Beer의 재료역학 6th Edition 5장 솔루션

CHAPTER 5
PROBLEM 5.1
For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and bending-moment
diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and bending-moment
curves.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
Pb
ΣM C = 0: LA − bP = 0 A=
L
Pa
 ΣM A = 0: LC − aP = 0 C =
L
From A to B: 0< x<a
Pb
ΣFy = 0: −V = 0
L
 Pb
V = 
L
Pb
ΣM J = 0: M − x=0
L
Pbx
M = 
L
From B to C: a< x< L

Pa
ΣFy = 0: V + =0
L
Pa
V =− 
L
Pa
ΣM K = 0: − M + ( L − x) = 0
L
Pa( L − x)
M = 
L
Pab
At section B: M = 
L2
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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without permission.
PROBLEM 5.2
curves.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
L wL
ΣM B = 0: − AL + wL ⋅ =0 A=
2 2
L wL
ΣM A = 0: BL − wL ⋅ =0 B=
2 2
Free body diagram for determining reactions.

Over whole beam, 0< x< L
Place section at x.
Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated load.
wL
ΣFy = 0: − wx − V = 0
2
L 
V = w − x  
 2 
wL x
ΣM J = 0: − x + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = (Lx − x2 )
2
w
M = x( L − x) 
2
L
Maximum bending moment occurs at x = .
2
wL2
M max = 
8
without permission.
P
PROBLEM 5.3
For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shhear and bending-
F
m
moment diagrams, (b) determine the equations of
o the shear and
b
bending-moment curves.
From A to B (0 < x < a) :

SOLUTION
 Fy = 0 : − wx − V = 0
V = −wx 
x
 M J = 0 : ( wx) +M =0
2
wx 2
M =− 
2
From B to C (a < x < L) :
 Fy = 0 : − wa − V = 0 V = −wa 
 a  a
 M J = 0 : (wa)  x −  + M = 0 M = − wa  x −  
 2  2
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Maanual may be displayed,
reproduced, or distributed in any form or byy any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used u beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitteed by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. A student usinng this manual is using it
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.4
curves.
SOLUTION
1 w0 x
ΣFy = 0: − ⋅ x −V = 0
2 L
w0 x 2
V =− 
2L
1 w0 x x
ΣM J = 0: ⋅x⋅ +M = 0
2 L 3
 w0 x3
M =− 
6L
At x = L,
w0 L w0 L
V =− |V |max = 
2 2
w0 L2 w0 L2
M =− |M |max = 
6 6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.5
curves.
SOLUTION
 Using entire beam ABCD as a free body,
 M D = 0: − AL + P( L − a) + Pa = 0
 A= P
 M A = 0: DL − Pa − P( L − a) = 0
 D = P
Check: ΣFy = P − P − P + P = 0
From A to B: 0< x<a
ΣFy = 0: P − V = 0
 V = P
 ΣM J = 0: − Px + M = 0
M = Px 
From B to C: a< x< L−a
ΣFy = 0 P − P − V = 0
 V = 0
 ΣM J = 0 − Px + P( x − a) + M = 0
 M = Pa 

 L−a < x < L
From C to D: ΣFy = 0: V + P = 0 V = −P 

ΣM J = 0: − M + P( L − x) = 0

 M = P(L − x) 
 


without permission.
PROBLEM 5.6
curves.
SOLUTION
 Calculate reactions after replacing distributed load by an equivalent

concentrated load.

Reactions are

1
 A= D= w ( L − 2a)
2

From A to B: 0< x<a

1
 ΣFy = 0: w ( L − 2a) − V = 0
2
1
V = w (L − 2a) 
2
1
ΣM = 0: − w (L − 2a) + M = 0
2
1
M = w (L − 2a) x 
2
From B to C: a< x< L−a
x−a
b=
2

 Place section cut at x. Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated
load.

1 L 
 ΣFy = 0: w (L − 2a) − w ( x − a) − V = 0 V = w − x  
2  2 

1 x − a
 M J = 0: − w ( L − 2a) x + w ( x − a)  +M =0
2  2 

1
 M = w [( L − 2a) x − ( x − a)2 ] 
 2
without permission.
 PROBLEM 5.6 (Continued)


 From C to D: L−a< x< L
 1
ΣFy = 0: V + w (L − 2a) = 0
 2
 w
V =− (L − 2a) 
2

 1
ΣM J = 0: −M + w ( L − 2a)(L − x) = 0
2

1
 M = w (L − 2a)( L − x) 
2

L  L2 a 2 
 At x = , M max = w  −  
2  8 2 


without permission.
PROBLEM 5.7
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear,
(b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Calculate reactions
ΣM B = 0
(400)(1.5) − 300C + (225)(1.2) + (125)(1.8) = 0
C = 3.65 kN
ΣM C = 0 B = 0.85 kN
At A V = −1.5 kN, M =0
At C −
Σ Fy = 0 −1.5 − V = 0 V = −1.5 kN
ΣMC = 0 (100)(1.5) + M = 0
M = −150 N ⋅ m (b) 
At D −
Σ Fy = 0 −1.5 + 3.65 − V = 0, V = 2.15 kN (a) 
Σ M D = 0, (175)(1.5) − (7.5)(3.65) + M = 0 M = 11.25 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.7 (Continued)
At E −
Σ Fy = 0
−1.5 + 3.65 − 1.2 − V = 0
V = 0.95 kN
ΣM E = 0 (275)(1.5) − (175)(3.65) + (100)(1.2) + M = 0

M = 106.25 N ⋅ m
At B V = − B = −0.85 kN
M =0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.8
Draw thee shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam m and
loading shhown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the
shear, (b) of the bending moment.
At B,
B V = 200N, M = 0
SOLUTION
At E + ,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 = 0 V = 200N
 ME = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) = 0
M = −45 N ⋅ m
At D + ,
 Fy = 0 : V + 500 − 200 = 0
(a) V = −3000 N 
MD = 0 : − M + (0.3)(500) − (0.525)(200) = 0

M = 45 N ⋅ m

At C + ,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = −100N
 MC = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) + (0.525)(500) − (0.75)(200) = 0

(b) M = 67.5 N ⋅ m 
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reproduced, or distributed in any form or by any means, witthout the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
without permission.
At A,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = 100 N
MA = 0 : − M − (0.33)(200) − (0.525)(200) + (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0

M = 37.5 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLE
EM 5.9
Draw the shhear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and looading
shown, andd determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear,
(b) of the bending
b moment.
SOLUTION
Reacctions:
 M C = 0 : − 2 A + (1)(24) − (1)(40) = 0
A = −8 kN = 8 kN ↓
MA = 0 : 2C − (1)(24) − (3)(40) = 0

C = 72 kN = 72 kN ↑
A to C. 0 < x < 2m
 Fy = 0 : − 8 − 12 x − V = 0 V = (−8 − 12 x) kN
 x
MJ = 0 : − 8 x − (12 x)   − M = 0
2
M = (−8x − 6 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
C to B. 2m < x < 3m
 Fy = 0 : V − 40 = 0
V = 40 kN
MK = 0 : − M − (3 − x)(40) = 0
M = (40 x − 120) kN ⋅ m
m the diagrams,
From (a) V max
= 40.0 kN
k 
(b) M max
= 40.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.10
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for thee beam and loading
shown, and determine the maximum absolute valuee (a) of the shear,
SOLUTION
Calculate reactions at A and B. Replace distribbuted load by an

equivalent concentrated load after drawing the free body
b ACDB.
ΣM B = 0: − 5 A + (4)(60) + (2)(60) = 0
A = 72 kN ↑
+ΣM A = 0: 5B − (1)(6) − (3)(60) = 0
B = 48 kN ↑
Check ΣFy = 0: 72 − 60 − 60 + 48 = 0
A to C. 0 < x ≤ 2m
ΣFy = 0:
72 − 30 x − V = 0
V = (72 − 30 x) kN
ΣM J = 0:
x
−72 x + (30 x) +M =0
2
M = (722 − 15 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
C to D. 2m ≤ x < 3m
ΣFy = 0: 72 − (30)(22) − V = 0
V = 12 kN
ΣM J = 0:
−72 x + (30)(2)( x − 1) + M = 0
M = (12 x + 60) kN ⋅ m
without permission.
PR
ROBLEM 5.10 (Continued)
ΣFy = 0: V + 48 = 0
V = −48 kN
ΣM J = 0: − M + 48(5 − x)
M = 240 − 48 x
From the diagrams

(a) V max
= 72.0 kN 
(b) M max
= 96.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.11
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagramss for the beam and
loading shown, and determine the maximum abbsolute value (a) of
the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0
− 40C + (900)(1.6) + (300)(6.4) − (300)(1.6) = 0
C = 72
7 kN
ΣFx = 0 −C + Gx = 0 Gx = 72 kN
ΣFy = 0 − 1.6 − 6.4 + G y − 1.6 = 0
G y = 9.6 kN.
A to E V = −1.6 kN.
E to F V = −8 kN.
F to B V = 1.6 kN
At A and B M =0
At D− ΣM D = 0
(0.3)(1.6) + M = 0
M = − 0.48 kNm
At D+ ΣM D = 0
(0.3)(1.6) − (0.02)(72) + M = 0
M = 0.96 kNm
(a) Maximum |V | = 8 kN 
 At E ΣM E = 0
(b) Maximum |M | = 1.92 kNm  (0.6)(1.6) − (0.02)(72) + M = 0
M = 0.48 kNm
without permission.
At F − ΣM F = 0
− M − (0.02)(72) − (0.3)(1.6) = 0
M = −1.92 kNm.
At F + ΣM F = 0
− M − (0.3)(1.6) = 0
M = −0.48 kNm
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.12
shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A: M B = 0: − 0.750 RA + (0.550) (75) + (0.300) (75) = 0

RA = 85 N ↑
Also, RB = 65 N ↑
A to C : V = 85 N
C to D : V = 10 N
D to B : V = −65 N
At A and B, M =0
Just to the left of C,
Σ M C = 0: − (0.25) (85) + M = 0
M = 21.25 N ⋅ m
Just to the right of C,

Σ M C = 0: − (0.25) (85) + (0.050)(75) + M = 0
M = 17.50 N ⋅ m
Just to the left of D,
Σ M D = 0: −(0.50) (85) + (0.300)(75) + M = 0
M = 20 N ⋅ m
Just to the right of D,
Σ M D = 0: −M + (0.25) (65) = 0
M = 16.25 kN
(a) |V |max = 85.0 N 
(b) |M |max = 21.25 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.13
Assuming that the reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed,

draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam AB and
determine the maximum absolute value of (a) of the shear, (b) of the
bending moment.
SOLUTION
Over whole beam
ΣFy = 0 3.6w − (0.9)(10) − 36 − (0.9)(10) = 0 w = 15 kN/m
A to C 0 < x < 0.9 m
ΣFy = 0 15 x − 10 x − V = 0
V = 5x
x x
ΣM J = 0 − (15 x) + (10 x) + M = 0
2 2
M = 2.5x 2
At x = C V = 4.5 kN
M = 2.025 kN ⋅ m
V = 3 kips, M = 4.5 kip ⋅ ft
C to D 0.9 m < x < 1.8 m
ΣFy = 0 15 x − 9 − V = 0
V = 15 x − 9
 x
ΣM J = 0 −(15 x)   + 9( x − 0.45) + M = 0
2
M = 7.5x 2 − 9 x + 4.05 = 0
without permission.
At D − V = 18 kN
M = 12.15 kN ⋅ m
D to B Use symmetry to calculate the shear and bending moment.
(a) Maximum |V | = 18 kN 
(b) Maximum |M | = 12.15 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.14
Assuming that the reaction of the ground is uniformly distributed, draw

the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam AB and determine
the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending
moment.
SOLUTION
Over the whole beam,
ΣFy = 0: 1.5w − 1.5 − 1.5 = 0 w = 2 kN/m
A to C: 0 ≤ x < 0.3 m
ΣFy = 0: 2 x − V = 0 V = (2 x) kN
 x
ΣM J = 0: −(2 x)   + M = 0 M = ( x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
 2
At C −, x = 0.3 m
V = 0.6 kN, M = 0.090 kN ⋅ m

= 90 N ⋅ m
C to D: 0.3 m < x < 1.2 m
ΣFy = 0: 2 x − 1.5 − V = 0 V = (2 x − 1.5) kN
x
ΣM J = 0: − (2 x)   + (1.5)( x − 0.3) + M = 0
2
M = ( x 2 − 1.5 x + 0.45) kN ⋅ m
At the center of the beam: x = 0.75 m

V =0 M = −0.1125 kN ⋅ m
= −112.5 N ⋅ m
At C +, x = 0.3 m, V = −0.9 kN
(a) Maximum |V | = 0.9 kN = 900 N 

(b) Maximum |M | = 112.5 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.15
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum

normal stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
M B = 0: − 4.5 A + (3.0)(3) + (1.5)(3) + (1.8)(4.5)(2.25) = 0 A = 7.05 kN ↑
Use AC as free body.
ΣM C = 0: M C − (7.05)(1.5) + (1.8)(1.5)(0.75) = 0
M C = 8.55 kN ⋅ m = 8.55 × 103 N ⋅ m
1 3 1
I = bh = (80)(300)3 = 180 × 106 mm 4
12 12
= 180 × 10−6 m 4
1
c= (300) = 150 mm = 0.150 m
2
Mc (8.55 × 103 )(0.150)

σ = = = 7.125 × 106 Pa σ = 7.13 MPa 
I 180 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.16
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum normal
stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Using CB as a free body
ΣM C = 0: −M + (2.2)(3 × 103 )(1.1) = 0
M = 7.26 × 103 N ⋅ m
Section modulus for rectangle
1 2
S = bh
6
1
= (100)(200)2 = 666.7 × 103 mm3
6
= 666.7 × 10−6 m3
M 7.26 × 103
Normal stress σ = = −6
= 10.89 × 106 Pa
S 666.7 × 10
σ = 10.89 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.17
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum

SOLUTION
Use portion CB as free body.
 MC = 0 : − M + (3)(2.1)(1.05) + (8)(2.1) = 0
M = 23.415 kN ⋅ m = 23.415 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 60 : S = 844 × 103 mm3

= 844 × 10−6 m3
M 23.415 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = = 27.7 × 106 Pa
S 844 × 10−6
σ = 27.7 MPa 
without permission.
PRO
OBLEM 5.18
For thhe beam and loading shown, determine the maximum normal
n
stresss due to bending on section a-a.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A= B
 Fy = 0 : A = B = 80 kN
Using left half of beam as free body,

MJ = 0 :
−(80)(22) + (30)(1.2) + (50)(0.4) + M = 0
M = 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 52 : S = 747 × 103 mm3

= 747 × 10−6 m3
M 104 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 139.2 × 106 Pa
S 747 × 10
σ = 139.2 MPa
M 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.19
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum normal
stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Use entire beam as free body.
 M B = 0 : 2.25 A − (1.875)(25) − (1.5)(25) − (1.125)(10) − (0.75)(10) − (0.375)(10) = 0
A = 47.5 kN
Use portion AC as free body.
−(0.375)(47.5) + M = 0 M = 17.8125 kN ⋅ m
For S 200 × 27.4, S = 235 × 103 mm3 = 235 × 10−6 m3

M 17.8125 × 103
Normal stress. σ = = = 75.8 × 106 Pa
S 235 × 10−6
σ = 75.8 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.20
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maxximum

F
n
C
SOLUTION
U entire beam as free body.
Use
 MB = 0 :
−4.8 A + (3.6)(216) + (1.6)(150) + (0.8)(150) = 0
A = 237 kN
U portion AC as free body.

Use
 MC = 0 :
M − (2.4)(237) + (1.2)(216) = 0
M = 309.6 kN ⋅ m
For W460 × 113, S = 2390 × 106 mm 3

Normal stress:
M 309.6 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ = =
S 2390 × 10−6 m3
= 129.5 × 106 Pa
σ = 129.5 MPa
M 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.21
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrrams for the beam

mum normal stress
and loading shown and determine the maxim
due to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0
(0.6)(2) + (0.1)(4) + (0.4)B = 0 B = −4 kN
ΣM B = 0
(1.0)(2) + (0.5)(4) − (0.4)C = 0 C = 10 kN
A to C 0 < x < 0.6 m
ΣFy = 0
−2 − 4 x − V = 0
V = −2 − 4 x
ΣM J = 0
x
2 x + (4 x)   + M = 0
2
M = −2 x 2 − 2 x
At C M = 1.92 kN ⋅ m
C to B 0.6 m < x < 1.0 m
ΣFy = 0 − 2 − 4 x + 10 − V = 0 V = 8 − 4 x
x
ΣM K = 0 − 2 x + (4 x)   − (10)( x − 0.6) + M = 0
2
M = −2 x 2 + 8x − 6
max |M | = 1.92 kN ⋅ m = 1.92 × 103 N ⋅ m
For rolled steel section S 100 × 11.5 S = 49.6 × 103 mm3
= 49.6 × 10−6 m3
M 1.92 × 103
Maximum normal stress σ = =
S 49.6 × 10−6
= 38.7 × 106 Pa
= 38.7 MPa 
without permission.
P
PROBLEM 5.22
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam

D
annd loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
Reactions:
SOLUTION
 M D = 0 : 4 A − 64 − (24)(2)(1) = 0 A = 288 kN
 Fy = 0 : − 28 + D − (24)(2) = 0 D = 76 kN
k
A to C: 0 < x < 2m
 Fy = 0 : − V − 28 = 0
V = −28 kN
N
 M J = 0 : M + 28x = 0
M = (−28 x) kN ⋅ m
C to D: 2m < x < 4m
 Fy = 0 : − V − 28 = 0
V = −28
2 kN
MJ = 0 : M + 28x − 64
4=0
M = (−28 x + 64) kN ⋅ m
D to B: 4m < x < 6m
 Fy = 0 :
V − 24(6 − x) = 0
V = (−24 x + 144) kN
MJ = 0 :
6 − x
−M − 24(6 − x)  =0
 2 
M = −12(6 − x) 2 kN ⋅ m
max M = 56 kN ⋅ m = 56 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S250 × 52 section, S = 482 × 103 mm3
M 56 × 103 N ⋅ m
Normal Stress: σ = = = 116.2 × 1006 Pa
S 482 × 10−6 m 3
σ = 116.2 MP
Pa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.23

and loading shown and determine the maximum normal
stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Statics: Consider portion AB and BE separately.
Portion BE:
ME = 0 :
(96)(3.6) + (48)(3.3) − C (3) + (160)(1.5) = 0
C = 248 kN ↑
E = 56 kN ↑
M A = MB = ME = 0
At midpoint of AB:
 Fy = 0 : V = 0
 M = 0 : M = (96)(1.2) − (96)(0.6) = 57.6 kN ⋅ m
Just to the left of C:
 Fy = 0 : V = −96 − 48 = −144 kN
 M C = 0 : M = −(96)(0.6) − (48)(0.3) = −72 kN

Just to the left of D:
 Fy = 0 : V = 160 − 56 = +104 kN
MD = 0 : M = (56)(1.5) = +84 kN ⋅ m


without permission.

From the diagram:
M = 84 kN ⋅ m = 84 × 103 N ⋅ m 
 max
For W310 × 60 rolled steel shape,
S x = 844 × 103 mm3

= 844 × 10−6 m3
M
Stress: σ m = max
S
84 × 103
σm = −6
= 99.5 × 106 Pa
844 × 10
σ m = 99.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.24
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the

beam and loading shown and determ
mine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
 M B = 0 : − 4.8 A + 40 + (25)(3.2)(1.6) = 0
A = 35 kN
A to C: 0 < x < 1.6 m
 Fy = 0 : 35 − V = 0 V = 35 kN
 M J = 0 : M + 40 − 35x = 0
M = (30 x − 40) kN ⋅ m
C to B: 1.6 m < x < 4.8 m
 Fy = 0 : 35 − 25( x − 1.6) − V = 0
V = (−25 x + 75) kN
 M K = 0 : M + 40 − 35x
 x − 1.6 
+ (25)( x − 1.6)  =0
 2 
M = (−12.5 x 2 + 75
7 x − 72) kN ⋅ m
Normal stress: For W200 × 31.3, S = 298 × 103 mm3
M 40.5 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ = = = 135.9 × 106 Pa σ = 135.9 MPa 
S 298 × 10−6 m3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.25

and loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction at C M B = 0 (5.4)(20) − 3.9C + (1.5)(40) = 0

C = 43.1 kN
Reaction at B M C = 0 (1.5)(20) − (2.4)(40) + 3.9 B = 0
B = 16.9 kN
Shear diagram:
A to C − V = −20 kN
C + to D −1 V = −20 + 43.1 = 23.1 kN
+
D to B V = 23.1 − 40 = −16.9 kN
At A and B M =0
At C, M C = 0 (20)(1.5) + M C = 0
M C = −30 kNm
At D Σ M D = 0 −M D + (1.5)(16.9)
M D = 25.35 kNm
|M |max occurs at C |M |max = 30 kNm
For W360 × 32.9 rolled steel section S = 474 × 103 mm3

M 30 kNm
Normal stress σ = = = 63.3 MPa 
S 474 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.26
Knowing that W = 12 kN , draw the shear and bending-moment

diagrams for beam AB and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A = B
Σ Fy = 0: A − 8 + 12 − 8 + B = 0
A = B = 2 kN
Shear: A to C −: V = 2 kN 
 C + to D −: V = −6 kN  
 D + to E −: V = 6 kN  
 E + to B : V = −2 kN  
Bending moment:
At C, Σ M C = 0: M C − (1)(2) = 0
M C = 2 kN ⋅ m 
At D, +Σ M D = 0: M D − (2)(2) + (8) (1) = 0

M D − 4 kN ⋅ m 
By symmetry, M = 2 kN ⋅ m at E. M E = 2 kN ⋅ m 
max |M | = 4 kN ⋅ m occurs at E.
For W310 × 23.8, S x = 280 × 103 mm 3 = 280 × 10 −6 m3
|M |max 4 × 103
Normal stress: σ max = =
Sx 280 × 10−6
= 14.29 × 106 Pa σ max = 14.29 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.27
Determine (a) the magnitude of the counterweight W for which

the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam
is as small as possible, (b) the corresponding maximum normal
stress due to bending. (Hint: Draw the bending-moment diagram
and equate the absolute values of the largest positive and negative
bending moments obtained.)
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A=B
Σ Fy = 0: A − 8 + W − 8 + B = 0
A = B = 8 − 0.5W
Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −(8 − 0.5W )(1) + M C = 0

M C = (8 − 0.5W ) kN ⋅ m
Bending moment at D:
Σ M D = 0: − (8 − 0.5W )(2) + (8) (1) + M D = 0
M D = (8 − W ) kN ⋅ m
Equate: −M D = M C W − 8 = 8 − 0.5W
W = 10.67 kN 
(a) W = 10.6667 kN
M C = −2.6667 kN ⋅ m
M D = 2.6667 kN ⋅ m = 2.6667.103 N ⋅ m
|M |max = 2.6667 kN ⋅ m
For W310 × 23.8 rolled steel shape,
S x = 280 × 103 mm3 = 280 × 10−6 m3
|M |max 2.6667 × 103

(b) σ max = = = 9.52 × 106 Pa σ max = 9.52 MPa 
Sx 280 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.28
Determine (a) the distance a for which the absolute value

of the bending moment in the beam is as small as possible,
(b) the corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending.
(See hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
For W 360 × 101, S x = 1690 × 103 mm3

Let b = (5.4 − a) m
Segment BC:
By symmetry, VB = C
Σ Fy = 0: VB + C − 20b = 0
VB = 10b
 x
Σ M J = 0: −VB x + (20 x)   + M = 0
2
M = VB x − 10 x 2 = 10bx − 10 x 2 kNm
dM 1
= 10b − 20 xm = 0 xm = b
dx 2
5 5
M max = 5b 2 − b 2 = b 2
2 2
Segment AB:
a − x
Σ M K = 0: − 20(a − x)  
 2 
−VB (a − x) − M = 0
M = −10(a − x) 2 + 10b (a − x)
|M max | occurs at x = 0.
|M max | = −10a 2 − 10ab = −10a 2 − 10a(5.4 − a) = 54a
5 5 5
(a) Equate the two values of |M max | . 54a = b2 = (5.4 − a) 2 = 72.9 − 27a + a 2
2 2 2
a − 81a + 72.9 = 0 a = 81 ± (81) 2 − (4) ( 52 ) (72.9) 
5 2
5
2 
a = (81 ± 76.37)/5 = 0.926 m a = 0.93 m 
(b) |M |max = 54 a = 50 kNm
| M |max 50 × 103
σ = = = 29.58 MPa σ m = 29.6 MPa 
Sx 1690 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.29
Determine (a) the distance a for which the absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam is as small as possible, (b) the
corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending. (See hint of
Prob. 5.27.)(Hint: Draw the bending-moment diagram and equate
the absolute values of the largest positive and negative bending
moments obtained.)
SOLUTION
Reaction at B.
1
Σ M C = 0 20a − (2.4)(40) + (3.9) RB = 0 RB = (96 − 20a)
3.9
Bending moment at D. Σ M C = 0 −M D + 1.5RB = 0
1.5
M D = 1.5RB = (96 − 20a)
3.9
Bending moment at C. M C = 0 20a + M C = 0

M C = −20a
Equate −M C = M D
1.5
20a = (96 − 20a)
3.9
a = 1.33 m (a) a = 1.33 m 
Then −M C = M D = (20)(1.33) = 26.7 kNm
|M |max = 26.7 kNm
For W360 × 32.9 rolled steel section S = 474 × 103 mm3
M 26.7 × 103
Normal stress σ = = = 56.3 MPa (b) 56.3 MPa 
S 474 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.30
Knowing that P = Q = 480 N, determine (a) the distance a

for which the absolute value of the bending moment in the
beam is as small as possible, (b) the corresponding maximum
normal stress due to bending. (See hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
P = 480 N Q = 480 N
Reaction at A: Σ M D = 0: − Aa + 480(a − 0.5)

− 480(1 − a) = 0
 720 
A =  960 − N
 a 
Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −0.5 A + M C = 0

 360 
M C = 0.5 A =  480 − N⋅m
 a 
Bending moment at D: Σ M D = 0: − M D − 480(1 − a) = 0

M D = −480(1 − a) N ⋅ m
360
(a) Equate: −M D = M C 480(1 − a) = 480 −
a
a = 0.86603 m a = 866 mm 
A = 128.62 N M C = 64.31 N ⋅ m M D = −64.31 N ⋅ m
1 2
(b) For rectangular section, S = bh
6
1
S = (12)(13)2 = 648 mm3 = 648 × 10−9 m3
6
|M |max 64.31
σ max = = −9
= 99.2 × 106 Pa σ max = 99.2 MPa 
S 6.48 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.31
Solve Prob. 5.30, assuming that P = 480 N and Q = 320 N.
PROBLEM 5.30 Knowing that P = Q = 480 N, determine

(a) the distance a for which the absolute value of the bending
moment in the beam is as small as possible, (b) the
corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending. (See
hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
P = 480 N Q = 320 N
Reaction at A: Σ M D = 0: Aa + 480(a − 0.5) − 320(1 − a) = 0

 560 
A =  800 −
a 
N

Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −0.5 A + M C = 0
 280 
M C = 0.5 A =  400 − N⋅m
 a 
Bending moment at D: Σ M D = 0: −M D − 320 (1 − a) = 0

M D = (−320 + 320 a) N ⋅ m
280
(a) Equate: −M D = M C 320 − 320 a = 400 −
a
320 a 2 + 80a − 280 = 0 a = 0.81873 m, − 1.06873 m
Reject negative root. a = 819 mm 

A = 116.014 N M C = 58.007 N ⋅ m M D = −58.006 N ⋅ m
1 2
(b) For rectangular section, S = bh
6
1
S = (12)(18)2 = 648 mm3 = 648 × 10−9 m3
6
|M |max 58.0065
σ max = = = 89.5 × 106 Pa σ max = 89.5 MPa 
S 648 × 10−9
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.32
A solid steel bar has a square cross section of side b and is

supported as shown. Knowing that for steel ρ = 7860 kg / m3 ,
determine the dimension b for which the maximum normal stress
due to bending is (a) 10 MPa, (b) 50 MPa.
SOLUTION
Weight density: γ = ρ g
Let L = total length of beam.
W = AL ρ g = b 2 L ρ g
W
Reactions at C and D: C = D=
2
Bending moment at C:
 L  W 
Σ M C = 0:    + M = 0
 6  3 
WL
M =−
18
Bending moment at center of beam:
 L  W   L  W  WL
Σ M E = 0:    −    + M = 0 M =−
 4  2   6  2  24
WL b 2 L2 ρ g
max|M | = =
18 18
1 3
For a square section, S = b
6
|M | b 2 L2 ρ g /18 L2 ρ g
Normal stress: σ = = =
S b3 /6 3b
L2 ρ g
Solve for b: b=
3σ
Data: L = 3.6 m ρ = 7860 kg/m3 g = 9.81 m/s 2 (a) σ = 10 × 106 Pa (b) σ = 50 × 106 Pa
(3.6) 2 (7860) (9.81)

(a) b= = 33.3 × 10−3 m b = 33.3 mm 
(3) (10 × 106 )
(3.6) 2 (7860) (9.81)

(b) b= = 6.66 × 10−3 m b = 6.66 mm 
(3) (50 × 10 )
6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.33
A solid steel rod of diameter d is supported as shown. Knowing that for

steel γ = 7860 kg/m 3, determine the smallest diameter d that can be
used if the normal stress due to bending is not to exceed 28 MPa.
SOLUTION
Let W = total weight

π
W = vγ = ALγ = d 2 Lγ
4
Reaction at A
1
A= W
2
Bending moment at center of beam
 W  L   W  L 
Σ M C = 0 −   +  2  4  + M = 0
 2  2    
WL π 2 2
M = = d Lγ
8 32
For circular cross section (c = 12 d )

π I π π 3
I = c4, S = = c3 = d
4 c 4 32
Normal stress
π d 2 L2γ
M L2γ
σ = = 32
π
=
S 32
d3 d
L2γ
Solving for d d =
σ
Data: L = 3m
γ = (7860 × 9.81) N/m3
σ = 20 MPa
(3)2 (7860 × 9.81)
d = = 0.0248 m = 24.8 mm 
28 × 106
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.34
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.1a.
PROBLEM 5.1 For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and
bending-moment diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and
SOLUTION
Pb
ΣM C = 0: LA − bP = 0 A=
L
Pa
ΣM A = 0: LC − aP = 0 C =
L
Pb
At A+, V = A= M =0
L
A to B − : 0< x<a
x
w=0 0 wdx = 0
Pb
V − VA = 0 V = 
L
a a Pb Pba Pba
M B − M A = 0 Vdx = 0 dx = MB = 
L L L
Pb Pa
At B +, V = A−P = −P=−
L L
B + to C: a< x< L
x
w=0 a wdx = 0
Pa
VC − VB = 0 V =− 
L
L Pa Pab
MC − M B = a Vdx = − L ( L − a) = − L
Pab Pba Pab
MC = M B − = − =0
L L L
Pab
|M | max = 
L
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.35
L wL
SOLUTION Σ M B = 0: −AL + wL ⋅ =0 A=
2 2
L wL
Σ M A = 0: BL − wL ⋅ =0 B=
2 2
dV
= −w
dx
x
V − VA = −0 wdx = −wx
wL
V = VA − wx = A − wx V = − wx 
2
dM
=V
dx
x x wL 
M − MA = 0 Vd x =  0  2 − wx  dx
 
wLx wx 2
= −
2 2
wLx wx 2 w
M = MA + − M = (Lx − x 2 ) 
2 2 2
1
Maximum M occurs at x = , where
2
dM wL2
V = =0 |M |max = 
dx 8
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.36
SOLUTION
Over AB: VA = 0 M A = 0
x
V = − 0 wdx = − wx
dM
= V = −wx
dx
x
x wx 2 wx 2
M =  0
Vdx =− M =− 
2 0
2
wa 2
At B: x=a VB = −wa MB = − 
2
Over BC: w=0
dV
=0 V = constant = VB V = −wa 
dx
dM
= V = −wa
dx
x x
M − M B = a Vdx = −wax a = −wa( x − a)
wa 2  a
M = − wa( x − a) − M = − wa  x −  
2  2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.37
Using the methhod of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.4a.
PROBLEM 5.45 For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the sheaar and
bending-momeent diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the sheaar and
bending-momeent curves.
SOLUTION
x
w = w0
L
VA = 0, MA = 0
dV Wx
= −w = − 0
dx L
x w0 x w x2
V − VA = − 0 =− 0
L 2L
w0 x 2
V =− 
2L
 dM w x2
=V = − 0
 dx 2L
 x x w0 x 2
M − M A = 0 V dx = − 0 dx
 2L
 w0 x3
M =− 
6L
without permission.
P
PROBLEM 5.38
U
PROBLEM 5.5 For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw
P d the shear and
bending-moment diagrams, (b) determine the equationss of the shear and
SOLUTION
Reactions. By symmetry: A=B
ΣFy = 0: A − P − P + B = 0
A= B = P
Over each portion AB, BC, and CD w = 0.
dV
=0 V = constant.
dx
Shear diagram.
A to B : V = P 
B to C : V = P − P = 0 
C to D : V = 0 − P = −P 
Bending moment diagram.

dM
A to B : =V = P
dx
M =  Pdx = Px + C1
M = 0 at x = 0.
Thus C1 = 0
M = Px 
At B: M = Pa
dM
B to C: =V =0
dx
M = Pa 
without permission.
dM
C to D: = V = −P
dx
M = − Pdx = − Px + C2
M = 0 at x = L.
Thus C2 = PL
M = P(L − x) 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.39
1
SOLUTION Reactions. A= D= w( L − 2a)
2

1
 At A. VA = A = w(L − 2a), M A = 0
2
 0< x<a w=0
A to B.

a
 VB − VA = −  0
w dx = 0
 1
VB = VA = w( L − 2a)
 2
 a a 1

MB − M A =  V dx = 
0 0 2
w( L − 2a)dx
 1
MB = w(L − 2a)a
 2
 B to C. a< x< L−a w= w
 x

V − VB = − a
w dx = − w( x − a )
1 1
V = w(L − 2a) − w( x − a) = w( L − 2 x)
2 2
dM 1
= V = w( L − 2 x)
dx 2
x 1 x
M − M B = a V dx = w ( Lx − x 2 )
2 a
1
= w( Lx − x 2 − La + a 2 )
2
1 1
M = w(L − 2a)a + w( Lx − x 2 − La + a 2 )
2 2
1
= w( Lx − x 2 − a 2 )
2
without permission.
x = L−a 1 1
At C. VC = − w( L − 2a) M C = (L − 2a)a
2 2
1
C to D. V = VC = − w(L − 2a)
2
MD = 0
L  L2 a 2 
At x = , M max = w  −  
2  8 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.40
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.7.
PROBLEM 5.7 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value
(a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
M B = 0 (400)(1.5) − 300C + (225)(1.2) + (125)(1.8) = 0

C = 3.65 kN
M C = 0 B = 0.85 kN
Shear:
A to C V = −1.5 kN
C to D V = −1.5 + 3.65 = 2.15 kN
D to E V = 2.15 – 1.2 = 0.95 kN
E to B V = 0.95 – 1.8 = −0.85 kN
Areas of shear diagram
A to C  V dx = (−1.5)(100) = −150 N ⋅ m
C to D  V dx = (2.15)(75) = 161.25 N ⋅ m
D to E  V dx = (0.95)(100) = 95 N ⋅ m
E to B  V dx = (−0.85)(125) = −106.25 N ⋅ m
Bending moments
MA = 0
c
MC = M A +  V dx = 0 − 150 = −150 N ⋅ m
A
D
M D = MC +  C
V dx = −150 + 161.25 = 11.25 N ⋅ m
E
ME = MD +  D
V dx = 11.25 + 95 = 106.25 N ⋅ m
B
MB = ME + D
V dx = 106.25 – 106.25 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 2.15 kN 

(b) Maximum M = 150 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.41
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, Solve Prob. 5.8
PROBLE EM 5.8 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagram for

f the
SOLUTION
 M A = 0 : − M A − (0.3)(200) − (0.525)(200)
+ (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0
M A = 37.5 N ⋅ m
 Fy = 0 : VA − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0
VA = 100 N
Shear:
A to C: V = 100 N
C to D: V = 100 − 200 = −100 N
D to E: V = −100 − 200 = −300 N
E to B: V = −300 + 500 = 200 N
Areas under
u shear diagram:
A to C:  Vdx = (100)(0.3) = 30 N ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (−100)(0.225) = −22.5 N ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = (−300)(0.3) = −90 N ⋅ m
E to B:  Vdx = (200)(0.225) = 45 N ⋅ m
Bending moments:
M A = 37.5 N ⋅ m
C
M C = M A + A V dx = 37.5 + 30 = 67.5 N ⋅ m
D
M D = M C + C V dx = 67.5 − 22.5 = 455 N ⋅ m
E
M E = M D + D V dx = 45 − 90 = −45 N ⋅ m
D
M B = M E + E V dx = −45 + 45 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 300 N 
(b) Maximum M = 67.5 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.42
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, Solve Prob. 5.9
PROBLEM 5.9 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
SOLUTION
Reactions:
 M C = 0 : 2 A + (12)(2)(1) − (40)(1) = 0
A = 8kN ↓
 M A = 0 : 2C − (12)(2)(1) − (40)(3) = 0
C = 72 kN ↑
Shear diagram: VA = −8 kN
A to C: 0 < x < 2 m w = 12kN/m
2 2
VC − VA = − 0 
wdx = − 12dx = −24 kN
0
VC = −24 − 8 = −32 kN
C to B: VB = −32 + 72 = 40 kN
Areas of shear diagram:
1
A to C:  Vdx = (−8 − 32)(2) = −40 kN ⋅ m
2
C to B:  Vdx = (1)(40) = 40 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = M A +  Vdx = 0 − 40 = −40 kN ⋅ m
M B = M C +  Vdx = −40 + 40 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 40.0 kN 
(b) Maximum M = 40.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLE
EM 5.43
Using the method

m of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.10
PROBLEM M 5.10 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for

f the
(a) of the shhear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reactioons A and B.
M B = 0: −5 A + (2)(30)(4) + (60)(2) = 0
A = 72 kN ↑
M A = 0: 5B − (3)(60) − (1)(30)(2) = 0
B = 48 kN ↑
Check: ΣFy = 72 − (2)(30) − 60 + 12 = 0

Shear diagram:
d
VA = 72 kN
A to C. 0 < x < 2m w = 30 kN/m
2
VC − VA = − 0
30 dx = −60 kN
VC = 72 − 60 = 12 kN
C to D. V = VC = 12 kN
D to B. V = VC − 60 = −48 kN
Areas of
o shear diagram:
1
A to C. AAC = (72 + 12)(2) = 84 kN ⋅ m
2
C to D. ACD = (12)(1) = 12 kN ⋅ m
D to B. ADB = (−48)(2) = −96 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: MA = 0
M C = 0 + 84 = 84 kN
M D = 84 + 12 = 96 kN
M B = 96 − 96 = 0 as expected.
(a) |V |max = 72.0 kN
k 
(b) |M |max = 96.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.44
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
ΣM B = 0: −3.0 A + (1.5)(3.0)(3.5) + (1.5)(3) = 0
A = 6.75 kN ↑
Reaction at B: B = 6.75 kN ↑
Beam ACB and loading: (See sketch.)
Areas of load diagram:
A to C: (2.4)(3.5) = 8.4 kN
C to B: (0.6)(3.5) = 2.1 kN
Shear diagram:
VA = 6.75 kN
VC − = 6.75 − 8.4 = −1.65 kN
VC + = −1.65 − 3 = −4.65 kN
VB = −4.65 − 2.1 = −6.75 kN
Over A to C, V = 6.75 − 3.5 x

At G, V = 6.75 − 3.5xG = 0 xG = 1.9286 m
1
A to G: (1.9286)(6.75) = 6.5089 kN ⋅ m
2
1
G to C: (0.4714)(−1.65) = −0.3889 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to B: (0.6)(−4.65 − 6.75) = −3.42 kN ⋅ m
2
without permission.
M G = 0 + 6.5089 = 6.5089 kN ⋅ m
M C − = 6.5089 − 0.3889 = 6.12 kN ⋅ m
M C + = 6.12 − 2.7 = 3.42 kN ⋅ m
M B = 3.42 − 3.42 = 0
(a) |V |max = 6.75 kN 
(b) |M |max = 6.51 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.45
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
 M B = 0:
− 3 A + (1)(4) + (0.5)(4) = 0
A = 2 kN ↑
 M A = 0: 3B − (2)(4) − (2.5)(4) = 0
B = 6 kN ↑
Shear diagram:
A to C: V = 2 kN
C to D: V = 2 − 4 = −2 kN
D to B: V = −2 − 4 = −6 kN
A to C:  Vdx = (1)(2) = 2 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (1)(−2) = −2 kN ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = (1)(−6) = −6 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C − = 0 + 2 = 2 kN ⋅ m
M C + = 2 + 4 = 6 kN ⋅ m
M D − = 6 − 2 = 4 kN ⋅ m
M D + = 4 + 2 = 6 kN ⋅ m
MB = 6 − 6 = 0
(a) V max
= 6.00 kN 
(b) M max
= 6.00 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBL
LEM 5.46
Using thee method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.15
PROBLEEM 5.15 For the beam and loading shown, determinne the
m normal stress due to bending on a transverse section att C.
maximum
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A = B.
ΣFy = 0: A + B − 3 − 3 − (4.5)(1.8) = 0
A = B = 7.05 kN
Shear diagram: VA = 7.05 kN
A to C − : w = 1.8 kN/m
−
At C , V = 7.05 − (1.8)(1.5) = 4.35 kN
At C +, V = 4.35 − 3 = 1.35 kN
N
C + to D − : w = 1.8 kN/m
At D − , V = 1.35 − (1.5)(1.8) = −1.35 kN
At D +, V = −1.35 − 3 = −4.35 kN
D + to B: w = 1.8 kN
At B, V = −4.35 − (1.5)(1.8) = −7.05 kN
Draw the shear diagram:
V = 0 at point E, the midpoint
m of CD.
Areas of the shear diagram:
1
A to C : (7.05 + 4.35)(1.5) = 8.555 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to E : (1.35)(0.75) = 0.50625 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D : (−1.35)(0.75) = −0.506625 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B: (−4.35 − 7.05)(1.5) = −8.55 kN ⋅ m
2
without permission.
Bending moments: For a rectangular section,

MA = 0 1 1
S = bh2 =   (80)(300)2
M C = 0 + 8.55 = 8.55 kN ⋅ m 6 6
M E = 8.55 + 0.50625 = 9.05625 kN ⋅ m = 1.2 × 106 mm3 = 1.2 × 10−3 m3
M D = 9.05625 − 0.50625 = 8.55 kN ⋅ m Maximum normal stress at C :
M B = 8.55 − 8.55 = 0
M C 8.55 × 103
M C = 8.55 × 10 N ⋅ m
3 σ= =
S 1.2 × 10−3
= 7.125 × 106 Pa
σ = 7.13 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.47
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.16
PROBLEM 5.16 For the beam and loading shown, determine the
maximum normal stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0
− 3 A + (1.5)(10) − (1.1)(2.2)(3) = 0
A = 2.58 kN
ΣM A = 0 − (1.5)(10) + 3C − (4.1)(2.2)(3) = 0
C = 14.02 kN
Shear
A to D − V = 2.58 kN
+ −
D to C V = 2.58 − 10 = −7.42 kN
+
C V = −7.42 + 14.02 = 6.60 kN
B V = 6.60 − (2.2)(3) = 0
Areas under shear diagram
A to D  Vdx = (1.5)(2.58) = 3.87 kN ⋅ m
D to C  Vdx = (1.5)(−7.42) = −11.13 kN ⋅ m
1
C to B  Vdx =  2  (2.2)(6.60) = 7.26 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments
MA = 0
M D = 0 + 3.87 = 3.87 kN ⋅ m
M C = 3.87 − 11.13 = −7.26 kN ⋅ m
M B = 7.26 − 7.26 = 0
|M C | = 7.26 kN ⋅ m = 7.26 × 103 N ⋅ m
1 2 1
For rectangular cross section S = bh =   (100)(200) 2
6 6
= 666.67 × 103 mm3 = 666.67 × 10−6 m 2
| MC | 7.26 × 103
Normal stress σ= = −6
= 10.89 × 106 Pa 
S 666.67 × 10
= 10.89 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.48
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.18.
PROBLEM 5.18 For the beam and loading shown, determine

the maximum normal stress due to bending on section a-a.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A = B.
 Fy = 0 : A = B = 80 kN
k ↑
Shear diagram:
A to C: V = 80 kN
C to D: V = 80 − 30 = 50 kN
D to E: V = 50 − 50 = 0
A to C:  Vdx = (80)(0.8) = 64 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (50)(00.8) = 40 kN ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = 0
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 64 = 64 kN ⋅ m
M D = 64 + 40 = 104 kN ⋅ m
M E = 104 + 0 = 104 kN ⋅ m
M max
= 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m
m3 = 747 × 10−6 m 3
For W310 × 52, S = 747 × 103 mm
M 104 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = = 139.2 × 106 Pa
S 747 × 10−6
σ = 139.2 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.49
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob.5.19.
PROBLEM 5.19 For the beam and loading shown, determine the
maximum normal stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Use entire beam as free body.

 MB = 0 :
2.25( A) − 1.875(25) − (1.5)(25) − (1.125)(10) − 0.75(10)
− (0.375)(10) = 0
A = 47.5 kN ↑
Shear A to C: V = 47.5 kN
Area under shear curve A to C:  Vdx = (0.375)(47.5)
= 17.8125 kN ⋅ m
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 17.8125 = 17.8125 N ⋅ m
For S200 × 27.4, S = 235 × 103 mm 3 = 235 × 10−6 m 3
M 17.8125 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = = 75.8 × 106 Pa σ = 75.8 MPa 
S 235 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.50
For the beam and loading shown, determine the equations of the shear
and bending-moment curves, and the maximum absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam, knowing that (a) k = 1, (b) k = 0.5.
SOLUTION
w0 x kw0 ( L − x) wx
w= − = (1 + k ) 0 − kw.
L L L
dV w0 x
= − w = kw0 − (1 + k )
dx L
2
wx
V = kw0 x − (1 + k ) 0 + C1
2L
V = 0 at x = 0 C1 = 0
dM w x2
= V = kw0 x − (1 + k ) 0
dx 2L
kw0 x 2 w x3
M= − (1 + k ) 0 + C2
2 6L
M = 0 at x = 0 C2 = 0
kw0 x 2 (1 + k ) w0 x3
M= −
2 6L
w0 x 2
(a) k = 1. V = w0 x − 
L
w x 2 w x3
M= 0 − 0 
2 3L
w0 L2
Maximum M occurs at x = L. M max
= 
6
1 w0 x 3w0 x 2
(b) k= . V= − 
2 2 4L
w0 x 2 w0 x3
M= − 
4 4L
2
 V = 0 at x= L
3
w0 ( 23 L ) w0 ( 23 L )
2 3
2 w0 L2
At x = L, M= − = = 0.03704 w0 L2
3 4 4L 27
At x = L, M =0
w0 L2
|M |max = 
27
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.51
Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves for
the beam and loading shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam.
SOLUTION
dV x
= − w = − w0
dx L
1 x2 dM
V = − w0 + C1 =
2 L dx
3
1 x
M = − w0 + C1 x + C2
6 L
M = 0 at x=0 C2 = 0
1 1
M = 0 at x=L 0 = − w0 L2 + C1 L C1 = w0 L
6 6
1 x2 1 1
(a) V = − w0 + w0 L2 V= w0 ( L2 − 3x 2 )/L 
2 L 6 6
1 x3 1 1
M = − w0 + w0 Lx M= w0 ( Lx − x3 /L) 
6 L 6 6
dM
(b) M max occurs when = V = 0. L2 − 3xm2 = 0
dx
L 1  L2 L2 
xm = M max = w0  −  M max = 0.0642 w0 L2 
3 6  3 3 3 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.52
SOLUTION
dV πx
= − w = − w0 sin
dx L
w0 L πx dM
V= cos + C1 =
π L dx
wL 2
πx
M = 0 2 sin + C1 x + C2
π L
M = 0 at x = 0 C2 = 0
M = 0 at x = L 0 = 0 + C1 L + 0
C1 = 0
w0 L πx
(a) V= cos 
π L
w0 L2 πx
M= sin 
π2 L
dM L
= V = 0 at x=
dx 2
w0 L2 π w0 L2
(b) M max = sin M max = 
π2 2 π2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.53
SOLUTION
dV  x2 
= − w = − w0 1 + 2 
dx  L 
 x3 
V = − w0  x + 2  + C1
 3L 
V = 0 at x = L.
 1  4
0 = − w0  L + L  + C1 C1 = w0 L
 3  3
dM 4 1 x3 
= V = w0  L − x −  
dx 3 3 L2 
4 1 1 x4 
M = w0  Lx − x 2 −  + C2
3 2 12 L2 
4 1 1 
M = 0 at x = L. w0  L2 − L2 − L2  + C2 = 0
3 2 12 
3 4 1 1 x4 3 2 
C2 = − w0 L2 M = w0  Lx − x 2 − − L 
4 3 2 12 L2 4 
3
|M |max occurs at x = 0. | M |max = w0 L2 
4
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.54
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress due
to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: − 2.5 A + (1.75)(1.5)(16) = 0
A = 16.8 kN
ΣM A = 0: − (0.75)(1.5)(16) + 2.5B = 0
B = 7.2 kN
Shear diagram. VA = 16.8 kN
VC = 16.8 − (1.5)(16) = −7.2 kN
VB = −7.2 kN
Locate point D where V = 0.
d 1.5 − d
= 24d = 25.2
16.8 7.2
d = 1.05 m 1.5 − d = 0.45 m
Areas of the shear diagram.
1
A to D.  Vdx =  2  (1.05)(16.8) = 8.82 kN ⋅ m
1
D to C.  Vdx =  2  (0.45)(−7.2) = −1.62 kN ⋅ m
C to B.  Vdx = (1)(−7.2) = −7.2 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments. MA =0
 MD = 0 + 8.82 = 8.82 kN ⋅ m 
MC = 8.82 − 1.62 = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
MB = 7.2 − 7.2 = 0
Maximum |M | = 8.82 kN ⋅ m = 8.82 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S 150 × 18.6 rolled steel section, S = 120 × 103 mm3 = 120 × 10−6 m3
|M | 8.82 × 103
Normal stress. σ= = = 73.5 × 106 Pa σ = 73.5 MPa 
S 120 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.55
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
 M C = 0 : (2)(1) − (3)(4)(2) + 4B = 0
B = 5.5 kN
 M B = 0 : (5)(2) + (3)(4)(2) − 4C = 0
C = 8.5 kN
Shear:
A to C: V = −2 kN
C+ : V = −2 + 8.5 = 6.5 kN
B: V = 6.5 − (3)(4) = −5.5 kN

d 4−d
= 12d = 26
6.5 5.5
d = 2.1667 m 4 − d = 3.8333 m
A to C:  Vdx = (−2.0)(1) = −2.0 kN ⋅ m
1
C to D:  Vdx = (2.16667)(6.5) = 7.0417 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B:  Vdx = (3.83333)(−5.5) = −5.0417 kN ⋅ m
2
M C = 0 − 2.0 = −2.0 kN ⋅ m
M D = −2.0 + 7.0417 = 5.0417 kN ⋅ m
M B = 5.0417 − 5.0417 = 0
Maximum M = 5.0417 kN ⋅ m = 5.0417 × 103 N ⋅ m
without permission.
1 1 1 1
For pipe: co = d o = (160) = 80 mm, ci = di = (140) = 70 mm
2 2 2 2
π π
I =
4
(c 4
o )
− ci4 =
4
4 4
(80) − (70)  = 13.3125 × 10 mm
6 4
I 13.3125 × 106
S = = = 166.406 × 103 mm3 = 166.406 × 10−6 m3
co 80
M 5.0417 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 30.3 × 106 Pa σ = 30.3 MPa 
S 166.406 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.56

due to bending.
SOLUTION
 MB = 0
−3.6 A + (45)(2.4)(2.4) − 16 = 0
A = 67.6 kN
MA = 0
− (45)(2.4)(1.2) + 3.6 B − 16 = 0
B = 40.4 kN
Shear: VA = 67.6 kN
VC = 67.6 − (45)(2.4) = −40.4 kN
C to B V = −40.4 kN
Locate point D where V = 0
d 2.4 − d
= 1.6d = 2.4
67.6 40.4
d = 1.5 m 2.4 − d = 0.9 m
1
A to D  Vdx =  2  (1.5)(67.6) = 50.7 kNm
1
D to C  Vdx =  2  (0.9)(−40.4) = −18.18 kNm
C to B  Vdx = −(1.2)(40.4) = −48.48 kNm
Bending moments: M A = 0
M D = 0 + 50.7 = 50.7 kNm
M C = 50.7 − 18.18 = 32.52 kNm
M B = 32.52 − 48.48 = −15.96 kNm
Maximum |M | = 50.7 kNm
1 2 1
For rectangular cross section S = bh =   (75)(250)2 = 781250 mm3
6 6
|M | 50.7 × 103
Normal stress σ = = = 64.9 MPa 
S 781250 × 10−9
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.57

due to bending.
SOLUTION
w=0
 MD = 0:
− 4 RA + (2)(250) − (2)(150) = 0
RA = 50 kN ↑
MA = 0:
4 RD − (2)(250) − (6)(150) = 0
RD = 350 kN ↑
Shear: VA = 50 kN
A to C: V = 50 kN
C to D: V = 50 − 250 = −200 kN
D to B: V = −200 + 350 = 150 kN
A to C:  Vdx = (50)(2) = 100 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (−200)(2) = −400 kN ⋅ m
D to B:  Vdx = (150)(2) = 300 kN ⋅ m
M C = M A +  Vdx = 0 + 100 = 100 kN ⋅ m
M D = M C +  Vdx = 100 − 400 = −300 kN ⋅ m
M B = M D +  Vdx = −300 + 300 = 0
Maximum M = 300 kN ⋅ m = 300 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W410 × 114 rolled steel section, S x = 2200 × 103 mm3 = 2200 × 10 −6 m3
M 300 × 103
σm = max
= = 136.4 × 106 Pa σ m = 136.4 MPa 
Sx 2200 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.58
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the

beam and loading shown and determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction:
 M B = 0 : − 4 A + 60 + (80)(1.6)(2) − 12 = 0
Shear: VA = 76 kN A = 76 kN ↑
A to C : V = 76 kN 
VD = 76 − (80)(1.6) = −52 kN
D to C : V = −52 kN
Locate point where V = 0:

V ( x) = −80 x + 76 = 0 x = 0.95 m
A to C:  Vdx = (1.2)(76) = 91.2 kN ⋅ m
1
C to E:  Vdx = (0.95)(76) = 36.1 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D:  Vdx = (0.65)(−52) = −16.9 kN ⋅ m
2
D to B:  Vdx = (1.2)(−52) = −62.4 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: M A = −60 kN ⋅ m
M C = −60 + 91.2 = 31.2 kN ⋅ m
M E = 31.2 + 36.1 = 67.3 kN ⋅ m 
M D = 67.3 − 16.9 = 50.4 kN ⋅ m
M B = 50.4 − 62.4 = −12 kN ⋅ m
For W250 × 80, S = 983 × 103 mm3
M 67.3 × 103 N ⋅ m
Normal stress: σ max = = = 68.5 × 106 Pa σ m = 68.5 MPa 
S 983 × 10−6 m3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.59
shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
 MB = 0
− 0.5 A + (140)(0.7)(0.15) = 0
A = 29.4 kN
MA = 0
0.5B − (140)(0.7)(0.35) = 0
B = 68.4 kN
Shear: VA = 29.4 kN
B− VB− = 29.4 − (140)(0.5) = −40.6 kN
B+ VB+ = −40.6 + (68.4) = 27.8 kN
C VC = 27.8 − (140)(0.2) ≈ 0
Locate point D where V = 0
d 0.5 − d
= 70.3d = 14.7
29.4 40.6
d = 0.21 m 0.5 − d = 0.29 m
1
A to D  Vdx =   (29.4)(0.21) = 3.087 kNm
2
1
D to B  Vdx =   (−40.6)(0.29) = −5.887 kNm
2
1
B to C  Vdx =   (27.8)(0.2) = 2.78 kNm
2
M D = 0 + 3.087 = 3.087 kNm
M B = 3.087 − 5.887 = −2.8 kNm
M C = −2.8 + 2.78 ≈ 0
without permission.

Locate centroid of cross section
108750
Y = = 33.72 mm from bottom
3225
1 3
For each triangle I = bh
36
Moment of inertia I = ΣI + ΣAd 2
= 457849 + 1007813 = 1465662 mm 4
Ad 2
Part A, mm 2 y , mm Ay (103 mm3 ) d , mm. mm 4
I , mm 4
 1125 50 56250 16.28 298168 351563
 2100 25 52500 8.72 159681 656250
Σ 3225 108750 457849 1007813
MC (3.087 × 103 )(41.28 × 10−3 )

Normal stress σ = = = 86.9 MPa 
I 1465662 × 10−12
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.60
Beam AB, of length L and square cross section of side

s a, is supported
by a pivot at C and loaded as shown. (a) Check that
t the beam is in
equilibrium. (b) Show that the maximum stress duee to bending occurs
at C and is equal to w0 L2 /(1.5a)3.
SOLUTION
(a) Replace distributed load by equivalent
e concentrated load at the centroid of the area off the load diagram.
2L 1
For the triangular distributionn, the centroid lies at x = . W = w0 L
3 2
1
(a)  Fy = 0 : RD − W = 0 RD = w0 L  M C = 0 : 0 = 0 equilibrium
m 
2
V = 0, M = 0, at x = 0
2L dV wx
0< x< , = −w = − 0
3 dx L
dM w x2 w x2
= V = − 0 + C1 = − 0
dx 2L 2L
w0 x3 w x3
M =− + C2 = − 0
6L 6L
w0 (2L / 3) 2 2
Just to the left of C, V =− = − w0 L
2L 9
2 5
Just to the right of C, V = − w0 L + RD = w0 L
9 18
w0 (2L / 3)3 4
Note sign change. Maximum M occurs
o at C. MC = − = − w0 L2
6L 81
4
Maximum M = w0 L2
81
1 4 1
For square cross section, I = a c= a
112 2
3
M c 4 w0 L2 6 8 w0 L2  2  w0 L2
(b) σm = max
= = = 
81 a3 27 a3 3 a
3
I
w0 L2
σm = 
(1.5a)3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.61
Knowing that beam AB is in equilibrium under the loading

shown, draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams and
determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
 Fy = 0: (1)(w0 ) − (0.4)(400) = 0
w0 = 160 kN/m
Shear diagram: VA = 0
VC = 0 + (0.3)(160) = 48kN
VD = 48 − (0.3)(400) + (0.3)(160) = −48kN
VB = −48 + (0.3)(160) = 0
Locate point E where V = 0.

By symmetry, E is the midpoint of CD.
1
A to C: (0.3)(48) = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to E: (0.2)(48) = 4.8 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D: (0.2)(−48) = −4.8 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B: (0.3)(−48) = −7.2 kN ⋅ m
2
M C = 0 + 7.2 = 7.2 kN
M E = 7.2 + 4.8 = 12.0 kN
M D = 12.0 − 4.8 = 7.2 kN
M B = 7.2 − 7.2 = 0
M max
= 12.0 kN ⋅ m = 12.0 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W200 × 22.5 rolled steel shape, S x = 193 × 103 mm3 = 193 × 10−6 m3
M 12.0 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = = 62.2 × 106 Pa σ = 62.2 MPa 
S 193 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.62
Beam AB supports a uniformly distributed load of 15 kN/m and two

concentrated loads P and Q. It has been experimentally determined
that the normal stress due to bending on the bottom edge of the lower
flange of the W250 × 32.7 rolled-steel beam is −14 MPa at D and
−5.35 MPa at E. (a) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams
for the beam. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress due to
bending which occurs in the beam.
SOLUTION
For W 250 × 32.7 rolled steel section S = 379 × 103 mm3

= 379 × 10−6 m3
Bending moments at D and E M = Sσ
−6
M D = (379 × 10 )(14 × 106 ) = 5306 N ⋅ m
M E = (379 × 10−6 )(5.35 × 106 ) = 2027.6 N ⋅ m
Use portion DE as a free body
 M E = 0 − M D + M E − 1.5 VD + (0.75)(1.5)(15) = 0
VD = 9.06 kN
ΣM D = 0 − M D + M E − 1.5 VE − (0.75)(1.5)(15) = 0
VE = 13.4 kN
Using portion ACD as a free body
 M C = 0 0.6 P − (0.3)(0.6)(15) + M D − 0.6VD = 0
P = 4.71 kN
 Fy = 0 − P + C − (0.6)(15) − VD = 0
C = 22.77 kN
Using portion EFB as a free body
 M F = 0 −1.2Q + (0.45)(0.9)(15) − 0.9 VE − M E = 0
Q = 13.4 kN
 Fy = 0 F + VE − (0.9)(15) − Q = 0
F = 40.3 kN
Shear: A to C V = −4.71 kN
C+ V = −4.71 + 22.77 = 18.06 kN
F− V = 18.06 − (3)(15) = −26.94 kN
F+ V = −26.94 + 40.3 = 13.4 kN
without permission.
F to B V = 13.4 kN
Locate point G where V = 0
U 3−U
= 45U = 40
18.06 26.94
U = 1.2 m 3 − U = 1.8 m
A to C  Vdx = (0.6)(−4.71) = −2.826 kN ⋅ m
  1
C to G  Vdx =  2  (1.2)(18.06) = 10.836 kN ⋅ m
 
1
G to F  Vdx =   (1.8)(−26.94) = −24.246 kN ⋅ m
2
F to B  Vdx = (1.2)(13.4) = 16.08 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments MA = 0
M C = 0 − 2.826 = −2.826 kN ⋅ m
M G = −2.826 + 10.836 = 8.01 kN ⋅ m
M F = 8.01 − 24.246 = −16.236 kN ⋅ m
M B = −16.236 + 16.08 = −0.156 ≈ 0
difference is due to round off errors.
Maximum |M | = 16.236 kN ⋅ m
|M | 16.236 × 103
Normal stress σ = =
S 379 × 10−6
= 42.83 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.63*
Beam AB supports a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m and two

concentrated loads P and Q. It has been experimentally determined that
the normal stress due to bending in bottom edge of the beam is
−56.9 MPa at A and −29.9 MPa at C. Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam and determine the magnitudes of the
loads P and Q.
SOLUTION
 1
I= (18)(36)3 = 69.984 × 103 mm 4
 12
1
 c = d = 18 mm
2
I
S = = 3.888 × 103 mm3 = 3.888 × 10−6 m3
c
At A, M A = Sσ A = (3.888 × 10−6 )(−56.9) = −221.25 N ⋅ m
At C, M C = Sσ C = (3.888 × 10−6 )(−29.9) = −116.25 N ⋅ m
ΣM A = 0: 221.23 − (0.1)(400) − 0.2 P − 0.325Q = 0


0.2 P + 0.325Q = 181.25 (1)

 ΣM C = 0: 116.25 − (0.05)(200) − 0.1P − 0.225Q = 0
0.1P + 0.225Q = 106.25 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, P = 500 N 
Q = 250 N 
Reaction force at A: RA − 400 − 500 − 250 = 0 RA = 1150 N ⋅ m
VA = 1150 N VD = 250
M A = −221.25 N ⋅ m M C = −116.25 N ⋅ m M D = −31.25 N ⋅ m
|V |max = 1150 N 
|M |max = 221 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.64*
The beam AB supports two concentrated loads P and Q. The normal

stress due to bending on the bottom edge of the beam is +55MPa at
D and +37.5 MPa at F. (a) Draw the shear and bending-moment
diagrams for the beam. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending that occurs in the beam.
SOLUTION
1
(a) I= (24)(60)3 = 432 × 103 mm 4 c = 30 mm
12
I
S = = 14.4 × 103 mm3 = 14.4 × 10−6 m3 M = Sσ
c
At D, M D = (14.4 × 10−6 )(55 × 106 ) = 792 N ⋅ m
At F, M F = (14.4 × 10−6 )(37.5 × 106 ) = 540 N ⋅ m
Using free body FB, ΣM F = 0: −540 + 0.3B = 0

540
B= = 1800 N
0.3
Using free body DEFB, ΣM D = 0: −792 − 3Q + (0.8)(1800) = 0
Q = 2160 N
Using entire beam, ΣM A = 0: − 0.2 P − (0.7)(2160) + (1.2)(1800) = 0
P = 3240 N
ΣFy = 0: A − 3240 − 2160 + 1800 = 0
A = 3600 N
Shear diagram and its areas:
A to C − : V = 3600 N AAC = (0.2)(3600) = 720 N ⋅ m
C + to E − : V = 3600 − 3240 = 360 N ACE = (0.5)(360) = 180 N ⋅ m
E + to B: V = 360 − 2160 = −1800 N AEB = (0.5)(−1800) = −900 N ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 720 = 720 N ⋅ m
|M |max = 900 N ⋅ m
M E = 720 + 180 = 900 N ⋅ m
M B = 900 − 900 = 0
|M |max 900
(b) Normal stress. σ max = = −6
= 62.5 × 106 Pa
S 14.4 × 10
σ max = 62.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.65
For the beam and loading shown, design the cross section of the
beam, knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal
stress of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
ΣM D = 0: − 2.4 A + (1.6)(1.8) + (0.8)(3.6) = 0 A = 2.4 kN
ΣM A = 0: − (0.8)(1.8) − (1.6)(3.6) + 2.4 D = 0 D = 3 kN

Construct shear and bending moment diagrams:
|M |max = 2.4 kN ⋅ m = 2.4 × 103 N ⋅ m

σ all = 12 MPa
= 12 × 106 Pa
|M |max 2.4 × 103
Smin = =
σ all 12 × 106
= 200 × 10−6 m3
= 200 × 103 mm3
1 1
S = bh 2 = (40)h 2
6 6
= 200 × 103
(6)(200 × 103 )
h2 =
40
= 30 × 103 mm 2 h = 173.2 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.66
For the beam and loading shown, design the cross section of the beam,
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress
of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions:  Fy = 0 : A − (1.2)(18) = 0
A = 21.6 kN ↑
 M A = 0 : − M A − (1.8)(1.2)(18) = 0
M A = −38.88 kN ⋅ m
Shear diagram: VA = VB = 21.6 kN
VC = 21.6 − (1.2)(18) = 0
A to B : (1.2)(21.6) = 25.92 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C : (1.2)(21.6) = 12.96 kN ⋅ m
2
Bending moments: M A = −38.88 kN ⋅ m
M B = −38.88 + 25.92 = −12.96 kN ⋅ m
M C = −12.96 + 12.96 = 0
M max
= 38.88 kN ⋅ m = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
M
σ max = max
S
M 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
S = max
= = 3240 × 10−6 m3 = 3240 × 103 mm3
σ max 12 × 10 Pa
6
1 2
For a rectangular section, S = bh
6
6S 6(3240 × 103 )
h= = = 394 mm
b 125
h = 394 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.67
beam, knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable
normal stress of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A = D.
1 1
 Fy = 0: A + (0.9)(15) + (2)(15) + (0.9) + D = 0
2 2
A = D = 21.75 kN
Shear diagram: VA = 21.75 kN
1
VB = 21.75 − (0.9)(15) = 15.0 kN
2
VC = 15.0 − (2)(15) = −15.0 kN
1
VD = −15.0 − (0.9)(15) = −21.75 kN
2
By symmetry, E is the midpoint of BC.
Areas of shear diagram.
2
A to B. (0.9)(15) + (0.9)(21.75 − 15) = 17.55 kN ⋅ m
3
1
B to E. (1)(15) = 7.5 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to C. (1)(−15) = −7.5 kN ⋅ m
2
C to D. By anti-symmetry −17.55 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 17.55 = 17.55 kN ⋅ m
M E = 17.55 + 7.5 = 25.05 kN ⋅ m
M C = 25.05 − 7.5 = 17.55 kN ⋅ m
M D = 17.55 − 17.55 = 0
without permission.
|M |max = 25.05 kN ⋅ m = 25.05 × 103 N ⋅ m

M M 25.05 × 103
σ = S = = = 2.0875 × 10−3 m3 = 2.0875 × 106 mm3
S σ 12 × 106
1 2
For a rectangular section, S = bh
6
6S (6)(2.0875 × 106 )
h= = = 323 mm h = 323 mm 
b 120
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.68
SOLUTION
For equilibrium B = E = 12 kN
Shear diagram A to B − V = −20 kN
B + to C − V = −20 + 12 = −8
C + to D − V = −8 + 8 = 0
D + to E − V = 0 + 8 = 8 kN
E + to F V = 8 + 12 = 20 kN
Areas of shear diagram
A to B (0.6)( −20) = −12 kNm
B to C (0.6)( −8) = −4.8 kNm
C to D (0.9)(0) = 0
D to E (0.6)(8) = 4.8 kNm
E to F (0.6)(20) = 12 kNm
M B = 0 − 12 = −12 kNm
M C = −12 − 48 = −16.8 kNm
M D = −16.8 + 0 = −16.8 kNm
M E = −16.8 + 4.8 = −12
M F = −12 + 12 = 0
|M |max = 16.8 kNm
Required value for S
|M |max 16.8 × 103
S= = = 1400 × 10−6 m3
σ all 12 × 10 6
1 3 1
For rectangular section I= bh , C = h
12 2
I bh 2 (b)(0.24) 2
S= = = = 0.0096 b
C 6 6
Equating the two expressions for S
0.0096 b = 1400 × 10−6
= 0.146 m b = 146 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.69
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress of
12 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, B=C
ΣFy = 0: B + C + 2.5 + 2.5 − (3)(6) = 0 B = C = 6.5 kN

Shear:
A to B: V = 2.5 kN
VB+ = 2.5 + 6.5 = 9 kN
VC − = 9 − (3)(6) = −9 kN
C to D: V = −9 + 6.5 = −2.5 kN
A to B:  Vdx = (0.6)(2.5) = 1.5 kN ⋅ m

1
B to E:  Vdx =  2  (1.5)(9) = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
E to C:  Vdx = −6.75 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = −1.5 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: MA =0
MB = 0 + 1.5 = 1.5 kN ⋅ m
ME = 1.5 + 6.75 = 8.25 kN ⋅ m
MC = 8.25 − 6.75 = 1.5 kN ⋅ m
MD = 1.5 − 1.5 = 0
Maximum |M | = 8.25 kN ⋅ m = 8.25 × 103 N ⋅ m

σ all = 12 MPa = 12 × 106 Pa
|M |max 8.25 × 103
Smin = = = 687.5 × 10−6 m3 = 687.5 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 10 6
1
For a rectangular section, S = bh 2
6
 1
687.5 × 103 =   (100) h 2
6
(6)(687.5 × 103 )
h2 = = 41.25 × 103 mm 2 h = 203 mm 
100
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.70
SOLUTION
M B = 0: − 2.4 A + (0.6)(3.6)(3) = 0 A = 2.7 kN
M A = 0: −(1.8)(3.6)(3) + 2.4 B = 0 B = 8.1 kN
Shear: VA = 2.7 kN
VB − = 2.7 − (2.4)(3) = −4.5 kN
VB+ = −4.5 + 8.1 = 3.6 kN
VC = 3.6 − (1.2)(3) = 0
d 2.4 − d
Locate point D where V = 0. = 7.2 d = 6.48
2.7 4.5
d = 0.9 m 2.4 − d = 1.5 m
1
A to D:  Vdx =  2  (0.9)(2.7) = 1.215 kN ⋅ m
1
D to B:  Vdx =  2  (1.5)(−4.5) = −3.375 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C:  Vdx =  2  (1.2)(3.6) = 2.16 kN ⋅ m
M D = 0 + 1.215 = 1.215 kN ⋅ m
M B = 1.215 − 3.375 = −2.16 kN ⋅ m
M C = −2.16 + 2.16 = 0
Maximum |M | = 2.16 kN ⋅ m = 2.16 × 103 N ⋅ m σ all = 12 MPa = 12 × 106 Pa
|M | 2.16 × 103
Smin = = = 180 × 10−6 m3 = 180 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 10 6
1 1
For rectangular section, S = bh 2 = b(150)2 = 180 × 103
6 6
(6)(180 × 103 )
b= b = 48.0 mm 
1502
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.71
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select
the most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0 −3.6 A + (3)(100) + (2.4)(100) + (1.8)(100) = 0 A = 200 kN

ΣM A = 0 3.6 E − (1.8)(100) − (1.2)(100) − (0.6)(100) = 0 E = 100 kN
Shear:
A to B V = 200 kN
B to C V = 200 − 100 = 100 kN
C to D V = 100 − 100 = 0
D to E V = 0 − 100 = −100 kN
A to B  Vdx = (0.6)(200) = 120 kN ⋅ m
B to C  Vdx = (0.6)(100) = 60 kN ⋅ m
C to D  Vdx = 0
D to E  Vdx = (1.8)(−100) = −162 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 120 = 120 kN ⋅ m
M C = 120 + 60 = 180 kN ⋅ m
M D = 180 + 0 = 180 kN ⋅ m
M E = 180 − 180 = 0
Maximum |M | = 180 kN ⋅ m = 180 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
|M | 180 × 103
Smin = = = 1.125 × 10−3 m3 = 1125 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 10 6
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W530 × 66 1340
W460 × 74 1460
W360 × 79 1280
W250 × 101 1240
Lightest wide flange beam W530 × 66 @ 66 kg/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.72
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 165 MPa, select
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0 − 7.2 A + (40)(7.2)(3.6) + (100)(4.5) = 0 A = 206.5 kN

ΣM A = 0 7.2C − (40)(7.2)(3.6) − (100)(2.7) = 0 C = 181.5 kN
Shear:
VA = 206.5
VB− = 206.5 − (40)(2.7) = 98.5 kN
VB+ = 98.5 − 100 = −1.5 kN
VC = −1.5 − (40)(4.5) = −181.5
1
A to B 
Vdx =   (2.7)(206.5 + 98.5) = 411.75 kNm
2
1
B to C 
Vdx =   (4.5)(−1.5 − 181.5) = −411.75 kNm
2
M B = 0 + 411.75 = 411.75 kNm
M C = 411.75 − 411.75 = 0
σ all = 165 MPa
|M | 411.75 × 103
Smin = = = 2.495 × 10−3 m3 = 2495 × 103 mm3
σ all 165 × 10 6
Shape S (mm × 103 )

W690 × 125 3510
W610 × 101 2530←
W530 × 150 3720
W460 × 113 2400
W360 × 216 3800
Lightest wide flange beam W610 × 101 @ 101 kg/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.73
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select the
most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
 18 − 6 
w = 6 + x  = (6 + 2 x) kN/m
 6 
dV
= −w = −6 − 2 x
dx
V = −6 x − x 2 + C1
V = 0 at x = 0, C1 = 0
dM
= V = −6 x − x 2
dx
1
M = −3x 2 − x3 + C2
3
M = 0 at x = 0, C2 = 0
1 3
M = −3x 2 − x
3
M max
occurs at x = 6 m.
1
M = −(3)(6)2 −   (6)3 = 80 kN ⋅ m = 180 × 103 N ⋅ m
max
3
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
M 180 × 103
Smin = = = 1.125 × 10−3 m3 = 1125 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S, ( 103 mm3 )
W530 × 66 1340 ←
W460 × 74 1460 Lightest acceptable wide flange beam: W530 × 66 
W410 × 85 1510
W360 × 79 1270
W310 × 107 1600
W250 × 101 1240
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.74
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select the most
economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
Shape S, ( 103 mm3 )

Section modulus
W610 × 101 2520
σ all = 160 Mpa
M max 286 kN ⋅ m W530 × 92 2080 ← 
Smin = = = 1787 × 10−6 m3
σ all 160 MPa
W460 × 113 2390
= 1787 × 103 mm3
W410 × 114 2200
W360 × 122 2020
W310 × 143 2150
Use W530 × 92 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.75
most economical S-shape beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
Reaction:  M D = 0 : − 10 A + (7.5)(60) + (5)(40) = 0

A = 65 kN ↑
Shear diagram:
A to B: V = 65 kN
B to C: V = 65 − 60 = 5 kN
C to D: V = 5 − 40 = −35 kN
A to B: (2.5)(65) = 162.5 kN ⋅ m
B to C: (2.5)(5) = 12.5 kN ⋅ m
C to D: (5)(−35) = −175 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 162.5 = 162.5 kN ⋅ m
M C = 162.5 + 12.5 = 175 kN ⋅ m
M D = 175 − 175 = 0
M max
= 175 kN ⋅ m = 175 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
Shape Sx, ( 103 mm3 ) M 175 × 103

Smin = = = 1093.75 × 10−6 m3
S610 × 119 2870 σ all 160 × 106
= 1093.75 × 103 mm3
S510 × 98.2 1950
Lightest S-section: S460 × 81.4 
S460 × 81.4 1460 ←
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.76
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, B = C.
 Fy = 0 : − 70 + B − (9)(45) + C − 70 = 0
B = C = 272.5 kN ↑
Shear: VA = −70 kN
VB − = −70 + 0 = −70 kN
VB + = −70 + 272.5 = 202.5 kN
VC − = 202.5 − (9)(45) = −202.5 kN
VC + = −202.5 + 272.5 = 70 kN
VD = 70 kN
Draw shear diagram. Locate point E where V = 0 .

E is the midpoint of BC.
A to B:  Vdx = (3)(−70) = −210 kN ⋅ m
1
B to E:  Vdx = 2 (4.5)(202.5) = 455.625 kN ⋅ m
1
E to C:  Vdx = 2 (4.5)(−202.5) = −455.625 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (3)(70) = 210 kN ⋅ m
without permission.
Shape S( 103 mm3 )
M B = 0 − 210 = −210.5 kN ⋅ m
S610 × 119 2870
M E = −210 + 455.625 = 245.625 kN
S510 × 98.2 1950 ←
M C = 245.625 − 455.625 = −210 kN
M D = −210 + 210 = 0 S460 × 104 1690
M max
= 245.625kN ⋅ m = 245.625 × 103 N ⋅ m
Lightest S-shape S510 × 98.2 
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
M
σ =
S
M 245.625 × 103
S = = = 1.5352 × 10−3 m3
σ 160 × 10 6
= 1535.2 × 103 mm3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.77
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select the most
economical S-shape beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
 M B = 0 0.8 A − (0.4)(2.4)(100) − (1.6)80) = 0 A = 280 kN ↓

 M A = 0 0.8B − (1.2)(2.4)(100) − (2.4)(80) = 0 B = 600 kN ↑
Shear: VA = −280 kN
VB − = −280 − (0.8)(100) = −360 kN
VB + = −360 + 600 = 240 kN
VC = 240 − (1.6)(100) = 80 kN
1
A to B   (0.8)(−280 − 360) = −256 kN ⋅ m
2
1
B to C   (1.6)(240 + 80) = 256 kN ⋅ m
2
M B = 0 − 256 = −256 kN ⋅ m
M C = −256 + 256 = 0
Maximum |M | = 256 kN ⋅ m = 256 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
|M | 256 × 103
Smin = = = 1.6 × 10−3 m3 = 1600 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S (103 mm3 )
S510 × 98.3 1950 Lightest S-section S510 × 98.3 
S460 × 104 1685

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.78
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: −3.6 A + (2.7)(80) + (0.9)(1.8)(30) = 0 A = 73.5 kN ↑

ΣM A = 0: 3.6 D − (0.9)(80) − (2.7)(1.8)(30) = 0 D = 60.5 kN ↑
Shear:
A to B. V = 73.5 kN
B to C. V = 73.5 − 80 = −6.5 kN
VD = −6.5 − (1.8)(30) = −60.5 kN
Areas of the shear diagram.
A to B.  Vdx = (0.9)(73.5) = 66.15 kN ⋅ m
B to C.  Vdx = (0.9)(−6.5) = −5.85 kN ⋅ m
1
C to D.  2  (1.8)(−6.5 − 60.5) = −60.30 kN ⋅ m
 
M B = 0 + 66.15 = 66.15 kN ⋅ m
M C = 66.15 − 5.85 = 60.30 kN ⋅ m
M D = 66.30 − 66.30 = 0
Maximum |M | = 66.15 kN ⋅ m = 66.15 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
|M | 66.15 × 103
Smin = = = 413.4 × 10−6 m3 = 413.4 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S (103 mm3 )
S380 × 64 971
S310 × 47.3 593
S250 × 52 482
Lightest S-section S310 × 47.3 @ 47.3 kg/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.79
Two L102 × 76 rolled-steel angles are bolted together and used to

support the loading shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress for
the steel used is 140 MPa, determine the maximum angle of thickness
that can be used.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A = C
Σ Fy = 0: A − (2)(4.5) − 9 + C = 0
A = C = 9 kN ↑
Shear: VA = 9 kN
VB − = 9 − (1)(4.5) = 4.5 kN
VB + = 4.5 − 9 = −4.5 kN
VC = −4.5 − (1)(4.5) = −9 kN

1
A to B:  Vdx = 2 (1)(9 + 4.5) = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C:  Vdx = 2 (1)(−9 − 4.5) = −6.75 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 6.75 = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
M C = 6.75 − 6.75 = 0
Maximum |M | = 6.75 kN ⋅ m = 6.75 × 103 N ⋅ m

σ all = 140 MPa = 140 × 106 Pa
|M | 6.75 × 103
For the section of two angles, Smin = = = 48.21 × 10−6 m3
σ all 140 × 106
= 48.21× 103 mm3
1
For each angle, Smin = (48.21) = 24.105 × 103 mm3
2
Shape S (103 mm3 )
L102 × 76 × 12.7 31.1 ← Lightest angle is L102 × 76 × 12.7 
L102 × 76 × 9.5 24.0 tmin = 12.7 mm 
L102 × 76 × 6.4 16.6

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.80
Two metric rolled-steel channels are to be welded along their edges

and used to support the loading shown. Knowing that the allowable
normal stress for the steel used is 150 MPa, determine the most
economical channels that can be used.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A=E
ΣFy = 0: A + E − 20 − 20 − 20 = 0
A = E = 30 kN
Shear:
A to B. V = 30 kN
B to C. V = 30 − 20 = 10 kN
C to D. V = 10 − 20 = −10 kN
D to E. V = −10 − 20 = −30 kN
Areas:
A to B. (0.675)(30) = 20.25 kN ⋅ m
B to C. (0.675)(10) = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
C to D. (0.675)(−10) = −6.75 kN ⋅ m
D to E. (0.675)(−30) = −20.25 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 20.25 = 20.25 kN ⋅ m
M C = 20.25 + 6.75 = 27 kN ⋅ m
M D = 27 − 6.75 = 20.25 kN ⋅ m
M E = 20.25 − 20.25 = 0
Maximum |M | = 27 kN ⋅ m = 27 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 150 MPa = 150 × 106 Pa
|M | 27 × 103
For a section consisting of two channels, Smin = = = 180 × 10−6 m3 = 180 × 103 mm3
σ all 150 × 10 6
1
For each channel, Smin =   (180 × 103 ) = 90 × 103 mm3
2
Shape S (103 mm3 )
C180 × 14.6 99.2 ←
C150 × 19.3 93.6
Lightest channel section: C180 × 14.6 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.81
Three steel plates are welded together to form the beam shown.
Knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 154 MPa,
determine the minimum flange width b that can be used.
SOLUTION
Reactions.
Σ M E = 0: −12.6 A + (11.3)(32) + (7.1)(128) + (2.9)(128) = 0
A = 130.3 kN ↑
Σ M A = 0: 12.6 E − (1.3)(32) − (5.5)(128) − (9.7)(128) = 0
E = 157.7 kN ↑
Shear:
A to B. 130.3 kN
B to C. 130.3 − 32 = 98.3 kN
C to D. 98.3 − 128 = −29.7 kN
D to E. −29.7 − 128 = −157.7 kN
Areas:
A to B. (1.3)(130.3) = 169.39 kNm
B to C. (4.2)(98.3) = 412.86 kNm
C to D. (4.2)(−29.7) = −124.74 kNm
D to E. (2.9)(−157.7) = −457.33 kNm
M B = 0 + 169.39 = 169.39 kNm
M C = 169.39 + 412.86 = 582.25 kNm
M D = 582.25 − 124.74 = 457.51 kNm
M E = 457.51 − 457.33 = 0
σ all = 154 MPa
|M | 582.25 × 103
Smin = = = 3.7808 × 10−3 m3 = 3.7808 × 106 mm3
σ all 154 × 106
1 1 
I = (19)(475)3 + 2  (b)(25) 2 + (b)(25)(250)2  = 169688802 + 3127604b
12 12 
C = 237.5 + 25 = 262.5 mm
I
Smin = = 646433.5 + 11914.7b = 3.7808 × 106 b = 263 mm 
C
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.82
A steel pipe of 100-mm diameter is to support the loading shown.

Knowing that the stock of pipes available has thicknesses varying
from 6 mm to 24 mm in 3-mm increments, and that the allowable
normal stress for the steel used is 150 MPa, determine the minimum
wall thickness t that can be used.
SOLUTION
 M A = 0 : − M A − (1)(1.5) − (1.5)(1.5) − (2)(1.5) = 0 M A = −6.75 kN ⋅ m

M max
= M A = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
M 6.75 × 103 N ⋅ m
Smin = max
= = 45 × 10−6 m3 = 45 × 103 mm3
σ all 150 × 10 Pa
6
I min
Smin = I min = c2 Smin = (50)(45 × 103 ) = 2.25 × 106 mm 4
c2
π
I m in =
4
(c 4
2 − c1max
4
)
4 4
4
c1max = c24 − I min = (50) 4 − (2.25 × 106 ) = 3.3852 × 106 mm 4
π π
c1max = 42.894 mm
tmin = c2 − c1max = 50 − 42.894 = 7.106 mm
t = 9 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.83
Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed and

knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 165 MPa, select
SOLUTION
1600
Distributed reaction q = = 444.4 kN/m
3.6
Shear: VA = 0
VB − = 0 + (1.2)(444.4) = 533.3 kN
VB + = 533.3 − 0.8 = −266.7 kN
VC − = −0.267 + 1.2(444.4) = 266.7 kN
VC + = 266.7 − 0.8 = −533.3 kN
VD = −533.3 + (1.2)(444.4) = 0 kN
1
Areas: A to B  2  (1.2)(533.3) = 320 kNm
 
1
B to E  2  (0.6)(−266.7) = −80 kNm
 
1
E to C  2  (0.6)(−266.7) = 80 kNm
 
1
C to D  2  (1.2)(−533.3) = −320 kNm
 
M B = 0 + 320 = 320 kNm
M E = 320 − 80 = 240 kNm
M C = 240 + 80 = 320 kNm
M D = 320 − 320 = 0
Shape S (×103 mm3 )
Maximum |M | = 320 kNm
W530 × 92 2070 ←
σ all = 165 MPa
W460 × 113 2400
|M | 320000
W410 × 114 2200 Smin = = = 1.939 × 10−3 m3
σ all 165 × 10 6
W360 × 122 2010

= 1.939103 mm 3
W310 × 143 2150
Lightest W-shaped section
W250 × 167 2080
W 530 × 92 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.84
Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed and

knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 170 MPa, select
SOLUTION
2
Downward distributed load: w= = 2 MN/m
1.0
2
Upward distributed reaction: q= = 0.8 MN/m
2.5
Net distributed load over BC: 1.2 MN/m
Shear: VA = 0
VB = 0 + (0.75)(0.8) = 0.6 MN
VC = 0.6 − (1.0)(1.2) = −0.6 MN
VD = −0.6 + (0.75)(0.8) = 0
Areas:
1
A to B:  2  (0.75) (0.6) = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
 
1
B to E :  2  (0.5) (0.6) = 0.150 MN ⋅ m
 
1
E to C :  2  (0.5) (−0.6) = −0.150 MN ⋅ m
 
1
C to D :  2  (0.75) (−0.6) = −0.225 MN ⋅ m
 
M B = 0 + 0.225 = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
M E = 0.225 + 0.150 = 0.375 MN ⋅ m
M C = 0.375 − 0.150 = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
M D = 0.225 − 0.225 = 0
Maximum |M | = 0.375 MN ⋅ m = 375 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 170 MPa = 170 × 106 Pa

|M | 375 × 103
Smin = = = 2.206 × 10−3 m3 = 2206 × 103 mm3
σ all 170 × 10 6
without permission.
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W 690 × 125 3510
W 610 × 101 2530 ← Lightest wide flange section: W 610 × 101 
W 530 × 150 3720
W 460 × 113 2400
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.85
Determine the allowable value of P for the loading shown,

knowing that the allowable normal stress is +55 MPa in tension
and −125 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions. B = D = 1.5 P ↑
Shear diagram.
A to B − V = −P
B + to C − V = − P + 1.5P = 0.5P
C + to D − V = 0.5P − P = −0.5P
D + to E V = −0.5P + 1.5P = P
Areas. A to B (0.25)(− P) = −0.25P
B to C (1.5)(0.5P) = 0.75P
C to D (1.5)(−0.5P) = −0.75P
D to E (0.25)( P) = 0.25P
MB = 0 − 0.25P = −0.25 P
MC = −0.25 P + 0.75P = 0.5P
MD = 0.5P − 0.75P = −0.25 P
ME = −0.25 P + 0.25P = 0
Largest positive bending moment = 0.5P
Largest negative bending moment = −0.25P
Centroid and moment of inertia.
Part A, mm 2 y0 , mm Ay0 , mm3 d , mm Ad 2 mm 4 I , mm 4

 3125 87.5 273437 43.75 5.981 × 106 4.069 × 106
 4375 12.5 54687 31.25 4.273 × 106 0.228 × 106
Σ 7500 328124 10.254 × 106 4.3 × 106
328124
Y = = 43.75 mm
7500
I = ΣAd 2 + ΣI = 14.554 × 106 mm 4
without permission.
Top: y = 106.25 mm
Bottom: y = −43.75 mm
My
σ =−
I
(−0.25P)(0.10625)
Top, Tension 55 × 106 = − P = 30.1 kN
14.544 × 10−6
(0.5 P)(0.10625)
Top, Comp. −125 × 106 = − P = 34.2 kN
14.544 × 10−6
(0.5P )(−0.04375)
Bot. Tension 55 × 106 = − P = 36.6 kN
14.544 × 10−6
(−0.25P)(−0.04375)
Bot. Comp. −125 × 106 = − P = 166.2 kN
14.544 × 10 −6
Smallest value of P is the allowable value P = 30.1 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.86
Solve Prob. 5.87, assuming that the T-shaped beam is inverted.
PROBLEM 5.87 Determine the allowable value of P for

the loading shown, knowing that the allowable normal stress is
+55 MPa in tension and −125 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions. B = D = 1.5 P ↑
Shear diagram.
A to B − V = −P
B + to C − V = − P + 1.5P = 0.5P
C + to D − V = 0.5P − P = −0.5P
D + to E V = −0.5P + 1.5P = P
Areas. A to B (0.25)(− P) = −0.25P
B to C (1.5)(0.5P) = 0.75P
C to D (1.5)(−0.5P) = −0.75P
D to E (0.25)( P) = 0.25P
MB = 0 − 0.25P = −0.25 P
MC = −0.25 P + 0.75P = 0.5P
MD = 0.5P − 0.75P = −0.25 P
ME = −0.25 P + 0.25P = 0
Largest positive bending moment = 0.5P
Largest negative bending moment = −0.25P
Centroid and moment of inertia:
Part A, mm 2 y0 , mm Ay , mm3 d , mm Ad 2 mm4 I , mm4

 3125 62.5 195312 43.75 5.981 × 106 4.069 × 106
 4375 137.5 601562 31.25 4.273 × 106 0.228 × 106
Σ 7500 796874 10.254 × 106 4.3 × 106
796874
Y = = 106.25
7500
I = Σ Ad 2 + ΣI = 14.544 × 106 mm4
without permission.
Top: y = 43.75 mm
Bottom: y = −106.25 mm
My
σ =−
I
(−0.25P)(0.04375)
Top, Tension 55 × 106 = − P = 73.1 kN
4.544 × 10−6
(0.5 P)(0.04375)
Top, Comp. −125 × 106 = − P = 83.1 kN
4.544 × 10−6
(0.5P)(−0.10625)
Bot. Tension 55 × 106 = − P = 15.1 kN
4.544 × 10−6
(−0.25P)(−0.10625)
Bot. Comp. −125 × 106 = − P = 68.4 kN
4.544 × 10−6
Smallest value of P is the allowable value P = 15.1 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.87
Deetermine the largest permissible distributed load w foor the

beeam shown, knowing that the allowable normal streess is
+880 MPa in tension and −130 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactioons. By symmetry, B = C
 Fy = 0 : B + C − 0.9w = 0
B = C = 0.45w ↑
Shear: VA = 0
VB− = 0 − 0.2w = −0.2w

VB+ = −0.2w + 0.45w = 0.25w
VC − = 0.25w − 0.5w = −0.25w
VC + = −0.25w + 0.45w = 0.2w
VD = 0.2w − 0.2w = 0
1
Areas: A to B. (0.2)(−0.2w) = −0.02w
2
1
B to E (0.25)(0.25w) = 0.03125w
2
Bendingg moments: MA = 0
M B = 0 − 0.02w = −0.02w
M E = −0.02w + 0.03125w = 0.01125w
Part A, mm 2 y , mm Ay (103 mm3 ) d , mm. Ad 2 (103 mm 4 ) I (103 mm 4 )
 1200 70 84 20 480 40
 1200 30 36 20 480 360
Σ 2400 120 960 400
120 × 103
Y = = 50 mm
2400
I =  Ad 2 +  I = 1360 × 103 mm 4
without permission.
Top: I /y = (1360 × 103 )/30 = 45.333 × 103 mm3 = 45.333 × 10−6 m3
Bottom: I /y = (1360 × 103 ) / (−50) = −27.2 × 103 mm3 = −27.2 × 10−6 m3

Bending moment limits ( M = −σ I / y ) and load limits w.
Tension at B and C : −0.02 w = −(80 × 106 ) (45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 181.3 × 103 N/m
Compression at B and C : −0.02 w = −(−130 × 106 )(27.2 × 10−6 ) w = 176.8 × 103 N/m
Tension at E: 0.01125 w = −(80 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10−6 ) w = 193.4 × 103 N/m
Compression at E: 0.01125 w = −(−130 × 10) (45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 523.8 × 103 N/m
The smallest allowable load controls: w = 176.8 × 103 N/m
w = 176.8 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.88
Solve Prob. 5.87, assuming that the cross section of the beam is
reversed, with the flange of the beam resting on the supports at
B and C.
PROBLEM 5.87 Determine the largest permissible distributed

load w for the beam shown, knowing that the allowable normal
stress is +80 MPa in tension and −130 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, B = C
Σ Fy = 0: B + C − 0.9 w = 0
B = C = 0.45 w ↑
Shear: VA = 0
VB− = 0 − 0.2 w = −0.2 w
VB+ = −0.2 w + 0.45 w = 0.25 w
VC − = 0.25 w − 0.5 w = −0.25 w
VC + = −0.25 w + 0.45 w = 0.2 w
VD = 0.2 w − 0.2 w = 0
Areas:
1
A to B: (0.2)( −0.2 w) = −0.02 w
2
1
B to E: (0.25) (0.25 w) = 0.03125 w
2
M B = 0 − 0.02 w = −0.02 w
M E = −0.02 w + 0.03125 w = 0.01125 w
Part A, mm 2 y , mm Ay , (103 mm3 ) d , mm Ad 2 (103 mm4 ) I , (103 mm 4 )

 1200 50 60 20 480 360
 1200 10 12 20 480 40
Σ 2400 72 960 400
72 × 103
Y = = 30 mm I = Σ Ad 2 + ΣI = 1360 × 103 mm3
2400
without permission.
Top: I /y = (1360 × 103 ) / (50) = 27.2 × 103 mm3 = 27.2 × 10−6 m3
Bottom: I /y = (1360 × 103 ) / (−30) = −45.333 × 108 mm3 = −45.333 × 10−6 m3

Bending moment limits ( M = −σ I / y ) and load limits w.
Tension at B and C: −0.02 w = −(80 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10−6 ) w = 108.8 × 103 N/m
Compression at B and C: −0.02 w = −( −130 × 106 ) (−45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 294.7 × 103 N/m
Tension at E: 0.01125 w = −(80 × 106 ) (−45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 322.4 × 103 N/m
Compression at E: 0.01125 w = −(−130 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10−6 ) w = 314.3 × 103 N/m
The smallest allowable load controls: w = 108.8 × 103 N/m

w = 108.8 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.89
A 240-kN load is to be supported at the center of the 5-m span shown.

Knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 165 MPa,
determine (a) the smallest allowable length l of beam CD if the
W 310 × 74 beam AB is not to be overstressed, (b) the most economical
W shape that can be used for beam CD. Neglect the weight of both
beams.
SOLUTION
For rolled steel section W310 × 74 of beam AB

S = 1060 × 103 mm3 = 1060 × 10−6 m3
σ all = 165 MPa = 165 × 106 Pa
Allowable bending moment.
M all = Sσ all = (1060 × 10−6 )(165 × 106 )
= 174.9 × 103 N ⋅ m
= 174.9 kN ⋅ m
(a) Beam AB.
Area A to C of shear diagram = 120 a
Bending moment at C 120 a
120a = 174.9 = 1.4575 m
Geometry: 2a + l = 5 l = 5 − 2a = 2.085 m 
(b) Beam CD (midpoint E)
Area C to E of shear diagram
= (1.0425)(120) = 125.1 kN ⋅ m
Bending moment at E.
M = 125.1 kN ⋅ m = 125.1 × 103 N ⋅ m
M 125.1 × 103
Smin = = = 758.2 × 10−6 m3
σ all 165 × 10 6
= 758.2 × 103 mm3
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W460 × 52 942
W410 × 46.1 774 ←
W360 × 57.8 899
W310 × 60 851
W250 × 67 809
W200 × 86 853
Answer: W410 × 46.1 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.90
A uniformly distributed load of 66 kN/m is to be supported over

the 6-m span shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress for
the steel used is 140 MPa, determine (a) the smallest allowable
length l of beam CD if the W460 × 74 beam AB is not to be
overstressed, (b) the most economical W shape that can be used
for beam CD. Neglect the weight of both beams.
SOLUTION
For W460 × 74,

S = 1460 × 103 mm3 = 1460 × 10−6 m3
σ all = 140 MPa = 140 × 106 Pa
M all = Sσ all = (1460 × 10−6 )(140 × 106 )
= 204.4 × 103 N ⋅ m = 204.4 kN ⋅ m
Reactions: By symmetry, A = B, C=D
+↑ ΣFy = 0: A + B − (6)(66) = 0
A = B = 198 kN = 198 × 103 N
+ΣFy = 0: C + D − 66l = 0
C = D = (33l ) kN (1)
Shear and bending moment in beam AB:
0 < x < a, V = 198 − 66 x kN
M = 198 x − 33x 2 kN ⋅ m
At C, x = a. M = M max
M = 198a − 33a 2 kN ⋅ m
Set M = M all . 198a − 33a 2 = 204.4
33a 2 − 198a + 204.4 = 0

a = 4.6751 m , 1.32487 m
(a) By geometry, l = 6 − 2a = 3.35 m l = 3.35 m 

From (1), C = D = 110.56 kN
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams for beam CD. V = 0 at point E, the midpoint of CD.
without permission.
1 1 
Area from A to E: Vdx = 2 (110.560)  2 l  = 92.602 kN ⋅ m
M E = 92.602 kN ⋅ m = 92.602 × 103 N ⋅ m
ME 92.602 × 103
Smin = = = 661.44 × 10−6 m3
σ all 140 × 106
= 661.44 × 103 mm3
Shape S (103 mm3 )
W410 × 46.1 774

W360 × 44 693 ← (b) Use W360 × 44. 
W310 × 52 748
W250 × 58 693
W200 × 71 709
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.91
Beam ABC is bolted to beams DBE and

FCG. Knowing that the allowable
normal stress is 165 MPa, select the
most economical wide-flange shape that
can be used (a) for beam ABC, (b) for
beam DBE, (c) for beam FCG.
SOLUTION
(a) Beam ABC
M B = −(65)(2.4) = −156 kNm
(b) Beam DBE | M |max = 156 kNm
| M |max 156 × 103

Smin = = = 945.5 × 10−6 m3
σ all 165 × 106
= 945.5 × 103 mm3
Shape S , ( x103 mm3 )

W530 × 66 1340
W460 × 74 1460
 W410 × 60 1060 ← (a) W410 × 60 
 W360 × 64 1030
| M |max = 195 kNm W310 × 74 1060
|M |max 195 × 103 W250 × 101 1240
Smin = =
σ all 165 × 106 
= 1181 × 103 mm3
W530 × 66 1340 ← (b) W530 × 66 
W460 × 74 1460
W410 × 85 1510
W360 × 74 1280
W310 × 107 1590
W250 × 101 1240

without permission.
(c) Beam FCG

W460 × 52 942
W410 × 38.8 637 ← (c) Use W410 × 38.8 
W360 × 44 693
W310 × 44.5 634
W250 × 58 693
W200 × 71 709
| M |max = 97.5 kNm

|M |max 97500
Smin = =
σ all 165 × 106 
= 590.1 × 103 mm3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.92
Beams AB, BC, and CD have the cross section shown

and are pin-connected at B and C. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress is +110 MPa in tension and
−150 MPa in compression, determine (a) the largest
permissible value of w if beam BC is not to be
overstressed, (b) the corresponding maximum
distance a for which the cantilever beams AB and CD
are not overstressed.
SOLUTION
M B = MC = 0
1
VB = −VC =   (7.2) w = 3.6 w
2
Area B to E of shear diagram:
1
 2  (3.6) (3.6 w) = 6.48 w
 
M E = 0 + 6.48 w = 6.48 w
Part A (mm2 ) y (mm) Ay (mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (mm4 ) I (mm4 )

 2500 156.25 390625 34.82 3.031 × 106 0.0326 × 106
 1875 75 140625 46.43 4.042 × 106 3.516 × 106
Σ 4375 531250 7.073 × 106 3.548 × 106
531250
Y = = 121.43 mm
4375
I = ΣAd 2 + ΣI = 10.621 × 106 mm 4
Location y (mm) I / y (103 mm3 ) ← also (10−6 m3 )

Top 41.07 258.6
Bottom −121.43 −87.47
without permission.
Bending moment limits: M = −σ I / y
Tension at E: −(110 × 106 ) (−87.47 × 10−6 ) = 9.622 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at E: −(−150 × 10−6 )(258.6 × 10−6 ) = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
Tension at A and D: −(110 × 106 ) (258.6 × 10−6 ) = −28.45 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at A and D: −(−150 × 106 )(−87.47 × 10−6 ) = −13.121 × 103 N ⋅ m
(a) Allowable load w : 6.48 w = 9.622 × 103 w = 1.485 × 103 N/m w = 1.485 kN/m 
Shear at A : VA = (a + 3.6) w
1 1
Area A to B of shear diagram: a (VA + VB ) = a (a + 7.2) w
2 2
1
Bending moment at A (also D): M A = − a (a + 7.2) w
2
1
− a(a + 7.2)(4.485 × 103 ) = −13.121 × 103
2
1 2
(b) Distance a : a + 3.6a − 8.837 = 0 a = 1.935 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.93
Beams AB, BC, and CD have the cross section shown

and are pin-connected at B and C. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress is +110 MPa in tension and
−150 MPa in compression, determine (a) the largest
permissible value of P if beam BC is not to be
overstressed, (b) the corresponding maximum
distance a for which the cantilever beams AB and CD
are not overstressed.
SOLUTION
M B = MC = 0
VB = −VC = P
Area B to E of shear diagram: 2.4 P
M E = 0 + 2.4 P = 2.4 P = M F

 2500 156.25 390625 34.82 3.031 × 106 0.0326 × 106
 1875 75 140625 46.43 4.042 × 106 3.516 × 106
Σ 4375 531250 7.073 × 106 3.548 × 106
531250
Y = = 121.43 mm
4375
I = ΣAd 2 + ΣI = 10.621 × 106 mm 4
Location y (mm) I / y (103 mm3 ) ← also (10−6 m3 )

Top 41.07 258.6
Bottom −121.43 −87.47
without permission.
Bending moment limits: M = −σ I / y
Tension at E and F: − (110 × 106 ) (−87.47 × 10−6 ) = 9.622 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at E and F: −(−150 × 106 )(258.6 × 10−6 ) = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
Tension at A and D: −(110 × 106 ) (258.6 × 10−6 ) = −28.45 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at A and D: −(−150 × 106 )(−87.47 × 10−6 ) = −13.121 × 103 N ⋅ m
(a) Allowable load P : 2.4 P = 9.622 × 103 P = 4.01 × 103 N P = 4.01 kN 
Shear at A: VA = P
Area A to B of shear diagram: aVA = aP
Bending moment at A: M A = −aP = −4.01 × 103 a
(b) Distance a: −4.01× 103 a = −13.121 × 103 a = 3.27 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.94
A bridge of length L = 15 m is to be built on a secondary road whose

access to trucks is limited to two-axle vehicles of medium weight. It will
consist of a concrete slab and of simply supported steel beams with an
ultimate strength of σ U = 420 MPa. The combined weight of the slab and
beams can be approximated by a uniformly distributed load w = 11 kN/m
on each beam. For the purpose of the design, it is assumed that a truck
with axles located at a distance a = 4 m from each other will be driven
across the bridge and that the resulting concentrated loads P1 and P2
exerted on each beam could be as large as 95 kN and 25 kN,
respectively. Determine the most economical wide-flange shape for
the beams, using LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.25, γ L = 1.75 and
the resistance factor φ = 0.9. [Hint: It can be shown that the maximum
value of |M L | occurs under the larger load when that load is located to
the left of the center of the beam at a distance equal to aP2 ( P1 + P2 ).]
SOLUTION
L = 15 m a = 4 m P1 = 96 kN
P2 = 25 kN W = 11 kN/m
1
Dead load: RA = RB =   (15)(11) = 82.5 kN
2
Area A to E of shear diagram
1
 2  (7.5)(82.5) = 309.4
 
M max = 309.4 kNm at point E
aP2 (4)(25)
Live load: u= = = 0.417 m
2( P1 + P2 ) (2)(120)
L
x= − u = 7.5 − 0.417 = 7.083 m
2
x + a = 7.083 + 4 = 11.083 m
L − x − a = 15 − 11.083 = 3.92
ΣM B = 0 −15 RA + (7.92)(95) + (3.92)(25) = 0
RA = 56.7 kN
without permission.
Shear:
A to C V = 56.7 kN
C to D V = 56.7 − 95 = −38.3
D to B V = −63.3
Area:
A to C (7.083)(56.7) = 401.6 kNm
Bending moment: M C = 401.6 kNm
Design:
γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ M U = ϕσ all Smin
γ DMD + γ LML
Smin =
ϕσ all
(1.25)(309.4 × 103 ) + (1.75)(401.6 × 103 )
=
(0.9)(420 × 106 )
= 2882.4 × 10−6 m3 = 2882.4 × 103 mm3
Shape S ( x103 mm3 )

W 690 × 125 3510 ←
W 610 × 155 4220 W 690 × 125 
W 530 × 150 3720
W 460 × 158 3340
W 360 × 216 3800

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.95
Assuming that the front and rear axle loads remain in the same ratio as
for the truck of Prob. 5.94, determine how much heavier a truck could
safely cross the bridge designed in that problem.
PROBLEM 5.94 A bridge of length L = 15 m is to be built on a

secondary road whose access to trucks is limited to two-axle vehicles of
medium weight. It will consist of a concrete slab and of simply
supported steel beams with an ultimate strength σ U = 420 MPa. The
combined weight of the slab and beams can be approximated by
a uniformly distributed load w = 11 kN/m on each beam. For the
purpose of the design, it is assumed that a truck with axles located at a
distance a = 4 m from each other will be driven across the bridge and
that the resulting concentrated loads P1 and P2 exerted on each beam
could be as large as 95 kN and 25 kN, respectively. Determine the most
economical wide-flange shape for the beams, using LRFD with the load
factors γ D = 1.25, γ L = 1.75 and the resistance factor φ = 0.9. [Hint: It
can be shown that the maximum value of |M L | occurs under the larger
load when that load is located to the left of the center of the beam at a
distance equal to aP2 ( P1 + P2 ).]
SOLUTION
L = 15 m a = 4 m P1 = 95 kN
P2 = 25 kN w = 11 kN/m
See solution to Problem 5.94 for calculation of the following:
M D = 309.4 kNm M L = 401.6 kNm
For rolled steel section W690 × 125 S = 3510 × 103 mm3
Allowable live load moment M L*
γ D M D + γ L M L* = ϕ M U = ϕσ all S
ϕσ all S − γ D M D
M L* =
γL
(0.9)(420 × 106 )(3510 × 10−6 ) − (1.25)(309.4 × 103 )
=
1.75
= 537.2 kNm
M L* 537.2
Ratio: = = 1.338 = 1 + 0.338
M L 401.6
Increase 33.8% 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.96
A roof structure consists of plywood and roofing material

supported by several timber beams of length L = 16 m. The
dead load carried by each beam, including the estimated weight
of the beam, can be represented by a uniformly distributed load
wD = 350 N/m. The live load consists of a snow load,
represented by a uniformly distributed load wL = 600 N/m, and
a 6-kN concentrated load P applied at the midpoint C of each
beam. Knowing that the ultimate strength for the timber used is
σU = 50 MPa and that the width of the beam is b = 75 mm,
determine the minimum allowable depth h of the beams, using
LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.2, γ L = 1.6 and the
resistance factor φ = 0.9.
SOLUTION
L = 16 m, wD = 350 N/m = 0.35 kN/m

wL = 600 N/m = 0.6 kN/m, P = 6 kN
1
Dead load: RA =   (16)(0.35) = 2.8 kN
2
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(2.8) = 11.2 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C : 11.2 kN ⋅ m = 11.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
1
Live load: RA = [(16)(0.6) + 6] = 7.8 kN
2
Shear at C −: V = 7.8 − (8)(0.6) = 3 kN
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(7.8 + 3) = 43.2 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C : 43.2 kN ⋅ m = 43.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
Design: γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ MU = ϕσ U S
γ D M D + γ L M L (1.2)(11.2 × 103 ) + (1.6)(43.2 × 103 )

S= =
ϕσ U (0.9)(50 × 106 )
= 1.8347 × 10−3 m3 = 1.8347 × 106 mm3
1 2
For a rectangular section, S= bh
6
6S (6)(1.8347 × 106 )
h= = h = 383 mm 
b 75
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.97∗
Solve Prob. 5.96, assuming that the 6-kN concentrated load P

applied to each beam is replaced by 3-kN concentrated loads P1
and P2 applied at a distance of 4 m from each end of the beams.
PROBLEM 5.96∗ A roof structure consists of plywood and

roofing material supported by several timber beams of length L
= 16 m. The dead load carried by each beam, including the
estimated weight of the beam, can be represented by a uniformly
distributed load wD = 350 N/m. The live load consists of a snow
load, represented by a uniformly distributed load wL = 600 N/m,
and a 6-kN concentrated load P applied at the midpoint C of each
beam. Knowing that the ultimate strength for the timber used is
σU = 50 MPa and that the width of the beam is b = 75 mm,
determine the minimum allowable depth h of the beams, using
LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.2, γ L = 1.6 and the resistance
factor φ = 0.9.
SOLUTION
L = 16 m, a = 4 m, wD = 350 N/m = 0.35 kN/m

wL = 600 N/m = 0.6 kN/m, P = 3 kN
1
Dead load: RA =   (16)(0.35) = 2.8 kN
2
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(2.8) = 11.2 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C: 11.2 kN ⋅ m = 11.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
1
Live load: RA = [(16)(0.6) + 3 + 3] = 7.8 kN
2
Shear at D −: 7.8 − (4)(0.6) = 5.4 kN
Shear at D +: 5.4 − 3 = 2.4 kN

Area A to D:
1
 2  (4)(7.8 + 5.4) = 26.4 kN ⋅ m
 
1
Area D to C :  2  (4)(2.4) = 4.8 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C : 26.4 + 4.8 = 31.2 kN ⋅ m
= 31.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.97* (Continued)
Design: γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ MU = ϕσ U S
γ D M D + γ L M L (1.2)(11.2 × 103 ) + (1.6)(31.2 × 103 )

S= =
ϕσ U (0.9)(50 × 106 )
= 1.408 × 10−3 m3 = 1.408 × 106 mm3
For a rectangular section,
1 2
S= bh
6
6S (6)(1.408 × 106 )
h= =
b 75
h = 336 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.98
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defining the shear
and bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point C and
check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the entire beam.
SOLUTION
w0 x w0
w = w0 − +  x − a1
a a
dV
=−
dx
w0 x 2 w0 dM
(a) V = − w0 x + −  x − a 2 = 
2a 2a dx
w0 x 2 w0 x3 w0
M =− + −  x − a 3 
2 6a 6a
At point C, x = 2a
w0 (2a) 2 w0 (2a)3 w0 a3 5
(b) MC = − + − M C = − w0 a 2 
2 6a 6a 6
 5  1 
Check: ΣM C = 0:  a  w0 a  + M C = 0
 3  2 
5
M C = − w0 a 2
6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.99
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defining the shear and
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the equation
obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point C and check
your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the entire beam.
SOLUTION
w = w0 − w0  x − a 0
dV
=−
dx
dM
(a) V = −w0 x + w0  x − a1 = 
dx
1 1
M = − w0 x 2 + w0  x − a 2 
2 2
At point C, x = 2a
1 1 3
(b) M C = − w0 (2a) 2 + w0 a 2 M C = − w0 a 2 
2 2 2
 3a 
Check: ΣM C = 0:   ( w0 a) + M C = 0
 2 
3
M C = − w0 a 2
2

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.100
and bending moment for the beam and loading shhown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment
m at point C
and check your answer by drawing the free-body diaagram of the entire
beam.
SOLUTION
w0 x w
w= − w0  x − a 0 − 0  x − a1
a a
dV
=−
dx
w0 x 2 w dM
(a) V =− + w0  x − a1 + 0  x − a 2 = 
2a 2a dx
w0 x3 w0 w
M =− +  x − a 2 + 0  x − a 3 
6a 2 6a
At point C, x = 2a
w0 (2a)3 w0 a 2 w0 a 3 2
(b) MC = − + + M C = − w0 a 2 
6a 2 6a 3
 4a  1 
Check: ΣM C = 0::   w0 a  + M C = 0
 3  2 
2
M C = − w0 a 2
3

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.101
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and
check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of
the beam to the right of E.
SOLUTION
a 3
ΣM C = 0: −2aA −   + (3aw0 ) = 0 A = − w0 a
2 4
 5a  15
ΣM A = 0: 2aC −   + (3aw0 ) = 0 C= w0 a
 2  4
dV
 w = w0  x − a 0 = − 
dx

3 15 dM
(a) V = −w0  x − a1 − w0 a + w0 a x − 2a 0 = 
4 4 dx
1 3 15
M = − w0  x − a 2 − w0 ax + w0 a  x − 2a1 + 0 
2 4 4
At point E , x = 3a
1 3 15
(b) M E = − w0 (2a) 2 − w0 a(3a) + w0 a(a)
2 4 4
1
M E = − w0 a 2 
2
a
Check: ΣM E = 0: −M E − ( w0 a ) = 0
2
1
M E = − w0 a 2 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.102
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and
check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of
the beam to the right of E.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: − 4aA + 3aP + 2aP = 0 A = 1.25P
(a) V = 1.25 P − P  x − a 0 − P  x − 2a 0 
M = 1.25Px − P x − a1 − P x − 2a1 

(b) At point E , x = 3a
M E = 1.25P(3a) − P(2a) − P(a) = 0.750 Pa 
Reaction: ΣFy = 0: A − P − P + D = 0 D = 0.750P ↑
ΣM E = 0: −M E + 0.750 Pa = 0
M E = 0.750 Pa


without permission.
PROBLEM 5.103
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the equation
obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and check your
answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the
right of E.
SOLUTION
0 0
w = w0 + w0 x − a − w0 x − 3a
(a) V = 3w0 a − wdx

1 1
= 3w0a − w0 x − w0 x − a + w0 x − 3a 

2
M = Vdx = 3w0 ax − w0 x 2 /2 − w0 x − a /2
2
+ w0 x − 3a /2 
(b) At point E, x = 3a
M E = 3w0 a (3a ) − w0 (3a ) 2 /2 − w0 (2a ) 2 /2
M E = 5w0 a 2 / 2 
 M E = 0 : 3w0 a (a ) − ( w0 a )( a2 ) − M E = 0
M E = 5w0 a 2 /2 (checks)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.104
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for the shear and
bending moment for beam ABC under the loading shown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment just to the
right of point B.
SOLUTION
(a) V = − P  x − a 0 
dM
= − P  x − a 0
dx
M = − P x − a1 − Pa  x − a 0 
Just to the right of B, x = a1.

(b) M = − 0 − Pa M = − Pa 


without permission.
PROBLEM 5.105
and bending moment for beam ABC under the loading shown. (b) Use
the equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment just to
the right of point B.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0 (2a) P + aP − 2( Pa) − 2aRA = 0

1
RA = P
2
1
V = ( RA − P ) − P  x − a 0 = − P − P  x − a 0
2
dM 1
= − P − P  x − a 0
dx 2
1
M = − Px − P x − a1 + Pa + Pa x − a 0
2
Just to the right of point B x = a+
1 3
M = − Pa − 0 + Pa + Pa = Pa 
2 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.106
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Determine the
maximum value of the bending moment in the beam.
SOLUTION
w = 1.5 kN/m
By statics,
C = D = 3 kN ↑
(a) V = −1.5 x + 3 x − 0.8 0 + 3 x − 3.2 0 kN 
M = −0.75 x 2 + 3 x − 0.81 + 3 x − 3.21 kN ⋅ m 
Locate point E where V = 0. Assume xC < xE < xD
0 = −1.5 xE + 3( xE − 0.8) + 0 xE = 2.0 m

M C = −(0.75)(0.8) + 0 + 0 = −0.480 kN ⋅ m
2
M E = −(0.75)(2.0)2 + (3)(1.2) + 0 = 0.600 kN ⋅ m

M D = −(0.75)(3.2)2 + (3)(2.4) + 0 = −0.480 kN ⋅ m
(b) |M |max = 0.600 kN ⋅ m M max

= 600 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.107
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0: − 4.5 RA + (3.0)(48) + (1.5)(60) − (0.9)(60) = 0

RA = 40 kN
(a) V = 40 − 48 x − 1.5 0 − 60 x − 3.0 0 + 60 x − 3.6 0 kN 
M = 40 x − 48 x − 1.51 − 60 x − 3.01 + 60 x − 3.61 kN ⋅ m 

Pt. x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
A 0 0
B 1.5 (40)(1.5) = 60 kN ⋅ m
C 3.0 (40)(3.0) − (48)(1.5) = 48 kN ⋅ m
D 3.6 (40)(3.6) − (48)(2.1) − (60)(0.6) = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
E 4.5 (40)(4.5) − (48)(3.0) − (60)(1.5) + (60)(0.9) = 0
(b) M max = 60 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.108
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defiining the shear and
SOLUTION
By symmetry RA = RD
ΣFy = 0 RA + RD − 40 − (1.8)(25) − 40 = 0
RA = RD = 62..5 kN
dV
w = 25 x − 0..6 0 − 25 x − 2.4 0 = −
dx
V = 62.5 − 255 x − 0.61 + 25 x − 2.41 − 40 x − 0.6 0 − 40 x − 2.4 0 kN
N 
M = 62.5 x − 12.5 x − 0.6 2 + 12.5 x − 2.4 2 − 40 x − 0.61 − 40 x − 2.41 kN ⋅ m 
Locate point where V = 0.
0 Assume 0.6 < x* < 1.8
6 − 25( x* − 0.6) + 0 − 40 − 0 x* = 1.5 m
0 = 62.5
M = ((62.5)(1.5) − (12.5)(0.9) 2 + 0 − (40)(0.9) − 0 = 47.625 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.109
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0 − 4.5RA + (3.0)(48) + (1.5)(60) − (0.9)(60) = 0

RA = 40 kN
V = 40 − 48 x − 1.5 0 − 60 x − 3.0 0 + 60 x − 3.6 0 kN 
M = 40 x − 48 x − 1.51 − 60 x − 3.01 + 60 x − 3.61 kN ⋅ m 
Pt. x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)

A 0 0
B 1.5 (40)(1.5) = 60 kN ⋅ m
C 3.0 (40)(3.0) − (48)(1.5) = 48 kN ⋅ m
D 3.6 (40)(3.6) − (48)(2.1) = (60)(0.6) = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
E 4.5 (40)(4.5) − (48)(3.0) − (60)(1.5) + (60)(0.9) = 0
M max = 60 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.110
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for the

shear and bending moment for the beam and loading
shown. (b) Determine the maximum stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0:
(1.2)(50) − 0.9B + (0.5)(125) − (0.2)(50) = 0
B = 125 kN ↑
ΣM B = 0:
(0.3)(50) − (0.4)(125) + 0.9 D − (1.1)(50) = 0
D = 100 kN ↑
(a) V = −50 + 125 x − 0.3 0 − 125 x − 0.7 0 + 100 x − 1.2 0 kN 
M = −50 x + 125 x − 0.31 − 125 x − 0.71 + 100 x − 1.21 kN ⋅ m 

Point x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
B 0.3 −(50)(0.3) + 0 − 0 + 0 = −15 kN ⋅ m
C 0.7 −(50)(0.7) + (125)(0.4) − 0 + 0 = 15 kN ⋅ m
D 1.2 −(50)(1.2) + (125)(0.9) − (125)(0.5) + 0 = −10 kN ⋅ m
E 1.4 −(50)(1.4) + (125)(1.1) − (125)(0.7) + (100)(0.2) = 0 (checks)
Maximum M = 15 kN ⋅ m = 15 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S150 × 18.6 rolled steel section, S = 120 × 103 mm3 = 120 × 10−6 m3
M 15 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ= = = 125 × 106 Pa σ = 125.0 MPa 
S 120 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.111
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for

the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0: − 3RA + (2.25)(24) − (1.5)(24) − (0.75)(24) + (0.75)(24) = 0

RA = 30 kips
ΣM A = 0: − (0.75)(24) − (1.5)(24) − (2.25)(24) + 3RE − (3.75)(24) = 0

RE = 66 kips
(a) V = 30 − 24 x − 0.75 0 − 24 x − 1.5 0 − 24 x − 2.25 0 + 66 x − 3 0 kN 
M = 30 x − 24 x − 0.751 − 24 x − 1.51 − 24 x − 2.251 + 66 x − 31 kN ⋅ m 

Point x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
B 0.75 (30)(0.75) = 22.5 kN ⋅ m
C 1.5 (30)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = 27 kN ⋅ m
D 2.25 (30)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = 13.5 kN ⋅ m
E 3.0 (30)(3.0) − (24)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = −18 kN ⋅ m
F 3.75 (30)(3.75) − (24)(3.0) − (24)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) + (66)(0.75) = 0 
Maximum |M | = 27 kN ⋅ m = 27 × 303 N ⋅ m
For rolled steel section W250 × 28.4, S = 308 × 103 mm3 = 308 × 10−6 m3
(b) Normal stress:
|M | 27 × 103
σ= = = 87.7 × 106 Pa σ = 87.7 MPa 
S 308 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.112
(a) Using singularity functions, find the

magnitude and location of the maximum
bending moment for the beam and loading
shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
M c = 0 : 18 − 3.6 A + (1.2)(2.4)(40) − 27 = 0
A = 29.5 kN ↑
1
V = 29.5 − 40 x − 1.2 kN
Point D. V =0 29.5 − 40( xD − 1.2) = 0
xD = 1.9375 m
2
M = −18 + 29.5 x − 20 x − 1.2 kN ⋅ m
M A = −18 kN ⋅ m
M D = −18 + (29.5)(1.9375) − (20)(0.7375)2 = 28.278 kN ⋅ m
M E = −18 + (29.5)(3.6) − (20)(2.4)2 = −27 kN ⋅ m
(a) Maximum M = 28.278 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.9375 m 
For S310 × 52 rolled steel section, S = 624 × 103 mm3
= 624 × 10−6 m3
M 28.278 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 45.3 × 106 Pa
S 624 × 10
σ = 45.3 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.113
(a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and

location of the maximum bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
M D = 0 : (6)(10) − 5RB + (2)(4)(80) = 0

RB = 140 kN
0
w = 80 x − 2 kN/m = −dV/dx
0 1
V = −10 + 140 x − 1 − 80 x − 2 kN
A to B: V = −10 kN
B to C: V = −10 + 140 = 130 kN
D: ( x = 6) V = −10 + 140 − 80(4) = −190 kN
V changes sign at B and at point E ( x = xE ) between C and D.

0 1
V = 0 = −10 + 140 xE − 1 − 80 xE − 2
= −10 + 140 − 80( xE − 2) xE = 3.625 m
1 2
M = −10 x + 140 x − 1 − 40 x − 2 kN ⋅ m
At pt. B, x =1 M B = −(10)(1) = −10 kN ⋅ m

At pt. E, x = 3.625 
M E = −(10)(3.625) + (140)(2.625) − (40)(1.625)2 = 225.6 kN ⋅ m
(a) M max
= 225.6 kN ⋅ m at x = 3.625m 
For W530 × 150, S = 3720 × 103 mm3 = 3720 × 10−6 m3
M 225.6 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ = = = 60.6 × 106 Pa
S 3720 × 10−6
σ = 60.6 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.114
A beam is being designed to be supported and loaded as shown.

(a) Using singularity functions, determine the magnitude and location of
the maximum bending moment in the beam. (b) Knowing that the
allowable stress for the steel to be used is 165 MPa, find the most
economical wide-flange shape that should be selected.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0 −4.5RA + (2.25)(4.5)(45) + (3.6)(100) = 0

RA = 181.25 kN
dV
w = 45 kN/m = −
dx
V = 181.25 − 45 x − 100 x − 0.9 0 kN
Location of point D where V = 0. Assume 0.9 < xD < 3.6
0 = 181.25 − 45 xD − 100 xD = 1.8 m
M = 181.25 x − 22.5 x 2 − 100 x − 0.91 kN ⋅ m
At point D ( x = 1.8 m) M = (181.25)(1.8) − (22.5)(1.8) 2 − (100)(0.9)
= 163.35 kN ⋅ m
Maximum |M | = 163.35 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.8 m 
|M | 163.35 × 103
Smin = = = 990 × 10−6 m3 = 990 × 103 mm3
σ all 165 × 106
Shape S (103 mm)3

W 530 × 66 1340
W 460 × 74 1460
W 410 × 60 1060 Answer: W410 × 60 
W 360 × 64 1030
W 310 × 74 1060
W 250 × 101 1240
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.115
A beam is being designed to be supported and loaded as shown.

(a) Using singularity functions, determine the magnitude and location of
the maximum bending moment in the beam. (b) Knowing that the
allowable stress for the steel to be used is 165 MPa, find the most
economical wide-flange shape that should be selected.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0
−4.5 RA + (2.25)(4.5)(35) + (2.7)(50) + (0.9)(50) = 0
RA = 118.75 kN
dV
w = 10 kN/m = −
dx
V = 118.75 − 35 x − 50 x − 1.8 0 − 50 x − 3.6 0 kN
VB− = 118.75 − (35)(1.8) = 55.75 kN
VB+ = 118.75 − (35)(1.8) − 50 = 5.75 kN  Point where V = 0

VC − = 118.75 − (35)(3.6) − 50 = −55.25 kN  lies between B and C.
Locate point E where V = 0

0 = 118.75 − 35 xE − 50 − 0 xE = 1.964 m
M = 118.75 x − 17.5 x 2 − 50 x − 1.81 − 50 x − 3.61 N ⋅ m
At point E ( x = 1.964) M = (118.75)(1.964) − (17.5)(1.964) 2 − (50)(0.164) − 0
= 157.5 kN ⋅ m
Maximum |M | 157.5 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.964 m 
|M | 157.5 × 103
Smin = = = 954 × 10−6 m3 = 945 × 103 mm3
σ all 165 × 10 6
Shape S (mm3 )
W 530 × 66 1340
W 460 × 74 1460
W 410 × 60 1060 Answer: W410 × 60 
W 360 × 64 1030
W 310 × 74 1060
W 250 × 80 984
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.116
A timber beam is being designed with supports and loads as

shown. (a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending moment in the beam.
(b) Knowing that the available stock consists of beams with an
allowable stress of 12 MPa and a rectangular cross section of
30-mm width and depth h varying from 80 mm to 160 mm in
10-mm increments, determine the most economical cross section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
480 N/m = 0.48 kN/m

1
ΣM C = 0: − 4 RA + (3)   (1.5)(0.48) + (1.25)(2.5)(0.48) = 0
2
RA = 0.645 kN ↑
0.48 0.48 dV
w= x−  x − 1.51 = 0.32 x − 0.32 x − 1.51 kN/m = −
1.5 1.5 dx
V = 0.645 − 0.16 x + 0.16 x − 1.5 kN
2 2
M = 0.645 x − 0.05333x3 + 0.05333 x − 1.5 3 kN ⋅ m

(a) Locate point D where V = 0.
Assume 1.5 m < xD < 4 m.
0 = 0.645 − 0.16 xD2 + 0.16( xD − 1.5) 2

= 0.645 − 0.16 xD2 + 0.16 xD2 − 0.48 xD + 0.36
xD = 2.09375 m 
At point D, M D = (0.645)(2.09375) − (0.05333)(2.09375)3 + (0.05333)(0.59375)3
M D = 0.87211 kN ⋅ m 
MD 0.87211 × 103
Smin = = = 72.6758 × 10−6 m3 = 72.6758 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 106
1 6S
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2 h=
6 b
(6)(72.6758 × 103 )
hmin = = 120.56 mm
30
(b) At next larger 10-mm increment, h = 130 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.117
A timber beam is being designed with supports and loads as

shown. (a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending moment in the beam.
(b) Knowing that the available stock consists of beams with an
allowable stress of 12 MPa and a rectangular cross section of
30-mm width and depth h varying from 80 mm to 160 mm in
10-mm increments, determine the most economical cross section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
500 N/m = 0.5 kN/m
1
ΣM C = 0: − 4 RA + (3.2)(1.6)(0.5) + (1.6)   (2.4)(0.5) = 0 RA = 0.880 kN ↑
2
0.5 dV
w = 0.5 −  x − 1.61 = 0.5 − 0.20833 x − 1.61 kN/m = −
2.4 dx
V = 0.880 − 0.5 x + 0.104167 x − 1.6 kN
2
VA = 0.880 kN
VB = 0.880 − (0.5)(1.6) = 0.080 kN 
 Sign change
VC = 0.880 − (0.5)(4) + (0.104167)(2.4) = −0.520 kN 
2
Locate point D (between B and C) where V = 0. 0 = 0.880 − 0.5 xD + 0.104167 ( xD − 1.6)2
0.104167 xD2 − 0.83333 xD + 1.14667 = 0
0.83333 ± (0.83333)2 − (4)(0.104167)(1.14667)

xD = = 6.2342 , 1.7658 m 
(2)(0.104167)
M = 0.880 x − 0.25 x 2 + 0.347222 x − 1.6 3 kN ⋅ m

M D = (0.880)(1.7658) − (0.25)(1.7658)2 + (0.34722)(0.1658)3 = 0.776 kN ⋅ m
(a) M max = 0.776 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.7658 m 
M max 0.776 × 103

Smin = = = 64.66 × 10−6 m3 = 64.66 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 10 6
1 6S (6)(64.66 × 103 )
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2 h= hmin = = 113.7 mm
6 b 30
(b) At next higher 10-mm increment, h = 120 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.118
Using a computer and step functions, calculate the shear and bending
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment ΔL,
starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
45 45
w= x − 45 x − 1.35 0 −  x − 1.351
1.35 1.35
dV
= 33.33x − 45 x − 1.35 0 − 33.33 x − 1.351 = −
dx
V = −16.67 x + 45 x − 1.35 + 16.67 x − 1.35 − 16 x − 1.8 0
2 1 2
M = −5.56 x3 + 22.5 x − 1.35 2 + 5.56 x − 1.35 3 − 16 x − 1.81
x V M
m kN kNm
0 0 0
0.6 −5.32 −1.2
1.35 −27 −13.74
2.1 −43 −42.04
2.7 −43 −71.19
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.119
SOLUTION
1
ΣM C = 0 −3.6 RA + (30)(3.6)(1.8) + (20)(1.8)   (3) = 0
2
RA = 69 kN
30 20
w = 50 − x +  x − 1.81
1.8 1.8
= 50 − 11.11x + 11.11 x − 1.81
x V M
m kN kNm
0 69 0
0.6 41 32.8
1.2 17 50
1.8 −3 54
2.4 −20 46.8
3.0 −39 28.8
3.6 −57 0
V = 69 − 50 x + 5.56 x 2 − 5.56 x − 1.8 2 kN 

M = 69 x − 25 x2 + 1.852 x3 − 1.852 x − 1.8 3 kNm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.120
SOLUTION
1
ΣM D = 0: −6 RA + (4)(120) + (1)   (3)(36) = 0
2
R A = 89 kN
36
w=  x − 31 = 12 x − 31
3
V = 89 − 120 x − 2 0 − 6 x − 3 2 kN 
x V M M = 89 x − 120 x − 21 − 2 x − 3 3 kN ⋅ m 
m kN kN ⋅ m
0.0 89.0 0.0 x V M
0.3 89.0 22.3 m kN kN ⋅ m
0.5 89.0 44.5 5.0 −55.0 69.0
0.8 89.0 66.8
5.3 −61.4 54.5
1.0 89.0 89.0
5.5 −68.5 38.3
1.3 89.0 111.3
5.8 −76.4 20.2
1.5 89.0 133.5
6.0 −85.0 −0.0
1.8 89.0 155.8
2.0 −31.0 178.0
2.3 −31.0 170.3
2.5 −31.0 162.5
2.8 −31.0 154.8
3.0 −31.0 147.0
3.3 −31.4 139.2
3.5 −32.5 131.3
3.8 −34.4 122.9
4.0 −37.0 114.0
4.3 −40.4 104.3
4.5 −44.5 93.8
4.8 −49.4 82.0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.121
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment
ΔL, starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: (5.2)(12) − 4 B + (2)(4)(16) = 0
B = 47.6 kN ↑
ΣM B = 0: (1.2)(12) − (2)(4)(16) + 4C = 0
C = 28.4 kN ↑
dV
w = 16 x − 1.2 0 = −
dx
V = −16 x − 1.21 − 12 + 47.6 x − 1.2 0 
M = −8 x − 1.2 2 − 12 x + 47.6 x − 1.21 
x V M
m kN kN ⋅ m
0.0 −12.0 0.00
0.4 −12.0 −4.80
0.8 −12.0 −9.60
1.2 35.6 −14.40
1.6 29.2 −1.44
2.0 22.8 8.96
2.4 16.4 16.80
2.8 10.0 22.08
3.2 3.6 24.80
3.6 −2.8 24.96
4.0 −9.2 22.56
4.4 −15.6 17.60
4.8 −22.0 10.08
5.2 −28.4 −0.00

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.122
For the beam and loading shown, and using a computer and
step functions, (a) tabulate the shear, bending moment, and
maximum normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0
to x = L, using the increments ΔL indicated, (b) using
smaller increments if necessary, determine with a 2%
accuracy the maximum normal stress in the beam. Place the
origin of the x-axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0:
−5 RA + (4.0)(2.0)(3) + (1.5)(3)(5) + (1.5)(3) = 0
RA = 10.2 kN
dV
w = 3 + 2 x − 2 0 kN/m = −
dx
(a) V = 10.2 − 3x − 2 x − 21 − 3 x − 3.5 0 kN 
(b) M = 10.2 x − 1.5x 2 −  x − 2 2 − 3 x − 3.51 kN ⋅ m 
For rolled steel section W200 × 22.5,
S = 193 × 103 mm3 = 193 × 10−6 m3
M max 16.164 × 103

σ max = = = 83.8 × 106 Pa
S 193 × 10−6
σ = 83.8 MPa 
x V M σ
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
0.00 10.20 0.00 0.0
0.25 9.45 2.46 12.7
0.50 8.70 4.73 24.5
0.75 7.95 6.81 35.3
1.00 7.20 8.70 45.1
1.25 6.45 10.41 53.9
1.50 5.70 11.93 61.8
1.75 4.95 13.26 68.7
2.00 4.20 14.40 74.6
2.25 2.95 15.29 79.2
2.50 1.70 15.88 82.3
2.75 0.45 16.14 83.6
without permission.
x V M σ
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
3.00 −0.80 16.10 83.4
3.25 −2.05 15.74 81.6
3.50 −6.30 15.08 78.1
3.75 −7.55 13.34 69.1
4.00 −8.80 11.30 58.5
4.25 −10.05 8.94 46.3
4.50 −11.30 6.28 32.5
4.75 −12.55 3.29 17.1
5.00 −13.80 0.00 0.0
2.83 0.05 16.164 83.8

2.84 0.00 16.164 83.8 ←
2.85 −0.05 16.164 83.8
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.123
For the beam and loading shown, and using a computer and
step functions, (a) tabulate the shear, bending moment, and
maximum normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0
to x = L, using the increments ΔL indicated, (b) using
smaller increments if necessary, determine with a 2%
accuracy the maximum normal stress in the beam. Place the
origin of the x-axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: − 4 RB + (6)(5) + (2.5)(3)(20) = 0 RB = 45 kN
dV
w = 20 x − 2 0 − 20 x − 5 0 kN/m = −
dx
V = −5 + 45 x − 2 0 − 20 x − 21 + 20 x − 51 kN 
M = −5 x + 45 x − 21 − 10 x − 2 2 + 10 x − 5 2 kN ⋅ m 
(a) x V M stress
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
0.00 −5 0.00 0.0
0.50 −5 −2.50 −3.3
1.00 −5 −5.00 −6.7
1.50 −5 −7.50 −10.0
2.00 40 −10.00 −13.3
2.50 30 7.50 10.0
3.00 20 20.00 26.7
3.50 10 27.50 36.7
4.00 0 30.00 40.0 ←
4.50 −10 27.50 36.7
5.00 −20 20.00 26.7
5.50 −20 10.00 13.3
6.00 −20 0.00 0.0
(b) Maximum |M | = 30 kN ⋅ m at x = 4.0 m
1 1
For rectangular cross section, S = bh 2 =   (50)(300) 2 = 750 × 103 mm 3 = 750 × 10−6 m 3
6 6
M max 30 × 103
σ max = = −6
= 40 × 106 Pa σ max = 40.0 MPa 
S 750 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.124
For the beam and loading shown, and using a computer and step
functions, (a) tabulate the shear, bending moment, and maximum
normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0 to x = L, using the
increments ΔL indicated, (b) using smaller increments if necessary,
determine with a 2 percent accuracy the maximum normal stress in the
beam. Place the origin of the x axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0 −1.5RA + (30)(0.45)(1.275) + (18)(0.6)(0.75) + (1.2)(0.45) = 0

RA = 17.235 kN
w = 30 − 12 x − 0.45 0 − 18 x − 1.05 0 kN/m
V = 17.235 − 30 x + 12 x − 0.451 + 18 x − 1.051 − 1.2 x − 1.05 0 kN 
M = 17.235 x − 15x 2 + 6 x − 0.45 2 + 9 x − 1.05 2 − 1.2 x − 1.051 kNm 
x V M Sigma
m kN kNm MPa
0 15.36 0 0
0.375 5.36 4.39 5.66
0.66 0 5.15 6.66
0.75 −1.44 5.09 6.56
1.125 −7.44 3.15 4.07
1.5 −7.44 0 0
Maximum |M | = 5.15 kNm at x = 0.66 m

Rectangular section 50 × 300 mm
1 1
S = bh 2 =   (50)(300)2 = 750000 mm3
6 6
M 5.15 × 103
σ= = = 6.87 MPa 
S 750000 × 10−9
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.125
For the beam and loading shown, and using a computer and step
functions, (a) tabulate the shear, bending moment, and maximum
normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0 to x = L, using the
increments ΔL indicated, (b) using smaller increments if necessary,
determine with a 2 percent accuracy the maximum normal stress in
the beam. Place the origin of the x axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0 −3.75 RB + (70)(1.5)(3.75) + (50)(3)(1.5) = 0

RB = 165 kN
w = 70 − 20 x − 1.5 0 kN/m
V = −70 x +165 x − 0.75 0 + 20 x − 1.51 kN 
M = −35 x 2 + 165 x − 0.751 + 10 x − 1.5 2 kNm 
x V M Sigma
m kN kNm MPa
0 0 0 0
1.5 51.2 43.39 69.65
2.25 19.2 73.22 117.53
2.7 0 78.11 125.3
3.0 −12.8 75.94 121.87
4.5 −76.8 0 0
Maximum M = 78.11 kNm at x = 2.7 m

For rolled steel section W 310 × 44.5
S = 634 × 103 mm3
M 78.11 × 106
Maximum normal stress σ= = = 123.2 MPa 
S 634 × 103
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.126
The beam AB, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b and

length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to be
of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion AC of the
beam. (b) Determine the maximum allowable load if L = 800 mm,
h0 = 200 mm, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
P
RA = RB = ↑
2
P
ΣM J = 0: − x+M =0
2
Px  L
M= 0 < x < 2 
2  
M Px
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh2
6
1 2 Px 3Px
Equating, bh = h=
6 2σ all σ all b
L 3PL 2x L
(a) At x = , h = h0 = h = h0 , 0< x< 
2 2σ all b L 2
L
For x > , replace x by L − x.
2
2σ all bh02 (2)(72 × 106 )(0.025)(0.200) 2

(b) Solving for P, P= = = 60 × 103 N P = 60 kN 
3L (3)(0.8)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.127
The beam AB B, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b and

length L, is too support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam iss to be
of constant strrength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion AC of the
beam. (b) Determine
D the maximum allowable load if L = 800 0 mm,
h0 = 200 mm m, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A=B
1
ΣFy = 0: A − w0 L + B = 0
2
1
A= B = w0 L ↑
4
L 2w0 x
For 0≤ x≤ , w=
2 L
dV 2w0 x
= −w = −
dx L
w0 x 2
V = C1 −
L
1 1
At x = 0 V = w0 L C1 = w0 L
4 4
dM 1 w x2
= V = w0 L − 0
dx 4 L
1 1 w0 x3
M = C2 + w0 Lx −
4 3 L
At x = 0 M = 0 C2 = 0
1 w0
M = (3L2 x − 4 x 3 )
12 L
1 w0  2  L  L 
3
L 1
At x = , M = MC = 3L   − 4    = w0 L2
2 12 L  2  2   12
M M0 MC
For constant strength, S = S0 = =
σ all σ all σ all
S M 1
= = 3 (3L2 x − 4 x3 )
S0 MD L
1 2 1 2
For a rectangular section, S = bh S0 = bh0
6 6
without permission.
2
S h 3L2 x − 4 x3
(a) =  h = h0 
S0  h0  L3
(b) Data: L = 800 mm h0 = 200 mm b = 25 mm σ all = 72 MPa
1 2 1
S0 = bh0 = (25)(200)2 = 166.667 × 103 mm3 = 166.667 × 10−6 m3
6 6
M C = σ all S0 = (72 × 106 )(166.667 × 10−6 ) = 12 × 103 N ⋅ m
12M C (12)(12 × 103 )
w0 = = = 225 × 103 N/m w0 = 225 kN/m 
L2 (0.800) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM
M 5.128
The beam AB B, consisting of a cast-iron plate of uniform thickness b and

length L, is too support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam iss to be
of constant strrength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0. (b) Determinne the
maximum alllowable load if L = 0.9 m, h0 = 300 mm, b = 30 mm m, and
σ all = 165 MPa.
SOLUTION
wL
ΣFy = 0 RA + RB − w, L = 0 RA = RB =
2
wL x
ΣM J = 0 x − wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = x( L − x)
2
|M | wx( L − x)
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1 2
For a rectangular cross section S= bh
6
1/ 2
1 2 wx( L − x)  3wx( L − x) 
Equating bh = h=  
6 2σ all  σ all b 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 3wL  x x 
2
L
(a) At x = h = h0 =   h = h0  1 −   
2  4σ all b  L L 
4σ allbh02 (4)(1165 × 106 )(0.03)(0.3)2
(b) Solving for w w= = = 733.3 kN/m 
3L2 (3)(0.9)2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.129
The beam AB, consisting of a cast-iron plate of uniform thickness b and

length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to
be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0. (b) Determine
the maximum allowable load if L = 0.9 m, h0 = 300 mm, b = 30 mm, and
σ all = 165 MPa.
SOLUTION
V = −P
M = − Px |M | = Px
|M | P
S= = x
σ all σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section S = bh 2
6
1
1 2 Px  6Px  2
Equating bh = h=  (1)
6 σ all  σ allb 
1/2
 6PL 
At x = L h = h0 =   (2)
 σ all b 
(a) Divide Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) and solve for h h = h0 ( x /L)1/2 
σ all bh02 (165 × 106 )(0.03)(0.3) 2
(b) Solving for P P= = = 82.5 kN 
6L (6)(0.9)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.130

length L, is to support the distributed load w(x) shown. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L,
and h0 . (b) Determine the smallest value of h0 if L = 750 mm,
b = 30 mm, w0 = 300 kN/m, and σ all = 200 MPa.
SOLUTION
dV wx
= −w = − 0
dx L
2
wx dM
V =− 0 =
2L dx
3
wx w0 x3
M =− 0 |M |=
6L 6L
|M | w0 x3
S= =
σ all 6 Lσ all
1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2
6
1 2 w x3 w0 x3
Equating, bh = 0 h=
6 6 Lσ all σ all bL
w0 L2
At x = L, h = h0 =
σ all b
3/2
x
(a) h = h0   
L
Data: L = 750 mm = 0.75 m, b = 30 mm = 0.030 m
w0 = 300 kN/m = 300 × 103 N/m, σ all = 200 MPa = 200 × 106 Pa
(300 × 103 )(0.75)2

(b) h0 = = 167.7 × 10−3 m h0 = 167.7 mm 
(200 × 10 )(0.030)
6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.131

length L, is to support the distributed load w(x) shown. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and
h0 . (b) Determine the smallest value of h0 if L = 750 mm, b = 30 mm,
w0 = 300 kN/m, and σ all = 200 MPa.
SOLUTION
dV πx
= − w = − w0 sin
dx 2L
2 w0 L πx
V= cos + C1
π 2L
2w0 L
V = 0 at x = 0 → C1 =
π
dM 2w L  πx
= V = − 0 1 − cos
dx π  2 L 
2w0 L  2L πx 2w L  2L πx
M =−  x−  |M | = 0  x −
L 
sin sin
π  π 2L  π  π
|M | 2w0 L  2L πx
S= =  x−
2 L 
sin
σ all πσ all  π
1
6
1 2 2w0 L  2L πx
Equating, bh = x−
πσ all  2 L 
sin
6 π
1/2
12w0 L  2L π x 
h= x− sin 
 πσ all b  π 2L 
1/ 2
12w0 L  2  
2
w0 L2
At x = L, h = h0 =  1 −   = 1.178
 πσ all b  π   σ allb
1/2 1/2
 x 2 π x   2  x 2 πx
h = h0  − sin 1− h = 1.659 h0  − sin 
2 L   π  
(a)
 L π L π 2 L 
Data: L = 750 mm = 0.75 m, b = 30 mm = 0.030 m

w0 = 300 kN/m = 300 × 103 N/m, σ all = 200 MPa = 200 × 106 Pa
(300 × 103 )(0.75)2

(b) h0 = 1.178 = 197.6 × 10−3 m h0 = 197.6 mm 
(200 × 106 )(0.030)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.132
A preliminary design on the use of a simply supported prismatic timber

beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm wide
and 200 mm deep would be required to safely support the load shown in
part a of the figure. It was then decided to replace that beam with a
built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in part b of the
figure, four pieces of the same timber as the original beam and of
50 × 50-mm cross section. Determine the length l of the two outer
pieces of timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
SOLUTION
P
R A = RB =
2
1
0< x<
2
P
ΣM J = 0: − x+M =0
2
Px M x
M= or M = max
2 1.2
Bending moment diagram is two straight lines.
1 2
At C, SC = bhC M C = M max
6
Let D be the point where the thickness changes.
1 2 M max xD
At D, SD = bhD MD =
6 1.2
2
S D hD2  100 mm  1 M D xD
= =  = = = xD = 0.3 m
SC hC2  200 mm  4 M C 1.2
l
= 1.2 − xD = 0.9 l = 1.800 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.133
A preliminary design on the use of a simply supported prismatic timber

beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm wide
and 200 mm deep would be required to safely support the load shown in
part a of the figure. It was then decided to replace that beam with a
built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in part b of the
figure, four pieces of the same timber as the original beam and of
50 × 50-mm cross section. Determine the length l of the two outer
pieces of timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
SOLUTION
0.8 N
RA = RB = = 0.4 w
2
Shear:
A to C: V = 0.4 w
D to B: V = −0.4 w
Areas:
A to C: (0.8)(0.4) w = 0.32 w
1
C to E:  2  (0.4)(0.4) w = 0.08 w
 
Bending moments:
At C, M C = 0.40 w
A to C: M = 0.40 wx
1 2
At C, SC = bhC M C = M max = 0.40 w
6
Let F be the point were the thickness changes.
1 2
At F, SF = bhF M F = 0.40 wxF
6
2
S F hF2  100 mm  1 M F 0.40 wxF
= 2 =  = = =
SC hC  200 mm  4 MC 0.40 w
l
xF = 0.25 m = 1.2 − xF = 0.95 m l = 1.900 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.134
A preliminary design based on the use of a cantilever prismatic

beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm
wide and 250 mm deep would be required to safely support the load
shown in part (a) of the figure. It was then decided to replace that
beam with a built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in
(a) part (b) of the figure, five pieces of the same timber as the original
beam and 50 mm × 50 mm cross section. Determine the respective
lengths l1 and l2 of the two inner and two outer pieces of timber
that will yield the same factor of safety as the original design.
(b)
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0 Px + M = 0 M = − Px
|M | = Px
At B |M |B = M max
At C | M |C = M max xC /1.9
At D | M |D = M max xD /1.9
1 2 1 25 3
SB = bh = b (5b) 2 = b
6 6 6
1 1
A to C SC = b (b ) 2 = b 3
6 6
1 9
C to D SD = b (3b) 2 = b 3
6 6
|M |C xC SC 1 (1)(1.9)
= = = xC = = 0.076 m
| M |B 1.9 S B 25 25
l1 = 1.9 − 0.076 = 1.824 m 
| M | D xD S D 9 (9)(1.9)
= = = xD = = 0.684 m
|M |B 1.9 S B 25 25
l2 = 1.9 − 0.684 = 1.216 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.135
A preliminary design based on the use of a cantilever prismatic

beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm
wide and 250 mm deep would be required to safely support the load
shown in part (a) of the figure. It was then decided to replace that
(a) beam with a built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in
part (b) of the figure, five pieces of the same timber as the original
beam and of 50 mm × 50 mm cross section. Determine the
respective lengths l1 and l2 of the two inner and two outer pieces of
timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
(b)
SOLUTION
x wx 2
ΣM J = 0 wx +M =0 M =−
2 2
wx 2
|M | =
2
At B |M |B = | M |max
At C |M |C = |M |max ( xC /1.9)2
At D |M |D = |M |max ( xD /1.9)2
1 2 1 25 3
A to B SB = bh = b (5b) 2 = b
6 6 6
1 1 1
A to C SC = bh 2 = b(b)2 = b3
6 6 6
1 1 9
C to D S D = bh 2 = b(3b) 2 = b3
6 6 6
2
|M |C  xC  S 1 1.9
=  = C = xC = = 0.38 m
|M |B  1.9  S B 25 25
l1 = 1.9 − 0.38 m = 1.52 m 
2
| M | D  xD  S 9 1.9 9
= = D = xD = = 1.14 m
|M |B  1.95  S B 25 25
l2 = 1.9 − 1.14 = 0.76 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.136
A cantilevered machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a solid of

revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support a horizontal
concentrated load P as shown. (a) Knowing that the machine element is to be of
constant strength, express d in terms of y, L, and d0 . (b) Determine the
maximum allowable value of P if L = 300 mm, d 0 = 60 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0 M − Py = 0 M = Py
|M | Py
S= =
σ all σ all
d π
For a solid circular cross section c= I = c4
2 4
I π π d3
S = = c3 =
c 4 32
1/3
π d 3 Py  32 Py 
Equating = d = 
32 σ all  πσ all 
1/3
 32 PL  d  y
1/3
At y = L d = d0 =   = 
 πσ all  d 0  L 
π d 03σ all π (0.060)3 (72 × 106 )
Solving for P P= = = 5.09 × 103 N
32 L (32)(0.300)
= 5.09 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.137
A cantilevered machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a

solid of revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support a
horizontal distributed load w as shown. (a) Knowing that the machine
element is to be of constant strength, express d in terms of y, L, and d0 .
(b) Determine the smallest allowable value of d0 if L = 300 mm,
w = 20 kN/m, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
y wy 2
ΣM J = 0 M − wy = 0 M =
2 2
2
|M | wy
S= =
σ all 2σ all
d π
For a solid circular cross section c= I = c4
2 4
I πc 3
πd3
S= = =
c 4 32
1/3
π d 3 wy 2  16 wy 2 
Equating = d =  
32 2σ all  πσ all 
1/3
 16 wL2   y
2/3
At x = L d = d0 =   d = d0   
 πσ all  L
1/3
 (16)(20 × 10 )(0.300) 
3 2
Using the data d0 =   = 50.3 × 10−3 m
 π (72 × 106 ) 
= 50.3 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.138
A cantilever beam AB consisting of a steel plate of uniform depth h and variable

width b is to support a distributed load w along its center line AB. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express b in terms of x, L, and b0 .
(b) Determine the maximum allowable value of w if L = 375 mm, b0 = 450 mm,
h = 18 mm, and σ all = 165 MPa.
SOLUTION
L−x
ΣM J = 0 − M − w ( L − x ) =0
2
w ( L − x)2 w ( L − x) 2
M =− |M | =
2 2
|M | w ( L − x) 2
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section S = bh 2
6
1 2 w( L − x)2 3w( L − x)2

bh = b=
6 2σ all σ all h2
2
3wL2  x
At x = 0 b = b0 = b = b0 1 −  
σ all h2  L
σ allb0 h2 (165 × 106 )(0.45)(0.018)
Solving for w w= = = 57.0 kN/m
3L2 (3)(0.375)2
= 57 N/mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.139
A cantilever beam AB consisting of a steel plate of uniform depth h and variable

width b is to support the concentrated load P at point A. (a) Knowing that the beam
is to be of constant strength, express b in terms of x, L, and b0 . (b) Determine the
smallest allowable value of h if L = 300 mm, b0 = 375 mm, P = 14.4 kN, and
σ all = 160 MPa.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0: −M − P ( L − x) = 0
M = − P( L − x)
|M | = P ( L − x )
|M | P( L − x)
S= =
σ all σ all
1
6
1 2 P ( L − x) 6 P( L − x)
Equating, bh = b=
6 σ all σ all h2
6PL  x
(a) At x = 0, b = b0 = b = b0 1 −  
σ all h2  L 
6PL
Solving for h, h=
σ all b0
Data: L = 300 mm = 0.300 m, b0 = 375 mm = 0.375 m

P = 14.4 kN = 14.4 × 103 N ⋅ m, σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
(6)(14.4 × 103 )(0.300)

(b) h= = 20.8 × 10−3 m h = 20.8 mm 
(160 × 10 )(0.375)
6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.140
Assuming that the length and width of the cover plates used with the beam of Sample Prob. 5.12 are,
respectively, l = 4 m and b = 285 mm, and recalling that the thickness of each plate is 16 mm, determine the
maximum normal stress on a transverse section (a) through the center of the beam, (b) just to the left of D.
SOLUTION
A = B = 250 kN ↑
ΣM J = 0: −250 x + M = 0
M = 250 x kN ⋅ m
At center of beam, x = 4 m M C = (250)(4) = 1000 kN ⋅ m
1 1
At D, x= (8 − l ) = (8 − 4) = 2 m M 0 = 500 kN ⋅ m
2 2
At center of beam, I = I beam + 2 I plate
 
2
 678 16  1
= 1190 × 106 + 2 (285)(16)  +  + (285)(16)3 
  2 2 12 
= 2288 × 106 mm4
678 I
c= + 16 = 355 mm S = = 6445 × 103 mm3
2 c
= 6445 × 10−6 m3
M 1000 × 103
(a) Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 155.2 × 106 Pa σ = 155.2 MPa 
S 6445 × 10
At D, S = 3490 × 103 mm3 = 3510 × 10−6 m3

M 500 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ = = = 143.3 × 106 Pa σ = 143.3 MPa 
S 3490 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.141
Knowing that σ all = 150 MPa, determine the largest concentrated

load P that can be applied at end E of the beam shown.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: −4.8 A − 2.2P = 0
A = −0.45833P A = 0.45833P ↓
ΣM A = 0: 4.8D − 7.0P = 0
D = 1.45833P ↑
Shear: A to C: V = −0.45833P
C to E: V = P
M C = 0 + (4.8)(−0.45833P) = −2.2P
M E = −2.2P + 2.2P = 0
 4.8 − 2.25 
MB =   (−2.2 P) = −1.16875P
 48 
 2.2 − 1.25 
MD =   (−2.2 P) = −0.95P
 2.2 
<figure> M D | < |M B |
For W410 × 85, S = 1510 × 103 mm3 = 1510 × 10−6 m3

|M B |
Allowable value of P based on strength at B. σ =
S
1.16875P
150 × 106 = P = 193.8 × 103 N
1510 × 10 −6
without permission.
Section properties over portion BCD:

1
W410 × 85: d = 417 mm, d = 208.5 mm, I x = 316 × 106 mm 4
2
1
Plate: A = (18)(220) = 3960 mm 2 d = 208.5 +   (18) = 217.5 mm
2
1
I = (220)(18)3 = 106.92 × 103 mm 4 Ad 2 = 187.333 × 106 mm 4
12
I x = I + Ad 2 = 187.440 × 106 mm 4
For section, I = 316 × 106 + (2)(187.440 × 106 ) = 690.88 × 106 mm 4

c = 208.5 + 18 = 226.5 mm
I 690.88 × 106
S = = = 3050.2 × 103 mm3 = 3050.2 × 10−6 m3
c 226.5
|M C |
Allowable load based on strength at C: σ =
S
2.2 P
150 × 106 = P = 208.0 × 103 N
3050.2 × 10 −6
The smaller allowable load controls. P = 193.8 × 103 N P = 193.8 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.142
Two cover plates, each 12 mm thick, are welded to a

W 690 × 125 beam as shown. Knowing that l = 3 m and
b = 260 mm, determine the maximum normal stress on a
transverse section (a) through the center of the beam,
(b) just to the left of D.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 350 kN
ΣM J = 0 −350x + M = 0
M = 350 x kNm
At C x = 3 m M C = 1050 kNm
At D x = 1.5 m
M D = 525 kNm
At center of beam I = I beam + 2 I plate
  678 
2
1 
I = (1190 × 106 ) + 2 (12)(260)  6 +  + (260)(12)3 
  2  12 
= 1932.8 × 106 mm 4
 678 
c=  + 12 = 351 mm
 2 
MC (1050 × 103 )(0.351)
(a) Normal stress σ = = = 190.7 MPa 
I 1932.8 × 106
At point D S = 3510 × 103 mm3 = 3510 × 10−6 m3
M 525 × 103
(b) Normal stress σ = = = 149.6 MPa 
S 3510 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.143
Two cover plates, each 12 mm thick, are welded to a

W 690 × 125 beam as shown. Knowing that σ all = 165 MPa
for both the beam and the plates, determine the required
value of (a) the length of the plates, (b) the width of the
plates.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 350 kN
ΣM J = 0 −350x + M = 0
M = 350 x kNm
At D S = 3510 × 10−6 m3
Allowable bending moment M all = σ all S = (165 × 106 )(3510 × 10−6 )
= 579.15 kNm
Set M D = M all 350 xD = 579.15 xD = 1.66 m
(a) l = 6 − 2 xD = 2.68 m 
At center of beam M = (350)(3) = 1050 kNm
M 1050 × 103
S = = = 6.364 × 10−3 m = 6.364 × 106 mm3
σ all 165 × 106
 678 
c= + 12  = 351 mm
 2 
Required moment of inertia I = SC = 2233.8 × 106 mm4
But I = I beam + 2I plate
  678 
2
1 
2233.8 × 106 = (1190 × 106 ) + 2 (12)(b)  6 +  + (b)(12)3 
  2  12 
= 1190 × 106 + 2.857 × 106 (b)
(b) b = 365.3 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.144
Two cover plates, each 7.5 mm thick, are welded to

a W460 × 74 beam as shown. Knowing that l = 5 m and
b = 200 mm, determine the maximum normal stress on a
transverse section (a) through the center of the beam, (b) just
to the left of D.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 160 kN ↑
x
ΣM J = 0: −160 x + (40 x) + M = 0
2
M = 160 x − 20 x 2 kN ⋅ m
At center of beam, x = 4m M C = 320 kN ⋅ m
1
At D, x= (8 − l ) = 1.5 m M D = 195 kN ⋅ m
2
At center of beam, I = I beam + 2 I plate
  457 7.5 
2
1 3

= 333 × 106 + 2 (200)(7.5)  +  + (200)(7.5) 
  2 2  12 
= 494.8 × 106 mm 4
457
c= + 7.5 = 236 mm
2
I
S = = 2097 × 103 mm3 = 2097 × 10−6 m3
c
M 320 × 103
(a) Normal stress: σ= = = 152.6 × 106 Pa
S 2097 × 10−6
σ = 152.6 MPa 
At D, S = 1460 × 103 mm3 = 1460 × 10−6 m3

M 195 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ= = = 133.6 × 106 Pa σ = 133.6 MPa 
S 1460 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.145
Two cover plates, each 7.5 mm thick, are welded to a

W460 × 74 beam as shown. Knowing that σ all = 150 MPa
for both the beam and the plates, determine the required
value of (a) the length of the plates, (b) the width of the
plates.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 160 kN ↑
 x
ΣM J = 0: −160 x + (40 x)   + M = 0
2
M = 160 x − 20 x 2 kN ⋅ m
For W460 × 74 rolled steel beam,
S = 1460 × 103 mm3 = 1460 × 10−6 m3

Allowable bending moment:
M all = σ all S = (150 × 106 )(1460 × 10−6 )
= 219 × 103 N ⋅ m = 219 kN ⋅ m
To locate points D and E, set M = M all
160 x − 20 x 2 = 219 20 x 2 − 160 x + 219 = 0
160 + 1602 − (4)(20)(219)

x= x = 1.753 m and x = 6.247 m
(2)(20)
(a) xD = 1.753 ft xE = 6.247 ft l = xE − xD = 4.49 m 

457
At center of beam, M = 320 kN ⋅ m = 320 × 103 N ⋅ m c= + 7.5 = 236 mm 4
2
M 320 × 103
S= = = 2133 × 10−6 m3 = 2133 × 103 mm3
σ all 150 × 106
Required moment of inertia: I = Sc = 503.4 × 106 mm 4

But I = I beam + 2 I plate
  457 7.5 
2
1 
503.4 × 106 = 333 × 106 + 2 (b)(7.5)  +  + (b)(7.5)3 
  2 2  12 
(b) = 333 × 106 + 809.2 × 103 b b = 211 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.146
A machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a solid or

revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support the load
shown. Knowing that the machine element is to be of constant strength,
express d in terms of x, L, and d0.
SOLUTION
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
L Px
0≤ x≤ , M=
2 2
L P( L − x)
≤ x ≤ L, M=
2 2
1
For a solid circular section, C= d
2
π π
I= C4 = d4
4 64
I π 3
S= = d
C 32
For constant strength design, σ = constant.
M
S=
σ
L Pxπ
For 0≤x≤ , d3 = (1a)
322 2
L π 3 P( L − x)
For ≤ x ≤ L, d = (1b)
2 32 2
π 3 PL
At point C, d0 = (2)
32 4
Dividing Eq. (1a) by Eq. (2),
L d 3 2x
0≤ x≤ , =
2 d03 L
d = d0 (2 x /L)1/3 
Dividing Eq. (1b) by Eq. (2),
L d 3 2( L − x)
≤ x ≤ L, =
2 d03 L
d = d0 [2( L − x)/L]1/3 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.147
A machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a solid of

revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support the load
shown. Knowing that the machine element is to be of constant strength,
express d in terms of x, L, and d0.
SOLUTION
wL
R A = RB =
2
wL x
ΣM J = 0: − x + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = x( L − x)
2
|M | wx( L − x)
S= =
σ all 2σ all
d π I π d3
For a solid circular cross section C= I= c3 S= =
2 4 C 32
1/3
π d 3 wx( L − x) 16wx( L − x) 
Equating, = d = 
32 2σ all  πσ all 
1/3 1/3
 4wL   x x 
2
L
At x = , d = d0 =   d = d 0 4 1 −   
2  πσ all   L L 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.148
For the tapered beam shown, determine (a) the transverse

section in which the maximum normal stress occurs, (b) the
largest distributed load w that can be applied, knowing
that σ all = 140 MPa.
SOLUTION
1
RA = RB = wL ↑ L = 1.2 m
2
1 x
Σ M J = 0: − wL + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = ( Lx − x 2 )
2
w
= x( L − x)
2
For the tapered beam, h = a + kx
a = 120 mm
300 − 120
k= = 300 mm/m
0.6
1 2 1
For rectangular cross section, S= bh = b (a + kx) 2
6 6
M 3w Lx − x 2
Bending stress: σ= =
S b (a + kx)2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress, set = 0.
dx
dσ 3w d  Lx − x 2  3w  (a + kx) 2 ( L − 2 x) − ( Lx − x 2 )2(a + kx)k 

=  =  
dx b dx  (a + kx) 2  b  (a + kx)3 
3w  (a + kx)( L − 2 x) − 2k ( Lx − x 2 ) 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL + kLx − 2ax − 2kx2 − 2kLx + 2kx2 
=  
b  ( a + kx)3 
3w  aL − (2a + kL) x 
=  =0
b  ( a + kx)3 
without permission.
aL (120) (1.2)
(a) xm = = xm = 0.24 m 
2a + kL (2) (120) + (300) (1.2)
hm = a + kxm = 120 + (300)(0.24) = 192 mm

1 1
Sm = bhm2 = (20) (192)2 = 122.88 × 103 mm3 = 122.88 × 10−6 m3
6 6
Allowable value of M m: M m = Smσ all = (122.88 × 10−6 ) (140 × 106 )

= 17.2032 × 103 N ⋅ m
2M m (2) (17.2032 × 103 )

(b) Allowable value of w: w= =
xm ( L − xm ) (0.24) (0.96)
=149.3 × 103 N/m w = 149.3 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.149
For the tapered beam shown, knowing that w = 160 kN/m,

determine (a) the transverse section in which the maximum
normal stress occurs, (b) the corresponding value of the
normal stress.
SOLUTION
1
RA = RB = wL ↑
2
1 x
Σ M J = 0: − wLx + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = ( Lx − x )
2
2
w
= x( L − x)
2
where w = 160 kN/m and L = 1.2 m.
For the tapered beam, h = a + kx
a = 120 mm
300 − 120
k= = 300 mm/m
0.6
1 2 1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh = b (a + kx) 2
6 6
M 3w Lx − x 2
Bending stress: σ= =
S b (a + kx)2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress, set dx = 0.
dσ 3w d  Lx − x 2  3w  (a + kx) 2 ( L − 2 x) − ( Lx − x 2 )2(a + kx)k 

=  =  
dx b dx  (a + kx) 2  b  (a + kx) 4 
3w  (a + kx)( L − 2 x) − 2k ( Lx − x 2 ) 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL + kLx − 2ax − 2kx2 − 2kLx + 2kx2 
=  
b  ( a + kx)3 
3w  aL − 2ax + kLx 
=  =0
b  (a + k x)3 
without permission.
aL (120) (1.2)
(a) xm = = xm = 0.240 m 
2a + kL (2) (120) + (300) (1.2)
hm = a + k xm = 120 + (300)(0.24) = 192 mm

1 1
Sm = bhm2 = (20) (192)2 = 122.88 × 103 mm3 = 122.88 × 10−6 m3
6 6
w 160 × 103
M m = xm ( L − xm ) = (0.24) (0.96) = 18.432 × 103 N ⋅ m
2 2
M m 18.432 × 103
(b) Maximum bending stress: σm = = −6
= 150 × 106 Pa σ m = 150.0 MPa 
Sm 122.88 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.150

largest concentrated load P that can be applied, knowing that
σ all = 165 MPa.
SOLUTION
P
RA = RB =
2
Px
ΣM J = 0 − +M =0
2
Px  L
M =  0< x< 
2  2
For a tapered beam h = a + kx
1 2 1
For a rectangular cross section S= bh = b( a + kx) 2
6 6
M 3Px
Bending stress σ= =
S b(a + kx) 2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress set =0
dx
dσ 3P d  x 
=  2
dx b dx  (a + kx) 
3P (a + kx) 2 − x − 2( a + kx)k
=
b (a + kx) 4
3P a − kx a
= =0 xm =
b (a + kx)3 k
200 − 100 2
Data: a = 100 mm, k = = mm/mm
750 15
100
(a) xm = = 750 mm 
2/15
hm = a + kxm = 200 mm
1 1
Sm = bhm2 =   (18)(200)2 = 120 × 103 mm3 = 120 × 10−6 m3
6 6
M m = σ all Sm = (165 × 106 )(120 × 10−6 ) = 19.8 kNm
2 M m (2)(19.8)
(b) P= = = 52.8 kN 
xm 0.750
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.151

largest concentrated load P that can be applied, knowing
that σ all = 140 MPa.
SOLUTION
P
RA = RB =
2
Px
ΣMJ = 0 − +M =0
2
Px  L
M =  0< x< 
2  2
For a tapered beam h = a + kx
1 2 1
For a rectangular cross section S= bh = b (a + kx)2
6 6
M 3 Px
Bending stress σ= =
S b ( a + kx) 2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress set =0
dx
d σ 3P d  x  3P (a + kx) − x ⋅ 2(a + kx)k
2
=   = ⋅
dx b dx  ( a + kx) 2  b (a + kx)4
3P a − kx a
= =0 xm =
b ( a + kx) 3
k
Pxm Pa
Then Mm = =
2 2k
hm = a + kxm = 2a
1 2
Sm = bhm2 = ba 2
6 3
300 − 120
Data: a = 120 mm k= = 300 mm/m, b = 20 mm
0.6
120 mm
xm = = 0.400 m 
300 mm/m
2
Sm = (20)(120)2 = 192 × 103 mm3 = 192 × 10−6 m3
3
M m = σ all Sm = (140 × 106 )(192 × 10−6 ) = 26.88 × 103 N ⋅ m
2M m (2)(26.88 × 103 )
P= = = 134.4 × 103 N = 134.4 kN 
xm 0.400
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.152
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for thee beam and loading
shown, and determine the maximum absolute valuee (a) of the shear,
SOLUTION
Reactions
ΣM C = 0 −1.8 A + (0.9)(81) − (0.9)(120) = 0
A = −19.5 kN i.e. 19.5 ↓

ΣM A = 0 1.8C − (0.9)(81) − (2.7)(120) = 0
C = 2200.5 kN ↑
A to C 0 < x < 1.8 m
ΣFy = 0 −19.5 − 45x − V = 0

V = −19.5 − 45 x kN
N
x
ΣM J = 0 −19.5 x − (45 x)   − M = 0
2
M = −19.5x − 22.5x 2 kNm
C to B 1.8 m < x < 2.7 m
ΣFy = 0 V − 120 = 0
V = 120 kN
ΣM k = 0 −M − (2.7 − x)(120) = 0
M = 120 x − 324 kNm
From the diagrams (a) V |max = 120 kN 
|V
(b) |M |max
m = 108 kNm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.153

and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
 Free body EFGH. Note that M E = 0 due to hinge.

 Σ M E = 0: 0.6 H − (0.2) (40) − (0.40)(300) = 0
 H = 213.33 N

Σ Fy = 0: VE − 40 − 300 + 213.33 = 0

VE = 126 ⋅ 67 N

 Shear:
 E to F : V = 126.67 N ⋅ m
F to G : V = 86.67 N ⋅ m

G to H : V = −213.33 N ⋅ m
Bending moment at F:
Σ M F = 0: M F − (0.2)(126.67) = 0
M F = 25.33 N ⋅ m
Bending moment at G:
Σ M G = 0: −M G + (0.2)(213.33) = 0
M G = 42.67 N ⋅ m
Free body ABCDE.
Σ M B = 0: 0.6 A + (0.4) (300) + (0.2)(300)
− (0.2)(126.63) = 0
A = 257.78 N
Σ M A = 0: −(0.2)(300) − (0.4)(300) − (0.8)(126.67) + 0.6 D = 0

D = 468.89 N
without permission.
Bending moment at B.
Σ M B = 0: − (0.2)(257.78) + M B = 0
max M = 51.56 N ⋅ m
M B = 51.56 N ⋅ m
1 2 1
S = bh = (20)(30)2
Bending moment at C. 6 6
= 3 × 103 mm3 = 3 × 10−6 m3
Σ M C = 0: − (0.4)(257.78) + (0.2)(300)
+ MC = 0 Normal stress.
M C = 43.11 N ⋅ m σ =
51.56
= 17.19 × 106 Pa
−6
3 × 10
Bending moment at D.
σ = 17.19 MPa 
Σ M D = 0: − M D − (0.2)(213.33) = 0
M D = −25.33 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBL
LEM 5.154
Beam AB B, of length L and square cross section of side a, is suppported

by a pivoot at C and loaded as shown. (a) Check that the beam m is in
equilibriuum. (b) Show that the maximum stress due to bending occurs
o
at C and is equal to w0 L2 /(1.5a)3.
SOLUTION
(a) Replace distributed load by equivalent conncentrated load at the centroid of the area of the load diaggram.
2L 1
For the triangular distribution, the centroidd lies at x = . W = w0 L
3 2
1
(a)  Fy = 0 : RD − W = 0 RD = w0 L  M C = 0 : 0 = 0 equilibrium 
2
V = 0, M = 0, at x = 0
2L dV wx
0< x< , = −w = − 0
3 dx L
dM w x2 w x2
= V = − 0 + C1 = − 0
dx 2L 2L
w0 x3 w x3
M =− + C2 = − 0
6L 6L
w0 (2 L / 3) 2 2
Just to the left of C, V =− = − w0 L
2L 9
2 5
Just to the right of C, V = − w0 L + RD = w0 L
9 18
w0 (2 L / 3)3 4
Note sign change. Maximum M occurs at C. MC = − = − w0 L2
6L 81
4
Maximum M = w0 L2
81
1 4 1
For square cross section, I = a c= a
12 2
3
M c 4 w0 L2 6 8 w0 L2  2  w0 L2
(b) σm = max
= = = 
I 81 a 3 27 a 3 3 a
3
w0 L2
σm = 
(1.5a)3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.155
SOLUTION
dV πx
= −w = − w0 cos
dx 2L
2 Lw0 πx dM
V =− sin + C1 =
π 2L dx
4L2 w0 πx
M = cos + C1x + C2
π 2
2L
V = 0 at x = 0. Hence, C1 = 0.
4 L2 w0
M = 0 at x = 0. Hence, C2 = − .
π2
(a) V = −(2Lw0 / π ) sin(π x / 2L) 
M = −(4L2 w0 /π 2 )[1 − cos(π x/2L)] 
(b) M max
= 4w0 L2 /π 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.156

and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: −2.5 A + (1.75)(1.5)(16) = 0
A = 16.8 kN
ΣM A = 0: −(0.75) + (1.5)(16) + 2.5B = 0
B = 7.2 kN
Shear diagram:
VA = 16.8 kN
VC = 16.8 − (1.5)(16) = −7.2 kN
VB = −7.2 kN
d 1.5 − d
= 24d = 25.2
16.8 7.2
d = 1.05 m 1.5 − d = 0.45 m
1
A to D: Vdx =  2  (1.05)(16.8) = 8.82 kN ⋅ m
1
D to C: Vdx =  2  (0.45)(−7.2) = −1.62 kN ⋅ m
C to B:  Vdx = (1)(−7.2) = −7.2 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M D = 0 + 8.82 = 8.82 kN ⋅ m
M C = 8.82 − 1.62 = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
M B = 7.2 − 7.2 = 0
Maximum |M | = 8.82 kN ⋅ m = 8.82 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S150 × 18.6 rolled steel section, S = 120 × 103 mm3 = 120 × 10−6 m3
|M | 8.82 × 103
Normal stress: σ= = −6
= 73.5 × 106 Pa
S 120 × 10
σ = 73.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.157
Knowing that beam AB is in equilibrium under the loading shown,

draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
A to C 0 < x < 0.4 m

 x 
w = 750 1 −  = 750 − 1875 x
 0.4 
dV
= − w = 1875 x − 750
dx
x
V = VA +  0
(1875 x − 750)dx
dM
= 0 + 937.5 x 2 − 750 x =
dx
x
M = MA +  V dx
0
x
=0+  0
(937.5 x 2 − 750 x) dx
= 312.5 x3 − 375 x 2
At x = 0.4 m, V −150 N
M = −40 Nm
C to B use symmetry conditions.
Maximum | M | = 40 kNm
d 1
c= = (20) = 10 mm
2  2 
Cross section
π π 
I= c 4 =   (10) 4 = 7854 mm 4
4 4
|M | c (40)(0.01)
Normal stress σ= = = 50.9 MPa 
I 7854 × 10−12
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.158
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress of
12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Equivalent concentrated load

1
P =   (1.8)(18) = 16.2 kN
2
Bending moment at A M A = (0.6)(16.2) = 9.72 kN ⋅ m
|M |max 9.72 × 103
Smin = = = 810 × 10−6 m3
σ all 12 × 106
1 3
For a square section S= a
6
a = 3 6S
amin = 3 (6)(810 × 10−6 ) = 0.169 m
= 169 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.159
most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: −3.2 B + (24)(3.2)(50) = 0 B = 120 kN
ΣM B = 0: 3.2 D − (0.8)(3.2)(50) = 0 D = 40 kN
Shear: VA = 0
VB − = 0 − (0.8)(50) = −40 kN
VB + = −40 + 120 = 80 kN
VC = 80 − (2.4)(50) = −40 kN
VD = −40 + 0 = −40 kN

e 2.4 − e
= 120e = 192
80 40
e = 1.6 m 2.4 − e = 0.8 m
1
Areas: A to B :  Vdx =  2  (0.8)(−40) = −16 kN ⋅ m
1
B to E :  Vdx =  2 (1.6)(80) = 64 kN ⋅ m
1
E to C :  Vdx =  2  (0.8)(−40) = −16 kN ⋅ m
C to D :  Vdx = (0.8)(−40) = −32 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 − 16 = −16 kN ⋅ m
M E = −16 + 64 = 48 kN ⋅ m
M C = 48 − 16 = 32 kN ⋅ m
M D = 32 − 32 = 0
without permission.
Maximum |M | = 48 kN ⋅ m = 48 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa

|M | 48 × 103
Smin = = = 300 × 10−6 m3 = 300 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W 310 × 32.7 415
W 250 × 28.4 308 ← Lightest wide flange beam: W 250 × 28.4 @ 28.4 kg/m 
W 200 × 35.9 342
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.160
Determine the largest permissible value of P for the beam

and loading shown, knowing that the allowable normal
stress is +80 MPa in tension and −140 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: − 0.75 A + 0.5 P − 0.15 P = 0

A = 0.46667 P
ΣM A = 0: 0.75C − 0.25 P − 0.9 P = 0
C = 1.53333 P
Shear:
A to B. V = 0.46667 P
B to C . V = 0.46667 P − P = −0.53333 P
C to D. V = −0.53333 P + 1.53333 P = P
Areas:
A to B. (.25)(0.46667 P ) = 0.11667 P
B to C . (0.5)(0.53333 P ) = −0.26667 P
C to D. (0.15) P = 0.15 P
M B = 0 + 0.11667 P = 0.11667 P
M C = 0.11667 P − 0.26667 P = −0.15 P
M D = −0.15 P + 0.15 P = 0
Centroid and moment of inertia.

 1152 54 62208 10 115200 13824
 576 24 13824 20 230400 110592
Σ 1728 76032 345600 124416
76032
Y = = 44 mm I = Σ Ad 2 + ΣI = 470016 mm 4
1728
I 470016
Top: y = 16 mm = = 29.376 × 103 mm3 = 29.376 × 10−6 m3
y 16
I 470016
Bottom: y = −44 mm = = 10.682 × 103 mm3 = −10.682 × 10−6 m3
y 44
without permission.
Iσ
Bending moment limits: M =−
y
Tension at B. −(−10.682 × 10−6 )(80 × 106 ) = 854.56 N ⋅ m  B
Comp. at B. −(29.376 × 10−6 )(−140 × 106 ) = 4.1126 × 103 N ⋅ m
Tension at C. −(29.376 × 10−6 )(80 × 106 ) = −2.35 × 103 N ⋅ m
Comp. at C. −(−10.682 × 10−6 )(−140 × 106 ) = −1.4955 × 103 N ⋅ m  C
Allowable load: 0.11667 P = 854.56 P = 7.32 × 103 N
−0.15 P = −1.4955 × 103 P = 9.97 × 103 N
The smaller value is P = 7.32 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.161
(a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and

location of the maximum bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: − 4.5 A + (2.25)(4.5)(40) + (2.7)(60) + (0.9)(60) = 0
A = 138 kN ↑
ΣM A = 0: −(2.25)(4.5)(40) − (1.8)(60) − (3.6)(60) + 4.5 B = 0
B = 162 kN ↑
dV
w = 40 kN/m =
dx
dM
V = −40 x + 138 − 60 x − 1.8 0 − 60 x − 3.6 0 =
dx
M = −20 x 2 − 138 x − 60 x − 1.81 − 60 x − 3.61
VC+ = −(40)(1.8) + 138 − 60 = 6 kN
VD− = −(40)(3.6) + 138 − 60 = −66 kN
Locate point E where V = 0. It lies between C and D.
VE = − 40 xE + 138 − 60 + 0 = 0 xE = 1.95 m
M E = −(20)(1.95) 2 + (138)(1.95) − (60)(1.95 − 1.8) = 184 kN ⋅ m
(a) |M |max = 184 kN ⋅ m = 184 × 103 N ⋅ m at x = 1.950 m 
For W 530 × 66 rolled steel section, S = 1340 × 103 mm3 = 1340 × 10−6 m3
|M |max 184 × 103

(b) Normal stress: σ= = −6
= 137.3 × 106 Pa σ = 137.3 MPa 
S 1340 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.162
The beam AB, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b

and length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is
to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion
AC of the beam. (b) Determine the maximum allowable load if
L = 800 mm, h0 = 200 mm, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A= B
1 1
ΣFy = 0: A − w0 L + B = 0 A=B= w0 L ↑
2 4
L 2 w0 x dV 2w x w0 x 2
For 0 ≤ x ≤ , w= = −w = − 0 V = C1 −
2 L dx L L
1 1
At x = 0, V= w0 L : C1 = w0 L
4 4
dM 1 w x2 1 1 w0 x3
= V = w0 L − 0 M = C2 + w0 Lx −
dx 4 L 4 3 L
At x = 0, M = 0: C2 = 0
1 w0
M= (3L2 − 4 x3 )
2 L
1 w0  2  L  L  1
3
L
(a) At x = , M = MC = 3L   − 4    = w0 L2
2 12 L  2  2   12
M M0 MC S M 1
For constant strength, S= , S0 = = = = 3 (3L2 x − 4 x3 )
σ all σ all σ all S0 M 0 L
2
1 1 S  h 
For a rectangular section, S = bh 2 S0 = bh02 = 
6 6 S0  h0 
3L2 x − 4 x3
h = h0 
L3
(b) Data: L = 800 mm h0 = 200 mm b = 25 mm σ all = 72 MPa
1 1
S0 = bh02 = (25)(200) 2 = 166.667 × 103 mm3 = 166.667 × 10−6 m3
6 6
M C = σ all S0 = (72 × 106 )(166.667 × 10−6 ) = 12 × 103 N ⋅ m
12M C (12)(12 × 103 )
w0 = = = 225 × 103 N/m w0 = 225 kN/m 
L2 (0.800) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.163
A transverse force P is applied as shown at end A of the conical taper AB.

Denoting by d0 the diameter of the taper at A, show that the maximum
normal stress occurs at point H, which is contained in a transverse section
of diameter d = 1.5d0 .
SOLUTION
dM
V = −P = M = − Px
dx
Let d = d0 + k x
π π
For a solid circular section, I= c4 = d3
4 64
d I π 3 π
c= S= = d = ( d 0 + k x )3
2 c 32 32
dS 3π 3π 2
= (d 0 + k x) 2 k = d k
dx 32 32
|M | Px
Stress: σ= =
S S
dσ 1  dS 
At H, = 2  PS − PxH =0
dx S  dx 
dS π 3 3π 2
S − xH = d − xH d k
dx 32 32
1 1 1
k x H = d = ( d 0 + k H xH ) k xH = d 0
3 3 2
1 3
d = d0 + d0 = d0 d = 1.5d0 
2 2
without permission.

Beer의 재료역학 6th Edition 5장 솔루션

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Beer의 재료역학 6th Edition 5장 솔루션

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CHAPTER 5

From B to C: a< x< L

Free body diagram for determining reactions.

From A to B (0 < x < a) :

 Using entire beam ABCD as a free body,

From A to B: 0< x<a

From B to C: a< x< L−a

 Calculate reactions after replacing distributed load by an equivalent

Σ Fy = 0 −1.5 + 3.65 − V = 0, V = 2.15 kN (a) 

Σ M D = 0, (175)(1.5) − (7.5)(3.65) + M = 0 M = 11.25 N ⋅ m

ΣM E = 0 (275)(1.5) − (175)(3.65) + (100)(1.2) + M = 0

MD = 0 : − M + (0.3)(500) − (0.525)(200) = 0

 Fy = 0 : V − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = −100N

 MC = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) + (0.525)(500) − (0.75)(200) = 0

 Fy = 0 : V − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = 100 N

MA = 0 : − M − (0.33)(200) − (0.525)(200) + (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0

MA = 0 : 2C − (1)(24) − (3)(40) = 0

Calculate reactions at A and B. Replace distribbuted load by an

From the diagrams

Reaction at A: M B = 0: − 0.750 RA + (0.550) (75) + (0.300) (75) = 0

Just to the right of C,

(b) |M |max = 21.25 N ⋅ m 

Assuming that the reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed,

ΣFy = 0 3.6w − (0.9)(10) − 36 − (0.9)(10) = 0 w = 15 kN/m

A to C 0 < x < 0.9 m

Assuming that the reaction of the ground is uniformly distributed, draw

ΣFy = 0: 1.5w − 1.5 − 1.5 = 0 w = 2 kN/m

V = 0.6 kN, M = 0.090 kN ⋅ m

ΣFy = 0: 2 x − 1.5 − V = 0 V = (2 x − 1.5) kN

At the center of the beam: x = 0.75 m

(a) Maximum |V | = 0.9 kN = 900 N 

For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum

Mc (8.55 × 103 )(0.150)

For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum

For W310 × 60 : S = 844 × 103 mm3

Using left half of beam as free body,

M = 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m

For W310 × 52 : S = 747 × 103 mm3

For S 200 × 27.4, S = 235 × 103 mm3 = 235 × 10−6 m3

For the beam and loading shown, determine the maxximum

U portion AC as free body.

For W460 × 113, S = 2390 × 106 mm 3

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrrams for the beam

A to C 0 < x < 0.6 m

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam

For S250 × 52 section, S = 482 × 103 mm3

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam

 M C = 0 : M = −(96)(0.6) − (48)(0.3) = −72 kN

For W310 × 60 rolled steel shape,

S x = 844 × 103 mm3

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the

A to C: 0 < x < 1.6 m

C to B: 1.6 m < x < 4.8 m

Normal stress: For W200 × 31.3, S = 298 × 103 mm3

Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam

Reaction at C M B = 0 (5.4)(20) − 3.9C + (1.5)(40) = 0

|M |max occurs at C |M |max = 30 kNm

For W360 × 32.9 rolled steel section S = 474 × 103 mm3

Knowing that W = 12 kN , draw the shear and bending-moment

At D, +Σ M D = 0: M D − (2)(2) + (8) (1) = 0

For W310 × 23.8, S x = 280 × 103 mm 3 = 280 × 10 −6 m3

= 14.29 × 106 Pa σ max = 14.29 MPa 

Determine (a) the magnitude of the counterweight W for which

Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −(8 − 0.5W )(1) + M C = 0