E.

Michael Gerli, Editor

EDIEVAL
IBERIA
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Associate Editors

Samuel G. Armistead, University of California, Davis

Robert I. Burns, S. J., University of California, Los Angeles
Pedro M. Catedra, Universidad de Salamanca
Alan Deyermond, Queen Mary-Westfield College, University of London
Ana Dominguez Rodrfguez, Universidad Complutense, Madrid
Harold V. Livermore, University of British Columbia
Joseph F. O'Callaghan, Fordham University
Norman Roth, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Robert Stevenson, University of California, Los Angeles

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Published in 2003 by
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Copyright © 2003 by E. Michael Gerli

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia / edited, with introductions, by E. Michael Gerli.

p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-93918-6 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Spain-History- 711-1516-Encyclopedias. I. Gerli, E. Michael.

DP99 .M33 2002

946'.02'03-dc21
2002012828

Fortuna, written in 1448 as a consolation to mark the
political imprisonment of a cousin by don Alvaro de
Luna, marks the climax of the theme of Fortune in his
work. In contradistinction to the difficult allegory of
the Comedieta, Bfas, the Greek philosopher who is
the spokesperson for Santillana, makes his views on
Fortune and the world clearly known. The Doctrinal
reveals a final vindictive side of Lopez de Mendoza's
character, in which he employs Fortune and confession
to make Alvaro de Luna, his dead enemy, denounce
his own transgressions.
When Lopez de Mendoza died in 1458, the event
inspired his contemporaries to write a number of ele-
gies and other literary compositions to mourn his
passing.
E. MICHAEL GERL!
Bibliography
Lapesa, R. La obra literaria def Marques de Santilla11a.
Madrid, 1959.
Nader, H. The Mendoza Family in the Spa11ishRenaissance,
/350-1550. Rutgers, N.L 1979.
Schiff, M. La bibliotheque du marquis de Santi/lane. Paris,
1905.
LUCAS OF TUY
Lucas of Tuy (fl. thirteenth century) was the bishop
of the small see of Tuy in Galicia on the Portuguese
frontier between 1239 and 1249 where he had also
been magister scolarum and canon just previously. His
episcopate was not particularly significant and he is
known to us chiefly as an author. Lucas was likely a
native rather of the city of Leon or its environs and,
before he came to Tuy, had been a canon and deacon
of the cathedral of Leon. While in that position, he
had written a trans/atio detailing the movement in the
eleventh-century of the relics of St. Isidore of Seville
from that city to the great shrine church built for them
in Leon. There as well he also wrote an apologetic
tract against the Albigensian heresy.
These works may have brought him to the atten-
tion of the Queen Mother Berenguela, former wife of
Alfonso IX of Leon, who asked him to compile a his-
tory of the realm. The result was his most famous work,
Chronicon Mundi, composed before 1238. A world
chronicle in form, the work largely follows Isidore of
Seville for the earlier period and only with the fourth
book, which covers the time from the Muslim invasion
of 711 down to the recapture of Cordoba by Fernando
III in 1236, is it of independent interest. Lucas ex-
cerpted freely from the chronicles of the Alfonso III
cycle, from Historia Si/ense, and from Cr6nica de!
obispo Don Pelayo. It is possible, as well, that he used
LUCIDARIO
Cr6nica Najerense and Cr6nica Latina de las reyes de
Castilla. However, for his twelfth and thirteen-century
narrative he employed sources now apparently lost. He
does not utilize Historia Compostelana or Chronica
Adefonsi Imperatoris.
In addition to earlier but lost chronicles as such,
he also freely employed epic materials. That of Ber-
nardo de! Carpio first appears in Lucas's text. He also
incorporates epic materials dealing with the reigns of
Sancho II of Castile (r. 1065-1072) and Alfonso VI
of Leon and Castile (r. 1065-1109). There are also
minor tales, including that of the pilgrimage of Louis
VII of France to Santiago de Compostela in 1154.
Writing slightly later, Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada incor-
porated these materials almost verbatim into his De
rebus Hispaniae and from there they became the com-
mon property of subsequent historians.
BERNARD F. REILLY
Bibliography
Reilly, B. F. "Sources of the Fourth Book of Lucas of Tuy's
Chro11iconMuncli." Classical Folia 30 (1976), 127-37.
Tuy, L. de "Chronicon Mundi ab Origine Mundi usque ad
Eram MCCLXXIV." In Hispaniae Illustratae. Ed. An-
dreas Schottus. Frankfurt, 1608, 1-116.
LUCIDARIO
The Latin Elucidarium, composed around 1095 by An-
selm of Canterbury's disciple Honorius Augustodu-
nensis (c. 1075-c. 1156), was a highly popular work
translated soon after its creation into every major Euro-
pean language. The Castilian version, the Lucidario,
was commissioned by Sancho IV (r. 1284-1295)
around 1293 and forms a complement to the other
minor encyclopedic works from the reign of the second
son of Alfonso el Sabio: the Castigos e documentos
and a translation of Brunetto Latini' s Li Liv res dou
tresor. Lucidario is extant in five manuscript copies
ranging from the late fourteenth or early fifteenth to
the early sixteenth centuries. Like the original Elucida-
rium and its vernacular congeners, the Castilian rendi-
tion is couched in the form of a dialogue between a
master and his pupil wherein the student poses a ques-
tion to which the master duly responds with a conven-
tional answer based on the interplay between the fun-
damental medieval doctrines of lex natura!is or laws
of nature and lex theologiae or laws of God. In this
respect, the work was a highly successful attempt to
reconcile the pagan Aristotelian scientific corpus with
the essential canons of Christian dogma. As such, the
Castilian Lucidario became a standard text of Christian
orthodoxy at the level of the cathedral schools where
519
LUCIDARIO
it was utilized as a most effective if rather limited and
rudimentary mode of instructing Christian cosmogony
and cosmography. In the process of reproducing and
translating the primitive text of the Elucidarium,
scribes frequently incorporated additional questions
and answers which were then suitably accommodated
and passed on as if they had been part of the original
work, thus accounting for the variety of contents found
in the extant Castilian codices of the Lucidario, which
range from 59 to 113 chapters. The title Lucidario
eventually came to be used as a generic term for a
variety of encyclopedic works cast in the master-disci-
ple format of question and answer. Today its value
resides precisely in that aspect of the text that made it
so popular during the Middle Ages: the certainty that
it accurately reflects the orthodox Christian views of
the average Spaniard between the thirteenth century
and the demise of Aristotelianism some four hundred
years later when, in testament to the esteem it contin-
ued to enjoy, an abbreviated Latin translation based on
the Castilian version was made by Padre Juan Eusebio
Nieremberg (1595-1658).
RICHARD P. KINKADE
Bibliography
Kinkade, R. (ed.) Los "Lucidarios" espaiioles. Mad1id,
1968.
"Sancho IV: Puente literario entre Alfonso el Sabio y Juan
Manuel." Publications of the Modern Language Associ-
ation 87 (1972), 1039-51.
LUNA, A.LVARO DE
Don Alvaro, as he is commonly referred to, was the
illegitimate son of a minor noble of Aragonese origin
by the same name. He was born in Castile at Canete
in 1388, and his mother was from that village. When
his father died in 1395, Alvaro was taken in by his
uncle, Juan Martinez de Luna. In 1408 Alvaro de Luna
was sent to court to further his education. There he
was known for his elegance and wit, and quickly be-
came the friend, companion, and favorite of Prince
Juan, the considerably younger boy who had inherited
the throne during infancy and would become Juan II,
king of Castile. From their earliest days together, Luna
and the king were constant companions and confi-
dantes. Fearing the worst of the association, the young
prince's mother, the Queen Regent Catalina de Lancas-
ter, arranged to have Luna removed from court in 1415.
Juan was miserable without his friend's company, and
Luna was quickly recalled. By 1418, when Catalina
had died, Luna and the king's relationship had grown
to the point that it inspired both public gossip and pri-
vate envy among many of the nobles, who sought influ-
520
ence to augment their power at the expense of the
crown. (In later years the king would be confronted
by the nobles with rumors of their homosexual rela-
tionship). Luna, however, remained confident of the
king's support and relied heavily on the backing of
others who associated the crown's interests with their
own, namely the lower and middle layers of society.
Luna brilliantly exploited the concerns and aspirations
of the non-noble sectors of society and, at the same
time, sought to increase his own influence as well as
centralize the power of the monarchy. As a result, he
undermined the power of the cortes (parliament) and
the local municipalities, as he gathered more and more
power for the crown and for himself. The king, who
remained largely disinterested in affairs of state, be-
came a virtual pawn of the ambitious Luna.
In 1420 Luna, who had been elevated to count and
been given large estates, rescued the king from the
lnfantes de Aragon, who had seized the monarch and
taken him to Talavera de la Reina. The lnfantes, broth-
ers of Alfonso V of Aragon, were closely allied with
the Castilian nobles who sought to curb the power of
the monarchy in the kingdom. Both had regal ambi-
tions themselves and looked to protect their family's
enormous interests in Castile. Luna was made the con-
stable of Castile in 1423, a step which greatly increased
his power and influence by making them official. The
move provoked the nobles and the Infantes to multiply
their efforts against him, which met with success in
1427, when they and the other nobles forced the king
to exile Luna. Neither the king nor the nobles, how-
ever, were capable of governing Castile without Luna,
whose talents had ensured his indispensability. As a
result, he was quickly recalled and fully reinstated. The
Castilian victory in the war against Aragon (1429) not
only restored but amplified Luna's power and influ-
ence.
Luna seemed unstoppable. At one point, the mas-
tery of the military Order of Santiago was conferred
upon him after it had been stripped from the Infante
Enrique, heir to the throne. With this new power in
hand, Luna began to campaign against the Muslim
south and led the Castilians to an important victory at
the battle of La Higueruela in 1431. The nobles, pre-
sided over by the Manrique and Enriquez clans, contin-
ued to resist Luna and plot against him at court. Al-
though their efforts led to a second exile in 1438, by
1445 Luna had been restored to favor and had handed
the nobles a resounding defeat at the battle of Olmedo.
Only King Juan's second wife, Isabel of Portugal,
managed to rid the kingdom of Luna. With the collabo-
ration of the nobles, especially the conde de Haro and
the marques de Santillana, she persuaded the king to
arrest Luna and condemn him to death. He was taken