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Study of
Study of Love-type wave Love-type
vibrations in double sandy layers wave
vibrations
on half-space of viscoelastic
731
An analytical approach
Raju Kumhar, Santimoy Kundu, Manisha Maity and Shishir Gupta Received 3 August 2019
Revised 15 October 2019
Department of Mathematics and Computing, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India Accepted 18 November 2019

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the dependency of dispersion and damping behavior of
Love-type waves on wave number in a heterogeneous dry sandy double layer of finite thickness
superimposed on heterogeneous viscoelastic substrate under the influence of hydrostatic initial stress.
Design/methodology/approach – The mechanical properties of the material of both the dry sandy layers
vary with respect to a certain depth as quadratic and hyperbolic function, while it varies as an exponential
function for the viscoelastic semi-infinite medium. The method of the separation of variables is employed to
obtain the complex frequency equation.
Findings – The complex frequency equation is separated into real and imaginary components corresponding
to dispersion and damping equation. After that, the obtained result coincides with the pre-established
classical equation of Love wave, as shown in Section 5. The response of all mechanical parameters such as
heterogeneities, sandiness, hydrostatic stress, thickness ratio, attenuation and viscoelasticity on both the
phase and damped velocity against real wave number has been discussed with the help of numerical example
and graphical demonstrations.
Originality/value – In this work, a comparative study clarifies that the Love wave propagates with higher
speed in an isotropic elastic structure as compared to the proposed model. This study may find its
applications in the investigation of mechanical behavior and deformation of the sedimentary rock.
Keywords Hydrostatic initial stress, Viscoelastic, Phase velocity, Love-type wave, Damped velocity,
Dry sandy
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
There is no doubt that the experimental and theoretical study of the propagation of surface
waves in multi-layered elastic structures is of great practical importance, since they consist
of two or more kinds of coupled stress field materials are finding the wide range of
applications such as those in geophysics, earthquake sciences, soil mechanics, material
science, petroleum engineering, structural engineering and many more. Recently, the
propagation of surface waves in the multi-layered model of the Earth’s crust has been
accomplished by Gupta and Bhengra (2017), Paul et al. (2017) and Shekhar and Parvez
(2016). The dynamical behavior of materials insides the Earth is very complicated and could
not be explained on the basis of classical continuum mechanics. As it is well known that the
propagation, refraction, transmission or reflection of surface waves are totally controlled by
the mechanical properties of the material or medium through which they travel. Inspired
with these facts, it is our great interest to attempt a theoretical development on the traversal
of Love-type surface wave in doubly heterogeneous dry sandy soil medium laid over a
heterogeneous viscoelastic substrate under the impact of hydrostatic stress. Due to wide
applications in many fields of engineering and applied science, namely civil engineering, Multidiscipline Modeling in
mechanical engineering, geophysical engineering, earthquake science, etc., the study of Materials and Structures
Vol. 16 No. 4, 2020
surface wave in different types of media under different physical conditions is the topic of pp. 731-748
greatest interest to researchers of various disciplines. Further, in order to approximate the © Emerald Publishing Limited
1573-6105
damages caused during the earthquake and to diminish the destructive factor of waves, it is DOI 10.1108/MMMS-08-2019-0143
MMMS necessary to study the traversal characteristics of surface waves in different media. In this
16,4 context, some extremely popular books by Ewing et al. (1957), Love (1920) and Gubbins
(1990) help us to provide fruitful information about seismic waves and their characteristics.
It is well known fact that the Earth’s crust is composed of various heterogeneous stratums
with the variation in stiffness and density of the materials. From a practical point of view, many
seismologists and researchers have been considered the variation in elastic properties, namely
732 stiffness and density of the different medium as the various type of function such as linear,
quadratic, hyperbolic and exponential natures with respect to certain depth. Since the variation
in stiffness and density of the medium is not always linear nature, as observed by Fowler (1990),
therefore, the study of the various types of variation within the Earth’s surface is currently of
paramount importance for the propagation of seismic surface waves. Ke et al. (2005, 2006)
examined the exponential and linear variation in a heterogeneous medium on the traversal of
Love wave. Moreover, Gupta et al. (2015, 2017) considered the hyperbolic, linear and exponential
function of variation in stiffness and density for the vibration of surface waves in the Earth
layered structure. They have observed that the velocity of the surface wave increases with the
increasing magnitude of inhomogeneity. In addition to that, many studies have been conducted
over various types of variation on the propagation of wave through heterogeneous media
(Abd-Alla et al., 2011; Wei et al., 1998; Kakar, 2015b; Wang et al., 2017; Srivastava et al., 2019;
Kundu et al. 2015; Anderson, 1962).
As a matter of fact, it is supposed that the surface of the real Earth is more sandy than
elastic at each level. A dry sandy mantle which can be defined as a layer consists of sandy
particles that do not retain moisture or water vapor. Weiskopf (1945) has investigated the
characteristics of sandy soil and has concluded that due to the slippage of grains in dry
sandy soil, (E)/(μ)W 2η(1 + σ), where σ, E and μ are Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus and
rigidity of elastic materials, respectively. He suggested that the expression (E)/(μ) ¼ 2η(1 + σ)
could be appropriate for the dry sandy soil. When η W1, it is called dry sandy factor, and
η ¼ 1 expresses an elastic solid for the above expression. The resistance is much lower in the
dry sandy soil layer due to the sliding of the individual granules over each other. For this
reason, the traversal of seismic surface wave through dry sandy soil is one of the most
significant topics of interest not only for geologists but also for several researchers and
seismologists. Some of studies are carried out by Chattaraj et al. (2015), Dey et al. (2002),
Pal and Ghorai (2015) and Tomar and Kaur (2007). Presently, Maity et al. (2018) illustrated
the characteristics of torsional waves profile in viscous-reinforced layer embedded over dry
sandy half-space and found that the presence of sandiness in their model has noteworthy
impact on dispersion and damping curves of torsional waves.
Generally, the Earth’s crust is initially stressed medium but in many geophysical
problems, the initial stress is found to be partially hydrostatic stress and the solid is found in
contact with a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium. Hydrostatic stress finds its valuable
applications in the field of continuum mechanics, namely geophysics and geomechanics.
The hydrostatic stress acts equally in all directions, and it arrives in cases of compressible
and incompressible solids. Although the hydrostatic stress on incompressible solids does
not have a noticeable effect, its presence in the mechanical materials through which the
wave propagates coincides with the real-world scenario. Many authors such as Addy and
Chakraborty (2005), Singh et al. (2006), Othman and Song (2007) and Abo-Dahab (2014) have
studied the wave propagation in various types of medium under hydrostatic tensile or
compressive stress.
Viscoelasticity is the fundamental property of the Earth and influences the seismic
surface waves. The example of viscoelastic materials is as coal tar, sediments and salt
materials. Generally, the characteristics of viscoelastic material are the conjunction of two
considerable physical properties that is to say elastic and viscous, which is prime reason of
seismic attenuation. Because of these facts, the study of the traversal of seismic waves in the
viscoelastic medium is of great importance in the many fields (seismology, earthquake Study of
engineering, exploration geophysics, soil dynamics and fluid dynamics) and they received Love-type
more attention from many researchers. Many studies have been accomplished on such type wave
of material for the simulation of wave propagation (Cooper, 1967; Shaw and Bugl, 1969;
Schoenberg, 1971; Kakar, 2015b; Srivastava et al., 2018; Kumari et al., 2016). Pandit et al. vibrations
(2017) studied the influence of dispersion and damping due to the viscoelasticity on the
propagation of Love wave. They found that the damping curves implicitly depend on wave 733
number, initial stress, inhomogeneity and porosity.
The objective of this research paper is to analyze the behavior of dispersion and damping
curves on the traversal of Love-type wave in a doubly heterogeneous dry sandy soil medium
resting over a highly heterogeneous viscoelastic substrate under the effect of initial
hydrostatic tension or compression stress. The structure of the Earth is highly
heterogeneous with increasing depth. Therefore, we have considered the heterogeneous
medium to vary quadratically (parabolic), hyperbolically and exponentially with respect to a
certain depth for the uppermost layer, bounded medium and lower half-space, respectively.
In addition, the presence of hydrostatic initial stress in the viscoelastic half-space has been
taken due to horizontal tension or compression. The complex frequency equation is derived
with the help of boundary conditions which leads to the dispersion equation as its real part
and damping equation as its imaginary part. Later, the frequency equation is reduced to the
well-known classical relation of Love wave. Finally, the crucial observations and impact on
phase and damped velocity against real wave number have been discussed by varying
values of the proposed parameters such as heterogeneities, sandiness, hydrostatic stress,
attenuation, viscoelasticity and width of the layer.

2. Mathematical modeling and its solution

A proposed model is considered that is composed of two heterogeneous dry sandy soil
layers laid over heterogeneous viscoelastic half-space. The half-space of this model is
assumed under the influence of hydrostatic state of initial stress. The uppermost layer,
intermediate medium and lower half-space are considered the first finite sandy layer
occupying the domain –(H1 + H2)ozo− H1, the second finite sandy layer occupying the
domain −H1 oz o0 and the viscoelastic semi-infinite medium occupying the domain
0 ozo∞, respectively. Here, H2 and H1 are the finite thickness of the first and second
layers, respectively. The Cartesian co-ordinate (x, y, z) has been adopted in such a way that
the z-axis is pointing in the direction of increasing depth and the x-axis has been taken along
the propagation of waves, as shown in Figure 1. In the considered layered structure, the
variation of mechanical material properties such as rigidities, densities, viscoelastic
coefficient and hydrostatic stress has been adopted for layers and half-space as follows:
For both dry sandy layers:

2
2
mn1 ¼ m1 Z1 1 þg1 z ; rn1 ¼ r1 1 þg1 z ; (1)

mn2 ¼ m2 Z2 cosh2 g2 z; rn2 ¼ r2 cosh2 g2 z; (2)

where μj, ρj, ηj and gj ( j ¼ 1, 2) are rigidity, density, sandy parameter and heterogeneity
factor.
For viscoelastic half-space:


mn3 ¼ m3 þiom0 eg3 z ; rn3 ¼ r3 eg3 z ; P n3 ¼ P 3 eg3 z ; (3)

where μ3, ρ3, μ′, P3 and g2 are rigidity, density, viscosity, hydrostatic stress and
heterogeneity factor.
MMMS
16,4 z = –(H1 + H2)

Dry sandy first layer

1* = 11(1+ 1z)2, 1* = 1(1+ 1z)2 H2 (width)

734 z = –H1

Dry sandy second layer

2* = 22 cosh2 2z, 2* = 2 cosh2 2z H1 (width)
z= 0
x
O
Viscoelastic half-space 3* = (3 + i′)e3z, P3
under hydrostatic initial
P3 stress *3 = 3e3z,
P3* = P3e3z,

Figure 1.
Structure of layered
Earth model of the
problem
z

Love-type surface wave conditions: let the displacement components for first sandy layer,
second sandy layer and viscoelastic half-space are (u1, v1, w1), (u2, v2, w2) and (u3, v3, w3),
respectively. Hence, the characteristics of Love-type wave propagation may be given by:
@
ui ¼ wi ¼ 0; vi ¼ vi ðx; z; t Þ and ¼ 0; where i ¼ 1; 2; 3: (4)
@y

2.1 Solution of the uppermost dry sandy layer

The only non-vanishing governing equation without any body forces for the propagation of
Love wave in the upper dry sandy layer is given by Biot (1965):



@ Pxy 1 @ Pyz 1 @2 v1
þ ¼ rn1 2 ; (5)
@x @z @t
where (Πxy)1 and (Πyz)1 are stress components:

 @v1
 @v1
Pxy 1 ¼ mn1 ; Pyz 1 ¼ mn1 : (6)
@x @z
With the help of Equations (1), (5) and (6), we have:

@ 2 v1 2g1 @v1 @2 v1 r1 @2 v1
þ
 þ ¼ : (7)
@x2 1 þg1 z @z @z2 m1 Z1 @t 2

Taking v1(x, z, t) ¼ g1(z)ei(ωt−kx) in Equation (7), we get:

 
d2 g 1 2g1 dg 1 r1 2 2
þ
 þ o k g 1 ¼ 0: (8)
dz2 1 þg1 z dz m1 Z1
Substituting g1(z) ¼ (G 1(z))/(1 + g1z) in Equation (8) to eliminate the first-order derivative, Study of
we have: Love-type
wave
d 2 G1 vibrations
þ ‘1 G1 ¼ 0;
2
(9)
dz2
where: 735
s
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

r1 2 2
‘1 ¼ o k : (10)
m1 Z1

Therefore, the solution of Equation (9) is:

G1 ðzÞ ¼ A1 cos ‘1 zþA2 sin ‘1 z: (11)

Hence, the displacement component for uppermost dry sandy layer is given as:

A1 cos ‘1 zþ A2 sin ‘1 z iðotkxÞ

v1 ðx; z; t Þ ¼
 e : (12)
1þ g1 z

2.2 Solution of the intermediate dry sandy layer

The only non-vanishing governing equation without any body forces for the propagation of
Love wave in the bounded dry sandy layer is given by Biot (1965):



@ Pxy 2 @ Pyz 2 @ 2 v2
þ ¼ rn2 2 ; (13)
@x @z @t
where (Πxy)2 and (Πyz)2 are stress components:

 @v2
 @v2
Pxy ¼ mn2 ; Pyz 2 ¼ mn2 : (14)
2 @x @z
With the help of Equations (2), (13) and (14), we have:

@ 2 v2
@v2 @2 v2 r2 @2 v2
þ2g 2 tanh g 2 z þ ¼ : (15)
@x2 @z @z2 m2 Z2 @t 2

Taking v2(x, z, t) ¼ g2(z)ei(ωt−kx) in Equation (15), we get:

 
d2 g 2
dg 2 r2 2 2
þ2g 2 tanh g 2 z þ o k g 2 ¼ 0: (16)
dz2 dz m2 Z2

Substituting g1(z) ¼ (G 2(z))/cosh(g2z) in Equation (16) to eliminate the first-order derivative,

we have:

d 2 G2
þ ‘2 G2 ¼ 0;
2
(17)
dz2
MMMS where:
16,4 s
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
r2 2 2 2
‘2 ¼ o k g2 : (18)
m2 Z2
Therefore, the solution of Equation (17) is:
736 G2 ðzÞ ¼ A3 cos ‘2 zþA4 sin ‘2 z: (19)
Hence, the displacement component for bounded dry sandy layer is given as:
A3 cos ‘2 zþA4 sin ‘2 z iðotkxÞ
v2 ðx; z; t Þ ¼
 e : (20)
cosh g2 z

2.3 Solution of the viscoelastic half-space

The only non-vanishing governing equation without any body forces for the propagation of
Love wave in viscoelastic half-space under hydrostatic stress is given by Biot (1965) as:



@ Pxy 3 @ Pyz 3 n 2 @2 v3
þ P 3 r v3 ¼ rn3 2 ; (21)
@x @z @t
where (Πxy)3 and (Πyz)3 are stress components:
@2 @2
 @v3
 @v3
r2 ¼ þ 2 ; Pxy 3 ¼ mn3 ; Pyz 3 ¼ mn3 : (22)
@x @z
2 @x @z
With the help of Equations (4), (21) and (22), we get:
   
P 3 @ 2 v3 P 3 @ 2 v3 @v3 r3 @2 v3
1 þ 1 þg3 ¼ ; (23)
m3 @x 2 m3 @z 2 @z m 3 @t 2
where m3 ¼ m3 þiom0 .
Taking v3(x, z, t) ¼ g3(z)ei(ωt−kx) in Equation (23), we get:
    
P 3 d2 g 3 dg 3 r3 2 2 P3
1 þg 3 þ o k 1 g 3 ¼ 0: (24)
m3 dz2 dz m3 m3
Therefore, the solution of Equation (24) is:

g 3 ðzÞ ¼ A5 e‘3 z þA6 e‘4 z ; (25)

where:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi







ffi
g3 þ g23 4 1ðP 3 Þ= m3 r3 = m3 o2 k2 1ðP 3 Þ= m3
‘3 ¼

 ; (26)
2 1ðP 3 Þ= m3

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi







ffi
g3 þ g23 4 1ðP 3 Þ= m3 r3 = m3 o2 k2 1ðP 3 Þ= m3
‘4 ¼

 : (27)
2 1ðP 3 Þ= m3
Hence, the required displacement vector for viscoelastic half-space is given by:

v3 ðx; z; t Þ ¼ A5 e‘3 z eiðotkxÞ : (28)

3. Boundary conditions Study of
On the propagation of Love-type surface wave in double heterogeneous sandy layers Love-type
superimposed on heterogeneous viscoelastic half-space under the effect of hydrostatic initial wave
stress, the displacements and stresses of the upper layer, intermediate medium and lower
half-space must be continuous at z ¼ −(H1 + H2), z ¼ −H1 and z ¼ 0, respectively. Therefore, vibrations
the following boundary conditions must be applicable:
(1) At z ¼ −(H1 + H2), (Πyz)1 ¼ 0. 737
(2) At z ¼ −H1:
• (Πyz)1 ¼ (Πyz)2.
• v1(x, z, t) ¼ v2(x, z, t).
(3) At z ¼ 0:
• (Πyz)2 ¼ (Πyz)3.
• v2(x, z, t) ¼ v3(x, z, t).

4. Frequency equation
Now, applying Equations (12), (20) and (28) in the above boundary conditions, we get the
five linear and homogeneous system of equations for coefficients Ar, (r ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and
eliminating these constant coefficients, using the necessary and sufficient condition for the
existence of non-trivial solutions, we have:
 
M ij  ¼ 0; i; j ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; (29)

where all values of Mij, (i, j ¼ 1−5) are defined in Appendix 1.

This will take the form:

sin ðH 2 ‘1 ÞE 1 þ cos ðH 2 ‘1 ÞE 2
Uðk; cÞ ¼ tan ðH 1 ‘2 Þ ¼ 0; (30)
sin ðH 2 ‘1 ÞE 3 þ cos ðH 2 ‘1 ÞE 4

where Ej, ( j ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4) are mentioned in Appendix 1.

Expression of ϒ(k, c) represents the complex frequency equation of Love-type wave in
doubly heterogeneous sandy layers lying over a heterogeneous viscoelastic half-space under
the effect of hydrostatic stress. Also, the wave number k is complex and it can be written as:

k ¼ k1 þik2 ¼ k1 ð1 þidÞ;

where δ ¼ (k2)/(k1) is attenuation coefficient and k1, k2 are real.

The expression (30) is separated into real and imaginary part, we may assume as:
9
‘1 ¼ x1 þiy1 >=
‘2 ¼ x2 þiy2 ; (31)
>
‘3 ¼ x3 þiy3 ;

where x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3 are given in Appendix 2.

Hence, separating the complex frequency Equation (30) into real and imaginary term as:

Re½Uðk; cÞ ¼ 0; (32)

MMMS and:
16,4 Im½Uðk; cÞ ¼ 0: (33)
Equation (32) (real part of ϒ(k, c)) provides the dispersion relation of Love-type wave
propagation which generates the dispersion curves, while Equation (33) (imaginary part of
ϒ(k, c)) provides the damping relation of Love-type propagation which originates the
738 damping curves.

5. Special case and validation of the problem

When the uppermost dry sandy layer is neglected, and both the intermediate sandy layer
and lower viscoelastic half-space are considered to be homogeneous isotropic elastic, then
the damping Equation (33) vanishes identically and the dispersion Equation (32) reduces to:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  m 1
ðc2 Þ=
b2 


2  ffi 3 3
tan k1 H 1 ðc2 Þ= b2 1 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi


2  ffi; (34)
m2 ðc2 Þ= b2 1

where:
q
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi


ffi q
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi


ffi
b2 ¼ m2 = r2 and b3 ¼ m3 = r3 :

Equation (34) represents the well-known pre-established classical relation of Love wave in a
homogeneous layer lying over isotropic elastic half-space, which coincides the result
obtained by Ewing et al. (1957) and Love (1920).

6. Numerical results and discussions

The main attention is paid to show the characteristics of dispersion and damping curve on
the propagation of Love-type wave in doubly dry sandy medium resting over viscoelastic
half-space under the effect of hydrostatic stress. Also, this investigation shows the response
of all proposed physical factors such as heterogeneity parameters g1/k1, g2/k1 and g3/k1,
sandy parameters η1 and η2, hydrostatic initial stress P3/μ3, attenuation coefficient δ,
thickness ratio H2/H1 and viscoelasticity v involved in the frequency equation with the help
of graphical representation. The following relevant data, used in numerical computations,
are taken for respective mediums from Gubbins (1990) as follows:
(1) Uppermost dry sandy first layer:

m1 ¼ 32:3 GPa; r1 ¼ 2:802 g=cm3 :

(2) Intermediate dry sandy second layer:

m2 ¼ 65:4 GPa; r2 ¼ 3:409 g=cm3 :

(3) Lower viscoelastic half-space:

m3 ¼ 74:5 GPa; r3 ¼ 3:293 g=cm3 :

All the numerical calculations and plotting of graphs have been done with the help of
Wolfram Mathematics software (Version 9.0). The consecutive Figures 2–10 are sketched to
depict the effect of different parameters on the non-dimensional phase velocity c/β2 ¼ Pv and
(a) (b) Study of
2.4 –1.0 1. 1/k1= 0.00
Love-type
1. 1/k1= 0.00 1. 1/k1= 0.15 wave
1. 1/k1= 0.30
2.2 2. 1/k1= 0.15 –1.5 vibrations
3. 1/k1= 0.30
–2.0
2.0
1
739

Dv
Pv

–2.5 2
3
1.8
1 2 3 –3.0
1.6 Figure 2.
–3.5
Change of (a) Pv
1.4 and (b) Dv against
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
k1H1
magnitude of γ1/k1
k1H1

(a) (b)
–1.0 1. 2/k1= 0.0
3
2.2 2. 2/k1= 0.2 2
1. 2/k1= 0.0 1
–1.5 3. 2/k1= 0.4
2. 2/k1= 0.2
2.0 3. 2/k1= 0.4 –2.0
–2.28
Dv
Pv

–2.5 3
1.8 –2.30
2
1 2 3 –3.0 –2.32 1
1.6
–3.5 –2.34
Figure 3.
Change of (a) Pv
1.4 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 and (b) Dv against
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
magnitude of γ2/k1
k1H1 k1H1

(a) (b)
–1.0 1. 3/k1= 0.0 1
2
2.2 1. 3/k1= 0.0 2. 3/k1= 0.1
3
2. 3/k1= 0.1 –1.5 3. 3/k1= 0.2

2.0 3. 3/k1= 0.2

–2.0 –2.28
Dv

1
Pv

–2.29
1.8 2 –2.5
3 –2.30
1
–2.31
2
–3.0 –2.32
1.6 –2.33 3

–3.5 –2.34
Figure 4.
–2.35 Change of (a) Pv
1.4 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 and (b) Dv against
–4.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
k1H1 for distinct
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
k1H1
magnitude of γ3/k1
k1H1
MMMS (a) (b)
16,4
–1.0 1. 1= 1.1 1
2.2 1. 1= 1.1 2. 1= 1.4 2
–1.5 3. 1= 1.7 3
2. 1= 1.4
2.0 3. 1= 1.7
–2.0
740

Dv
Pv

1.8 –2.5
1 2 3
–3.0
1.6
Figure 5. –3.5
Change of (a) Pv
and (b) Dv against 1.4
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
magnitude of η1
k1H1 k1H1

(a) (b)

–1.0 1. 2 =1.5
2.2 1. 2 =1.5 2. 2 =1.6
2. 2 =1.6 3. 2 =1.7
–1.5
3. 2 =1.7
2.0
–2.0
1
Dv
Pv

1.8 –2.5 2
1 2 3 3
–3.0
1.6
Figure 6. –3.5
Change of (a) Pv
and (b) Dv against 1.4
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
magnitude of η2
k1H1 k1H1

(a) (b)

–1.0
1. P3/3 = –0.2 1
2.2
2. P3/3 = 0.0 –1.5
2
3
3. P3/3 = 0.2
2.0
–2.0
1
Dv
Pv

2 –2.5
1.8 3

–3.0 1. P3/3 = –0.2

1.6 2. P3/3 = 0.0
Figure 7. –3.5 3. P3/3 = 0.2
Change of (a) Pv
and (b) Dv against 1.4
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
magnitude of P3/μ3
k1H1 k1H1
(a) (b) Study of
Love-type
–1.0 1.  =0.1
2.2 1.  =0.1 2.  =0.13 wave
2.  =0.13 –1.5 3.  =0.16 vibrations
3.  =0.16
2.0 –2.0
1 2
3 741

Dv
Pv

–2.5 1
1.8 2
3
–3.0
1.6
–3.5 Figure 8.
Change of (a) Pv
1.4 and (b) Dv against
–4.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
k1H1 for distinct
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
magnitude of δ
k1H1 k1H1

(a) (b)
1. H2/H1=0.3
–1.0
1. H2/H1=0.3 2. H2/H1=0.5
2.2
2. H2/H1=0.5 3. H2/H1=0.7
–1.5
3. H2/H1=0.7
2.0 –2.0
Dv
Pv

1
1.8 –2.5 3
2
2
3
–3.0 1
1.6
–3.5 Figure 9.
Change of (a) Pv
1.4 and (b) Dv against
–4.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 k1H1 for distinct
magnitude of H2/H1
k1H1 k1H1

(a) (b)

–1.0 1. v = 0.00 1
2.2 1. v = 0.00 2. v = 0.04 2
2. v = 0.04 3
3 –1.5 3. v = 0.08
2 3. v = 0.08
2.0 1
–2.0
–2.330
Pv

Dv

–2.335
1.8 –2.5
–2.340 1
1 –2.345
2 –3.0 –2.350
2
1.6 3 –2.355 3
–2.360
Figure 10.
–3.5
–2.365 Change of (a) Pv
1.4 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110
and (b) Dv against
–4.0
k1H1 for distinct
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
magnitude of v
k1H1 k1H1
MMMS the damped velocity c/β2 ¼ Dv against non-dimensional real wave number k1H1 for
16,4 Love-type wave propagation in considered model. In all the figures, the non-dimensional real
wave number k1H1 represents the horizontal axis, while the non-dimensional phase velocity
Pv and the damped velocity Dv express the vertical axis. Also, there are two sub-figures for
each graph in which (a) corresponds to the variation of phase velocity against real wave
number and (b) corresponds to the variation of damped velocity against real wave number.
742
6.1 The influence of heterogeneity factors on phase and damped velocity
Figures 2–4 show the variational effect of heterogeneity parameters (g1/k1, g2/k1, g3/k1) on the
phase and damped velocity against the real wave number for the Love-type wave propagation.
Curve 1 of Figures 2–4 are drawn for the absence of heterogeneity in the layers and half-space
(i.e. g1/k1 ¼ 0, g2/k1 ¼ 0, g3/k1 ¼ 0). From Figure 2(a) and (b), it is observed that as the
heterogeneity parameter (g1/k1) associated with uppermost layer increases, the phase velocity
curves move upward while the damped velocity curves decline, i.e., phase velocity increases,
whereas damped velocity decreases as the heterogeneity grows in the uppermost dry sandy
layer. In Figure 3(a) and (b), the curves reflect that as we rise the magnitude of heterogeneity
parameter associated with the intermediate dry sandy layer, both the phase and damped
velocity rise but the impact on damped velocity is not too much prominent as compared to the
phase velocity. For g2/k1 ¼ 0, the medium corresponds to be homogeneous and generates
Love-type waves with less velocity as compared to heterogeneous medium. Initially, the
difference in phase velocity curves for different values of g2/k1 is not too much noticeable i.e.,
the increasing nature of phase velocity rises as we move rising values of real wave number.
Similarly, it can be observed from Figure 4(a) and (b) that as we increase the magnitude of
heterogeneity parameter (g3/k1) associated with half-space, the phase velocity curves move
upward while the damped velocity curves move downward. Moreover, it can also be seen
that the damped velocity is almost unaffected under the presence of heterogeneity in layers
and half-space.

6.2 The influence of sandy parameters on phase and damped velocity

Figures 5 and 6 depict the effect of sandy parameters (η1, η2) associated with uppermost
and intermediate layers on phase and damped velocity for Love-type wave propagation.
The meticulous observation of Figures 5(a) and 6(a) depicts that the phase velocity of
Love-type wave increases with increase in the value of sandiness parameters included in
uppermost and intermediate layer, respectively. However, Figures 5(b) and 6(b) propound
that the damped velocity of Love-type wave decreases as we increase the magnitude of
sandiness parameter included in the uppermost and intermediate layer. From these
figures, it is also observed that if we consider sandiness in upper and bounded layers, the
trend of phase velocity and damped velocity curves under the impact of sandiness
parameters is opposite.

6.3 The influence of hydrostatic initial stress parameter on phase and damped velocity
Figure 7 is devoted to illustrate the effect of hydrostatic initial stress parameter (P3/μ3)
on phase and damped velocity of the Love-type wave with respect to the real wave number.
Curve 1 of Figure 7(a) and (b) represents the viscoelastic half-space under the tensile initial
stress (i.e. negative values of P 3/μ3 ), Curve 2 shows that the viscoelastic
half-space is free from initial stress (i.e. P3/μ3 ¼ 0) and Curve 3 represents the viscoelastic
half-space under compressive initial stress (i.e. positive value of P3/μ3). As we have seen
from Figure 7, the phase velocity curve for tensile stress lies below the phase velocity curve
for stress free and compressively stressed medium while phase velocity curve for
stress free medium lies below the phase velocity curve for compressively stressed medium.
In case of damped velocity, an opposite trend has been observed. Hence, we conclude that Study of
the Love-type wave propagates with the lowest velocity in tensile stress, while in Love-type
compressively stressed medium, the propagation speed is higher. But the stress parameter wave
does not play an important role on the damping curve of Love-type wave, it shows its effect
on damped velocity for some particular range of wave number and after that gives almost vibrations
constant velocity.
743
6.4 The influence of attenuation, thickness ratio and viscoelasticity on phase and
damped velocity
In Figure 8, the variation of phase and damped velocity against real wave number is
plotted for various values of attenuation coefficient (δ) arising due to complex wave
number. It is clear from these figures that as we increase the magnitude of attenuation
coefficient, the phase velocity increases for all values of real wave numbers while the
damped velocity decreases. Apart from that, the most important thing about these figures
is that the effect of the attenuation coefficient on the phase velocity of the Love-type wave
is more significant, while it has slight effect on the damped velocity. Hence, it can be said
that the propagation velocity of the Love type is more in the dispersion curves than in the
damping curves.
Figure 9 describes the influence of thickness ratio (H2/H1) on the phase and damped velocity
of Love-type wave with respect to real wave number. It has been noticed from Figure 9(a) and (b)
that if we increase the width of upper layer H2 and decrease the width of intermediate layer
H1, the phase velocity decreases while the damped velocity increases. Furthermore, it can be
observed that the effect of phase velocity is significant in the higher wave number region,
whereas in damped velocity, it is not more in the higher wave number region.
Figure 10 is plotted to magnify the influence of viscoelasticity (v ¼ ω(μ′)/(μ3)) on phase
and damped velocity vs real wave number of Love-type wave propagation. Curve 1 of
Figure 10(a) and (b) shows the case when the lower half-space is viscous free (i.e. v3 ¼ 0).
It can be well observed from these figures that as the viscoelasticity increases, the phase
velocity curves rise up to certain wave number and after that it decreases but there is very
slight difference in the magnitude of phase velocity for larger region of wave number. In
case of damped velocity, the impact of viscoelasticity is just opposite to that of phase
velocity but the effect is almost negligible and it seems that the damped velocity almost
becomes constant irrespective of the variation in viscoelasticity. Hence, viscoelastic medium
helps to generate Love wave with high velocity but does not play any significant role in
damping velocity for present model.
At last, Figure 11 demonstrates the comparative study for both case when the
propagation characteristics of Love-type wave in doubly sandy layers over viscoelastic
half-space with hydrostatic stressed (i.e. frequency Equation (30)) and in an isotropic layer
over homogeneous half-space (i.e. special case (34) and also known as the classical equation
of Love wave which is pre-established standard results according to the literature). We have
found from this figure that the speed of propagation of the Love-type wave in Curve 2 is
more. On the other hand, the speed of Love-type wave is lower in the case of Curve 1. It
implies that the wave propagates with higher speed in a homogeneous isotropic elastic
structure as compared to the proposed model.

7. Conclusions
In this model, we have discussed the characteristics of phase and damped velocity against real
wave number for the propagation of Love-type surface waves in a heterogeneous dry sandy
double layer embedded over heterogeneous viscoelastic half-space under the effect of
hydrostatic initial stress. The method of separation of variables has been employed to obtain
the analytical solution for layers and half-space. The complex frequency equation for the
MMMS 5
16,4 1. Dry sandy layers over viscoelastic
medium (Frequency Equation (30))
2. Homogeneous layer over isotropic
4 half-space (Special Case (34))

744

Pv
3 2

Figure 11.
Comparison of phase
velocity against real 1 2 3 4 5
wave number
k1H1

proposed model is derived in a complex form which on the further separation of real and
imaginary components corresponding to dispersion and damping equation. Thereafter, when
the proposed structure is transformed into a simple isotropic layer laid over homogeneous
half-space, the damping equation vanishes identically and the dispersion equation is reduced
to the classical relation of Love wave. The numerical computations have been performed and
the obtained results are depicted by means of graph. Moreover, comparative studies have
been carried out to analyze the impact of phase and damped velocity for different values of all
affecting parameters included in the present model. The following remarkable observations of
the present study under the assumed conditions are marked as:
• The significant impact is observed on phase velocity as compared to the damped velocity
if we increase the magnitude of heterogeneities (included in layers and half-space).
The heterogeneity factor enhances the propagation speed.
• In the uppermost and bounded dry sandy layers, the trend of the phase velocity and
damped velocity curves under the influence of the sandiness parameters is almost the
same, but differs only in the quantity.
• Love-type wave propagates with the lowest velocity in initial tensile stress, while in
compressively initial stress medium, the propagation speed is higher. Both the initial
stresses do not have a significant impact on the damping equation.
• If we increase the value of attenuation factor (arises due to a complex wave number),
the propagation of Love-type wave strongly influences the dispersion curves than the
damping curves.
• If we either increase the width of upper sandy layer or decrease the width of
intermediate sandy layer, the phase velocity reduces while the damping rate increases.
• It generates a high velocity Love wave due to a lower viscoelastic medium, but it does
not play a significant role in the damping velocity for the present model.
• From the entire study, it has been noticed the very interesting fact that the
damping of the medium has not strong effect of Love-type wave as compared to the
dispersion relation.
Observations made in the present theoretical framework may suggest a significant Study of
contribution to the problems of wave propagation and vibration through the Earth Love-type
layered model with different material properties. Moreover, this study may be of great wave
importance for analyzing the non-destructive inspection in such type of materials
according to assumed model. vibrations

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pp. 386-400.
Appendix 1 Study of

 Love-type
M 11 ¼ 1g1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1 sin ð‘1 ðH 1 þH 2 ÞÞg1 cos ð‘1 ðH 1 þ H 2 ÞÞ;
wave

 vibrations
M 12 ¼ 1g1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1 cos ð‘1 ðH 1 þ H 2 ÞÞ þ g1 sin ð‘1 ðH 1 þ H 2 ÞÞ;

cos ð‘1 H 1 Þ sin ð‘1 H 1 Þ cos ð‘2 H 1 Þ sin ð‘2 H 1 Þ 747

M 21 ¼
 ; M 22 ¼ 
 ; M 23 ¼ 
; M 24 ¼
;
1g1 H 1 1g1 H 1 cosh g2 H 1 cosh g2 H 1


M 31 ¼ m1 Z1 1g1 H 1 ‘1 sin ð‘1 H 1 Þm1 Z1 g1 cos ð‘ 1 H 1 Þ;


M 32 ¼ m1 Z1 1g1 H 1 ‘1 cos ð‘1 H 1 Þþ m1 Z1 g1 sin ð‘ 1 H 1 Þ;



M 33 ¼ m2 Z2 ‘ 2 cosh g2 H 1 sin ð‘2 H 1 Þm2 Z2 g2 sinh g2 H 1 cos ð‘2 H 1 Þ;



M 34 ¼ m2 Z2 ‘2 cosh g2 H 1 cos ð‘2 H 1 Þ þ m2 Z2 g2 sinh g2 H 1 sin ð‘2 H 1 Þ;

M 43 ¼ 1; M 45 ¼ 1; M 54 ¼ m2 Z2 ‘2 ; M 55 ¼ m3 ‘3 ;

M 13 ¼ M 14 ¼ M 15 ¼ M 25 ¼ M 35 ¼ M 41 ¼ M 42 ¼ M 44 ¼ M 51 ¼ M 52 ¼ M 53 ¼ 0;




 2
E 1 ¼ g1 ‘ 2 ‘ 3 Z2 m2 m3 cosh g2 H 1 þ 1g1 H 1 g21 þ 1 þg1 H 1 1 þg1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1



‘2 Z1 Z2 m1 m2 sech g2 H 1 þ g1 g2 ‘2 Z22 m22 sinh g2 H 1 ;





E 2 ¼ 1 þg1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1 ‘2 ‘3 Z2 m2 m3 cosh g2 H 1 g21 1g1 H 1 H 2 ‘1 ‘2 Z1 Z2 m1 m2 sech g2 H 1



þ g2 1g1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1 ‘2 Z22 m22 sinh g2 H 1 ;




 2
E 3 ¼ g1 ‘2 Z22 m22 cosh g2 H 1 þ 1 þ g1 H 1 g21 þ 1 þ g1 H 1 1 þ g1 ðH 1 þH 2 Þ ‘1
2



‘3 Z1 m1 m3 sech g2 H 1 g1 g2 ‘ 3 Z2 m2 m3 sinh g2 H 1 ;

 2



E 4 ¼ 1 þ g1 ðH 1 þH 2 Þ ‘1 ‘ 2 Z22 m22 cosh g2 H 1 g21 1 þ g1 H 1 H 2 ‘1 ‘3 Z1 m1 m3 sech g2 H 1



g2 1g1 ðH 1 þ H 2 Þ ‘1 ‘3 Z2 m2 m3 sinh g2 H 1 :

Appendix 2
pffiffiffiffi y1 pffiffiffiffi y1 pffiffiffiffi y2 pffiffiffiffi y2
x1 ¼ r1 cos ; y1 ¼ r 1 sin ; x2 ¼ r2 cos ; y2 ¼ r2 sin ;
2 2 2 2
 
1 x pffiffiffiffi y3 g x pffiffiffiffi y3
x3 ¼ g3  þ r 3 cos ; y3 ¼  3 þ r 3 sin ;
2B 2B 2 2BQ3 2
  
MMMS r1 c2
r 1 cos y1 ¼ þd2 1 k21 ; r 1 sin y1 ¼ 2dk21 ;
16,4 m1 Z1

 
r2 c2
r 2 cos y2 ¼ þd2 1 k21 g22 ; r 2 sin y2 ¼ 2dk21 ;
m 2 Z2

748 8 0 1
< r c2 2
k 

r 3 cos y3 ¼ g3 4ð1xÞ@
2 3 1  k1 1d ð1xÞ2dxk1 Q3 A
2 2 2 2
: 1 þQ2 m 3 3
0 19
r3 c2 k21 
 1 =
4xQ1 @ þ 2dk1 ð1xÞ þk1 1d xQ3 A
2 2 2
3
1 þ Q2 Q3 m3 ;
3
( ) 8 0
1 x2 x2 x < r3 c2 k21
 þ    4ð1xÞ@
4B 4B 4BQ3 2B2 : 1 þ Q2 Q m 3 3 3


þ 2dk21 ð1xÞ þk21 1d2 xQ1
3
0 19
r3 c2 k21 
 = xðx1Þ
4xQ1 @ 2 2 2 2 A
 k1 1d ð1xÞ2dxk1 Q3  ;
3
1 þ Q2 m3 ; 2BQ3
3

8 0 1
< r c2 2
k 

r 3 sin y3 ¼ g3 4ð1xÞ@
2 3 1  k1 1d ð1xÞ2dxk1 Q3 A
2 2 2 2
: 1 þ Q2 m3
3
0 19
r3 c2 k21 
 1 =
4xQ1 @ þ 2dk1 ð1xÞ þ k1 1d xQ3 A
2 2 2
3
1 þQ2 Q3 m3 ;
3
8 0 1
xðx1Þ < r c2 2
k 
 1
 þ 4ð1xÞ@ 3
1
þ 2dk1 ð1xÞþ k1 1d xQ3 A
2 2 2
2BQ3 : 1 þ Q2 Q 3 m3
3
0 19 ( )
r3 c2 k21 
 = 1 x2 x2 x
1 @ 2 2 A
4xQ3   k1 1d ð1xÞ2dxk1 Q3
2 2
 þ   ;
1 þQ2 m ; 4B 4B 4BQ23 2B
3 3


 2 P
B¼ 1x2 þ x2 Q2
3 ; x¼  3 :
m3 1 þ Q2
3

Corresponding author
Raju Kumhar can be contacted at: raju.ism92@gmail.com

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