CLINICAL TEACHING METHOD

INTRODUCTION:

The clinical teaching is a type of group conference in which a

patient or patient is observed and studied, discussed, demonstrated
and directed towards the improvement and further improvement of
nursing care.

In nursing clinical teaching may be given by the doctor in

order to discus the medical aspects of patient’s condition more
vividly them can be done in the class room. Such a class is usually
follow or be followed by further consideration by the range of
conditions to which the disease seen in the patients belongs.

Alternatively clinical teaching may be given by any faculty

member. Clinical instructor or tutor or ward staff and will
concentrate on a particular patient needs as a person how the
doctors treatment orders can be met by the rig understanding and
nursing care.

In nursing commonly used clinical teaching methods

includes.

Clinical instruction is directly cornered with teaching

students about the care of clients
CLINICAL EXPERIENCESS:

The nursing care activities performed by the students for the care
of clients as a part of educational program.clinical experience
divided into three types.

1. Laboratory experience,
2. Supervised nursing care profile,
3. Interneeship.

LABORATORY EXPERIENCE:

The students will learn the skills in laboratory situation on

dummy or doll under the strict supervision under guidance of
clinical experts in specific field. The experience will selected
according to the needs of the students and requirements of the
curriculum.

SUPERVISED NURSING CARE PRACTICE

Students practiced in the ideal situation of lab they will

practice nursing care practice in the nursing care procedures in the
real field and experts supervision.

INTERNEE SHIP.
 After acquiring the knowledge and practice in all areas
awarding to the needs requirements and interest of the students the
faculty allow to the students to practice skills here the teacher will
act as an coordinators of the program.

PURPESE OF CLINICAL TEACHING

To provide individualized care in a systematic holistic

approach.

 To develop high technical component skills.

 To practice various procedures.
 To collect and analyze the data.
 To conduct research.
 To maintain high standards of nursing practice.
 To become independent enough to practicing nursing.
 The students will develop the techniques of observation.
 To meet the needs of the client.
 To implore standards of nursing practice.
 To identify the problem of clients.
 To learn various diagnostic procedures.
 To develop communication skills and to maintain interpersonal
relationship.
 To learn managerial skills.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR:

 Set the objectives, standards for practice.

 Develop a evaluation tools.
 Should take permission of the institute.
 Prepare master rotation plan.
 Set up the clinical area in an ideal manner.
 Clinical instructor has to maintain standards of nursing care
practice.
 Clinical instructor has to direct and supervise the students in
providing clients are.
 Assist the patient care, role model.
 Develop an understanding of research for better patient care.
 Maintain the high standards of patient care.
 Maintain strait discipline.
 Maintain student’s records .eg- duty rosters, individual
assignments evaluation tools clinical teaching and
performence of students.
 Conduct the individual conference with the students to solve
the problems
 Supervise the assignments like ward teaching class, case study
study, health talks.
 Assist the students to preparing teaching plans .
 To develop potentialities of each student.
 To demonstrate the skillfully the nursing procedures of spiral
importance of the particular area.

QUALITIES OF CLINICAL ISTRUCTIOR

 She should enjoy bedside nursing.

 She should be an expert in bedside nursing.
 She should have good communication skills and develops
good rapport among the nursing personal.
 She should possess adequate theoretical background.
 Should possess advanced knowledge in educational
psychology and other educational are eg- specialties.
 Should have good teaching skills.
 Physically active.
 Good conduct.
 Empathetic, sympathetic in nature.
 Should have positive philosophy of life.
 She has to maintain good working relations.
 She should have sensitive to other teachings
METHODS OF TEACHING IN CLINICAL AREA:

1. Client family centered method.

2. observation method.
3. Conference.
4. Bedside clinic.
5. Nursing round or medical round.
6. Demonstrations and re demonstration of procedure.
7. Ward teaching.
8. Ward class.
9. Ward clinic.
10. Case study.
11. Group discussion.
12. Brainstorming method.
13. Process recording.
14. Laboratory method.
15. Incidental and pland health talks
16. Nursing care study.
17. Organizing exhibition.
18. Incidental teaching.
19. Problem solving method.
20. Research projects .
1. CLIENT FAMILY CENTERED APPROACH:

Individualized care will be provided in holistic manner. Here

not only the client will be assisted for therapeutic measures family
members also involved in education about illness and health
concepts and signs and symptoms, treatment, prevention of the
problem there by the client, and whole family will be aware and
involved in meeting the client need.it is nothing but bringing
awareness and to reach the goal. Eg
:- Health for all.

2. CONFERENCE

a) Group conference
b) Staff conference
c) Nursing care conference
d) Individual conference.

a) Group conference:

A conference is the act of consulting together any coming together

or two or more individuals in formal meeting for the purpose of
giving or exchanging ideas it involves two way flow of
conversations.
Purposes:

To set objectives and criteria for nursing care.

To plan methods for improving care.

To solve problem which interfere with good nursing care.

To evaluate results of efforts.

Staff conference:

These type of conference will be held in teaching institutions.

Eg: Nursing superintendent will conduct conference to all nurses.

Eg: Faculty meeting in hospitals.

Nursing care conference:

These are widely used in basic nursing education.

Purposes:

o To portray the nursing problems typically associated with a

particular diseases with such factors as social, age, or ethical
background end picture the related nursing care with a
specific individual.
o To learn ways to help clients identify their needs and solve
their own problems.
o To suggest approaches to the patient and planning ways to
help himself.

Individual conference:

The group visits the client or the client may be brought to the
conference room during the discussions.

This method is of helpful told when some members of the

group are unfamiliar with the client or when there are special
observations which need to be made to give the dissuasion in a
more meaning full.

Purpose of bedside clinic:

1) To provide learning experience for nursing student to collect

information about the patient with fact and skill.
2) To improve the student ability to solve nursing problem
detailed study and analysis of nursing situation.
3) To realize the need for understanding each patient as an
individual in order to practice his problem and out look.
4) In helps the student to do nursing observation is organized
systematic way.
5) To be able to work out a nursing care plan to fit the needs of
individual patient on the basis of his special problems.
6) To be able to recognize opportunities for health teaching in the
hospital.
7) To improve the quality of nursing care.

STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING BEDSIDE CLINIC:

Planning techniques:

 Determine the clinic to whom it is to be conducted place and

time of clinic to be held and on what topic the students have to
come prepared.
 Select a patient for whom students have given the care.
 Secure the patients concepts as his co-operation is essential
during the clinic.

Conducting bedside clinic:

After the preplan the next step is conducting actual clinic.

The clinic should be conducted in the ward or in a class room

which is adjacent to the ward. if such conveniences are not there,
the clinic should be held apart from other patients providing him
sufficient primary in a corner of the ward.

 Physical and mental comfort is provided to patient.

 Patient is kept at case
 The clinic usually last for 30mts
 The number of students should not exceed 10-15 in number.

The discussion relative to the nursing clinic consist of three phases:

1) Introduction phases.
2) Patient centered discussion.
3) Post clinic evaluation.

1) Introduction phases:

This phase serves to acquaint the student with the patient

background presenting nursing care sitiltuation the purpose of the
clinic significant observation to be made type of question to be
asked etc.

2) Patient centered dissuasion:

 During this phases a few simple question asked to obtain the
needed information about the patient. No question hurts the
feelings of the patient should be asked.

3) Post clinic evaluation:

It offers an excellent opportunities for students to evaluate the

patient behavior ability to solve his own problem and various
other aspects .the student can be evaluated in term of their
ability to meet the stated purposes of clinics through their
observations and ability to meet stated purposes of clinic
through their observation and ability to use problem solving
techniques .

ADVANTAGES OF BEDSIDE CLINIC:

1. Bed side clinic or teaching puts the student in an active actual

situation.
2. Covers a limited group of students.
3. Permits the evaluation of degrees to which educational
objectives have been attained.
4. Develops qualities of observation and decision taking.
5. Ensures closer contact with reality.
6. Permits comparison between reality and theory.
 7. Increases variability.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. High personal cost.

2. Some times put the patient in a difficult situation
3. Poor standardization.
4. Narrow limits of utilization.

NURSING ROUND:

Nursing round in a excursion in to a patients area involving

the students learning experiences .nursing rounds revealed that
students responded to this method of teaching with enthusiasm.
Their interest in learning increased and showed ability share ideas
and knowledge with others for the benefit of patients .

Nursing round is one of the teaching rounds (except

information giving rounds.)

Nursing round are given separate names according to the

purpose of their serve.

1. Information giving rounds:

It is used to acquaint the staff with all patient on the
ward or division.
2. Instructional rounds:

Here the nurse is expected to read the charts and come to

rounds with the basic information in mind.
3. Problem solving rounds:
This is to help the nursing staff learn to conduct initial
interviews make assessment of patient’s needs and identify
nursing care problems.

Purpose of nursing rounds:

1. To demonstrate symptoms important in nursing care.
2. Clarify terminology studied.
3. To compare patient’s reaction to disease and study the
disease condition.
4. To demonstrate effects of drugs indication action and
reactions of drugs.
5. To illustrate skillful nursing care.
6. To compare method of meeting nursing needs and to have
better understanding and to give more purposeful care to
patient.
7. To illustrate successful improvisation and to give opportunity
for the use of different application.
Advantages of nursing rounds:
  Make class room discussion more vivid and real and
thus improves teaching experience.
Response of the patient is more natural.
Students cam select the patients with the specific problem
and plan proper nursing care.
The ways of conducting nursing round as tallow’s.
(a) Patient selects with the nursing problems and to reinforce
the theoretical knowledge.
(b) The groups observe the behavior of the patient at the
bedside and make proper comments.

o The group observes the equipment are articles under use.

o The student return to the classroom to discuss the nursing
diagnosis and needed nursing care for patients.
Some examples and types of nursing rounds.
1. Demonstration of symptoms.
2. To clarify terminology
a) Herpes simplex
b) Anemic pallor.
3. Effects of drugs.
4. Skilful nursing care
Method of conducting nursing rounds:
  A brief conference of the side of the patient room/ward has to
be held necessary data are given.
 The purpose of the visit to the patient is out lined by the need
nurse special observation to be made or pointed out at this
time 4 to 5 patients are selected for instruction 4-5mts a rent.
 The need nurse herself may present the uses or she may ask
the students who are assigned to these patients to answer the
question of the group or her questions.
 The student are asked to present the cases regarding other
particulars the participants may also be involved such as
counting pulse respiration, examine the conjunctiva pitting
edema etc.
 The patient case sheet as also utilized with presentation.
BRAIN STORMING METHOD:
Brain storming as the name suggests implies storming of the
brain to evolve or generate number of ideas and thought lines as
quickly as possible with out paying consideration about their
validity and appropriateness.
According to “AFASBORN” strategy can be used with a group
explore a number of ideas related to a situation or solution of a
problem with out passing judgment or consume.
 This strategy especially useful for development of higher
cognitive like reflective thinking creative imagination and problem
solving.
WARD CLASS:
A class will be conducted based upon current clinical
experience of the students for whom the class is planned.
Small group should be planned all the students at the one level
of experience who all having similar experience in a particular
department.
WARD CLINICS:
In this type a client is presented to the group who will illustrate
all signs and symptoms requires all nursing care procedures.
PURPOSES:
 To demonstrate important clinical manifestation of clients.
 To compare client reaction to disease.
 To demonstrate the effects of drugs.
 To illustrate skillful nursing care.
 To learn about disease pattern and care, treatment
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Requires very careful planning.
2. A small group of students can be taken at a time.

WARD TEACHING:
PURPOSES:
1. To supplement, to integrate and to utilize class room
instruction.
2. To aid the student to make correct application of scientific
principle.

Permission should be taken from the physician.

Instructor should explain before hand to the client about the
purpose of clinic.
The students will be above to practice procedures in real
situation.
CASE METHOD:
Used in 3 forms
1. Case study / case presentation.
2. Case analysis.
3. Assignment.

Case study / case presentation:

The student will be given the opportunity to provide nursing
care of specific client after 4 or 5 days of careful study the student
nurse will prepare case study by comparing with text the student
present the case before the batch of companions general dispassion
about the client will be dealt.
Case analysis:
A concrete are of analysis and discussion of a group of
students under the leadership of the instructor sufficient
information presented to the students to make judgment of problem
or situation in case.
Assignment:
The term assignment as used in educational procedure is
generally to taken to refer to that of the taking activity where the
teacher gives a project, a problem, a reading test etc.
Types:-
a. Patient assignment.
b. The functional method
c. Team method

Patient assignment:
In the patient method of assignment a nurse is expected to
give complete nursing care measures, treatment medication, taking
temperature, pulse respiration and giving health instruction.
The functional method:
When functional method used nurses are assigned to specific
functions in the ward such as giving medication treatment to all
patients taking temperature of all giving general nursing care to a
group of individuals.
Team method of assignment:
In this method a group of patients are looked after by a group
of hospital staff and students (nursing team)
The professional nurse as the later. The members may be graduate
student professional nurses aides.
Nursing care is given to the patients nursing leader supervises
and guides the team in giving quality nursing care.
OBJUCTIVES OF ASSIGNMENTS:
1. To give best possible care to the patient.
2. To consider the educational need of the trainee.
3. To develop good managerial skills.

PRINICIPLES OF ASSIGNMENTS:
 Assignments should be clear, congenial simple, short
understanding in nature.
 Make assignment according to the ability to complete
the work.
 Prepare priority wise in giving assignment.
 Only one person gives assignments.
 Assignments should be individualized.
BRAIN STORMING METHOD:
Here the intellectual capacities of trainees will be utilized
solving or suggesting solutions to problems and make the group to
become active answer the problem among them only. The
instructor act as referee and give answers for the unsolved
problems.
For example: The counseling of AIDS in this topic the expert in
the field will make certain opinion about regarding AIDS and
make group in to 2 or more sections according to the number of
trainees each trainee will be given one paper to write opinions and
will give 3 minutes time and ask the trainee to read the opinion and
request whether it falls in to high low, do, not, know like she has to
give explanation.
Them the referee will ask other groups are they satisfied with
that particular explanation if no trainee is answering correctly for
any problems then the expert will clarify it. Here the brain of
trainees will be sharpened and the entire class will participate in
discussion the group will become active and enthusiastic.
GOUP DISCUSSION:
A co operative, problem solving activity which seeks a
consensus as regarding the solution of a problem.
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES FOR SMALL GROUPS:
1. The individual conference.
2. The informal class group discussion.
3. The seminar.
4. The clinical conference.
 5. Role play.
6. Case analysis.

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES FOR LARGER GROUPS:

A. Multiple discussion groups.
B. Symposium.
C. Panel.

VALUES:
 It encourages the student to think for her to
develop critical habits of study.
 Helps her to advance in creative thought.
 The teacher can observe the student as she
participates in the class and can plan for individual
difference.
 It gives the students an opportunity to learn how
to adjust to social situations.
 Self activity is increased.
SUMMARY:
We are discussed above the introduction purpose of clinical
teaching & function of clinical instructor and qualities of clinical
instructor and methods of clinical teaching.
CONCLUSION:
 Clinical teaching is the one of the type of teaching method
this most commonly helpful in the clinical settings it will provide
the more knowledge in theoretical and practical way the students
can improve countries skills effectively in this methods of
teaching.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Basavanthapa B.T (2003) “NURSING EDUCATION” Jaypee
brothers medical publishers New Delhi. Page No. 360-380.
Barret Jeen (2006) “WARD MANAGEMENT AND
TEACAHING” Konark Publishers Pvt .Ltd. New
Delhi.
Neeraja. K.P (2003) “TEXT BOOK OF NURSING
EDUCATION” jayree brothers medical Pblishees New
Delhi. Page No. 232-240