrical tube (barrel) with the tip in the right
design paired with a hypodermic needle and a plunger that fits right into the syringe
cavity. Syringes, in general, are classified as Luer-lok ornonLuer-lok. This
nomenclature is based on the design of the tip of the syringe.

5
 Syringes come in various sizes, from 0.5 to 60 ml. It is not uncommon to use
a syringe larger than 5 ml for SC or IM injection. A higher volume of the syringe will
cause discomfort. A larger syringe is prepared for IV injection.

The nurse fills the syringe by aspirating, pulling the suction out while the need
le tip remains immersed in the solution provided. The nurse can grasp the outside of
the syringe body and the suction handle. To maintain sterility, the nurse avoids non-
sterile objects touching the tip of the syringe or the inside of a tube, hub, suctionbody,
orneedle.

2. Needles
In order for the individual to be flexible in choosing the right needle, the
needles are individually wrapped. Some needles are not attached to standard sized
syringes. Most needles are made of stainless steel extract and are only used once.
The needle has threeparts: a hub, whichisattachedtotheendof a syringe;
needlerod (shaft), whichisconnectedtothecenter; and a bevel, whichistheslantedend.
E. INJECTION PROCESS
Giving injection is an invasive procedure that must be performed using sterile
techniques. Once the needle has penetrated the skin, there is a risk of infection. Nurses
administer drugs parenterally via the SC, IM, ID, and IV routes. Each type of injection
requires certain skills to ensure the drug reaches the right location. The effects of drugs
given parenterally can develop rapidly, depending on the rate of drug absorption. The
nurse observes the client's response closely.
Each injection route is unique based on the type of tissue to be injected with the drug.
Tissue characteristics affect drug absorption and drug onset of action. Before injecting a
drug, the nurse must know the volume of the drug administered, the characteristics and
viscosity of the drug, and the location of the anatomical structure of the body under the
injection site.
F. KINDS OF INJECTION
Parenteral administration of drugs (literally means out side the intestine) is
usually chosen if a rapid, strong, and complete effect is desired or drugs for drugs that
stimulate or destroy gastric juice (hormones), or are not reabsorbed by the intestine

6
(streptomycin), as well as in patients who do not consciously or unwilling to cooperate.
The objectionisthatitismoreexpensiveandpainful, difficulttousebythepatienthimself. In
addition, thereisalsothedangerofgetting a bacterialinfection (itmustbesterile)
andthedangerofdamagingthevesselsornervesiftheinjectionsiteis not chosenproperly.
1. Subcutaneous / sc (hypodermal).
Injection under the skin can be performed only with drugs that are non-
stimulating and dissolve in either water or oil. The effectis not as fast as
intramuscular or intravenous injection. Easy to do yourself, for example insulin in
diabetes.
The most appropriate sites for subcutaneous injection include the vascular area
around the outside of the upper arm, the abdomen from the lower border of the ribs to
the iliac crest, and the anterior portion of the thigh. The most commonly
recommended site for heparin injection is the abdomen. Other sites include the
scapula area on the upper back and the upper ventral or dorsal gloteus area. The site
chosen should be free of infection, skinlesions, scartissue, bony prominences, and
large muscles or nerves underneath.
The drug administered via the SC route is only a small dose of water-soluble
(0.5 to 1 ml) drug. The SC tissue is sensitive to large volumes of irritating solutions
and drugs. The collection of drugs in the tissues can cause a sterile abscess that
doesn't look like a hard, painful lump under the skin.
2. Intrakutan / ic (= insidetheskin)
Nurses usually give intracutaneous injection for skin testing. Because it is
hard, intradermal drugs are injected into the dermis. Due to less blood supply,
absorption is slow.
In a skin test, the nurse must be able to see the injection site precisely in order
to see changes in skin color and integrity. The area should be clean of wounds and
relatively hairless. Ideal locations are the inner forearm and upper back.
3. Intramuscular (i.m),
The IM route allows for a faster absorption of the drug than the SC route because
blood vessels are more numerous in the muscles. The danger of tissue damage is
reduced when the drug enters deep muscles but if not careful there is a risk of
injecting the drug directly into a vein. With the injection in the dissolved muscle
lasts with in 10-30 minutes. In order to slow reabsorption in order to prolong the
action of the drug, a solution or suspension in oil is often used, for example a

7
 suspension of penicillin and sex hormones. The injection site is generally chosen in
the buttocks muscles which do not have many vessels and nerves.
4. Intravenous (i.v),
Injection in blood vessels produces the fastest effect with in 18 seconds, that
is, when one blood circulation, the drug has spread throug hout the network.
However, the duration of action of drugs is usually short. This method is used to
achieve precise and reliable dosing, or a very fast and powerful effect. Not for drugs
that are insoluble in water or create deposits with protein or blood droplets.
The danger of intravenous injection is that it can cause the disruption of blood
colloid substances with a violent reaction, because in this way the "foreign matter" is
directly introduced into the circulation, for example, the sudden drop in blood
pressure and shock. This danger is greater if the injection is done too quickly, so that
the level of the local drug in the blood increases too rapidly. Therefore, each i.v
injection should be done very slowly, between 50-70 seconds in length.
5. Intra-artery.
Intravenous injection is some times performed to "flood" an organ, such as the
liver, with drugs that are rapidly activated or bound to tissues, such as nitrogen
mustard cancer drugs.
Intralumbal (between the vertebrae of the lumbar), intraperitoneal (into the
lining of the stomach), intrapleural, intracardial, intra-articular (into the joint
crevices) are some of the other injection methods to get the drug directly where it is
wanted.
G. THINGS THAT NEED TO BE CAREFUL IN DOING INJECTION
Administration of drugs by injection can function as its hould, so we must pay
attention to the following points:
1. Types of syringes and needles used
2. The type and dose of drug that is injected
3. Injection site
4. Infections that may occur during injection
5. Client's condition / disease

8
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

C. Conclusion
In administering the drug injection is carried out with a sterile preparation in
the form of a solution, emulsion or suspension or powder which must be dissolved or
suspended before use, which is injected by piercing the tissue into the muscle or through
the skin. And each injection route iscarried out based on the type of tissue to be injected
with the drug. Tissue characteristics influence drug absorption and onset of drug action.
And drugs can be given in various ways according to the patient's condition,
including: Subcutaneous Injection (SC), Intramuscular Injection (IM), Intradermal
Injection (ID), Intravenous Injection (IV).
D. Suggestions
Although the drugs benefit the client, there are some drugs that can cause
sideeffects and if the drug administration is not in accordance with actual
recommendations it will causedangerous effects. This of course can cause losses and
even fatal consequences. There fore, we as nurses should carry out our duties as well as
possible with out causing problems that can harm ourselves or others.

9
 REFERENCES

Johnson, Ruth & Taylor, Wendy. 2002. TextbookofMidwiferyPractice. Jakarta: EGC.

Kozier, Barbara &Erb, Glenoraetal. 2002. TextbookofClinicalNursingPractice. Edition 5.

BookMedicalPublishers: EGC.

Potter& Perry. 2005. NursingFundamentals Volume 4. Edition 4. Jakarta: EGC.

http://majakoesoemasari.blogspot.com/2011/08/injeksi-intravena.html

http://www.google.com/http://altruisticobserver.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/tempat-injeksi-
subkutan-intramuskular/

10