Book Solution ch05 Mechanics of Material

PROBLEM 5.
For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and bending-moment
diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and bending-moment
curves.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
Pb
ΣM C = 0: LA − bP = 0 A=
L
Pa
ΣM A = 0: LC − aP = 0 C =
L
From A to B: 0< x<a
Pb
ΣFy = 0: −V = 0
L
Pb
V = 
L
Pb
ΣM J = 0: M − x=0
L
Pbx
M = 
L
From B to C: a< x< L

Pa
ΣFy = 0: V + =0
L
Pa
V =− 
L
Pa
ΣM K = 0: − M + ( L − x) = 0
L
Pa( L − x)
M = 
L
Pab
At section B: M = 
L2
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without permission.
PROBLEM 5.2
curves.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
L wL
ΣM B = 0: − AL + wL ⋅ =0 A=
2 2
L wL
ΣM A = 0: BL − wL ⋅ =0 B=
2 2
Free body diagram for determining reactions.

Over whole beam, 0< x< L
Place section at x.
Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated load.
wL
ΣFy = 0: − wx − V = 0
2
L 
V = w − x 
2 
wL x
ΣM J = 0: − x + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = ( Lx − x 2 )
2
w
M = x( L − x) 
2
L
Maximum bending moment occurs at x = .
2
wL2
M max = 
8
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.3
For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and
bending-moment curves.
From A to B (0 < x < a) :

SOLUTION
 Fy = 0 : − wx − V = 0
V = −wx 
x
 M J = 0 : ( wx) +M =0
2
wx 2
M =− 
2
From B to C (a < x < L) :
 Fy = 0 : − wa − V = 0 V = − wa 
 a  a
 M J = 0 : ( wa)  x −  + M = 0 M = −wa  x −  
 2  2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.4
curves.
SOLUTION
1 w0 x
ΣFy = 0: − ⋅x−V = 0
2 L
w0 x 2
V =− 
2L
1 w0 x x
ΣM J = 0: ⋅x⋅ +M =0
2 L 3
w0 x3
M =− 
6L
At x = L,
w0 L w0 L
V = − |V |max = 
2 2
w0 L2 w0 L2
M = − |M |max = 
6 6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.5
curves.
SOLUTION
Reactions: A = D = wa
From A to B: 0< x<a
 Fy = 0 : wa − wx − V = 0
V = w(a − x) 
x
MJ = 0 : − wax + (wx) +M =0
2
 x2 
M = w  ax −  
 2 
From B to C: a< x< L−a

 Fy = 0 : wa − wa − V = 0
V =0 
 a 1 2
MJ = 0 : −wax + wa  x −  + M = 0 M = wa 
 2 2
From C to D: L−a< x< L
 Fy = 0: V − w(L − x) + wa = 0
V = w( L − x − a) 
L − x
 M J = 0: − M − w(L − x)   + wa( L − x) = 0
 2 
1
M = wa[( L − x) − (L − x) 2 ] 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.6
curves.
SOLUTION
Calculate reactions after replacing distributed load by an equivalent
concentrated load.
Reactions are
1
A= D = w (L − 2a )
2
From A to B: 0< x<a
1
ΣFy = 0: w ( L − 2a) − V = 0
2
1
V = w ( L − 2a ) 
2
1
ΣM = 0: − w ( L − 2a) + M = 0
2
1
M = w ( L − 2a ) x 
2
From B to C: a< x< L−a
x−a
b=
2
Place section cut at x. Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated

load.
1 L 
ΣFy = 0: w ( L − 2a) − w ( x − a) − V = 0 V = w − x  
2  2 
1 x −a
M J = 0: − w ( L − 2a ) x + w ( x − a )  +M =0
2  2 
1
M = w [(L − 2a )x − (x − a )2 ] 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.6 (Continued)
From C to D: L−a< x< L

1
ΣFy = 0: V + w ( L − 2a) = 0
2
w
V =− ( L − 2a ) 
2
1
ΣM J = 0: −M + w ( L − 2a)( L − x) = 0
2
1
M = w ( L − 2a )( L − x) 
2
L  L2 a 2 
At x = , M max = w  −  
2  8 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.7
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the
shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reactions:  M C = 0 : (300)(4) − (240)(3) − (360)(7) + 12 B = 0 B = 170 lb ↑
 Fy = 0 : − 300 + C − 240 − 360 + 170 = 0 C = 730 lb ↑
From A to C:
 Fy = 0 : − 300 − V = 0 V = −300 lb
 M1 = 0 : (300)( x) + M = 0 M = −300 x
From C to D:
 Fy = 0 : − 300 + 730 − V = 0 V = +430 lb
 M2 = 0 : (300) x − (730)( x − 4) + M = 0
M = −2920 + 430 x
From D to E:
 Fy = 0 : V − 360 + 170 = 0 V = +190 lb
 M3 = 0 : (170)(16 − x) − (360)(11 − x) − M = 0
M = −1240 + 190 x
From E to B:
 Fy = 0 : V + 170 = 0 V = −170lb
 M4 = 0 : (170)(16 − x) − M = 0
M = 2720 − 170 x
(a) V max
= 430 lb 
(b) M max
= 1200 lb ⋅ in 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.8
loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the
shear, (b) of the bending moment.
At B, V = 200N, M = 0
SOLUTION
At E + ,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 = 0 V = 200N
 ME = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) = 0
M = −45 N ⋅ m
At D + ,
 Fy = 0 : V + 500 − 200 = 0
(a) V = −300 N 
 MD = 0 : − M + (0.3)(500) − (0.525)(200) = 0
M = 45 N ⋅ m
At C + ,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = −100N
 MC = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) + (0.525)(500) − (0.75)(200) = 0
(b) M = 67.5 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
At A,
 Fy = 0 : V − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = 100 N
MA = 0 : − M − (0.3)(200) − (0.525)(200) + (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0

M = 37.5 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.9
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear,
(b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
 M C = 0 : − 2 A + (1)(24) − (1)(40) = 0
A = −8kN = 8 kN ↓
MA = 0 : 2C − (1)(24) − (3)(40) = 0

C = 72kN = 72 kN ↑
A to C. 0 < x < 2m
 Fy = 0 : − 8 − 12 x − V = 0 V = ( −8 − 12 x) kN
x
MJ = 0 : − 8 x − (12 x)   − M = 0
2
M = (−8 x − 6 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
C to B. 2m < x < 3m
 Fy = 0 : V − 40 = 0
V = 40 kN
MK = 0 : − M − (3 − x)(40) = 0
M = (40 x − 120) kN ⋅ m
From the diagrams, (a) V max

= 40.0 kN 
(b) M max
= 40.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.10
shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b)
of the bending moment.
A to C:
SOLUTION
0 < x < 4 ft
 Fy = 0 : − V − 2x = 0 V = −2 x kips
 x
 M J = 0 : M + (2 x)   = 0
2
M = − x kip ⋅ ft
At C, V = −8 kips M = −16 kip ⋅ ft
At D − ,
 Fy = 0: − 8 − V = 0 V = −8 kips
 M D = 0: (6)(8) − M = 0 M = −48 kip ⋅ ft
At B − ,
 Fy = 0 : − 8 − 15 − V = 0
V = −23 kips
MB = 0 : − (10)(8) − (4)(15) − M = 0

M = −140 kip ⋅ ft
From the diagrams: (a) V max

= 23.0 kips 
(b) M max
= 140.0 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.11
loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of
the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
 M A = 0 : 3FEF − (8)(60) − (24)(60) = 0
FEF = 640 kips
 Fx = 0 : Ax − 640 = 0 Ax = 640 kips →
 Fy = 0 : Ay − 60 − 60 = 0 Ay = 120 kips ↑
From A to C: (0 < x < 8 in.)
 Fy = 0 :
120 − V = 0
V = 120 kips
 M J = 0 : M − 120 x = 0 M = 120 x kip ⋅ in
From C to D: (8 in. < x < 16 in.)
 FY = 0 : 120 − 60 − V = 0 V = 60 kips
MJ = 0 : M − 120 x + 60( x − 8) = 0

M = (60 x + 480) kips ⋅ in
From D to B: (16 in. < x < 24 in.)
 Fy = 0 : V − 60 = 0 V = 60 kips
 M J = 0 : − M − 60(24 − x) = 0
M = (60 x − 1440) kip ⋅ in
(a) V max
= 120.0 kips 
(b) M max
= 1440 kip ⋅ in = 120.0 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.12
shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A: M B = 0: −0.750 RA + (0.550) (75) + (0.300) (75) = 0

RA = 85 N ↑
Also, RB = 65 N ↑
A to C : V = 85 N
C to D : V = 10 N
D to B : V = −65 N
At A and B, M =0
Just to the left of C,
Σ M C = 0: − (0.25) (85) + M = 0
M = 21.25 N ⋅ m
Just to the right of C,

Σ M C = 0: −(0.25)(85) + (0.050)(75) + M = 0
M = 17.50 N ⋅ m
Just to the left of D,
Σ M D = 0: −(0.50) (85) + (0.300)(75) + M = 0
M = 20 N ⋅ m
Just to the right of D,
Σ M D = 0: −M + (0.25) (65) = 0
M = 16.25 kN
(a) |V |max = 85.0 N 
(b) |M |max = 21.25 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.13
Assuming that the reaction of the ground is uniformly distributed, draw
the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam AB and determine
the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending
moment.
SOLUTION
Over the whole beam,
ΣFy = 0: 12 w − (3)(2) − 24 − (3)(2) = 0 w = 3 kips/ft
A to C: (0 ≤ x < 3 ft)
ΣFy = 0: 3 x − 2 x − V = 0 V = ( x) kips
x x
+ΣM J = 0: −(3x) + (2 x) + M = 0 M = (0.5x 2 ) kip ⋅ ft
2 2
At C, x = 3 ft
V = 3 kips, M = 4.5 kip ⋅ ft
C to D: (3 ft ≤ x < 6 ft)
ΣFy = 0: 3 x − (2)(3) − V = 0 V = (3x − 6) kips
x  3
ΣMK = 0: −(3x)   + (2)(3)  x −  + M = 0
2  2
M = (1.5x 2 − 6 x + 9) kip ⋅ ft
At D −, x = 6 ft
V = 12 kips, M = 27 kip ⋅ ft
D to B: Use symmetry to evaluate.
(a) |V |max = 12.00 kips 
(b) |M |max = 27.0 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.14
Assuming that the reaction of the ground is uniformly distributed, draw
the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam AB and determine
the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending
moment.
SOLUTION
Over the whole beam,
ΣFy = 0: 1.5w − 1.5 − 1.5 = 0 w = 2 kN/m
A to C: 0 ≤ x < 0.3 m
ΣFy = 0: 2 x − V = 0 V = (2 x) kN
 x
ΣM J = 0: −(2 x)   + M = 0 M = ( x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
2
At C −, x = 0.3 m
V = 0.6 kN, M = 0.090 kN ⋅ m

= 90 N ⋅ m
C to D: 0.3 m < x < 1.2 m
ΣFy = 0: 2 x − 1.5 − V = 0 V = (2 x − 1.5) kN
x
ΣM J = 0: − (2 x)   + (1.5)( x − 0.3) + M = 0
2
M = ( x 2 − 1.5 x + 0.45) kN ⋅ m
At the center of the beam: x = 0.75 m
V =0 M = −0.1125 kN ⋅ m
= −112.5 N ⋅ m
At C +, x = 0.3 m, V = −0.9 kN
(a) Maximum |V | = 0.9 kN = 900 N 

(b) Maximum |M | = 112.5 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.15
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
M B = 0: −4.5 A + (3.0)(3) + (1.5)(3) + (1.8)(4.5)(2.25) = 0 A = 7.05 kN ↑
Use AC as free body.
ΣM C = 0: M C − (7.05)(1.5) + (1.8)(1.5)(0.75) = 0
M C = 8.55 kN ⋅ m = 8.55 × 103 N ⋅ m
1 3 1
I = bh = (80)(300)3 = 180 × 106 mm 4
12 12
= 180 × 10−6 m 4
1
c= (300) = 150 mm = 0.150 m
2
Mc (8.55 × 103 )(0.150)

σ = = = 7.125 × 10 6 Pa σ = 7.13 MPa 
I 180 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.16
For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum normal
stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Use CB as free body.
6
M C = 0: −M − (200)(6)   = 0
2
M = −3600 lb ⋅ ft
= −43.2 × 103 lb ⋅ in
1 3 1
For rectangular section, I = bh = (4)(8)3 = 170.667 in 3
12 12
1
c= h = 4 in.
2
|M |c (43.2 × 103 )(4)
σ = = = 1.0125 × 103 psi σ = 1.013 ksi 
I 170.667
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.17
SOLUTION
Use portion CB as free body.
 MC = 0 : − M + (3)(2.1)(1.05) + (8)(2.1) = 0
M = 23.415 kN ⋅ m = 23.415 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 60 : S = 844 × 103 mm 3

= 844 × 10−6 m3
M 23.415 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 27.7 × 106 Pa
S 844 × 10
σ = 27.7 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.18
stress due to bending on section a-a.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A= B
 Fy = 0 : A = B = 80 kN
Using left half of beam as free body,

MJ = 0 :
−(80)(2) + (30)(1.2) + (50)(0.4) + M = 0
M = 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 52 : S = 747 × 103 mm 3

= 747 × 10 −6 m 3
M 104 × 103
= 139.2 × 106 Pa
S 747 × 10
σ = 139.2 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.19
stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
Use entire beam as free body.
MB = 0 :
−90 A + (75)(5) + (60)(5) + (45)(2) + (30)(2) + (15)(2) = 0
A = 9.5 kips
Use portion AC as free body.
 M C = 0 : M − (15)(9.5) = 0
M = 142.5 kip ⋅ in
For S 8 × 18.4, S = 14.4 in3
M 142.5
Normal stress: σ = =
S 14.4
σ = 9.90 ksi 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.20
SOLUTION
MB = 0 :
−4.8 A + (3.6)(216) + (1.6)(150) + (0.8)(150) = 0
A = 237 kN
Use portion AC as free body.

 MC = 0 :
M − (2.4)(237) + (1.2)(216) = 0
M = 309.6 kN ⋅ m
For W460 × 113, S = 2390 × 106 mm3

Normal stress:
M 309.6 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ = =
S 2390 × 10 −6 m 3
= 129.5 × 106 Pa
σ = 129.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.21
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
MB = 0 :
(11)(25) − 10C + (8)(25) + (2)(25) = 0 C = 52.5 kips
 MC = 0 :
(1)(25) − (2)(25) − (8)(25) + 10 B = 0 B = 22.5 kips

Shear:
A to C − : V = −25 kips
C+ to D−: V = 27.5 kips
D+ to E−: V = 2.5 kips
E+ to B: V = −22.5 kips
Bending moments:
At C,  M C = 0 : (1)(25) + M = 0
M = −25 kip ⋅ ft
At D,  M D = 0 : (3)(25) − (2)(52.5) + M = 0
M = 30 kip ⋅ ft
At E, ME = 0 : − M + (2)(22.5) = 0 M = 45 kip ⋅ ft
max M = 45 kip ⋅ ft = 540 kip ⋅ in
For S12 × 35 rolled steel section: S = 38.1 in 3

M 540
Normal stress: σ = = = 14.17 ksi σ = 14.17 ksi 
S 38.1
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.22
due to bending.
Reactions:
SOLUTION
 M D = 0 : 4 A − 64 − (24)(2)(1) = 0 A = 28 kN
 Fy = 0 : − 28 + D − (24)(2) = 0 D = 76 kN
A to C: 0 < x < 2m
 Fy = 0 : − V − 28 = 0
V = −28 kN
 M J = 0 : M + 28 x = 0
M = (−28 x) kN ⋅ m
C to D: 2m < x < 4m
 Fy = 0 : − V − 28 = 0
V = −28 kN
MJ = 0 : M + 28 x − 64 = 0
M = (−28x + 64) kN ⋅ m
D to B: 4m < x < 6m
 Fy = 0 :
V − 24(6 − x) = 0
V = (−24 x + 144) kN
MJ = 0 :
6 − x
− M − 24(6 − x)  =0
 2 
M = −12(6 − x) 2 kN ⋅ m
max M = 56 kN ⋅ m = 56 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S250 × 52 section, S = 482 × 103 mm3
M 56 × 103 N ⋅ m
Normal Stress: σ = = = 116.2 × 106 Pa
S 482 × 10−6 m3
σ = 116.2 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.23
and loading shown and determine the maximum normal
stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Statics: Consider portion AB and BE separately.
Portion BE:
ME = 0 :
(96)(3.6) + (48)(3.3) − C (3) + (160)(1.5) = 0
C = 248kN ↑
E = 56 kN ↑
MA = MB = ME = 0
At midpoint of AB:
 Fy = 0 : V = 0
 M = 0 : M = (96)(1.2) − (96)(0.6) = 57.6 kN ⋅ m
Just to the left of C:
 Fy = 0 : V = −96 − 48 = −144 kN
 M C = 0 : M = −(96)(0.6) − (48)(0.3) = −72 kN

Just to the left of D:
 Fy = 0 : V = 160 − 56 = +104 kN
MD = 0 : M = (56)(1.5) = +84 kN ⋅ m
without permission.
From the diagram:
M max
= 84 kN ⋅ m = 84 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 60 rolled steel shape,
S x = 844 × 103 mm3

= 844 × 10−6 m3
M max
Stress: σ m =
S
84 × 103
σm = = 99.5 × 106 Pa
844 × 10−6
σ m = 99.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.24
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown and determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
 M B = 0 : − 4.8 A + 40 + (25)(3.2)(1.6) = 0
A = 35 kN
A to C: 0 < x < 1.6 m
 Fy = 0 : 35 − V = 0 V = 35 kN
 M J = 0 : M + 40 − 35x = 0
M = (30 x − 40) kN ⋅ m
C to B: 1.6 m < x < 4.8m
 Fy = 0 : 35 − 25( x − 1.6) − V = 0
V = (−25 x + 75) kN
 M K = 0 : M + 40 − 35 x
 x − 1.6 
+ (25)( x − 1.6)   =0
 2 
M = (−12.5 x 2 + 75 x − 72) kN ⋅ m
Normal stress: For W200 × 31.3, S = 298 × 103 mm 3
M 40.5 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ = = = 135.9 × 106 Pa σ = 135.9 MPa 
S 298 × 10 −6 m 3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.25
and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction at C: Σ M B = 0: (18)(5) − 13C +(5)(10) = 0

C = 10.769 kips
Reaction at B: M C = 0: (5)(5) − (8)(10) + 13 B = 0

B = 4.231 kips
Shear diagram:
A to C −: V = − 5 kips
C + to D −: V = −5 + 10.769 = 5.769 kips
+
D to B : V = 5.769 − 10 = −4.231 kips
At A and B, M =0
At C, M C = 0: (5)(5) + M C = 0
M C = −25 kip ⋅ ft
At D, Σ M D = 0: −M D + (5) (4.231)
M D = 21.155 kip ⋅ ft
V max
= 5.77 kips 
|M |max occurs at C. |M |max = 25 kip ⋅ ft = 300 kip ⋅ in 
For W14 × 22 rolled steel section, S = 29.0 in 3
M 300
Normal stress: σ = = σ = 10.34 ksi 
S 29.0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.26
Knowing that W = 12kN , draw the shear and bending-moment

diagrams for beam AB and determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A = B
Σ Fy = 0: A − 8 + 12 − 8 + B = 0
A = B = 2 kN
Shear: A to C −: V = 2 kN 
C + to D −: V = −6 kN 
D + to E −: V = 6 kN 
E + to B : V = −2 kN 
Bending moment:
At C, Σ M C = 0: M C − (1)(2) = 0
M C = 2 kN ⋅ m 
At D, +Σ M D = 0: M D − (2)(2) + (8)(1) = 0
M D − 4 kN ⋅ m 
By symmetry, M = 2 kN ⋅ m at E. M E = 2 kN ⋅ m 
max |M | = 4 kN ⋅ m occurs at E.
For W310 × 23.8, S x = 280 × 103 mm 3 = 280 × 10 −6 m 3
|M |max 4 × 103
Normal stress: σ max = =
Sx 280 × 10−6
= 14.29 × 106 Pa σ max = 14.29 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.27
Determine (a) the magnitude of the counterweight W for which

the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam
is as small as possible, (b) the corresponding maximum normal
stress due to bending. (Hint: Draw the bending-moment diagram
and equate the absolute values of the largest positive and negative
bending moments obtained.)
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A=B
Σ Fy = 0: A − 8 + W − 8 + B = 0
A = B = 8 − 0.5W
Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −(8 − 0.5W )(1) + M C = 0

M C = (8 − 0.5W ) kN ⋅ m
Bending moment at D:
Σ M D = 0: − (8 − 0.5 W )(2) + (8) (1) + M D = 0
M D = (8 − W ) kN ⋅ m
Equate: −M D = M C W − 8 = 8 − 0.5W
W = 10.67 kN 
(a) W = 10.6667 kN
M C = −2.6667 kN ⋅ m
M D = 2.6667 kN ⋅ m = 2.6667.103 N ⋅ m
|M |max = 2.6667 kN ⋅ m
For W310 × 23.8 rolled steel shape,
S x = 280 × 103 mm 3 = 280 × 10 −6 m 3
|M |max 2.6667 × 103

(b) σ max = = −6
= 9.52 × 106 Pa σ max = 9.52 MPa 
Sx 280 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.28
Determine (a) the distance a for which the absolute value
of the bending moment in the beam is as small as possible,
(b) the corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending.
(See hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
For W14 × 68, S x = 103 in 3

Let b = (18 − a) ft
Segment BC:
By symmetry, VB = C
Σ Fy = 0: VB + C − 4b = 0
VB = 2b
 x
Σ M J = 0: −VB x + (4 x)   − M = 0
2
M = VB x − 2 x 2 = 2bx − 2x 2 lb ⋅ ft
dM 1
= 2b − xm = 0 xm = b
dx 2
1 1
M max = b2 − b2 = b 2
2 2
Segment AB:
(a − x )
Σ M K = 0: −4 (a − x)
2
−VB (a − x) − M = 0
M = −2(a − x)2 + 2b (a − x )
|M max | occurs at x = 0.
|M max | = −2a 2 − 2ab = −2a 2 − 2a (18 − a ) = 36a
1 2 1 1
(a) Equate the two values of |M max |: 36a = b = (18 − a) 2 = 162 − 18a + a 2
2 2 2
1 2
2
a − 54a + 162 = 0 a = 54 ± (54) 2 − (4) ( 12 ) (162)
a = 54 ± 50.9118 = 3.0883 ft a = 3.09 ft 
(b) |M |max = 36 a = 111.179 kip ⋅ ft = 1334.15 kip ⋅ in
|M |max 1334.15
σ = = = 12.95 kips/in 2 σ m = 12.95 ksi 
Sx 103
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.29
Determine (a) the distance a for which the absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam is as small as possible, (b) the
corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending. (See hint of
Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
 M C = 0 : 0.8a − (1.5)(1.2) − (2.7)(1.2) + (3.6) B = 0 B = 1.4 − 0.22222 a ↑
 M B = 0 : (0.8)(3.6 + a) − 3.6C + (2.1)(1.2) + (0.9)(1.2) = 0 C = 1.8 + 0.22222a ↑
Bending moment at C:  M C = 0 : M C + (0.8)( a) = 0

M C = −0.8a
Bending moment at D:  MD = 0 :
M D + (0.8)( a + 1.5) − 1.5C = 0
M D = 1.5 − 0.46667 a
Bending moment at E:  M E = 0 : − M E + 0.9 B = 0

M E = 1.26 − 0.2a
Assume −M C = M E : 0.8a = 1.26 − 0.2 a a = 1.26 ft 
M C = −1.008 kip ⋅ ft M E = 1.008 kip ⋅ ft M D = 0.912 kip ⋅ ft
Note that M D < 1.008 kip ⋅ ft max M = 1.008 kip ⋅ ft = 12.096 kip ⋅ in
For rolled steel section S3 × 5.7 : S = 1.67 in 3
M 12.096
S 1.67
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.30
Knowing that P = Q = 480 N, determine (a) the distance a
for which the absolute value of the bending moment in the
beam is as small as possible, (b) the corresponding maximum
normal stress due to bending. (See hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
P = 480 N Q = 480 N
Reaction at A: Σ M D = 0: − Aa + 480(a − 0.5)

− 480(1 − a) = 0
 720 
A =  960 − N
 a 
Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: − 0.5 A + M C = 0

 360 
M C = 0.5 A =  480 −  N ⋅m
 a 
Bending moment at D: Σ M D = 0: − M D − 480 (1 − a) = 0

M D = −480 (1 − a ) N ⋅ m
360
(a) Equate: −M D = M C 480 (1 − a ) = 480 −
a
a = 0.86603 m a = 866 mm 
A = 128.62 N M C = 64.31 N ⋅ m M D = −64.31 N ⋅ m
1 2
(b) For rectangular section, S = bh
6
1
S = (12)(13)2 = 648 mm3 = 648 × 10 −9 m 3
6
|M |max 64.31
σ max = = −9
= 99.2 × 106 Pa σ max = 99.2 MPa 
S 6.48 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.31
Solve Prob. 5.30, assuming that P = 480 N and Q = 320 N.
PROBLEM 5.30 Knowing that P = Q = 480 N, determine

(a) the distance a for which the absolute value of the bending
moment in the beam is as small as possible, (b) the
corresponding maximum normal stress due to bending. (See
hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
P = 480 N Q = 320 N
Reaction at A: Σ M D = 0: Aa + 480( a − 0.5) − 320(1 − a) = 0

 560 
A =  800 − N
 a 
Bending moment at C: Σ M C = 0: −0.5 A + M C = 0

 280 
M C = 0.5 A =  400 −  N ⋅m
 a 
Bending moment at D: Σ M D = 0: −M D − 320 (1 − a) = 0

M D = (−320 + 320 a) N ⋅ m
280
(a) Equate: −M D = M C 320 − 320 a = 400 −
a
320 a 2 + 80a − 280 = 0 a = 0.81873 m, − 1.06873 m
Reject negative root. a = 819 mm 

A = 116.014 N M C = 58.007 N ⋅ m M D = −58.006 N ⋅ m
1 2
(b) For rectangular section, S = bh
6
1
S = (12)(18) 2 = 648 mm 3 = 648 × 10 −9 m3
6
|M |max 58.0065
σ max = = = 89.5 × 106 Pa σ max = 89.5 MPa 
S 648 × 10−9
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.32
A solid steel bar has a square cross section of side b and is

supported as shown. Knowing that for steel ρ = 7860 kg / m3,
determine the dimension b for which the maximum normal stress
due to bending is (a) 10 MPa, (b) 50 MPa.
SOLUTION
Weight density: γ = ρ g
Let L = total length of beam.
W = AL ρ g = b 2L ρ g
W
Reactions at C and D: C = D=
2
Bending moment at C:
 L  W 
Σ M C = 0:    + M = 0
 6  3 
WL
M =−
18
Bending moment at center of beam:

 L  W   L  W  WL
Σ M E = 0:    −    + M = 0 M =−
 4  2   6  2  24
WL b 2 L2 ρ g
max|M | = =
18 18
1 3
For a square section, S = b
6
|M | b 2 L2 ρ g /18 L2 ρ g
Normal stress: σ = = =
S b3 /6 3b
L2 ρ g
Solve for b: b=
3σ
Data: L = 3.6 m ρ = 7860 kg/m3 g = 9.81 m/s 2 (a) σ = 10 × 106 Pa (b) σ = 50 × 106 Pa
(3.6) 2 (7860) (9.81)

(a) b= = 33.3 × 10 −3 m b = 33.3 mm 
(3) (10 × 106 )
(3.6) 2 (7860) (9.81)

(b) b= = 6.66 × 10−3 m b = 6.66 mm 
(3) (50 × 106 )
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.33
A solid steel rod of diameter d is supported as shown. Knowing that for

steel γ = 490 lb/ft 3, determine the smallest diameter d that can be
used if the normal stress due to bending is not to exceed 4 ksi.
SOLUTION
Let W = total weight.

π
W = ALγ = d 2 Lγ
4
Reaction at A:
1
A= W
2
Bending moment at center of beam:
 W  L   W  L 
Σ M C = 0: −    +    + M = 0
 2  2   2  4 
WL π 2 2
M = = d Lγ
8 32
(
For circular cross section, c = 1 d
2 )
π I π π 3
I = c 4, S = = c3 = d
4 c 4 32
Normal stress:
M π d 2 L2γ L2γ
σ = = 32
=
S π
32
d3 d
L2γ
Solving for d, d =
σ
Data: L = 10 ft = (12)(10) = 120 in.
490
γ = 490 lb/ft 3 = = 0.28356 lb/in 3
123
σ = 4 ksi = 4000 lb/in 2
(120) 2 (0.28356)
d = d = 1.021 in. 
4000
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.34
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.1a.
PROBLEM 5.1 For the beam and loading shown, (a) draw the shear and
bending-moment diagrams, (b) determine the equations of the shear and
SOLUTION
Pb
ΣM C = 0: LA − bP = 0 A=
L
Pa
ΣM A = 0: LC − aP = 0 C =
L
Pb
At A+, V = A= M =0
L
A to B −: 0< x<a
x
w=0 0 wdx = 0
Pb
V − VA = 0 V = 
L
a a Pb Pba Pba
M B − M A = 0 Vdx =  0 dx = MB = 
L L L
Pb Pa
At B +, V = A− P= −P=−
L L
B + to C: a< x<L
x
w=0 a wdx = 0
Pa
VC − VB = 0 V =− 
L
L Pa Pab
M C − M B = a Vdx = − ( L − a) = −
L L
Pab Pba Pab
MC = MB − = − =0
L L L
Pab
|M | max = 
L
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.35
L wL
SOLUTION Σ M B = 0: −AL + wL ⋅ =0 A=
2 2
L wL
Σ M A = 0: BL − wL ⋅ =0 B=
2 2
dV
= −w
dx
x
V − VA = −0 wdx = − wx
wL
V = VA − wx = A − wx V = − wx 
2
dM
=V
dx
x x  wL 
M − M A = 0 Vd x = 0  − wx  dx
 2 
wLx wx 2
= −
2 2
wLx wx 2 w
M = MA + − M = ( Lx − x 2 ) 
2 2 2
1
Maximum M occurs at x = , where
2
dM wL2
V = =0 |M |max = 
dx 8
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.36
SOLUTION
Over AB: VA = 0 M A = 0
x
V = − 0 wdx = − wx
dM
= V = −wx
dx
x
x wx 2 wx 2
M = 0
Vdx =− M =− 
2 0
2
wa 2
At B: x=a VB = −wa MB = − 
2
Over BC: w=0
dV
=0 V = constant = VB V = − wa 
dx
dM
= V = − wa
dx
x x
M − M B = a Vdx = − wax a = −wa( x − a)
wa 2  a
M = − wa(x − a) − M = −wa  x −  
2  2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.37
SOLUTION
x
w = w0
L
VA = 0, MA = 0
dV Wx
= −w = − 0
dx L
x w0 x w x2
V − VA = − 0 =− 0
L 2L
w0 x2
V =− 
2L
dM w x2
=V = − 0
dx 2L
x x w0 x 2
M − M A = 0 V dx = −0 dx
2L
w0 x3
M =− 
6L
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.38
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, Solve Prob. 5.5a.
SOLUTION
Reactions: A = D = wa
A to B: 0< x<a w=w
VA = A = wa, MA = 0
x
V − VA = −0 w dx = −wx
V = w(a − x) 
dM
= V = wa − wx
dx
x x
M − MA = 0 Vdx = 0 ( wa − wx) dx
1 2
M = wax − wx 
2
1 2
VB = 0 MB = wa
2
B to C: a < x < L−a V =0 
dM
=V =0
dx
x
M − MB = a V dx = 0
1 2
M = MB M = wa 
2
without permission.
x
C to D: V − VC = −L − a w dx = − w[ x − (L − a )]
V = −w[ x − ( L − a)] 
x x
M − MC = L − a V dx = L − a −[ wx − ( L − a)]dx
 x2  x
= −w  − (L − a)x  L− a
 2 
 x2 (L − a ) 2 
= −w  − (L − a)x − + ( L − a) 2 
2 2 
 x2 ( L − a )2 
= −w  − (L − a)x + 
2 2 
1 2  x2 ( L − a)2 
M = wa − w  − (L − a ) x +  
2 2 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.39
1
SOLUTION Reactions. A= D = w(L − 2a )
2
1
At A. VA = A = w( L − 2a ), M A = 0
2
A to B. 0< x<a w=0

a
VB − VA = −  0
w dx = 0
1
VB = VA = w(L − 2a)
2
a a 1
MB − M A =  0
V dx = 
0 2
w( L − 2a )dx
1
MB = w( L − 2a)a
2
B to C. a< x < L−a w= w

x
V − VB = −  a
w dx = − w( x − a )
1 1
V = w(L − 2a ) − w(x − a ) = w( L − 2x )
2 2
dM 1
= V = w(L − 2x )
dx 2
x 1 2
x
M − MB = a V dx = 2 w (Lx − x ) a
1
= w(Lx − x 2 − La + a 2 )
2
1 1
M = w( L − 2a)a + w(Lx − x 2 − La + a 2 )
2 2
1
= w(Lx − x 2 − a 2 )
2
without permission.
x = L−a 1 1
At C. VC = − w( L − 2a) M C = ( L − 2a )a
2 2
1
C to D. V = VC = − w(L − 2a )
2
MD = 0
L  L2 a 2 
At x = , M max = w  −  
2  8 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.40
Using the method of Sec. 5.3 solve Prob. 5.7.
PROBLEM 5.7 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a)
of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reaction at C:
 M B = 0 : (16)(300) − 12C + (9)(240) + (5)(360) = 0
C = 730 lb ↑
Shear diagram: A to C: V = −300 lb
C to D: V = −300 + 730 = 430 lb
D to E: V = 430 – 240 = 190 lb
E to B: V = 190 – 360 = −170 lb
Areas of shear diagram:
A to C: AAC = (−300)(4) = −1200 lb ⋅ in
C to D: ACD = (430)(3) = 1290 lb ⋅ in
D to E: ADE = (190)(4) = 760 lb ⋅ in
E to B: AEB = (−170)(5) = −850 lb ⋅ in

Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = 0 − 1200 = −1200 lb ⋅ in
M D = −1200 + 1290 = 90lb ⋅ in
M E = 90 + 760 = 850 lb ⋅ in
M B = 850 – 850 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 430 lb 
(b) Maximum M = 1200 lb ⋅ in 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.41
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, Solve Prob. 5.8
PROBLEM 5.8 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagram for the
beam and loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value
(a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
 M A = 0 : − M A − (0.3)(200) − (0.525)(200)
+ (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0
M A = 37.5 N ⋅ m
 Fy = 0 : VA − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0
VA = 100 N
Shear:
A to C: V = 100 N
C to D: V = 100 − 200 = −100 N
D to E: V = −100 − 200 = −300 N
E to B: V = −300 + 500 = 200 N

Areas under shear diagram:
A to C:  Vdx = (100)(0.3) = 30 N ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (−100)(0.225) = −22.5 N ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = (−300)(0.3) = −90 N ⋅ m
E to B:  Vdx = (200)(0.225) = 45 N ⋅ m
Bending moments:
M A = 37.5 N ⋅ m
C
MC = M A + A V dx = 37.5 + 30 = 67.5 N ⋅ m
D
M D = MC + C V dx = 67.5 − 22.5 = 45 N ⋅ m
E
ME = MD + D V dx = 45 − 90 = −45 N ⋅ m
D
MB = ME + E V dx = −45 + 45 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 300 N 
(b) Maximum M = 67.5 N ⋅ m 

without permission.
PROBLEM 5.42
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, Solve Prob. 5.9
SOLUTION
Reactions:
 M C = 0 : 2 A + (12)(2)(1) − (40)(1) = 0
A = 8kN ↓
 M A = 0 : 2C − (12)(2)(1) − (40)(3) = 0
C = 72kN ↑
Shear diagram: VA = −8 kN
A to C: 0 < x < 2 m w = 12kN/m
2 2
VC − VA = − 0 
wdx = − 12 dx = −24 kN
0
VC = −24 − 8 = −32 kN
C to B: VB = −32 + 72 = 40 kN
1
A to C:  Vdx = ( −8 − 32)(2) = −40 kN ⋅ m
2
C to B:  Vdx = (1)(40) = 40 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = M A +  Vdx = 0 − 40 = −40 kN ⋅ m
M B = M C +  Vdx = −40 + 40 = 0
(a) Maximum V = 40.0 kN 
(b) Maximum M = 40.0 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.43
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.10
SOLUTION
Shear:
VA = 0
B
VB = V A − A wdx = 0 − (4)(2) = −8 kips
C to D: V = −8 kips
D to B: V = −8 − 15 = −23 kips
Areas under shear diagram:
1
A to C:  Vdx =   (4)(−8) = −16 kip ⋅ ft
2
C to D:  Vdx = (4)( −8) = −32 kip ⋅ ft
D to B:  Vdx = (4)( −23) = −92 kip ⋅ ft

Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = M A +  Vdx = 0 − 16 = −16 kip ⋅ ft
M D = M C +  Vdx = −16 − 32 = −48 kip ⋅ ft
M B = M D +  Vdx = −48 − 92 = −140 kip ⋅ ft
(a) Maximum V = 23 kips 
(b) Maximum M = 140 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.44
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
Reaction at A:
ΣM B = 0: −3.0 A + (1.5)(3.0)(3.5) + (1.5)(3) = 0
A = 6.75 kN ↑
Reaction at B: B = 6.75 kN ↑
Beam ACB and loading: (See sketch.)
Areas of load diagram:
A to C: (2.4)(3.5) = 8.4 kN
C to B: (0.6)(3.5) = 2.1 kN
Shear diagram:
VA = 6.75 kN
VC − = 6.75 − 8.4 = −1.65 kN
VC + = −1.65 − 3 = −4.65 kN
VB = −4.65 − 2.1 = −6.75 kN
Over A to C, V = 6.75 − 3.5x

At G, V = 6.75 − 3.5xG = 0 xG = 1.9286 m
1
A to G: (1.9286)(6.75) = 6.5089 kN ⋅ m
2
1
G to C: (0.4714)(−1.65) = −0.3889 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to B: (0.6)(− 4.65 − 6.75) = −3.42 kN ⋅ m
2
without permission.
Bending moments: MA = 0
M G = 0 + 6.5089 = 6.5089 kN ⋅ m
M C − = 6.5089 − 0.3889 = 6.12 kN ⋅ m
M C + = 6.12 − 2.7 = 3.42 kN ⋅ m
M B = 3.42 − 3.42 = 0
(a) |V |max = 6.75 kN 
(b) |M |max = 6.51 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.45
the bending moment.
SOLUTION
 M B = 0:
− 3 A + (1)(4) + (0.5)(4) = 0
A = 2 kN ↑
 M A = 0: 3B − (2)(4) − (2.5)(4) = 0
B = 6 kN ↑
Shear diagram:
A to C: V = 2 kN
C to D: V = 2 − 4 = −2 kN
D to B: V = −2 − 4 = −6 kN
A to C:  Vdx = (1)(2) = 2 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (1)(−2) = −2 kN ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = (1)(−6) = −6 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C − = 0 + 2 = 2 kN ⋅ m
M C + = 2 + 4 = 6 kN ⋅ m
M D − = 6 − 2 = 4 kN ⋅ m
M D + = 4 + 2 = 6 kN ⋅ m
MB = 6 − 6 = 0
(a) V max
= 6.00 kN 
(b) M max
= 6.00 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.46
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.15
PROBLEM 5.15 For the beam and loading shown, determine the
maximum normal stress due to bending on a transverse section at C.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A = B.
ΣFy = 0: A + B − 3 − 3 − (4.5)(1.8) = 0
A = B = 7.05 kN
Shear diagram: VA = 7.05 kN
A to C − : w = 1.8 kN/m
At C − , V = 7.05 − (1.8)(1.5) = 4.35 kN
At C +, V = 4.35 − 3 = 1.35 kN
C + to D − : w = 1.8 kN/m
At D − , V = 1.35 − (1.5)(1.8) = −1.35 kN
At D +, V = −1.35 − 3 = −4.35 kN
D + to B: w = 1.8 kN
At B, V = −4.35 − (1.5)(1.8) = −7.05 kN
Draw the shear diagram:
V = 0 at point E, the midpoint of CD.
Areas of the shear diagram:
1
A to C: (7.05 + 4.35)(1.5) = 8.55 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to E: (1.35)(0.75) = 0.50625 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D: (−1.35)(0.75) = −0.50625 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B: (−4.35 − 7.05)(1.5) = −8.55 kN ⋅ m
2
without permission.
Bending moments: For a rectangular section,

MA = 0 1 1
S = bh2 =   (80)(300) 2
M C = 0 + 8.55 = 8.55 kN ⋅ m 6 6
M E = 8.55 + 0.50625 = 9.05625 kN ⋅ m = 1.2 × 106 mm3 = 1.2 × 10−3 m 3
M D = 9.05625 − 0.50625 = 8.55 kN ⋅ m Maximum normal stress at C:
M B = 8.55 − 8.55 = 0
M C 8.55 × 103
M C = 8.55 × 103 N ⋅ m σ= =
S 1.2 × 10−3
= 7.125 × 106 Pa
σ = 7.13 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.47
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.16.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: −8 A + (4)(2000) − (3)(6)(200) = 0
A = 550 lb ↑
ΣM A = 0: 8C − (4)(2000) − (11)(6)(200) = 0
C = 2650 lb ↑
Check: ΣFy = 550 − 2000 + 2650 − (6)(200) = 0
Shear diagram:
A to D: V = 550 lb
−
D to C : V = 550 − 2000 = −1450 lb
+
At C , V = −1450 + 2650 = 1200 lb
+
C to B: w = 200 lb/ft
14
 8
200 dx = 1200 lb
At B, V = 0 as expected.
A to D: AAD = (550)(4) = 2200 lb ⋅ ft
D to C: ADC = (−1450)(4) = −5800 lb ⋅ ft
1
C to B: ACB = (1200)(6) = 3600 lb ⋅ ft
2
M D = 0 + 2200 = 2200 lb ⋅ ft
M C = 2200 + ( −5800) = −3600 lb ⋅ ft
M B = −3600 + 3600 = 0 as expected
|M |max = 3600 lb ⋅ ft = 43200 lb ⋅ in
1 1
For a rectangular section, S = bh2 =   (4)(8) 2 = 42.667 in 3
6 6
|M |max 43200
σ max = = = 1012.5 psi σ max = 1013 psi 
S 42.667
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.48
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob. 5.18.
PROBLEM 5.18 For the beam and loading shown, determine

the maximum normal stress due to bending on section a-a.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A = B.
 Fy = 0 : A = B = 80 kN ↑
Shear diagram:
A to C: V = 80 kN
C to D: V = 80 − 30 = 50 kN
D to E: V = 50 − 50 = 0
A to C:  Vdx = (80)(0.8) = 64 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (50)(0.8) = 40 kN ⋅ m
D to E:  Vdx = 0
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 64 = 64 kN ⋅ m
M D = 64 + 40 = 104 kN ⋅ m
M E = 104 + 0 = 104 kN ⋅ m
M max
= 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W310 × 52, S = 747 × 103 mm3 = 747 × 10 −6 m3
M 104 × 103
= 139.2 × 10 6 Pa
S 747 × 10
σ = 139.2 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.49
Using the method of Sec. 5.3, solve Prob.5.19.
SOLUTION
 MB = 0 :
−90 A + ( 75 )( 5) + ( 60 )( 5 ) + ( 45 )( 2 ) + ( 30 )( 2 )
+ (15)( 2 ) = 0
A = 9.5 kips ↑
Shear A to C: V = 9.5 kips
Area under shear curve A to C:  Vdx = (15)(9.5)

= 142.5 kip ⋅ in
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 142.5 = 142.5 kip ⋅ in
For S8 × 18.4, S = 14.4in 3
M 142.5
S 14.4
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.50
For the beam and loading shown, determine the equations of the shear
and bending-moment curves, and the maximum absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam, knowing that (a) k = 1, (b) k = 0.5.
SOLUTION
w0 x kw0 ( L − x) wx
w= − = (1 + k ) 0 − kw.
L L L
dV w0 x
= − w = kw0 − (1 + k )
dx L
2
wx
V = kw0 x − (1 + k ) 0 + C1
2L
V = 0 at x = 0 C1 = 0
dM w x2
= V = kw0 x − (1 + k ) 0
dx 2L
kw0 x 2 w x3
M= − (1 + k ) 0 + C2
2 6L
M = 0 at x = 0 C 2 = 0
kw0 x 2 (1 + k )w0 x 3
M= −
2 6L
w0 x 2
(a) k = 1. V = w0 x − 
L
w x 2 w x3
M= 0 − 0 
2 3L
w0 L2
Maximum M occurs at x = L. M max
= 
6
1 w0 x 3w0 x2
(b) k= . V= − 
2 2 4L
w0 x 2 w0 x3
M= − 
4 4L
2
V = 0 at x= L
3
w0 ( 23 L ) w0 ( 23 L )
2 3
2 w0 L2
At x = L, M= − = = 0.03704 w0 L2
3 4 4L 27
At x = L, M =0
w0 L2
|M |max = 
27
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.51
Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves for
the beam and loading shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of the
bending moment in the beam.
SOLUTION
dV x
= − w = − w0
dx L
1 x2 dM
V = − w0 + C1 =
2 L dx
3
1 x
M = − w0 + C1 x + C2
6 L
M = 0 at x = 0 C2 = 0
1 1
M = 0 at x=L 0 = − w0 L2 + C1 L C1 = w0 L
6 6
1 x2 1 1
(a) V = − w0 + w0 L2 V= w0 ( L2 − 3 x2 )/L 
2 L 6 6
1 x3 1 1
M = − w0 + w0 Lx M= w0 ( Lx − x 3 /L ) 
6 L 6 6
dM
(b) M max occurs when = V = 0. L2 − 3xm2 = 0
dx
L 1  L2 L2 
xm = M max = w0  −  M max = 0.0642 w0 L2 
3 6  3 3 3 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.52
SOLUTION
dV πx
= − w = − w0 sin
dx L
wL πx dM
V = 0 cos + C1 =
π L dx
2
wL πx
M = 0 2 sin + C1 x + C2
π L
M = 0 at x = 0 C2 = 0
M = 0 at x = L 0 = 0 + C1L + 0
C1 = 0
w0 L πx
(a) V= cos 
π L
w0 L2 πx
M= sin 
π2 L
dM L
= V = 0 at x=
dx 2
w0 L2 π w0 L2
(b) M max = 2
sin M max = 
π 2 π2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.53
SOLUTION
dV πx
= − w = − w0 cos
dx 2L
2Lw0 πx dM
V =− sin + C1 =
π 2L dx
4 L2 w0 πx
M = 2
cos + C1x + C2
π 2L
V = 0 at x = 0. Hence, C1 = 0.
4 L2w0
M = 0 at x = 0. Hence, C2 = − .
π2
(a) V = −(2 Lw0 / π ) sin(π x / 2 L) 
M = −(4 L2 w0 /π 2 )[1 − cos(π x/2 L)] 
(b) M max
= 4w0 L2 /π 2 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.54
loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
M D = 0: −12 A + (9)(6)(2) − (2)(6) = 0

A = 8 kips
M A = 0: − (3)(6) + 12 D − (14)(6) = 0
D = 10 kips
Shear: VA = 8 kips
VC = 8 − (6)(2) = −4 kips
C to D : V = −4 kips
D to B : V = −4 + 10 = 6 kips
Locate point E where V = 0.

e 6−e
= 12e = 48
8 4
e = 4 ft 6 − e = 2 ft
1
A to E :  Vdx =  2  (4)(8) = 16 kip ⋅ ft
1
E to C :  Vdx =  2  (2)(−4) = −4 kip ⋅ ft
C to D :  Vdx = (6)( −4) = −24 kip ⋅ ft
D to B : Vdx = (2)(6) = 12 kip ⋅ ft
ME = 0 + 16 = 16 kip ⋅ ft
MC = 16 − 4 = 12 kip ⋅ ft
MD = 12 − 24 = −12 kip ⋅ ft
MB = −12 + 12 = 0
Maximum |M | = 16 kip ⋅ ft = 192 kip ⋅ in

|M | 192
Normal stress: σ= = σ = 6.98 ksi 
S 27.5
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.55
loading shown and determine the maximum normal stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
 M C = 0 : (2)(1) − (3)(4)(2) + 4 B = 0
B = 5.5 kN
 M B = 0 : (5)(2) + (3)(4)(2) − 4C = 0
C = 8.5 kN
Shear:
A to C: V = −2 kN
C+ : V = −2 + 8.5 = 6.5 kN
B: V = 6.5 − (3)(4) = −5.5 kN
Locate point D where V = 0.
d 4−d
= 12d = 26
6.5 5.5
d = 2.1667 m 4 − d = 3.8333 m
A to C:  Vdx = (−2.0)(1) = − 2.0 kN ⋅ m
1
C to D:  Vdx = (2.16667)(6.5) = 7.0417 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B:  Vdx = (3.83333)(−5.5) = −5.0417 kN ⋅ m
2
M C = 0 − 2.0 = −2.0 kN ⋅ m
M D = −2.0 + 7.0417 = 5.0417 kN ⋅ m
M B = 5.0417 − 5.0417 = 0
Maximum M = 5.0417 kN ⋅ m = 5.0417 × 103 N ⋅ m
without permission.
1 1 1 1
For pipe: co = do = (160) = 80 mm, ci = d i = (140) = 70 mm
2 2 2 2
π π
I =
4
(c 4
o )
− ci4 =
4
(80)4 − (70)4  = 13.3125 × 106 mm4
I 13.3125 × 106
S = = = 166.406 × 103 mm 3 = 166.406 × 10 −6 m 3
co 80
M 5.0417 × 103
Normal stress: σ = = = 30.3 × 106 Pa σ = 30.3 MPa 
S 166.406 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.56

and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
 M A = 0 : (1600 lb)(1.5 ft) + ( 80 lb/ft ) (9 ft)  (7.5 ft) − 12 B = 0

B = +650 lb B = 650 lb ↑
 Fy = 0 : A − 1600 lb − (80 lb/ft ) (9 ft)  + 650 lb = 0
A = +1670 lb A = 1670 lb ↑
x 9−x
= x = 0.875 ft 2641 lb ⋅ ft = M max
70 lb 650 lb
1
c= (11.5 in.) = 5.75 in.
2
1
I = (1.5 in.)(11.5 in.)3 = 190.1 in 4
12
M max = 2641 lb ⋅ ft = 31, 690 lb ⋅ in
M max c (31,690 lb ⋅ in)(5.75 in.)

σm = = σ m = 959 psi 
I 190.1 in 4
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.57

due to bending.
SOLUTION
w=0
MD = 0 :
− 4 RA + (2)(250) − (2)(150) = 0
RA = 50 kN ↑
MA = 0 :
4RD − (2)(250) − (6)(150) = 0
RD = 350 kN ↑
Shear: VA = 50 kN
A to C: V = 50 kN
C to D: V = 50 − 250 = −200 kN
D to B: V = −200 + 350 = 150 kN
A to C:  Vdx = (50)(2) = 100 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (−200)(2) = −400 kN ⋅ m
D to B:  Vdx = (150)(2) = 300 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: M A = 0
M C = M A +  Vdx = 0 + 100 = 100 kN ⋅ m
M D = M C +  Vdx = 100 − 400 = −300 kN ⋅ m
M B = M D +  Vdx = −300 + 300 = 0
Maximum M = 300 kN ⋅ m = 300 × 103 N ⋅ m
For W410 × 114 rolled steel section, S x = 2200 × 10 3 mm 3 = 2200 × 10−6 m 3
M 300 × 103
σm = max
= = 136.4 × 106 Pa σ m = 136.4 MPa 
Sx 2200 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.58
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the

beam and loading shown and determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
Reaction:
 M B = 0 : − 4 A + 60 + (80)(1.6)(2) − 12 = 0
A = 76 kN ↑
Shear: VA = 76 kN
A to C : V = 76 kN 
VD = 76 − (80)(1.6) = − 52 kN
D to C : V = −52 kN
Locate point where V = 0:

V ( x) = −80 x + 76 = 0 x = 0.95 m
A to C:  Vdx = (1.2)(76) = 91.2 kN ⋅ m
1
C to E:  Vdx = (0.95)(76) = 36.1 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D:  Vdx = (0.65)(−52) = −16.9 kN ⋅ m
2
D to B:  Vdx = (1.2)( −52) = −62.4 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: M A = −60 kN ⋅ m
M C = −60 + 91.2 = 31.2 kN ⋅ m
M E = 31.2 + 36.1 = 67.3 kN ⋅ m 
M D = 67.3 − 16.9 = 50.4 kN ⋅ m
M B = 50.4 − 62.4 = −12 kN ⋅ m
For W250 × 80, S = 983 × 103 mm 3
M 67.3 × 103 N ⋅ m
Normal stress: σ max = = −6 3
= 68.5 × 106 Pa σ m = 68.5 MPa 
S 983 × 10 m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.59
loading shown, and determine the maximum normal stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: −20 A + (6)(28)(800) = 0
A = 6.72 × 103 lb
ΣM A = 0: 20 B − (14)(28)(800) = 0
B = 15.68 × 103 lb
Shear: VA = 6.72 × 103 lb
B −: VB − = 6.72 × 103 − (20)(800) = −9.28 × 10 3 lb
B +: VB + = −9.28 × 103 + (15.68 × 103 ) = 6.4 × 103 lb
C: VC = 6.4 × 103 − (8)(800) = 0

d 20 − d
= 16d = 134.4
6.72 9.28
d = 8.4 in. 20 − d = 11.6 in.
1
 Vdx =  2  (8.4)(6.72 × 10 ) = 28.224 ×10 lb ⋅ in
3 3
A to D:
1
 Vdx =  2  (11.6)(−9.28 × 10 ) = −53.824 × 10 lb ⋅ in
3 3
D to B:
1
 Vdx =  2  (8)(6.4 × 10 ) = 25.6 × 10 lb ⋅ in
3 3
B to C:
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M D = 0 + 28.224 ×103 = 28.224 × 103 lb ⋅ in
M B = 28.224 × 103 − 53.824 × 103 = − 25.6 ×10 3 lb ⋅ in
M C = −25.6 × 103 + 25.6 × 103 = 0
Maximum |M | = 28.224 × 103 lb ⋅ in
without permission.
Locate centroid of cross section. See table below.

7.5
Y = = 1.3333 in. from bottom.
5.625
1 3
For each triangle, I = bh
36
Moment of inertia:
I = ΣI + ΣAd 2
= 1.25 + 2.8125 = 4.0625 in 4
Mc (28.224 × 103 )(1.6667)

Normal stress: σ= = = 11.58 × 103 psi σ = 11.58 ksi 
I 4.0625
Part A, in 2 y , in. Ay , in 3 d, in. Ad 2 in 4 I in 4
 1.875 2 3.75 0.6667 0.8333 0.9375

 3.75 1 3.75 0.3333 0.4167 1.875
Σ 5.625 7.5 1.25 2.8125
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.60
Beam AB, of length L and square cross section of side a, is supported

by a pivot at C and loaded as shown. (a) Check that the beam is in
equilibrium. (b) Show that the maximum stress due to bending occurs
at C and is equal to w0 L2 /(1.5a)3.
SOLUTION
(a) Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated load at the centroid of the area of the load diagram.
2L 1
For the triangular distribution, the centroid lies at x = . W = w0 L
3 2
1
(a)  Fy = 0 : RD − W = 0 RD = w0 L  M C = 0 : 0 = 0 equilibrium 
2
V = 0, M = 0, at x = 0
2L dV wx
0< x< , = −w = − 0
3 dx L
dM w x2 w x2
= V = − 0 + C1 = − 0
dx 2L 2L
w0 x3 w x3
M =− + C2 = − 0
6L 6L
w0 (2 L / 3)2 2
Just to the left of C, V = − = − w0 L
2L 9
2 5
Just to the right of C, V = − w0 L + RD = w0 L
9 18
w0 (2L / 3)3 4
Note sign change. Maximum M occurs at C. MC = − = − w0 L2
6L 81
4
Maximum M = w0 L2
81
1 4 1
For square cross section, I = a c= a
12 2
3
M max
c 4 w0 L2 6 8 w0 L2  2  w0 L2
(b) σm = = = = 
I 81 a 3 27 a 3 3 a
3
w0 L2
σm = 
(1.5a)3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.61
Knowing that beam AB is in equilibrium under the loading

shown, draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams and
determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
 Fy = 0: (1)( w0 ) − (0.4)(400) = 0
w0 = 160 kN/m
Shear diagram: VA = 0
VC = 0 + (0.3)(160) = 48kN
VD = 48 − (0.3)(400) + (0.3)(160) = −48 kN
VB = −48 + (0.3)(160) = 0

By symmetry, E is the midpoint of CD.
1
A to C: (0.3)(48) = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
2
1
C to E: (0.2)(48) = 4.8 kN ⋅ m
2
1
E to D: (0.2)(−48) = −4.8 kN ⋅ m
2
1
D to B: (0.3)(−48) = − 7.2 kN ⋅ m
2
M C = 0 + 7.2 = 7.2 kN
M E = 7.2 + 4.8 = 12.0 kN

M D = 12.0 − 4.8 = 7.2 kN
M B = 7.2 − 7.2 = 0
M max
= 12.0 kN ⋅ m = 12.0 × 10 3 N ⋅ m
For W200 × 22.5 rolled steel shape, S x = 193 × 10 3 mm3 = 193 × 10 −6 m 3
M 12.0 × 103
= 62.2 × 106 Pa σ = 62.2 MPa 
S 193 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.62
The beam AB supports a uniformly distributed load of 480 lb/ft and two
concentrated loads P and Q. The normal stress due to bending on the
bottom edge of the lower flange is +14.85 ksi at D and +10.65 ksi at E.
(a) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam. (b)
Determine the maximum normal stress due to bending that occurs in the
beam.
SOLUTION
(a) For W8 × 31 rolled steel section, S = 27.5 in 3

M = Sσ
At D, M D = (27.5)(14.85) = 408.375 kip ⋅ in
At E, M E = (27.5)(10.65) = 292.875 kip ⋅ in
M D = 34.03 kip ⋅ ft M E = 24.41 kip ⋅ ft
Use free body DE:

 M E = 0 : − 34.03 + 24.41 + (1.5)(3)(0.48) − 3VD = 0
VD = −2.487 kips
M D = 0 : − 34.03 + 24.41 − (1.5)(3)(0.48) − 3VE = 0

VE = −3.927 kips
Use free body ACD:
 M A = 0 : − 1.5P − (1.25)(2.5)(0.48) + (2.5)(2.487) + 34.03 = 0
P = 25.83 kips ↓
 Fy = 0 : A − (2.5)(0.48) + 2.487 − 25.83 = 0

A = 24.54 kips ↑
without permission.
Use free body EFB:

 M B = 0 : 1.5Q + (1.25)(2.5)(0.48) + (2.5)(3.927) − 24.41 = 0
Q = 8.728 kips
 Fy = 0 : B − 3.927 − (2.5)(0.48) − 8.7 = 0

B = 13.855 kips
Areas of load diagram:
A to C: (1.5)(0.48) = 0.72 kip ⋅ ft
C to F: (5)(0.48) = 2.4 kip ⋅ ft
F to B: (1.5)(0.48) = 0.72 kip ⋅ ft
Shear diagram: VA = 24.54 kips
VC− = 24.54 − 0.72 = 23.82 kips
VC+ = 23.82 − 25.83 = −2.01 kips
VF− = −2.01 − 2.4 = 4.41 kips
VF+ = −4.41 − 8.728 = − 13.14 kips
VB = −13.14 − 0.72 = −13.86 kips

1
A to C: (1.5)(24.52 + 23.82) = 36.23 kip ⋅ ft
2
1
C to F: (5)(−2.01 − 4.41) = −16.05 kip ⋅ ft
2
1
F to B: (1.5)( −13.14 − 13.86) = 20.25 kip ⋅ ft
2
M C = 0 + 36.26 = 36.26 kip ⋅ ft
M F = 36.26 − 16.05 = 20.21 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 20.21 − 20.25 ≈ 0
Maximum M occurs at C: M max

= 36.26 kip ⋅ ft = 435.1 kip ⋅ in
M max 435.1
(b) Maximum stress: σ = = σ = 15.82 ksi 
S 27.5
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.63*
Beam AB supports a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m and two

concentrated loads P and Q. It has been experimentally determined that
the normal stress due to bending in bottom edge of the beam is
−56.9 MPa at A and −29.9 MPa at C. Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam and determine the magnitudes of the
loads P and Q.
SOLUTION
1
I= (18)(36)3 = 69.984 × 103 mm4
12
1
c = d = 18 mm
2
I
S = = 3.888 × 103 mm3 = 3.888 × 10−6 m3
c
At A, M A = Sσ A = (3.888 × 10 −6 )(−56.9) = −221.25 N ⋅ m
At C, M C = Sσ C = (3.888 × 10−6 )( −29.9) = −116.25 N ⋅ m
ΣM A = 0: 221.23 − (0.1)(400) − 0.2 P − 0.325Q = 0
0.2 P + 0.325Q = 181.25 (1)
ΣM C = 0: 116.25 − (0.05)(200) − 0.1P − 0.225Q = 0
0.1P + 0.225Q = 106.25 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, P = 500 N 
Q = 250 N 
Reaction force at A: RA − 400 − 500 − 250 = 0 RA = 1150 N ⋅ m
VA = 1150 N VD = 250
M A = −221.25 N ⋅ m M C = −116.25 N ⋅ m M D = −31.25 N ⋅ m
|V |max = 1150 N 
|M |max = 221 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.64*
The beam AB supports two concentrated loads P and Q. The normal

stress due to bending on the bottom edge of the beam is +55MPa at
D and +37.5 MPa at F. (a) Draw the shear and bending-moment
diagrams for the beam. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending that occurs in the beam.
SOLUTION
1
(a) I= (24)(60)3 = 432 × 103 mm 4 c = 30 mm
12
I
S = = 14.4 × 103 mm 3 = 14.4 × 10 −6 m 3 M = Sσ
c
At D, M D = (14.4 × 10−6 )(55 × 106 ) = 792 N ⋅ m
At F, M F = (14.4 × 10−6 )(37.5 × 106 ) = 540 N ⋅ m
Using free body FB, ΣM F = 0: −540 + 0.3B = 0

540
B= = 1800 N
0.3
Using free body DEFB, ΣM D = 0: −792 − 3Q + (0.8)(1800) = 0
Q = 2160 N
Using entire beam, ΣM A = 0: −0.2 P − (0.7)(2160) + (1.2)(1800) = 0
P = 3240 N
ΣFy = 0: A − 3240 − 2160 + 1800 = 0
A = 3600 N
Shear diagram and its areas:

A to C − : V = 3600 N AAC = (0.2)(3600) = 720 N ⋅ m
C + to E − : V = 3600 − 3240 = 360 N ACE = (0.5)(360) = 180 N ⋅ m
+
E to B: V = 360 − 2160 = −1800 N AEB = (0.5)( −1800) = −900 N ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M C = 0 + 720 = 720 N ⋅ m
|M |max = 900 N ⋅ m
M E = 720 + 180 = 900 N ⋅ m
M B = 900 − 900 = 0
|M |max 900
(b) Normal stress. σ max = = = 62.5 × 106 Pa
S 14.4 × 10 −6
σ max = 62.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.65
For the beam and loading shown, design the cross section of the
beam, knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal
stress of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions:
ΣM D = 0: − 2.4 A + (1.6)(1.8) + (0.8)(3.6) = 0 A = 2.4 kN
ΣM A = 0: −(0.8)(1.8) − (1.6)(3.6) + 2.4 D = 0 D = 3 kN

Construct shear and bending moment diagrams:
|M |max = 2.4 kN ⋅ m = 2.4 × 103 N ⋅ m

σ all = 12 MPa
= 12 × 106 Pa
|M |max 2.4 × 103
Smin = =
σ all 12 × 106
= 200 × 10−6 m 3
= 200 × 103 mm 3
1 1
S = bh 2 = (40) h 2
6 6
= 200 × 103
(6)(200 × 103 )
h2 =
40
= 30 × 103 mm 2 h = 173.2 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.66
For the beam and loading shown, design the cross section of the beam,
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress
of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions:  Fy = 0 : A − (1.2)(18) = 0
A = 21.6 kN ↑
 M A = 0 : − M A − (1.8)(1.2)(18) = 0
M A = −38.88 kN ⋅ m
Shear diagram: VA = VB = 21.6 kN
VC = 21.6 − (1.2)(18) = 0
A to B : (1.2)(21.6) = 25.92 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C : (1.2)(21.6) = 12.96 kN ⋅ m
2
Bending moments: M A = −38.88 kN ⋅ m
M B = −38.88 + 25.92 = −12.96 kN ⋅ m
M C = −12.96 + 12.96 = 0
M max
= 38.88 kN ⋅ m = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
M max
σ max =
S
M 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
S = max
= 6
= 3240 × 10−6 m3 = 3240 × 103 mm3
σ max 12 × 10 Pa
1 2
For a rectangular section, S = bh
6
6S 6(3240 × 103 )
h= = = 394 mm
b 125
h = 394 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.67
beam, knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable
normal stress of 1750 psi.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A = D.
1 1
 Fy = 0 : A − (3)(1.5) − (6)(1.5) − (3)(1.5) − D = 0
2 2
A = D = 6.75 kips ↑
Shear diagram: VA = 6.75 kips
1
VB = 6.75 − (3)(1.5) = 4.5 kips
2
VC = 4.5 − (6)(1.5) = −4.5 kips
1
VD = −4.5 − (3)(1.5) = −6.75 kips
2
Locate point E where V = 0 :
By symmetry, E is the midpoint of BC.
2
A to B : (3)(4.5) + (3)(2.25) = 18 kip ⋅ ft
3
1
B to E : (3)(4.5) = 6.75 kip ⋅ ft
2
1
E to C : (3)(−4.5) = − 6.75 kip ⋅ ft
2
C to D : By antisymmetry, − 18 kip ⋅ ft
without permission.
M B = 0 + 18 = 18 kip ⋅ ft
M E = 18 + 6.75 = 24.75 kip ⋅ ft
M C = 24.75 − 6.75 = 18 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 18 − 18 = 0
M M (24.75 kip ⋅ ft)(12 in/ft)

σ max = max
S = max
= = 169.714 in 3
S σ max 1.750 ksi
1 2
For a rectangular section, S = bh
6
6S 6(169.714)
h= = = 14.27 in. h = 14.27 in. 
b 5
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.68
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress of 1750
psi.
SOLUTION
Equivalent concentrated load:

1
P =   (6)(1.2) = 3.6 kips
2
Bending moment at A:
M A = (2)(3.6) = 7.2 kip ⋅ ft = 86.4 kip ⋅ in
M 86.4
S min = max
= = 49.37 in 3
σ all 1.75
1 3
For a square section, S = a
6
3
a= 6S
amin = 3 (6)(49.37) amin = 6.67 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.69
knowing that the grade of timber used has an allowable normal stress of
12 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, B=C
ΣFy = 0: B + C + 2.5 + 2.5 − (3)(6) = 0 B = C = 6.5 kN

Shear:
A to B: V = 2.5 kN
VB + = 2.5 + 6.5 = 9 kN
VC − = 9 − (3)(6) = −9 kN
C to D: V = −9 + 6.5 = −2.5 kN
A to B: Vdx = (0.6)(2.5) = 1.5 kN ⋅ m

1
B to E:  Vdx =  2  (1.5)(9) = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
E to C: Vdx = −6.75 kN ⋅ m
C to D: Vdx = −1.5 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments: MA =0
MB = 0 + 1.5 = 1.5 kN ⋅ m
ME = 1.5 + 6.75 = 8.25 kN ⋅ m
MC = 8.25 − 6.75 = 1.5 kN ⋅ m
MD = 1.5 − 1.5 = 0
Maximum |M | = 8.25 kN ⋅ m = 8.25 ×10 3 N ⋅ m

σ all = 12 MPa = 12 × 106 Pa
|M |max 8.25 × 103
Smin = = = 687.5 × 10−6 m3 = 687.5 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 106
1
For a rectangular section, S = bh2
6
1
687.5 × 103 =   (100) h 2
6
(6)(687.5 ×103 )
h2 = = 41.25 × 103 mm 2 h = 203 mm 
100
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.70
normal stress of 12 MPa.
SOLUTION
M B = 0: − 2.4 A + (0.6)(3.6)(3) = 0 A = 2.7 kN
M A = 0: −(1.8)(3.6)(3) + 2.4B = 0 B = 8.1 kN
Shear: VA = 2.7 kN
VB − = 2.7 − (2.4)(3) = −4.5 kN
VB + = −4.5 + 8.1 = 3.6 kN
VC = 3.6 − (1.2)(3) = 0
d 2.4 − d
Locate point D where V = 0. = 7.2 d = 6.48
2.7 4.5
d = 0.9 m 2.4 − d = 1.5 m
1
A to D:  Vdx =  2  (0.9)(2.7) = 1.215 kN ⋅ m
1
D to B:  Vdx =  2  (1.5)(−4.5) = −3.375 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C:  Vdx =  2  (1.2)(3.6) = 2.16 kN ⋅ m
M D = 0 + 1.215 = 1.215 kN ⋅ m
M B = 1.215 − 3.375 = −2.16 kN ⋅ m
M C = −2.16 + 2.16 = 0
Maximum |M | = 2.16 kN ⋅ m = 2.16 × 103 N ⋅ m σ all = 12 MPa = 12 ×10 6 Pa
|M | 2.16 × 103
S min = = = 180 × 10−6 m 3 = 180 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 106
1 2 1
For rectangular section, S= bh = b(150)2 = 180 × 103
6 6
(6)(180 × 103 )
b= b = 48.0 mm 
150 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.71
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 24 ksi, select the
most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: (17)(62) − 12 B + (5)(62) = 0 B = 113.667 kips ↑
ΣM B = 0: (5)(62) + 12C + (17)(62) = 0 C = −113.667 kips or C = 113.667 kips ↓

Shear diagram:
A to B − : V = −62 kips
B+ to C − : V = −62 + 113.667 = 51.667 kips
+
C to D: V = 51.667 − 113.667 = −62 kips.
A to B: (5)(−62) = −310 kip ⋅ ft
B to C: (12)(51.667) = 620 kip ⋅ ft
C to D: (5)(−62) = −310 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 − 310 = −310 kip ⋅ ft
M C = −310 + 620 = 310 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 310 − 310 = 0
|M |max = 310 kip ⋅ ft = 3.72 × 103 kip ⋅ in
|M |max 3.72 × 103

Required Smin : S min = = = 155 in 3
σ all 24
Shape S (in3 )
W27 × 84 213
W21 × 101 227
W18 × 106 204
W14 × 232 232
Use W27 × 84 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.72
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: − 24 A + (12)(24)(2.75) + (15)(24) = 0 A = 48 kips
ΣM A = 0: 24 C − (12)(24)(2.75) − (9)(24) = 0 C = 42 kips
Shear: VA = 48
VB − = 48 − (9)(2.75) = 23.25 kips
VB + = 23.25 − 24 = −0.75 kips
VC = −0.75 − (15)(2.75) = −42 kips

1
A to B:  Vdx =  2  (9)(48 + 23.25) = 320.6 kip ⋅ ft
1
B to C:  Vdx =  2 (15)(−0.75 − 42) = −320.6 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 + 320.6 = 320.6 kip ⋅ ft
M C = 320.6 − 320.6 = 0
Maximum |M | = 320.6 kip ⋅ ft = 3848 kip ⋅ in
σ all = 24 ksi
|M | 3848
S min = = = 160.3 in 3
σ all 24
Shape S , (in 3)
W30 × 99 269
W27 × 84 213 ← Lightest wide flange beam: W27 × 84 @ 84 lb/ft 
W24 × 104 258
W21 × 101 227
W18 × 106 204
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.73
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select the
SOLUTION
 18 − 6 
w = 6 + x  = (6 + 2 x) kN/m
 6 
dV
= −w = −6 − 2x
dx
V = −6 x − x2 + C1
V = 0 at x = 0, C1 = 0
dM
= V = −6 x − x 2
dx
1
M = −3x 2 − x3 + C2
3
M = 0 at x = 0, C2 = 0
1 3
M = −3x 2 − x
3
M max
occurs at x = 6 m.
1
M max
= −(3)(6) 2 −   (6) 3 = 80 kN ⋅ m = 180 × 103 N ⋅ m
3
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
M 180 × 103
S min = = = 1.125 × 10 −3 m3 = 1125 × 103 mm3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S, ( 103 mm3 )
W530 × 66 1340 ←
W460 × 74 1460 Lightest acceptable wide flange beam: W530 × 66 
W410 × 85 1510
W360 × 79 1270
W310 × 107 1600
W250 × 101 1240
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.74
Knowing that the allowable stress for the steel used is 160 MPa, select the most
economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
Shape S, ( 103 mm3 )

Section modulus
W610 × 101 2520
σ all = 160 Mpa
M max 286 kN ⋅ m W530 × 92 2080 ← 
Smin = = = 1787 × 10−6 m 3
σ all 160 MPa
W460 × 113 2390
= 1787 × 103 mm 3
W410 × 114 2200
W360 × 122 2020
W310 × 143 2150
Use W530 × 92 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.75
most economical S-shape beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
Reaction:  M D = 0 : − 10 A + (7.5)(60) + (5)(40) = 0

A = 65kN ↑
Shear diagram:
A to B: V = 65 kN
B to C: V = 65 − 60 = 5 kN
C to D: V = 5 − 40 = − 35 kN
A to B: (2.5)(65) = 162.5 kN ⋅ m
B to C: (2.5)(5) = 12.5 kN ⋅ m
C to D: (5)( −35) = −175 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 162.5 = 162.5 kN ⋅ m
M C = 162.5 + 12.5 = 175 kN ⋅ m
M D = 175 − 175 = 0
M max
= 175 kN ⋅ m = 175 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
Shape Sx, ( 103 mm3 ) M 175 × 103

Smin = = 6
= 1093.75 × 10−6 m3
S610 × 119 2870 σ all 160 × 10
= 1093.75 × 103 mm 3
S510 × 98.2 1950
Lightest S-section: S460 × 81.4 
S460 × 81.4 1460 ←
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.76
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, B = C.
 Fy = 0 : − 70 + B − (9)(45) + C − 70 = 0
B = C = 272.5 kN ↑
Shear: VA = −70 kN
VB − = −70 + 0 = −70 kN
VB + = −70 + 272.5 = 202.5 kN
VC − = 202.5 − (9)(45) = −202.5 kN
VC + = −202.5 + 272.5 = 70 kN
VD = 70 kN
Draw shear diagram. Locate point E where V = 0 .

E is the midpoint of BC.
A to B:  Vdx = (3)(−70) = −210 kN ⋅ m
1
B to E:  Vdx = 2 (4.5)(202.5) = 455.625 kN ⋅ m
1
E to C:  Vdx = 2 (4.5)(−202.5) = −455.625 kN ⋅ m
C to D:  Vdx = (3)(70) = 210 kN ⋅ m
without permission.
Shape S( 103 mm3 )
M B = 0 − 210 = −210.5 kN ⋅ m
S610 × 119 2870
M E = −210 + 455.625 = 245.625 kN
S510 × 98.2 1950 ←
M C = 245.625 − 455.625 = −210 kN
M D = −210 + 210 = 0 S460 × 104 1690
M max
= 245.625kN ⋅ m = 245.625 × 103 N ⋅ m
Lightest S-shape S510 × 98.2 
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
M
σ =
S
M 245.625 × 103
S = = = 1.5352 × 10−3 m3
σ 160 × 106
= 1535.2 × 103 mm 3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.77
SOLUTION
 M E = 0 : (12)(48) − 10 B + (8)(48) + (2)(48) = 0 B = 105.6 kips ↑
 M B = 0 : (2)(48) − (2)(48) − (8)(48) + 10 E = 0 E = 38.4 kips ↑
Shear: A to B: V = −48 kips
B to C: V = −48 + 105.6 = 57.6 kips

C to D: V = 57.6 − 48 = 9.6 kips
D to E: V = 9.6 − 48 = −38.4 kips
Areas: A to B: (2)(−48) = −96 kip ⋅ ft

B to C: (2)(57.6) = 115.2 kip ⋅ ft
C to D: (6)(9.6) = 57.6 kip ⋅ ft

D to E: (2)(−38.4) = 76.8 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 − 96 = −96 kip ⋅ ft
M C = −96 + 115.2 = 19.2 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 19.2 + 57.2 = 76.8 kip ⋅ ft
M E = 76.8 − 76.8 = 0
Maximum M = 96 kip ⋅ ft = 1152 kip ⋅ in
σ all = 24 ksi
M 1152
S min = = = 48 in 3
σ all 24
Shape S (in 3 )
S15 × 42.9 59.4 Lightest S-shaped beam: S15 × 42.9 
S12 × 50
50.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.78
SOLUTION
 M C = 0 : − 12 A + (9)(6)(3) − (3)(18) = 0 A = 9 kips
 M A = 0 : 12C − (3)(6)(3) − (15)(18) = 0 C = 27 kips
Shear: VA = 9 kips
B to C: V = 9 − (6)(3) = − 9 kips
C to D: V = −9 + 27 = 18 kips
Areas:
A to E: (0.5)(3)(9) = 13.5 kip ⋅ ft
E to B: (0.5)(3)(−9) = −13.5 kip ⋅ ft
B to C: (6)(−9) = −54 kip ⋅ ft

C to D: (3)(18) = 54 kip ⋅ ft
M E = 0 + 13.5 = 13.5 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 13.5 − 13.5 = 0
M C = 0 + 54 = 54 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 54 − 54 = 0
Maximum M = 54 kip ⋅ ft = 648 kip ⋅ in σ all = 24 ksi
648
S min = = 27 in 3
24
Shape S (in 3 )
S12 × 31.8 36.2 Lightest S-shaped beam: S12 × 31.8 
S10 × 35 29.4
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.79
Two L102 × 76 rolled-steel angles are bolted together and used to

support the loading shown. Knowing that the allowable normal
stress for the steel used is 140 MPa, determine the maximum angle
of thickness that can be used.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, A = C
Σ Fy = 0: A − (2)(4.5) − 9 + C = 0
A = C = 9 kN ↑
Shear: VA = 9 kN
VB − = 9 − (1)(4.5) = 4.5 kN
VB + = 4.5 − 9 = −4.5 kN
VC = −4.5 − (1)(4.5) = −9 kN

1
A to B:  Vdx = 2 (1)(9 + 4.5) = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
1
B to C:  Vdx = 2 (1)( −9 − 4.5) = −6.75 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 + 6.75 = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
M C = 6.75 − 6.75 = 0
Maximum |M | = 6.75 kN ⋅ m = 6.75 × 103 N ⋅ m

σ all = 140 MPa = 140 × 106 Pa
|M | 6.75 × 103
For the section of two angles, S min = = = 48.21 ×10 −6 m 3
σ all 140 × 10 6
= 48.21× 103 mm 3
1
For each angle, S min = (48.21) = 24.105 × 103 mm3
2
Shape S (103 mm 3 )
L102 × 76 × 12.7 31.1 ← Lightest angle is L102 × 76 × 12.7 
L102 × 76 × 9.5 24.0 tmin = 12.7 mm 
L102 × 76 × 6.4 16.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.80
Two rolled-steel channels are to be welded back to back and used to

support the loading shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress
for the steel used is 30 ksi, determine the most economical channels that
can be used.
SOLUTION
Reaction: Σ M D = 0: −12 A + 9(20) + (6)(2.25)(3) = 0

A = 18.375 kips ↑
Shear diagram:
A to B: V = 18.375 kips
B to C: V = 18.375 − 20 = −1.625 kips
VD = −1.625 − (6)(2.25) = −15.125 kips

A to B: (3)(18.375) = 55.125 kip ⋅ ft
B to C: (3)(−1.625) = −4.875 kip ⋅ ft
C to D: 0.5(6) ( −1.625 − 15.125) = −50.25 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 + 55.125 = 55.125 kip ⋅ ft

M C = 55.125 − 4.875 = 50.25 kip ⋅ ft
Shape S (in)3 M D = 50.25 − 50.25 = 0
C10 × 15.3 13.5 |M |max = 55.125 kip ⋅ ft = 661.5 kip ⋅ in
C9 × 15 11.3 ← σ all = 30 ksi

C8 × 18.7 11.0 |M | 661.5
For double channel, Smin = = = 22.05 in 3
σ all 30
For single channel, S min = 0.5(22.05) = 11.025 in 3
Lightest channel section: C9 × 15 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.81
Three steel plates are welded together to form the beam

shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress for the
steel used is 22 ksi, determine the minimum flange
width b that can be used.
SOLUTION
Reactions: Σ M E = 0: −42 A + (37.5)(8) + (23.5)(32) − (9.5)(32) = 0

A = 32.2857 kips ↑
Σ M A = 0: 42 E − (4.5)(8) − (18.5) (32) − (32.5)(32) = 0

E = 39.7143 kips ↑
Shear:
A to B : 32.2857 kips
B to C : 32.2857 − 8 = 24.2857 kips
C to D : 24.2857 − 32 = −7.7143 kips
D to E : −7.7143 − 32 = −39.7143 kips
Areas:
A to B : (4.5)(32.2857) = 145.286 kip ⋅ ft
B to C : (14)(24.2857) = 340 kip ⋅ ft
C to D : (14) (−7.7143) = −108 kip ⋅ ft
D to E : (9.5) ( −39.7143) = −377.286 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 + 145.286 = 145.286 kip ⋅ ft
M C = 145.286 + 340 = 485.29 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 485.29 − 108 = 377.29 kip ⋅ ft
M E = 377.29 − 377.286 = 0
Maximum |M | = 485.29 kip ⋅ ft = 5.2834 × 103 kip ⋅ in σ all = 22 ksi
|M | 5.2834 × 103
Smin = = = 264.70 in 3
σ all 22
1 3 1 
I= (19)3 + 2  (b) (1)3 + (b)(1)(10) 2  = 428.69 + 200.17b
12  4   12 
c = 9.5 + 1 = 10.5 in.
I
Smin = = 40.828 + 19.063b = 264.70 b = 11.74 in. 
c
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.82
A steel pipe of 100-mm diameter is to support the loading shown.

Knowing that the stock of pipes available has thicknesses varying
from 6 mm to 24 mm in 3-mm increments, and that the allowable
normal stress for the steel used is 150 MPa, determine the minimum
wall thickness t that can be used.
SOLUTION
 M A = 0 : − M A − (1)(1.5) − (1.5)(1.5) − (2)(1.5) = 0 M A = −6.75 kN ⋅ m

M max
= M A = 6.75 kN ⋅ m
M 6.75 × 103 N ⋅ m
Smin = max
= 6
= 45 × 10 −6 m 3 = 45 × 103 mm3
σ all 150 × 10 Pa
I min
Smin = I min = c2 S min = (50)(45 × 103 ) = 2.25 × 106 mm 4
c2
π
I m in =
4
(c 4
2
4
− c1max )
4 4 4
c1max = c24 − I min = (50) 4 − (2.25 × 106 ) = 3.3852 × 106 mm 4
π π
c1max = 42.894 mm
tmin = c2 − c1max = 50 − 42.894 = 7.106 mm
t = 9 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.83
Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed and
knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 24 ksi, select
the most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
400
Distributed reaction: q= = 33.333 kip/ft
12
Shear: VA = 0
VB− = 0 + (4)(33.333) = 133.33 kips
VB+ = 133.33 − 200 = −66.67 kips
VC − = −66.67 + 4(33.333) = 66.67 kips
VC + = 66.67 − 200 = −133.33 kips
VD = −133.33 + (4)(33.333) = 0 kips
Areas:
1
A to B:  2  (4) (133.33) = 266.67 kip ⋅ ft
 
1
B to E:  2  (2)(−66.67) = −66.67 kip ⋅ ft
 
1
E to C:  2  (2)(66.67) = 66.67 kip ⋅ ft
 
1
C to D:  2  (4) (−133.33) = −266.67 kip ⋅ ft
 
M B = 0 + 266.67 = 266.67 kip ⋅ ft
M E = 266.67 − 66.67 = 200 kip ⋅ ft
M C = 200 + 66.67 = 266.67 kip ⋅ ft
M D = 266.67 − 266.67 = 0
Maximum | M | = 266.67 kip ⋅ ft = 3200 kip ⋅ in.
σ all = 24 ksi
|M | 3200
Smin = = = 133.3 in 3
σ all 24
without permission.
Shape S (in 3 )
W 27 × 84 213
W 24 × 68 154 ← Lightest W-shaped section: W 24 × 68 
W 21 × 101 227
W18 × 76 146
W16 × 77 134
W14 × 145 232
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.84
Assuming the upward reaction of the ground to be uniformly distributed and

knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 170 MPa,
select the most economical wide-flange beam to support the loading shown.
SOLUTION
2
Downward distributed load: w= = 2 MN/m
1.0
2
Upward distributed reaction: q= = 0.8 MN/m
2.5
Net distributed load over BC: 1.2 MN/m
Shear: VA = 0
VB = 0 + (0.75)(0.8) = 0.6 MN
VC = 0.6 − (1.0)(1.2) = −0.6 MN
VD = −0.6 + (0.75)(0.8) = 0
Areas:
1
A to B:  2  (0.75) (0.6) = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
 
1
B to E:  2  (0.5)(0.6) = 0.150 MN ⋅ m
 
1
E to C:  2  (0.5) ( −0.6) = −0.150 MN ⋅ m
 
1
C to D:  2  (0.75) (−0.6) = −0.225 MN ⋅ m
 
M B = 0 + 0.225 = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
M E = 0.225 + 0.150 = 0.375 MN ⋅ m
M C = 0.375 − 0.150 = 0.225 MN ⋅ m
M D = 0.225 − 0.225 = 0
Maximum | M | = 0.375 MN ⋅ m = 375 × 10 3 N ⋅ m
σ all = 170 MPa = 170 × 10 6 Pa

|M | 375 × 103
S min = = = 2.206 × 10−3 m 3 = 2206 × 103 mm 3
σ all 170 × 106
without permission.
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W 690 × 125 3510
W 610 × 101 2530 ← Lightest wide flange section: W 610 × 101 
W 530 × 150 3720
W 460 × 113 2400
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.85
Determine the largest permissible value of P for the beam

and loading shown, knowing that the allowable normal stress
is +6 ksi in tension and −18 ksi in compression.
SOLUTION
 yA (1)(0.5)(2) + (2.25)(4)(0.5)
Y = =
A (0.5 × 2) + (4 × 0.5)
= 1.83333 in.
 1 
I x′ =   bh3 + Ad 2 
 12 
1 
=  (0.5)(2)3 + (0.5)(2)(1.83333 − 1) 2 
12 
1 
+  (4)(0.5)3 + (4)(0.5)(2.25 − 1.83333) 2 
 12 
= 1.41667 in 4
Σ M C = 0: − 30 A + (20) P − (6)P = 0
A = 0.46667 P ↑
Σ Fy = 0: 0.46667 P − 2 P + C = 0
C = 1.53333 P ↑
σ all = +6 ksi
σ all = −18 ksi
At section B: For σ b = 18 ksi (compression):

cb
σb = M B
I x′
0.66667
18 = (4.6667 P) P = 8.20 kips
1.41667
without permission.
ca
For σ a = 6 ksi (tension), σa = M B
I x′
1.83333
6 = (4.6667 P) P = 0.994 kips
1.41667
At section C: For σ b = 6 ksi (tension),
cb 0.66667
σb = MC 6 = (6 P) P = 2.13 kips
I x′ 1.41667
For σ a = 18 ksi (Compression),
ca 1.83333
σa = MC 18 = (6P) P = 2.32 kips
I x′ 1.41667
Choose smallest value of P: P = 0.994 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.86
Determine the largest permissible value of P for the beam and
loading shown, knowing that the allowable normal stress is
+6 ksi in tension and −18 ksi in compression.
SOLUTION
 yA (1.5)(0.5)(2) + (0.25)(4)(0.5)
Y = =
A (0.5)(2) + (4)(0.5)
= 0.66667 in.
 1 
I =   bh3 + Ad 2 
 12 
1
= (0.5)(2)3 + (0.5)(2)(1.5 − 0.66667) 2
12
1
+ (4)(0.5)3 + (4)(0.5)(0.66667 − 0.25) 2
12
= 1.41667 in 4
σ all = +6 ksi, − 18 ksi

For σ a = 18 ksi (compression),
ca
σ a = M max
I x′
1.83333
18 = (8P) P = 1.739 kips
1.41667
For σ b = 6 ksi (tension),
cb
σ b = M max
I x′
0.66667
6 = (8 P) P = 1.594 kips
1.41667
Choose smallest value of P: P = 1.594 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.87
Determine the largest permissible distributed load w for the

beam shown, knowing that the allowable normal stress is
+80 MPa in tension and −130 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions. By symmetry, B = C
 Fy = 0 : B + C − 0.9w = 0
B = C = 0.45w ↑
Shear: VA = 0
VB − = 0 − 0.2w = −0.2w
VB + = −0.2 w + 0.45 w = 0.25 w
VC − = 0.25w − 0.5 w = −0.25w
VC + = −0.25w + 0.45w = 0.2w
VD = 0.2 w − 0.2 w = 0
1
Areas: A to B. (0.2)(−0.2 w) = −0.02w
2
1
B to E (0.25)(0.25w) = 0.03125w
2
M B = 0 − 0.02w = −0.02w
M E = −0.02 w + 0.03125 w = 0.01125 w
Centroid and moment of inertia:
Part A, mm2 y , mm Ay (10 3 mm 3 ) d , mm. Ad 2 (103 mm 4 ) I (103 mm 4 )
 1200 70 84 20 480 40
 1200 30 36 20 480 360
Σ 2400 120 960 400
120 × 103
Y = = 50 mm
2400
I =  Ad 2 +  I = 1360 × 103 mm 4
without permission.
Top: I /y = (1360 × 103 )/30 = 45.333 × 10 3 mm 3 = 45.333 × 10 −6 m 3
Bottom: I /y = (1360 × 103 ) / ( −50) = −27.2 × 103 mm3 = −27.2 × 10−6 m3
Bending moment limits ( M = −σ I / y ) and load limits w.
Tension at B and C: −0.02 w = −(80 × 10 6 ) (45.333 × 10 −6 ) w = 181.3 × 103 N/m
Compression at B and C: −0.02 w = −(−130 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10 −6 ) w = 176.8 × 103 N/m
Tension at E: 0.01125 w = −(80 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10 −6 ) w = 193.4 × 103 N/m
Compression at E: 0.01125 w = −(−130 × 10) (45.333 × 10 −6 ) w = 523.8 × 103 N/m
The smallest allowable load controls: w = 176.8 × 103 N/m
w = 176.8 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.88
Solve Prob. 5.87, assuming that the cross section of the beam is
reversed, with the flange of the beam resting on the supports at
B and C.
PROBLEM 5.87 Determine the largest permissible distributed

load w for the beam shown, knowing that the allowable normal
stress is +80 MPa in tension and −130 MPa in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions: By symmetry, B = C
Σ Fy = 0: B + C − 0.9 w = 0
B = C = 0.45 w ↑
Shear: VA = 0
VB − = 0 − 0.2 w = −0.2 w
VB + = −0.2 w + 0.45 w = 0.25 w
VC − = 0.25 w − 0.5 w = −0.25 w
VC + = −0.25 w + 0.45 w = 0.2 w
VD = 0.2 w − 0.2 w = 0
Areas:
1
A to B: (0.2)( −0.2 w) = −0.02 w
2
1
B to E: (0.25) (0.25 w) = 0.03125 w
2
M B = 0 − 0.02 w = −0.02 w
M E = −0.02 w + 0.03125 w = 0.01125 w
Part A, mm 2 y , mm Ay , (103 mm3 ) d , mm Ad 2 (103 mm 4 ) I , (103 mm 4 )

 1200 50 60 20 480 360
 1200 10 12 20 480 40
Σ 2400 72 960 400
72 × 103
Y = = 30mm I = Σ Ad 2 + ΣI = 1360 × 103 mm 3
2400
without permission.
Top: I / y = (1360 × 103 ) / (50) = 27.2 × 103 mm3 = 27.2 × 10 −6 m3
Bottom: I / y = (1360 × 103 ) / (−30) = −45.333 × 108 mm 3 = −45.333 × 10 −6 m3
Bending moment limits ( M = −σ I / y) and load limits w.
Tension at B and C: −0.02 w = −(80 ×106 ) (27.2 × 10 −6 ) w = 108.8 × 103 N/m
Compression at B and C: −0.02 w = −( −130 ×10 6 ) ( −45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 294.7 × 10 3 N/m
Tension at E: 0.01125 w = −(80 × 106 ) (−45.333 × 10−6 ) w = 322.4 × 103 N/m
Compression at E: 0.01125 w = −(−130 × 106 ) (27.2 × 10 −6 ) w = 314.3 × 103 N/m
The smallest allowable load controls: w = 108.8 × 103 N/m
w = 108.8 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.89
A 54-kip is load is to be supported at the center of the 16-ft span shown.

Knowing that the allowable normal stress for the steel used is 24 ksi,
determine (a) the smallest allowable length l of beam CD if the
W12 × 50 beam AB is not to be overstressed, (b) the most economical
W shape that can be used for beam CD. Neglect the weight of both
beams.
SOLUTION
(a)
l
d = 8ft − l = 16 ft − 2d (1)
2
Beam AB (Portion AC):
For W12 × 50, S x = 64.2 in 3 σ all = 24 ksi
M all = σ all S x = (24)(64.2) = 1540.8 kip ⋅ in = 128.4 kip ⋅ ft

M C = 27d = 128.4 kip ⋅ ft d = 4.7556 ft
Using (1), l = 16 − 2d = 16 − 2(4.7556) = 6.4888 ft l = 6.49 ft 
(b)
Beam CD: l = 6.4888 ft σ all = 24 ksi
M (87.599 × 12) kip ⋅ in
Smin = max =
σ all 24 ksi
= 43.800 in3
Shape S (in 3 )
W18 × 35 57.6
W16 × 31 47.2 ←
W14 × 38 54.6
W12 × 35 45.6
W10 × 45 49.1
W16 × 31. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.90
A uniformly distributed load of 66 kN/m is to be supported over

the 6-m span shown. Knowing that the allowable normal stress for
the steel used is 140 MPa, determine (a) the smallest allowable
length l of beam CD if the W460 × 74 beam AB is not to be
overstressed, (b) the most economical W shape that can be used
for beam CD. Neglect the weight of both beams.
SOLUTION
For W460 × 74,

S = 1460 × 103 mm 3 = 1460 × 10 −6 m3
σ all = 140 MPa = 140 × 106 Pa
M all = Sσ all = (1460 × 10 −6 )(140 × 106 )
= 204.4 × 103 N ⋅ m = 204.4 kN ⋅ m
Reactions: By symmetry, A = B, C=D
+↑ ΣFy = 0: A + B − (6)(66) = 0
A = B = 198 kN = 198 ×10 3 N
+ΣFy = 0: C + D − 66l = 0
C = D = (33l ) kN (1)
Shear and bending moment in beam AB:
0 < x < a, V = 198 − 66 x kN
M = 198 x − 33x2 kN ⋅ m
At C, x = a. M = M max
M = 198a − 33a 2 kN ⋅ m
Set M = M all . 198 a − 33a 2 = 204.4
33a 2 − 198a + 204.4 = 0
a = 4.6751 m , 1.32487 m
(a) By geometry, l = 6 − 2a = 3.35 m l = 3.35 m 
From (1), C = D = 110.56 kN
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams for beam CD. V = 0 at point E, the midpoint of CD.
without permission.
1 1 
Area from A to E:  Vdx = 2 (110.560)  2 l  = 92.602 kN ⋅ m
M E = 92.602 kN ⋅ m = 92.602 × 103 N ⋅ m
ME 92.602 × 103
Smin = = = 661.44 × 10 −6 m 3
σ all 140 × 10 6
= 661.44 × 103 mm3
Shape S (103 mm 3)
W410 × 46.1 774

W360 × 44 693 ← (b) Use W360 × 44. 
W310 × 52 748
W250 × 58 693
W200 × 71 709
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.91
Each of the three rolled-steel beams

shown (numbered 1, 2, and 3) is to
carry a 64-kip load uniformly
distributed over the beam. Each of
these beams has a 12-ft span and is to
be supported by the two 24-ft rolled-
steel girders AC and BD. Knowing
that the allowable normal stress for
the steel used is 24 ksi, select (a) the
most economical S shape for the
three beams, (b) the most economical
W shape for the two girders.
SOLUTION
For beams 1, 2, and 3
1
Maximum M =   (6)(32) = 96 kip ⋅ ft = 1152 kip ⋅ in
2
Shape S (in 3 )
M 1152
S min = = = 48 in 3 S15 × 42.9 59.4
σ all 24
S12 × 50 50.6
(a) Use S15 × 42.9. 
without permission.
For beams AC and BC
Areas under shear digram:
(4)(48) = 192 kip ⋅ ft
(8)(16) = 128 kip ⋅ ft
Maximum M = 192 + 128 = 320 kip ⋅ ft = 3840 kip ⋅ in
M 3840
Smin = = = 160 in 3
σ all 24
Shape S (in3 )
W30 × 99 269 (b) Use W27 × 84. 
W27 × 84 213
W24 × 104 258
W21 × 101 227
W18 × 106 204
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.92
Beams AB, BC, and CD have the cross section

shown and are pin-connected at B and C. Knowing
that the allowable normal stress is +110 MPa in
tension and −150 MPa in compression, determine (a)
the largest permissible value of w if beam BC is not
to be overstressed, (b) the corresponding maximum
distance a for which the cantilever beams AB and
CD are not overstressed.
SOLUTION
MB = MC = 0
1
VB = −VC =   (7.2) w = 3.6w
2
Area B to E of shear diagram:
1
 2  (3.6) (3.6 w) = 6.48 w
 
M E = 0 + 6.48 w = 6.48 w
Part A (mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (mm 4 ) I (mm4 )

 2500 156.25 390625 34.82 3.031 × 106 0.0326 × 106
 1875 75 140625 46.43 4.042 × 106 3.516 × 106
Σ 4375 531250 7.073 × 106 3.548 × 10 6
531250
Y = = 121.43 mm
4375
I = ΣAd 2 + ΣI = 10.621 × 10 6 mm 4
Location y (mm) I / y(103 mm 3 ) ← also (10 −6 m3 )

Top 41.07 258.6
Bottom −121.43 −87.47
without permission.
Bending moment limits: M = −σ I / y
Tension at E: −(110 ×106 ) (−87.47 × 10 −6 ) = 9.622 ×103 N ⋅ m
Compression at E: −(−150 × 10 −6 )(258.6 × 10−6 ) = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
Tension at A and D: −(110 ×106 ) (258.6 × 10 −6 ) = −28.45 ×103 N ⋅ m
Compression at A and D: −( −150 × 106 )(−87.47 × 10−6 ) = −13.121 × 103 N ⋅ m
(a) Allowable load w: 6.48 w = 9.622 ×103 w = 1.485 × 103 N/m w = 1.485 kN/m 
Shear at A: VA = (a + 3.6) w
1 1
Area A to B of shear diagram: a (VA + VB ) = a( a + 7.2) w
2 2
1
Bending moment at A (also D): M A = − a(a + 7.2) w
2
1
− a (a + 7.2)(4.485 × 103 ) = −13.121 × 103
2
1 2
(b) Distance a: a + 3.6a − 8.837 = 0 a = 1.935 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.93
Beams AB, BC, and CD have the cross section shown

and are pin-connected at B and C. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress is +110 MPa in tension and
−150 MPa in compression, determine (a) the largest
permissible value of P if beam BC is not to be
overstressed, (b) the corresponding maximum
distance a for which the cantilever beams AB and CD
are not overstressed.
SOLUTION
M B = MC = 0
VB = −VC = P
Area B to E of shear diagram: 2.4 P
M E = 0 + 2.4 P = 2.4 P = M F
Part A (mm2 ) y (mm) Ay (mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (mm 4 ) I (mm4 )

 2500 156.25 390625 34.82 3.031 × 10 6 0.0326 × 10 6
 1875 75 140625 46.43 4.042 × 106 3.516 × 10 6
Σ 4375 531250 7.073 × 106 3.548 × 106
531250
Y = = 121.43 mm
4375
I = ΣAd 2 + ΣI = 10.621 × 10 6 mm 4
Location y (mm) I / y (103 mm 3 ) ← also (10 −6 m3 )

Top 41.07 258.6
Bottom −121.43 −87.47
without permission.
Bending moment limits: M = −σ I / y
Tension at E and F: − (110 × 10 6 ) ( −87.47 × 10−6 ) = 9.622 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at E and F: −(−150 × 106 )(258.6 × 10 −6 ) = 38.8 × 103 N ⋅ m
Tension at A and D: −(110 × 106 ) (258.6 × 10−6 ) = −28.45 × 103 N ⋅ m
Compression at A and D: −( −150 ×10 6 )( −87.47 ×10 −6 ) = −13.121 ×103 N ⋅ m
(a) Allowable load P: 2.4 P = 9.622 × 103 P = 4.01 × 103 N P = 4.01 kN 
Shear at A: VA = P
Area A to B of shear diagram: aVA = aP
Bending moment at A: M A = −aP = −4.01 × 103 a
(b) Distance a: −4.01 × 103 a = −13.121 × 103 a = 3.27 m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.94
A bridge of length L = 48 ft is to be built on a secondary road whose

access to trucks is limited to two-axle vehicles of medium weight. It will
consist of a concrete slab and of simply supported steel beams with an
ultimate strength of σ U = 60 ksi. The combined weight of the slab and
beams can be approximated by a uniformly distributed load
w = 0.75 kips/ft on each beam. For the purpose of the design, it is
assumed that a truck with axles located at a distance a = 14 ft from each
other will be driven across the bridge and that the resulting concentrated
loads P1 and P2 exerted on each beam could be as large as 24 kips and
6 kips, respectively. Determine the most economical wide-flange shape
for the beams, using LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.25, γ L = 1.75
and the resistance factor φ = 0.9. [Hint: It can be shown that the
maximum value of |M L | occurs under the larger load when that load is
located to the left of the center of the beam at a distance equal
to aP2 /2( P1 + P2 ) .]
SOLUTION
L = 48 ft a = 14 ft P1 = 24 kips
P2 = 6 kips W = 0.75 kip/ft
1
Dead load: RA = RB =   (48)(0.75) = 18 kips
 2
Area A to E of shear diagram:
1
 2  (8)(18) = 216 kip ⋅ ft
 
M max = 216 kip ⋅ ft = 2592 kip ⋅ in at point E.
aP2 (14)(6)
Live load: u= = = 1.4 ft
2( P1 + P2 ) (2)(30)
L
x= − u = 24 − 1.4 = 22.6 ft
2
x + a = 22.6 + 14 = 36.6 ft
L − x − a = 48 − 36.6 = 11.4 ft
ΣM B = 0: −48 RA + (25.4)(24) + (11.4)(6) = 0
RA = 14.125 kips
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.94* (Continued)
Shear:
A to C: V = 14.125 kips
C to D: V = 14.125 − 24 = −9.875 kips

D to B: V = −15.875 kips
Area:
A to C: (22.6)(14.125) = 319.225 kip ⋅ ft
Bending moment: M C = 319.225 kip ⋅ ft = 3831 kip ⋅ in

Design:
γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ M U = ϕσ U S min
γ DM D + γ LM L
Smin =
ϕσ U
(1.25)(2592) + (1.75)(3831)
=
(0.9)(60)
= 184.2 in 3
Shape S (in 3 )
W 30 × 99 269
W 27 × 84 213 ← Use W 27 × 84. 
W 24 × 104 258
W 21 × 101 227
W18 × 106 204
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.95
Assuming that the front and rear axle loads remain in the same ratio as
for the truck of Prob. 5.94, determine how much heavier a truck could
safely cross the bridge designed in that problem.
PROBLEM 5.94∗ A bridge of length L = 48 ft is to be built on a

secondary road whose access to trucks is limited to two-axle vehicles of
medium weight. It will consist of a concrete slab and of simply
supported steel beams with an ultimate strength of σ U = 60 ksi. The
combined weight of the slab and beams can be approximated by a
uniformly distributed load w = 0.75 kips/ft on each beam. For the
purpose of the design, it is assumed that a truck with axles located at a
distance a = 14 ft from each other will be driven across the bridge and
that the resulting concentrated loads P1 and P2 exerted on each beam
could be as large as 24 kips and 6 kips, respectively. Determine the
most economical wide-flange shape for the beams, using LRFD with
the load factors γ D = 1.25, γ L = 1.75 and the resistance factor φ = 0.9.
[Hint: It can be shown that the maximum value of |M L | occurs under
the larger load when that load is located to the left of the center of the
beam at a distance equal to aP2 /2( P1 + P2 ) .]
SOLUTION
L = 48 ft a = 14 ft P1 = 24 kips
P2 = 6 kips W = 0.75 kip/ft
See solution to Prob. 5.94 for calculation of the following:
M D = 2592 kip ⋅ in M L = 3831 kip ⋅ in
For rolled steel section W27 × 84, S = 213 in 3
Allowable live load moment M L* :
γ D M D + γ L M L* = ϕ MU = ϕσ U S
ϕσ U S − γ D M D
M L* =
γL
(0.9)(60)(213) − (1.25)(2592)
=
1.75
= 4721 kip ⋅ in
M L* 4721
Ratio: = = 1.232 = 1 + 0.232
M L 3831
Increase 23.2%. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.96
A roof structure consists of plywood and roofing material
supported by several timber beams of length L = 16 m. The
dead load carried by each beam, including the estimated weight
of the beam, can be represented by a uniformly distributed load
wD = 350 N/m. The live load consists of a snow load,
represented by a uniformly distributed load wL = 600 N/m, and
a 6-kN concentrated load P applied at the midpoint C of each
beam. Knowing that the ultimate strength for the timber used is
σ U = 50 MPa and that the width of the beam is b = 75 mm,
determine the minimum allowable depth h of the beams, using
LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.2, γ L = 1.6 and the
resistance factor φ = 0.9.
SOLUTION
L = 16 m, wD = 350 N/m = 0.35 kN/m

wL = 600 N/m = 0.6 kN/m, P = 6 kN
1
Dead load: RA =   (16)(0.35) = 2.8 kN
 2
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(2.8) = 11.2 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C: 11.2 kN ⋅ m = 11.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
1
Live load: RA = [(16)(0.6) + 6] = 7.8 kN
2
Shear at C −: V = 7.8 − (8)(0.6) = 3 kN
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(7.8 + 3) = 43.2 kN ⋅ m
 
Design: γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ M U = ϕσ U S
γ D M D + γ L M L (1.2)(11.2 × 103 ) + (1.6)(43.2 ×103 )

S= =
ϕσ U (0.9)(50 × 106 )
= 1.8347 × 10−3 m 3 = 1.8347 × 10 6 mm 3
1
For a rectangular section, S = bh2
6
6S (6)(1.8347 × 106 )
h= = h = 383 mm 
b 75
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.97
Solve Prob. 5.96, assuming that the 6-kN concentrated load P
applied to each beam is replaced by 3-kN concentrated loads P1
and P2 applied at a distance of 4 m from each end of the beams.
PROBLEM 5.96∗ A roof structure consists of plywood and

roofing material supported by several timber beams of length
L = 16 m. The dead load carried by each beam, including the
estimated weight of the beam, can be represented by a uniformly
distributed load wD = 350 N/m. The live load consists of a snow
load, represented by a uniformly distributed load wL = 600 N/m,
and a 6-kN concentrated load P applied at the midpoint C of each
beam. Knowing that the ultimate strength for the timber used is
σ U = 50 MPa and that the width of the beam is b = 75 mm,
determine the minimum allowable depth h of the beams, using
LRFD with the load factors γ D = 1.2, γ L = 1.6 and the resistance
factor φ = 0.9.
SOLUTION
L = 16 m, a = 4 m, wD = 350 N/m = 0.35 kN/m

wL = 600 N/m = 0.6 kN/m, P = 3 kN
1
Dead load: RA =   (16)(0.35) = 2.8 kN
2
1
Area A to C of shear diagram:  2  (8)(2.8) = 11.2 kN ⋅ m
 
1
Live load: RA = [(16)(0.6) + 3 + 3] = 7.8 kN
2
Shear at D −: 7.8 − (4)(0.6) = 5.4 kN
Shear at D +: 5.4 − 3 = 2.4 kN

Area A to D:
1
 2  (4)(7.8 + 5.4) = 26.4 kN ⋅ m
 
1
Area D to C:  2  (4)(2.4) = 4.8 kN ⋅ m
 
Bending moment at C: 26.4 + 4.8 = 31.2 kN ⋅ m
= 31.2 × 103 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.97* (Continued)
Design: γ D M D + γ L M L = ϕ M U = ϕσ U S
γ D M D + γ L M L (1.2)(11.2 × 103 ) + (1.6)(31.2 × 103 )

S= =
ϕσ U (0.9)(50 × 106 )
= 1.408 × 10−3 m 3 = 1.408 × 106 mm 3
For a rectangular section,
1
S = bh 2
6
6S (6)(1.408 × 106 )
h= =
b 75
h = 336 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.98
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defining the shear
and bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point C
and check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the entire
beam.
SOLUTION
w0 x w0
w = w0 − +  x − a1
a a
dV
=−
dx
w0 x 2 w0 dM
(a) V = − w0 x + −  x − a 2 = 
2a 2a dx
w0 x 2 w0 x3 w0
M =− + −  x − a 3 
2 6a 6a
At point C, x = 2a
w0 (2a )2 w0 (2a )3 w0 a3 5
(b) MC = − + − M C = − w0 a 2 
2 6a 6a 6
 5  1 
Check: ΣM C = 0:  a  w0 a  + M C = 0
 3  2 
5
M C = − w0 a 2
6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.99
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defining the shear and
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the equation
obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point C and check
your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the entire beam.
SOLUTION
w = w0 − w0  x − a 0
dV
=−
dx
dM
(a) V = −w0 x + w0  x − a1 = 
dx
1 1
M = − w0 x 2 + w0  x − a 2 
2 2
At point C, x = 2a
1 1 3
(b) M C = − w0 (2a )2 + w0 a2 M C = − w0 a 2 
2 2 2
 3a 
Check: ΣM C = 0:   ( w0 a) + M C = 0
 2 
3
M C = − w0 a 2
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.100
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point C
and check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the entire
beam.
SOLUTION
w0 x w
w= − w0  x − a 0 − 0  x − a 1
a a
dV
=−
dx
w0 x 2 w dM
(a) V =− + w0  x − a1 + 0  x − a 2 = 
2a 2a dx
w0 x 3 w0 w
M =− +  x − a 2 + 0  x − a 3 
6a 2 6a
At point C, x = 2a
w0 (2a )3 w0 a 2 w0 a 3 2
(b) MC = − + + M C = − w0 a 2 
6a 2 6a 3
 4a  1 
Check: ΣM C = 0:   w0 a  + M C = 0
3
  2 
2
M C = − w0 a 2
3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.101
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and
check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of
the beam to the right of E.
SOLUTION
a 3
ΣM C = 0: −2aA −   + (3aw0 ) = 0 A = − w0 a
2 4
 5a  15
ΣM A = 0: 2 aC −   + (3aw0 ) = 0 C= w0a
 2  4
dV
w = w0  x − a 0 = −
dx
3 15 dM
(a) V = − w0  x − a1 − w0 a + w0a  x − 2a  0 = 
4 4 dx
1 3 15
M = − w0  x − a 2 − w0 ax + w0a  x − 2a 1 + 0 
2 4 4
At point E , x = 3a
1 3 15
(b) M E = − w0 (2a )2 − w0 a (3a ) + w0 a (a )
2 4 4
1
M E = − w0 a 2 
2
a
Check: ΣM E = 0: −M E − ( w0 a ) = 0
2
1
M E = − w0 a 2
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.102
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and
check your answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of
the beam to the right of E.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: − 4aA + 3aP + 2aP = 0 A = 1.25P
(a) V = 1.25 P − P x − a 0 − P x − 2 a 0 
M = 1.25Px − P x − a1 − P  x − 2a1 

(b) At point E , x = 3a
M E = 1.25 P (3a) − P(2a) − P( a) = 0.750 Pa 
Reaction: ΣFy = 0: A − P − P + D = 0 D = 0.750P ↑
ΣM E = 0: −M E + 0.750 Pa = 0
M E = 0.750 Pa
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.103
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations defining the shear and
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Use the equation
obtained for M to determine the bending moment at point E and check your
answer by drawing the free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the
right of E.
SOLUTION
0 0
w = w0 + w0 x − a − w0 x − 3a
(a) V = 3w0 a − wdx 

1 1
= 3w0a − w0 x − w0 x − a + w0 x − 3a 

2
M = Vdx = 3w0 ax − w0 x2 /2 − w0 x − a /2
2
+ w0 x − 3a /2 
(b) At point E, x = 3a
M E = 3w0 a (3a ) − w0 (3a ) 2 /2 − w0 (2a ) 2 /2
M E = 5w0 a 2 / 2 
 M E = 0 : 3w0 a (a ) − ( w0a )( a2 ) − M E = 0
M E = 5w0 a2 /2 (checks)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.104
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for the shear and
bending moment for beam ABC under the loading shown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment just to the
right of point B.
SOLUTION
(a) V = − P x − a 0 
dM
= − P x − a 0
dx
M = − P x − a1 − Pa x − a 0 
Just to the right of B, x = a1.

(b) M = − 0 − Pa M = − Pa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.105
bending moment for beam ABC under the loading shown. (b) Use the
equation obtained for M to determine the bending moment just to the
right of point D.
SOLUTION
0
2L dM
(a) V = −P − P x − = 
3 dx
1 0
PL 2L PL 2L
M = − Px + −P x− − x− 
3 3 3 3
2L
Just to the right of D, x = .
3
 2 L  PL PL
(b) M D+ = − P   + − P(0) −
 3  3 3
4 PL
M D+ = − 
3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.106
bending moment for the beam and loading shown. (b) Determine the
maximum value of the bending moment in the beam.
SOLUTION
w = 1.5 kN/m
By statics,
C = D = 3 kN ↑
(a) V = −1.5 x + 3 x − 0.8 0 + 3 x − 3.2 0 kN 
M = −0.75 x 2 + 3 x − 0.81 + 3 x − 3.21 kN ⋅ m 

Locate point E where V = 0. Assume xC < xE < xD
0 = −1.5 xE + 3( xE − 0.8) + 0 xE = 2.0 m

M C = −(0.75)(0.8) 2 + 0 + 0 = −0.480 kN ⋅ m
M E = −(0.75)(2.0) 2 + (3)(1.2) + 0 = 0.600 kN ⋅ m
M D = −(0.75)(3.2) 2 + (3)(2.4) + 0 = −0.480 kN ⋅ m
(b) |M |max = 0.600 kN ⋅ m M max

= 600 N ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.107
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0: − 4.5 RA + (3.0)(48) + (1.5)(60) − (0.9)(60) = 0

RA = 40 kN
(a) V = 40 − 48 x − 1.5 0 − 60 x − 3.0 0 + 60 x − 3.6 0 kN 
M = 40 x − 48 x − 1.51 − 60 x − 3.01 + 60 x − 3.61 kN ⋅ m 

Pt. x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
A 0 0
B 1.5 (40)(1.5) = 60 kN ⋅ m
C 3.0 (40)(3.0) − (48)(1.5) = 48 kN ⋅ m
D 3.6 (40)(3.6) − (48)(2.1) − (60)(0.6) = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
E 4.5 (40)(4.5) − (48)(3.0) − (60)(1.5) + (60)(0.9) = 0
(b) M max = 60 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.108
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: − 14 A + (12.5)(3)(3) + (7)(8) + (1.5)(3)(3) = 0

A = 13 kips ↑
dV
w = 3 − 3 x − 3 0 + 3 x − 11 0 = −
dx
(a) V = 13 − 3 x + 3 x − 31 − 8 x − 7 0 − 3 x − 111 kips 
M = 13x − 1.5 x 2 + 1.5 x − 3 2 − 8 x − 71 − 1.5 x − 11 2 kip ⋅ ft 

VC = 13 − (3)(3) = 4 kips
VD− = 13 − (3)(7) + (3)(4) = 4 kips
VD+ = 13 − (3)(7) + (3)(4) − 8 = −4 kips
VE = 13 − (3)(11) + (3)(8) − 8 = −4 kips
VB = 13 − (3)(14) + (3)(11) − 8 − (3)(3) = −13 kips
(b) Note that V changes sign at D.
|M |max = M D = (13)(7) − (1.5)(7)2 + (1.5)(4)2 − 0 − 0
|M |max = 41.5 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.109
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: (15)(3) − 12C + (8)(6)C + (4)(6) = 0

C = 9.75 kips ↑
(a) V = −3 + 9.75 x − 3 0 − 6  x − 7 0 − 6 x − 11 0 kips 
M = −3 x + 9.75 x − 31 − 6 x − 71 − 6 x − 111 kip ⋅ ft 

Pt. x(ft) M (kip ⋅ ft)
A 0 0
C 3 −(3)(3) = −9
D 7 −(3)(7) + (9.75)(4) = 18
E 11 −(3)(11) + (9.75)(8) − (6)(4) = 21 ← maximum
B 15 −(3)(15) + (9.75)(12) − (6)(8) − (6)(4) = 0
(b) |M |max = 21.0 kip ⋅ ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.110
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for the

shear and bending moment for the beam and loading
shown. (b) Determine the maximum stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0:
(1.2)(50) − 0.9 B + (0.5)(125) − (0.2)(50) = 0
B = 125 kN ↑
ΣM B = 0:
(0.3)(50) − (0.4)(125) + 0.9 D − (1.1)(50) = 0
D = 100 kN ↑
(a) V = −50 + 125 x − 0.3 0 − 125 x − 0.7 0 + 100 x − 1.2 0 kN 
M = −50 x + 125 x − 0.31 − 125 x − 0.71 + 100 x − 1.21 kN ⋅ m 

Point x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
B 0.3 −(50)(0.3) + 0 − 0 + 0 = − 15 kN ⋅ m
C 0.7 − (50)(0.7) + (125)(0.4) − 0 + 0 = 15 kN ⋅ m
D 1.2 − (50)(1.2) + (125)(0.9) − (125)(0.5) + 0 = −10 kN ⋅ m
E 1.4 − (50)(1.4) + (125)(1.1) − (125)(0.7) + (100)(0.2) = 0 (checks)
Maximum M = 15 kN ⋅ m = 15 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S150 × 18.6 rolled steel section, S = 120 × 103 mm 3 = 120 × 10−6 m3
M 15 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ= = = 125 × 106 Pa σ = 125.0MPa 
S 120 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.111
(a) Using singularity functions, write the equations for

the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
ΣM E = 0: − 3RA + (2.25)(24) − (1.5)(24) − (0.75)(24) + (0.75)(24) = 0

RA = 30 kips
ΣM A = 0: − (0.75)(24) − (1.5)(24) − (2.25)(24) + 3RE − (3.75)(24) = 0

RE = 66 kips
(a) V = 30 − 24 x − 0.75 0 − 24 x − 1.5 0 − 24 x − 2.25 0 + 66 x − 3 0 kN 
M = 30 x − 24 x − 0.751 − 24  x − 1.51 − 24 x − 2.251 + 66 x − 31 kN ⋅ m 

Point x(m) M (kN ⋅ m)
B 0.75 (30)(0.75) = 22.5 kN ⋅ m
C 1.5 (30)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = 27 kN ⋅ m
D 2.25 (30)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = 13.5 kN ⋅ m
E 3.0 (30)(3.0) − (24)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) − (24)(0.75) = −18 kN ⋅ m
F 3.75 (30)(3.75) − (24)(3.0) − (24)(2.25) − (24)(1.5) + (66)(0.75) = 0 
Maximum |M | = 27 kN ⋅ m = 27 × 303 N ⋅ m
For rolled steel section W250 × 28.4, S = 308 × 10 3 mm 3 = 308 × 10−6 m3

(b) Normal stress:
|M | 27 × 103
σ= = = 87.7 × 106 Pa σ = 87.7 MPa 
S 308 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.112
(a) Using singularity functions, find the
magnitude and location of the maximum
bending moment for the beam and loading
shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
M c = 0 : 18 − 3.6 A + (1.2)(2.4)(40) − 27 = 0
A = 29.5 kN ↑
1
V = 29.5 − 40 x − 1.2 kN
Point D. V =0 29.5 − 40( xD − 1.2) = 0
xD = 1.9375 m
2
M = −18 + 29.5 x − 20 x − 1.2 kN ⋅ m
M A = −18 kN ⋅ m
M D = −18 + (29.5)(1.9375) − (20)(0.7375)2 = 28.278 kN ⋅ m
M E = −18 + (29.5)(3.6) − (20)(2.4)2 = − 27 kN ⋅ m
(a) Maximum M = 28.278 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.9375 m 
For S310 × 52 rolled steel section, S = 624 × 103 mm 3
= 624 × 10 −6 m3
M 28.278 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ = = = 45.3 × 106 Pa
S 624 × 10−6
σ = 45.3 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.113
(a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
M D = 0 : (6)(10) − 5 RB + (2)(4)(80) = 0
RB = 140 kN
0
w = 80 x − 2 kN/m = −dV /dx
0 1
V = −10 + 140 x − 1 − 80 x − 2 kN
A to B: V = −10 kN
B to C: V = −10 + 140 = 130 kN
D: ( x = 6) V = −10 + 140 − 80(4) = −190 kN
V changes sign at B and at point E ( x = xE ) between C and D.

0 1
V = 0 = −10 + 140 xE − 1 − 80 xE − 2
= −10 + 140 − 80( xE − 2) xE = 3.625 m
1 2
M = −10 x + 140 x − 1 − 40 x − 2 kN ⋅ m
At pt. B, x =1 M B = −(10)(1) = −10 kN ⋅ m

At pt. E, x = 3.625
M E = −(10)(3.625) + (140)(2.625) − (40)(1.625) 2 = 225.6 kN ⋅ m
(a) M max
= 225.6 kN ⋅ m at x = 3.625 m 
For W530 × 150, S = 3720 × 103 mm 3 = 3720 × 10 −6 m 3
M 225.6 × 10 3
(b) Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 60.6 × 106 Pa
S 3720 × 10
σ = 60.6 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.114
A beam is being designed to be supported and loaded as shown.
(a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and location of the
maximum bending moment in the beam. (b) Knowing that the
allowable normal stress for the steel to be used is 24 ksi, find the most
economical wide-flange shape that can be used.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: −(16)(12) − 12 B + (8)(24) − (4)(12) = 0
B = −4 kips B = 4 kips ↓
ΣM B = 0: −(4)(12) − (4)(24) + 12 D − (16)(12) = 0
D = 28 kips ↑
Check: ΣFy = 12 − 4 − 24 + 28 − 12 = 0 
V = 12 − 4 x − 4 0 − 24 x − 8 0 + 28 x − 16 0

M = 12 x − 4 x − 41 − 24 x − 81 + 28 x − 161
At A, x = 0, M =0
At B, x = 4 ft, M = (12)(4) = 48 kip ⋅ ft
At C, x = 8 ft, M = (12)(8) − (4)(4) = 80 kip ⋅ ft
At D, x = 16 ft, M = (12)(16) − (4)(12) − (24)(8) = −48 kip ⋅ ft
At E, x = 20 ft, M = (12)(20) − (4)(16) − (24)(12) + (28)(4) = 0 (checks)
(a) |M |max = 80 kip ⋅ ft at C . 
(b) |M |max = 960 kip ⋅ in σ all = 24 ksi

|M | |M |max 960
σ= Smin = = = 40 in 3
S σ 24
Shape S x (in 3 )
W18 × 35 57.6
W16 × 31 47.2
W14 × 30 42.0 ← Lightest wide flange shape: W14 × 30 
W12 × 35 45.6
W10 × 39 42.1
W 8 × 48 43.5
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.115
A beam is being designed to be supported and loaded as shown. (a) Using
singularity functions, find the magnitude and location of the maximum
bending moment in the beam. (b) Knowing that the allowable normal
stress for the steel to be used is 24 ksi, find the most economical wide-
flange shape that can be used.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: − 15 RA + (7.5)(15)(3) + (12)(22.5) = 0
RA = 40.5 kips ↑
dV
w = 3 kips/ft = −
dx
V = 40.5 − 3x − 22.5 x − 3 0 kips
M = 40.5 x − 1.5 x2 − 22.5 x − 31 kip ⋅ ft
(a) Location of point D where V = 0. Assume 3 ft < xD < 12 ft.
0 = 40.5 − 3 xD − 22.5 xD = 6 ft
At point D, ( x = 6 ft). M = (40.5)(6) − (1.5)(6)2 − (22.5)(3)

= 121.5 kip ⋅ ft = 1458 kip ⋅ in
Maximum |M|: |M |max = 121.5 kip ⋅ ft at x = 6.00 ft 
M 1458
Smin = = = 60.75 in 3
σ all 24
(b) Shape S (in 3 )

W 21 × 44 81.6
W18 × 50 88.9
W16 × 40 64.7 ← Wide-flange shape: W16 × 40 
W14 × 43 62.6
W12 × 50 64.2
W10 × 68 75.7
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.116
A timber beam is being designed with supports and loads as
shown. (a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending moment in the beam.
(b) Knowing that the available stock consists of beams with an
allowable stress of 12 MPa and a rectangular cross section of
30-mm width and depth h varying from 80 mm to 160 mm in
10-mm increments, determine the most economical cross section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
480 N/m = 0.48 kN/m

1
ΣM C = 0: − 4 RA + (3)   (1.5)(0.48) + (1.25)(2.5)(0.48) = 0
2
RA = 0.645 kN ↑
0.48 0.48 dV
w= x−  x − 1.51 = 0.32 x − 0.32 x − 1.51 kN/m = −
1.5 1.5 dx
V = 0.645 − 0.16 x 2 + 0.16 x − 1.5 2 kN
M = 0.645 x − 0.05333 x3 + 0.05333 x − 1.5 3 kN ⋅ m
(a) Locate point D where V = 0.

Assume 1.5 m < xD < 4 m.
0 = 0.645 − 0.16 xD2 + 0.16( xD − 1.5)2

= 0.645 − 0.16 xD2 + 0.16 xD2 − 0.48 xD + 0.36
xD = 2.09375 m 
At point D, M D = (0.645)(2.09375) − (0.05333)(2.09375) 3 + (0.05333)(0.59375)3
M D = 0.87211 kN ⋅ m 
MD 0.87211 × 103
S min = = = 72.6758 × 10−6 m3 = 72.6758 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 106
1 6S
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh2 h=
6 b
(6)(72.6758 × 103 )
hmin = = 120.56 mm
30
(b) At next larger 10-mm increment, h = 130 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.117
A timber beam is being designed with supports and loads as
shown. (a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending moment in the beam.
(b) Knowing that the available stock consists of beams with an
allowable stress of 12 MPa and a rectangular cross section of
30-mm width and depth h varying from 80 mm to 160 mm in
10-mm increments, determine the most economical cross section
that can be used.
SOLUTION
500 N/m = 0.5 kN/m

1
ΣM C = 0: − 4R A + (3.2)(1.6)(0.5) + (1.6)   (2.4)(0.5) = 0 RA = 0.880 kN ↑
2
0.5 dV
w = 0.5 −  x − 1.61 = 0.5 − 0.20833 x − 1.61 kN/m = −
2.4 dx
2
V = 0.880 − 0.5x + 0.104167 x − 1.6 kN
VA = 0.880 kN
VB = 0.880 − (0.5)(1.6) = 0.080 kN 
2  Sign change
VC = 0.880 − (0.5)(4) + (0.104167)(2.4) = −0.520 kN 
Locate point D (between B and C) where V = 0. 0 = 0.880 − 0.5 xD + 0.104167 ( xD − 1.6)2
0.104167 xD2 − 0.83333 xD + 1.14667 = 0
0.83333 ± (0.83333)2 − (4)(0.104167)(1.14667)

xD = = 6.2342 , 1.7658 m 
(2)(0.104167)
M = 0.880 x − 0.25x 2 + 0.347222 x − 1.6 3 kN ⋅ m

M D = (0.880)(1.7658) − (0.25)(1.7658) 2 + (0.34722)(0.1658)3 = 0.776 kN ⋅ m
(a) M max = 0.776 kN ⋅ m at x = 1.7658 m 
M max 0.776 × 103

S min = = = 64.66 × 10−6 m3 = 64.66 × 103 mm3
σ all 12 × 106
1 6S (6)(64.66 × 103 )
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh2 h= hmin = = 113.7 mm
6 b 30
(b) At next higher 10-mm increment, h = 120 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.118
Using a computer and step functions, calculate the shear and bending
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment ΔL,
starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
3 3
w= x − 3 x − 4.5 0 −  x − 4.51
4.5 4.5
2 2 dV
= x − 3 x − 4.5 0 −  x − 4.51 = −
3 3 dx
1 2 1
V = − x + 3 x − 4.51 +  x − 4.5 2 − 4 x − 6 0
3 3
1 3 3 1
M = − x +  x − 4.5 2 +  x − 4.5 3 − 4 x − 61
9 2 9
x V M
ft kips kip ⋅ ft
0.0 0.00 0.00
0.5 −0.08 −0.01
1.0 −0.33 −0.11
1.5 −0.75 −0.38
2.0 −1.33 −0.89
2.5 −2.08 −1.74
3.0 −3.00 −3.00
3.5 −4.08 −4.76
4.0 −5.33 −7.11
4.5 −6.75 −10.13
5.0 −6.75 −13.50
5.5 −6.75 −16.88
6.0 −10.75 −20.25
6.5 −10.75 −25.63
7.0 −10.75 −31.00
7.5 −10.75 −36.38
8.0 −10.75 −41.75
8.5 −10.75 −47.13
9.0 −10.75 −52.50
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.119
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment
ΔL, starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
1
ΣM C = 0: −12 RA + (6)(12)(1.8) + (10)   (6)(1.8) = 0
 2
RA = 15.3 kips
1.8 1.8
w = 3.6 − x+  x − 61
6 6
= 3.6 − 0.3x + 0.3 x − 61
V = 15.3 − 3.6 x + 0.15 x 2 − 0.15 x − 6 2 kips 
x V M M = 15.3 x − 1.8 x2 + 0.05 x3 − 0.05 x − 6 3 kip ⋅ ft 
ft kips kip ⋅ ft
0.0 15.30 0.0 x V M
0.5 13.54 7.2
ft kips kip ⋅ ft
1.0 11.85 13.6
9.5 −7.20 23.6
1.5 10.24 19.1
2.0 8.70 23.8 10.0 −8.10 19.8
2.5 7.24 27.8 10.5 −9.00 15.5
3.0 5.85 31.1 11.0 −9.90 10.8
3.5 4.54 33.6
11.5 −10.80 5.6
4.0 3.30 35.6
12.0 −11.70 0.0
4.5 2.14 37.0
5.0 1.05 37.8
5.5 0.04 38.0
6.0 −0.90 37.8
6.5 −1.80 37.1
7.0 −2.70 36.0
7.5 −3.60 34.4
8.0 − 4.50 32.4
8.5 −5.40 29.9
9.0 −6.30 27.0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.120
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment ΔL,
starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
1
ΣM D = 0: −6 R A + (4)(120) + (1)   (3)(36) = 0
 2
RA = 89 kN
36
w =  x − 31 = 12 x − 31
3
V = 89 − 120 x − 2 0 − 6 x − 3 2 kN 
x V M M = 89 x − 120 x − 21 − 2 x − 3 3 kN ⋅ m 
m kN kN ⋅ m
0.0 89.0 0.0 x V M
0.3 89.0 22.3 m kN kN ⋅ m
0.5 89.0 44.5 5.0 69.0
−55.0
0.8 89.0 66.8
5.3 −61.4 54.5
1.0 89.0 89.0
5.5 −68.5 38.3
1.3 89.0 111.3
5.8 −76.4 20.2
1.5 89.0 133.5
6.0 −85.0 −0.0
1.8 89.0 155.8
2.0 −31.0 178.0
2.3 −31.0 170.3
2.5 −31.0 162.5
2.8 −31.0 154.8
3.0 −31.0 147.0
3.3 −31.4 139.2
3.5 −32.5 131.3
3.8 −34.4 122.9
4.0 −37.0 114.0
4.3 −40.4 104.3
4.5 −44.5 93.8
4.8 −49.4 82.0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.121
moment for the beam and loading shown. Use the specified increment
ΔL, starting at point A and ending at the right-hand support.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: (5.2)(12) − 4 B + (2)(4)(16) = 0
B = 47.6 kN ↑
ΣM B = 0: (1.2)(12) − (2)(4)(16) + 4C = 0
C = 28.4 kN ↑
dV
w = 16 x − 1.2 0 = −
dx
V = −16 x − 1.21 − 12 + 47.6 x − 1.2 0 
M = −8 x − 1.2 2 − 12 x + 47.6 x − 1.21 
x V M
m kN kN ⋅ m
0.0 −12.0 0.00
0.4 −12.0 −4.80
0.8 −12.0 −9.60
1.2 35.6 −14.40
1.6 29.2 −1.44
2.0 22.8 8.96
2.4 16.4 16.80
2.8 10.0 22.08
3.2 3.6 24.80
3.6 −2.8 24.96
4.0 −9.2 22.56
4.4 −15.6 17.60
4.8 −22.0 10.08
5.2 −28.4 −0.00
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.122
For the beam and loading shown, and using a computer and
step functions, (a) tabulate the shear, bending moment, and
maximum normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0
to x = L, using the increments ∆L indicated, (b) using
smaller increments if necessary, determine with a 2%
accuracy the maximum normal stress in the beam. Place the
origin of the x-axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0:
−5 RA + (4.0)(2.0)(3) + (1.5)(3)(5) + (1.5)(3) = 0
RA = 10.2 kN
dV
w = 3 + 2 x − 2 0 kN/m = −
dx
(a) V = 10.2 − 3x − 2 x − 21 − 3 x − 3.5 0 kN 
(b) M = 10.2 x − 1.5 x 2 −  x − 2 2 − 3 x − 3.51 kN ⋅ m 
For rolled steel section W200 × 22.5,
S = 193 × 10 3 mm 3 = 193 × 10−6 m 3
M max 16.164 × 103

σ max = = = 83.8 × 106 Pa
S 193 × 10 −6
σ = 83.8 MPa 
x V M σ
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
0.00 10.20 0.00 0.0
0.25 9.45 2.46 12.7
0.50 8.70 4.73 24.5
0.75 7.95 6.81 35.3
1.00 7.20 8.70 45.1
1.25 6.45 10.41 53.9
1.50 5.70 11.93 61.8
1.75 4.95 13.26 68.7
2.00 4.20 14.40 74.6
2.25 2.95 15.29 79.2
2.50 1.70 15.88 82.3
2.75 0.45 16.14 83.6
without permission.
x V M σ
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
3.00 −0.80 16.10 83.4
3.25 −2.05 15.74 81.6
3.50 −6.30 15.08 78.1
3.75 −7.55 13.34 69.1
4.00 −8.80 11.30 58.5
4.25 −10.05 8.94 46.3
4.50 −11.30 6.28 32.5
4.75 −12.55 3.29 17.1
5.00 −13.80 0.00 0.0
2.83 0.05 16.164 83.8

2.84 0.00 16.164 83.8 ←
2.85 −0.05 16.164 83.8
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.123
to x = L, using the increments ΔL indicated, (b) using
origin of the x-axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: −4 RB + (6)(5) + (2.5)(3)(20) = 0 RB = 45 kN
dV
w = 20 x − 2 0 − 20 x − 5 0 kN/m = −
dx
V = −5 + 45 x − 2 0 − 20 x − 21 + 20 x − 51 kN 
M = −5 x + 45 x − 21 − 10 x − 2 2 + 10 x − 5 2 kN ⋅ m 
(a) x V M stress
m kN kN ⋅ m MPa
0.00 −5 0.00 0.0
0.50 −5 −2.50 −3.3
1.00 −5 −5.00 −6.7
1.50 −5 −7.50 −10.0
2.00 40 −10.00 −13.3
2.50 30 7.50 10.0
3.00 20 20.00 26.7
3.50 10 27.50 36.7
4.00 0 30.00 40.0 ←
4.50 −10 27.50 36.7
5.00 −20 20.00 26.7
5.50 −20 10.00 13.3
6.00 −20 0.00 0.0
(b) Maximum |M | = 30 kN ⋅ m at x = 4.0 m
1 1
For rectangular cross section, S = bh2 =   (50)(300)2 = 750 × 103 mm3 = 750 × 10−6 m3
6 6
M max 30 × 103
σ max = = = 40 × 106 Pa σ max = 40.0 MPa 
S 750 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.124
maximum normal stress in sections of the beam from x = 0 to
x = L, using the increments ΔL indicated, (b) using smaller
increments if necessary, determine with a 2% accuracy the
maximum normal stress in the beam. Place the origin of the x
axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
300 lb = 0.3 kips

ΣM D = 0: −5 RA + (4.25)(1.5)(2) + (2.5)(2)(1.2) + (1.5)(0.3) = 0
RA = 3.84 kips
w = 2 − 0.8 x − 1.5 0 − 1.2 x − 3.5 0 kip/ft
V = 3.84 − 2 x + 0.8 x − 1.51 + 1.2 x − 3.51 − 0.3 x − 3.5 0 kips 
M = 3.84 x − x 2 + 0.4  x − 1.5 2 + 0.6 x − 3.5 2 − 0.3 x − 3.51 kip ⋅ ft 
x V M stress
ft kips kip ⋅ ft ksi
0.00 3.84 0.00 0.000
0.25 3.34 0.90 0.224
0.50 2.84 1.67 0.417
0.75 2.34 2.32 0.579
1.00 1.84 2.84 0.710
1.25 1.34 3.24 0.809
1.50 0.84 3.51 0.877
1.75 0.54 3.68 0.921
2.00 0.24 3.78 0.945
2.25 − 0.06 3.80 0.951
2.50 − 0.36 3.75 0.937
2.75 − 0.66 3.62 0.906
3.00 − 0.96 3.42 0.855
3.25 −1.26 3.14 0.786
3.50 −1.86 2.79 0.697
3.75 −1.86 2.32 0.581
without permission.
x V M stress
4.00 −1.86 1.86 0.465
4.25 −1.86 1.39 0.349
4.50 −1.86 0.93 0.232
4.75 −1.86 0.46 0.116
5.00 −1.86 −0.00 −.000
2.10 0.12 3.80 0.949

2.20 0.00 3.80 0.951 ←
2.30 −0.12 3.80 0.949
Maximum |M | = 3.804 kip ⋅ ft = 45.648 kip ⋅ in at x = 2.20 ft

Rectangular section:
2 in. × 12 in.
1 2 1
S= bh =   (2)(12) 2
6 6
= 48 in3
M 45.648
σ= = σ = 0.951 ksi 
S 48
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.125
to x = L, using the increments ΔL indicated, (b) using
origin of the x axis at end A of the beam.
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: − 12.5 RB + (12.5)(5.0)(4.8) + (5)(10)(3.2) = 0
RB = 36.8 kips
w = 4.8 − 1.6 x − 5 0 kips/ft
V = −4.8 x + 36.8 x − 2.5 0 + 1.6 x − 51 kips 
M = −2.4 x 2 + 36.8 x − 2.51 + 0.8 x − 5 2 kip ⋅ ft 
x V M stress
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.25 −6.0 −3.75 −1.17
2.50 24.8 −15.00 −4.66
3.75 18.8 12.25 3.81
5.00 12.8 32.00 9.95
6.25 8.8 45.50 14.15
7.50 4.8 54.00 16.79
8.75 0.8 57.50 17.88
10.00 −3.2 56.00 17.41
11.25 −7.2 49.50 15.39
12.50 −11.2 38.00 11.81
13.75 −15.2 21.50 6.68
15.00 −19.2 0.00 0.00
8.90 0.32 57.58 17.90

9.00 −0.00 57.60 17.91 ←
9.10 −0.32 57.58 17.90
without permission.
Maximum |M |= 57.6 kip ⋅ ft = 691.2 kip ⋅ in at x = 9.0 ft

For rolled steel section W12 × 30,
S = 38.6 in 3
Maximum normal stress:
M 691.2
σ= = σ = 17.91 ksi 
S 38.6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.126
The beam AB, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b and
length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to be
of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion AC of the
beam. (b) Determine the maximum allowable load if L = 800 mm,
h0 = 200 mm, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
P
R A = RB = ↑
2
P
ΣM J = 0: − x +M =0
2
Px  L
M= 0 < x < 2 
2  
M Px
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh2
6
1 2 Px 3Px
Equating, bh = h=
6 2σ all σ all b
L 3PL 2x L
(a) At x = , h = h0 = h = h0 , 0< x< 
2 2σ all b L 2
L
For x > , replace x by L − x.
2
2σ all bh02 (2)(72 × 106 )(0.025)(0.200)2
(b) Solving for P, P= = = 60 × 103 N P = 60 kN 
3L (3)(0.8)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.127
The beam AB, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b and

length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to be
of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion AC of the
beam. (b) Determine the maximum allowable load if L = 800 mm,
h0 = 200 mm, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
A = M 0 /L ↓ B = M 0 /L ↑
M0
ΣM J = 0: x+M =0
L
M x  L
M =− 0 0 < x< 
L  2
L M 0 ( L − x) L 
For x > , M =  2 < x< L
2 L  
M M 0x  L
S = = for 0 < x 2 
σ all σ all L  
L
For x > , replace x by L − x.
2
1 2
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh
6
1 2 M0 x 6M 0 x
Equating, bh = h =
6 σ all L σ allbL
L 3M 0
(a) At x = , h = h0 = h = h0 2x/L 
2 σ allb
σ allbh02 (72 × 10 6 )(0.025)(0.200) 2

(b) Solving for M 0 , M 0 = = = 24 × 103 N ⋅ m
3 3
M 0 = 24 kN ⋅ m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.128
The beam AB, consisting of a cast-iron plate of uniform thickness b and
length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to
be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0. (b) Determine
the maximum allowable load if L = 36 in., h0 = 12 in., b = 1.25 in., and
σ all = 24 ksi.
SOLUTION
V = −P
M = − Px | M | = Px
|M | P
S= = x
σ all σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2
6
1/2
1 2 Px  6 Px 
Equating, bh = h =  (1)
6 σ all  σ all b 
1/2
 6PL 
At x = L, h = h0 =   (2)
 σ all b 
(a) Divide Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) and solve for h. h = h0 ( x/L)1/2 
σ allbh02 (24)(1.25)(12)2
(b) Solving for P, P= = P = 20.0 kips 
6L (6)(36)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.129
length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is to
be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0. (b) Determine
the maximum allowable load if L = 36 in., h0 = 12 in., b = 1.25 in., and
σ all = 24 ksi.
SOLUTION
wL
ΣFy = 0: RA + RB − wL = 0 RA = RB =
2
ΣM J = 0:
wL x w
x − wx + M = 0 M= x(L − x )
2 2 2
|M | wx (L − x)
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1 2
For a rectangular cross section, S= bh
6
1/2
1 2 wx ( L − x )  3wx (L − x ) 
Equating, bh = h= 
6 2σ all  σ all b 
1/2 1/2
 3wL 
2
L x x 
(a) At x = , h = h0 =   h = h0  1 −  
2  4σ all b  L L 
4σ all bh02 (4)(24)(1.25)(12)2

(b) Solving for w, w= = w = 4.44 kip/in 
3L2 (3)(36) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.130

length L, is to support the distributed load w(x) shown. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L,
and h0 . (b) Determine the smallest value of h0 if L = 750 mm,
b = 30 mm, w0 = 300 kN/m, and σ all = 200 MPa.
SOLUTION
dV wx
= −w = − 0
dx L
2
wx dM
V =− 0 =
2L dx
w0 x 3 w0 x 3
M =− |M |=
6L 6L
|M | w0 x3
S= =
σ all 6 Lσ all
1 2
For a rectangular cross section, S= bh
6
1 2 w x3 w0 x 3
Equating, bh = 0 h=
6 6Lσ all σ all bL
w0 L2
At x = L, h = h0 =
σ all b
3/2
x
(a) h = h0   
 L
Data: L = 750 mm = 0.75 m, b = 30 mm = 0.030 m
w0 = 300 kN/m = 300 × 10 3 N/m, σ all = 200 MPa = 200 × 10 6 Pa
(300 × 103 )(0.75) 2

(b) h0 = 6
= 167.7 × 10−3 m h0 = 167.7 mm 
(200 × 10 )(0.030)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.131

length L, is to support the distributed load w(x) shown. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and
h0 . (b) Determine the smallest value of h0 if L = 750 mm, b = 30 mm,
w0 = 300 kN/m, and σ all = 200 MPa.
SOLUTION
dV πx
= − w = − w0 sin
dx 2L
2 w0 L πx
V= cos + C1
π 2L
2 w0 L
V = 0 at x = 0 → C1 =
π
dM 2w L  πx
= V = − 0  1 − cos
dx π  2 L 
2 w0 L  2L πx 2w L  2L πx
M =− x− sin  |M| = 0  x − sin 
π  π 2L  π  π L 
|M | 2 w0 L  2L πx
S= =  x− sin
σ all πσ all  π 2 L 
1
6
1 2 2 w0 L  2L πx
Equating, bh =  x− sin
6 πσ all  π 2 L 
1/2
12w0 L  2L π x 
h=  x− sin 
 πσ allb  π 2 L  
1/ 2
12w0 L 2  
2
 w0 L2
At x = L, h = h0 =  1 −   = 1.178
 πσ all b  π   σ all b
1/2 1/2
 x 2 πx  2  x 2 πx
(a) h = h0  − sin   1 − π  h = 1.659 h0  − sin 
 L π 2 L     L π 2 L 
Data: L = 750 mm = 0.75 m, b = 30 mm = 0.030 m

w0 = 300 kN/m = 300 ×103 N/m, σ all = 200 MPa = 200 ×106 Pa
(300 × 103 )(0.75) 2

(b) h0 = 1.178 6
= 197.6 × 10 −3 m h0 = 197.6 mm 
(200 × 10 )(0.030)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.132
A preliminary design on the use of a simply supported prismatic timber
beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm wide
and 200 mm deep would be required to safely support the load shown in
part a of the figure. It was then decided to replace that beam with a
built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in part b of the
figure, four pieces of the same timber as the original beam and of
50 × 50-mm cross section. Determine the length l of the two outer
pieces of timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
SOLUTION
P
RA = RB =
2
1
0< x<
2
P
ΣM J = 0: − x+M =0
2
Px M x
M= or M = max
2 1.2
Bending moment diagram is two straight lines.
1
At C, SC = bhC2 M C = M max
6
Let D be the point where the thickness changes.
1 2 M max xD
At D, SD = bhD MD =
6 1.2
2
S D hD2  100 mm  1 M D xD
= 2 =  = = = xD = 0.3 m
SC hC  200 mm  4 M C 1.2
l
= 1.2 − xD = 0.9 l = 1.800 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.133
A preliminary design on the use of a simply supported prismatic timber
beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 50 mm
wide and 200 mm deep would be required to safely support the load
shown in part a of the figure. It was then decided to replace that beam
with a built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in part b of
the figure, four pieces of the same timber as the original beam and of
50 × 50-mm cross section. Determine the length l of the two outer
pieces of timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
SOLUTION
0.8 N
RA = RB = = 0.4 w
2
Shear:
A to C: V = 0.4 w
D to B: V = −0.4 w
Areas:
A to C: (0.8)(0.4) w = 0.32 w
1
C to E:  2  (0.4)(0.4) w = 0.08 w
 
Bending moments:
At C, M C = 0.40 w
A to C: M = 0.40 wx
1 2
At C, SC = bhC M C = M max = 0.40 w
6
Let F be the point were the thickness changes.
1 2
At F, SF = bhF M F = 0.40 wxF
6
2
S F hF2  100 mm  1 M F 0.40 wxF
= 2 =  = = =
SC hC  200 mm  4 MC 0.40 w
l
xF = 0.25 m = 1.2 − xF = 0.95 m l = 1.900 m 
2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.134
A preliminary design on the use of a cantilever prismatic timber
beam indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 2 in.
wide and 10 in. deep would be required to safely support the load
shown in part a of the figure. It was then decided to replace that
beam with a built-up beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in
part b of the figure, five pieces of the same timber
as the original beam and of 2 × 2-in. cross section. Determine the
respective lengths l1 and l2 of the two inner and outer pieces of
timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the original
design.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0: Px + M = 0 M = − Px
|M | = Px
At B, |M |B = M max
At C, |M |C = M max xC /6.25
At D, |M |D = M max x D /6.25
1 1 25 3
S B = bh 2 = ⋅ b(5b)2 = b
6 6 6
1 1
A to C: SC = ⋅ b(b ) 2 = b 3
6 6
1 9
C to D: SD = b (3b)2 = b3
6 6
|M |C x S 1 (1)(6.25)
= C = C = xC = = 0.25 ft
|M |B 6.25 S B 25 25
l1 = 6.25 − 0.25 l1 = 6.00 ft 
| M |D x S 9 (9)(6.25)
= D = D = xD = = 2.25 ft
|M |B 6.25 S B 25 25
l2 = 6.25 − 2.25 l2 = 4.00 ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.135
A preliminary design on the use of a cantilever prismatic timber beam
indicated that a beam with a rectangular cross section 2 in. wide and
10 in. deep would be required to safely support the load shown in part a
of the figure. It was then decided to replace that beam with a built-up
beam obtained by gluing together, as shown in part b of the figure, five
pieces of the same timber as the original beam and of 2 × 2-in. cross
section. Determine the respective lengths l1 and l2 of the two inner and
outer pieces of timber that will yield the same factor of safety as the
original design.
SOLUTION
x
ΣM J = 0: wx +M =0
2
wx 2 wx 2
M =− | M |=
2 2
At B, |M |B = |M |max
At C, |M |C = |M |max (xC /6.25)2
At D, |M |D = |M |max ( xD /6.25)2
1 1 25
At B, S B = bh2 = b (5b )2 = b 3
6 6 6
1 1 1
A to C: SC = bh 2 = b (b ) 2 = b 3
6 6 6
1 2 1 9
C to D: SD = bh = b (3b)2 = b3
6 6 6
2
| M |C  xC  S 1 6.25
= = C = xC = = 1.25 ft
| M |B  6.25  S B 25 25
l1 = 6.25 − 1.25 ft l1 = 5.00 ft 
2
| M |D  xD  S 9 6.25 9
= = D = xD = = 3.75 ft
| M |B  6.25  S B 25 25
l2 = 6.25 − 3.75 ft l2 = 2.50 ft 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.136
A machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a solid of
revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support the load
shown. Knowing that the machine element is to be of constant strength,
express d in terms of x, L, and d 0 .
SOLUTION
wL
RA = RB =
2
wL x
ΣM J = 0: − x + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M= x( L − x )
2
|M | wx ( L − x )
S= =
σ all 2σ all
d π I πd3
For a solid circular cross section, c= I= c3 S= =
2 4 c 32
1/ 3
πd3 wx( L − x) 16 wx ( L − x ) 
Equating, = d = 
32 2σ all  πσ all 
1/ 3 1/3
 4wL 
2
L  x x 
At x = , d = d0 =   d = d 0  4 1 −   
2  πσ all   L L 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.137
A machine element of cast aluminum and in the shape of a solid of
revolution of variable diameter d is being designed to support the load
shown. Knowing that the machine element is to be of constant strength,
express d in terms of x, L, and d 0 .
SOLUTION
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
L Px
0≤ x≤ , M=
2 2
L P( L − x)
≤ x ≤ L, M=
2 2
1
For a solid circular section, c = d
2
π π I π 3
I= c4 = d4 S= = d
4 64 c 32
M
For constant strength design, σ = constant. S=
σ
L π Px
For 0≤ x≤ , d3 = (1a)
2 32 2
L π P( L − x)
For ≤ x ≤ L, d3 = (1b)
2 32 2
π PL
At point C, d 03 = (2)
32 4
L d 3 2x
Dividing Eq. (1a) by Eq. (2), 0≤ x≤ , = d = d 0 (2 x/L )1/3 
2 d 03 L
L d 3 2( L − x)
Dividing Eq. (1b) by Eq. (2), ≤ x ≤ L, = d = d 0 [2( L − x )/L ]1/3 
2 d 03 L
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.138
A cantilever beam AB consisting of a steel plate of uniform depth h and variable
width b is to support the distributed load w along its centerline AB. (a) Knowing
that the beam is to be of constant strength, express b in terms of x, L, and b0 .
(b) Determine the maximum allowable value of w if
L = 15 in., b0 = 8 in., h = 0.75 in., and σ all = 24 ksi.
SOLUTION
L−x
ΣM J = 0: − M − w (L − x ) =0
2
w ( L − x) 2 w ( L − x )2
M =− |M | =
2 2
|M | w ( L − x ) 2
S= =
σ all 2σ all
1
6
1 2 w( L − x ) 2 3w( L − x ) 2
bh = b=
6 2σ all σ all h 2
2
3wL2  x
(a) At x = 0, b = b0 = b = b0  1 −  
σ all h2  L
σ all b0 h 2 (24)(8)(0.75)2
(b) Solving for w, w= = = 0.160 kip/in w = 160.0 lb/in 
3L2 (3)(15) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.139
A cantilever beam AB consisting of a steel plate of uniform depth h and variable
width b is to support the concentrated load P at point A. (a) Knowing that the beam
is to be of constant strength, express b in terms of x, L, and b0 . (b) Determine the
smallest allowable value of h if L = 300 mm, b0 = 375 mm, P = 14.4 kN, and
σ all = 160 MPa.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0: −M − P( L − x ) = 0
M = − P ( L − x)
|M | = P ( L − x )
|M | P (L − x)
S= =
σ all σ all
1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2
6
1 2 P( L − x ) 6P( L − x )
Equating, bh = b=
6 σ all σ all h2
6PL  x
(a) At x = 0, b = b0 = b = b0  1 −  
σ all h2  L 
6PL
Solving for h, h=
σ all b0
Data: L = 300 mm = 0.300 m, b0 = 375 mm = 0.375 m

P = 14.4 kN = 14.4 × 103 N ⋅ m, σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 106 Pa
(6)(14.4 × 103 )(0.300)

(b) h= = 20.8 × 10−3 m h = 20.8 mm 
(160 × 106 )(0.375)
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.140
Assuming that the length and width of the cover plates used with the beam of Sample Prob. 5.12 are,
respectively, l = 4 m and b = 285 mm, and recalling that the thickness of each plate is 16 mm, determine the
maximum normal stress on a transverse section (a) through the center of the beam, (b) just to the left of D.
SOLUTION
A = B = 250 kN ↑
ΣM J = 0: −250 x + M = 0
M = 250 x kN ⋅ m
At center of beam, x = 4 m M C = (250)(4) = 1000 kN ⋅ m
1 1
At D, x= (8 − l ) = (8 − 4) = 2 m M 0 = 500 kN ⋅ m
2 2
At center of beam, I = I beam + 2 I plate
  678 16 
2
1 
= 1190 × 106 + 2 (285)(16)  +  + (285)(16)3 
  2 2 12 
= 2288 × 106 mm4
678 I
c= + 16 = 355 mm S = = 6445 × 103 mm3
2 c
= 6445 × 10 −6 m3
M 1000 × 103
(a) Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 155.2 × 106 Pa σ = 155.2 MPa 
S 6445 × 10
At D, S = 3490 × 103 mm3 = 3510 × 10 −6 m 3
M 500 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ = = −6
= 143.3 × 106 Pa σ = 143.3 MPa 
S 3490 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.141
Knowing that σ all = 150 MPa, determine the largest concentrated
load P that can be applied at end E of the beam shown.
SOLUTION
ΣM C = 0: −4.8 A − 2.2 P = 0
A = −0.45833P A = 0.45833 P ↓
ΣM A = 0: 4.8D − 7.0P = 0
D = 1.45833P ↑
Shear: A to C: V = −0.45833P
C to E: V = P
M C = 0 + (4.8)(−0.45833P ) = −2.2P
M E = −2.2 P + 2.2 P = 0
 4.8 − 2.25 
MB =   ( −2.2P ) = −1.16875P
 48 
 2.2 − 1.25 
MD =   (−2.2 P) = −0.95 P
 2.2 
<figure> M D | < |M B |
For W410 × 85, S = 1510 × 103 mm 3 = 1510 × 10−6 m3

|M B |
Allowable value of P based on strength at B. σ =
S
1.16875P
150 × 106 = P = 193.8 × 103 N
1510 × 10−6
without permission.
Section properties over portion BCD:

1
W410 × 85: d = 417 mm, d = 208.5 mm, I x = 316 × 106 mm 4
2
1
Plate: A = (18)(220) = 3960 mm 2 d = 208.5 +   (18) = 217.5 mm
2
1
I = (220)(18)3 = 106.92 × 10 3 mm 4 Ad 2 = 187.333 × 106 mm 4
12
I x = I + Ad 2 = 187.440 × 106 mm 4
For section, I = 316 × 106 + (2)(187.440 × 10 6 ) = 690.88 × 10 6 mm 4
c = 208.5 + 18 = 226.5 mm
I 690.88 × 106
S = = = 3050.2 × 103 mm3 = 3050.2 × 10−6 m3
c 226.5
|M C |
Allowable load based on strength at C: σ =
S
2.2P
150 × 106 = P = 208.0 × 103 N
3050.2 × 10 −6
The smaller allowable load controls. P = 193.8 × 103 N P = 193.8 kN 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.142
Two cover plates, each 58 in. thick, are welded to a W 30 × 99
beam as shown. Knowing that l = 9 ft and b = 12 in., determine
the maximum normal stress on a transverse section (a) through the
center of the beam, (b) just to the left of D.
SOLUTION
A = B = 240 kips ↑
x
ΣM J = 0: −240 x + 30 x +M =0
2
M = 240 x − 15 x 2 kip ⋅ ft
At center of beam, x = 8 ft
M C = 960 kip ⋅ ft = 11,520 kip ⋅ in
1
At point D, x= (16 − 9) = 3.5 ft
2
M D = 656.25 kip ⋅ ft = 7875 kip ⋅ in
At center of beam, I = I beam + 2 Iplate
  29.7 0.625 
2
1 
3 4
I = 3990 + 2 (12)(0.625)  +  + (12)(0.625)  = 7439 in
  2 2  12 
29.7
c= + 0.625 = 15.475 in.
2
Mc (11,520)(15.475)
(a) Normal stress: σ = = σ = 24.0 ksi 
I 7439
At point D, S = 269 in3

M 7875
(b) Normal stress: σ = = σ = 29.3 ksi 
S 269
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.143
Two cover plates, each 58 in. thick, are welded to a W30 × 99 beam
as shown. Knowing that σ all = 22 ksi for both the beam and the
plates, determine the required value of (a) the length of the plates,
(b) the width of the plates.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 240 kips ↑
x
ΣM J = 0: −240 x + 30 x +M =0
2
M = 240 x − 15x 2 kip ⋅ ft
For W30 × 99 rolled steel section, S = 269 in3

Allowable bending moment:
M all = σ all S = (22)(269) = 5918 kip ⋅ in = 493.167 kip ⋅ ft
To locate points D and E, set M = M all .
240 x − 15x 2 = 493.167 15x 2 − 240 x + 493.167 = 0
240 ± (240) 2 − (4)(15)(493.167)

x= = 2.42 ft, 13.58 ft
(2)(15)
(a) l = xE − xD = 13.58 − 2.42 l = 11.16 ft 
Center of beam: M = 960 kip ⋅ ft = 11520 kip ⋅ in
M 11520 29.7
S = = = 523.64 in 3 c= + 0.625 = 15.475 in.
σ all 22 2
Required moment of inertia: I = Sc = 8103.3 in 4

But I = I beam + 2 I plate
  29.7 0.625 
2
1 
3
8103.3 = 3990 + 2 (b)(0.625)  +  + (b)(0.625) 
  2 2  12 
= 3990 + 287.42b
(b) b = 14.31 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.144
Two cover plates, each 7.5 mm thick, are welded to
a W460 × 74 beam as shown. Knowing that l = 5 m and
b = 200 mm, determine the maximum normal stress on
a transverse section (a) through the center of the beam,
(b) just to the left of D.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 160 kN ↑
x
ΣM J = 0: −160 x + (40 x) +M =0
2
M = 160 x − 20x 2 kN ⋅ m
At center of beam, x = 4m M C = 320 kN ⋅ m
1
At D, x= (8 − l ) = 1.5 m M D = 195 kN ⋅ m
2
6
  457 7.5 
2
1 
= 333 × 10 + 2 (200)(7.5)  +  + (200)(7.5)3 
  2 2  12 
= 494.8 × 106 mm 4
457
c= + 7.5 = 236 mm
2
I
S = = 2097 × 103 mm 3 = 2097 ×10 −6 m 3
c
M 320 × 103
(a) Normal stress: σ= = −6
= 152.6 ×106 Pa
S 2097 × 10
σ = 152.6 MPa 
At D, S = 1460 × 103 mm3 = 1460 × 10 −6 m 3
M 195 × 103
(b) Normal stress: σ= = −6
= 133.6 ×10 6 Pa σ = 133.6 MPa 
S 1460 × 10
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.145
Two cover plates, each 7.5 mm thick, are welded to a
W460 × 74 beam as shown. Knowing that σ all = 150 MPa
for both the beam and the plates, determine the required
value of (a) the length of the plates, (b) the width of the
plates.
SOLUTION
RA = RB = 160 kN ↑
 x
ΣM J = 0: −160 x + (40 x)   + M = 0
 2
M = 160 x − 20 x 2 kN ⋅ m
For W460 × 74 rolled steel beam,
S = 1460 × 103 mm 3 = 1460 × 10 −6 m 3

M all = σ all S = (150 × 106 )(1460 ×10−6 )
= 219 × 103 N ⋅ m = 219 kN ⋅ m
To locate points D and E, set M = M all
160 x − 20 x 2 = 219 20 x 2 − 160 x + 219 = 0
160 + 160 2 − (4)(20)(219)

x= x = 1.753 m and x = 6.247 m
(2)(20)
(a) xD = 1.753 ft xE = 6.247 ft l = xE − xD = 4.49 m 
457
At center of beam, M = 320 kN ⋅ m = 320 × 103 N ⋅ m c= + 7.5 = 236 mm 4
2
M 320 × 103
S= = = 2133 × 10 −6 m 3 = 2133 × 103 mm 3
σ all 150 × 10 6
Required moment of inertia: I = Sc = 503.4 × 106 mm4

  457 7.5 
2
1 
3
503.4 × 106 = 333 × 106 + 2 (b)(7.5)  + + (b )(7.5) 
  2 2  12 
(b) = 333 × 106 + 809.2 × 103 b b = 211 mm 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.146
Two cover plates, each 12 in. thick, are welded to a
W 27 × 84 beam as shown. Knowing that l = 10 ft and
b = 10.5 in., determine the maximum normal stress on a
transverse section (a) through the center of the beam, (b) just
to the left of D.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0: −80 x + M = 0
M = 80 x kip ⋅ ft
At C, x = 9 ft M C = 720 kip ⋅ ft = 8640 kip ⋅ in
At D, x = 9 − 5 = 4 ft
M D = (80)(4) = 320 kip ⋅ ft = 3840 kip ⋅ in

  26.71 0.500 
2
1 
I = 2850 + 2 (10.5)(0.500)  +  + (10.5)(0.500)3 
  2 2  12 
= 4794 in 3
26.71
c= + 0.500 = 13.855 in.
2
Mc (8640)(13.855)
(a) Normal stress: σ= = σ = 25.0 ksi 
I 4794
At point D, S = 213 in 3
M 3840
(b) Normal stress: σ= = σ = 18.03 ksi 
S 213
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.147
Two cover plates, each 12 in. thick, are welded to a
W27 × 84 beam as shown. Knowing that σ all = 24 ksi
for both the beam and the plates, determine the required
value of (a) the length of the plates, (b) the width of the
plates.
SOLUTION
ΣM J = 0: −80 x + M = 0
M = 80 x kip ⋅ ft
At D, S = 213 in 3
M all = σ all S = (24)(213) = 5112 kip ⋅ in
= 426 kip ⋅ ft
Set M D = M all . 80 xD = 426 x D = 5.325 ft
(a) l = 18 − 2 xD l = 7.35 ft 
At center of beam, M = (80)(9) = 720 kip ⋅ ft = 8640 kip ⋅ in
M 8640
S= = = 360 in 3
σ all 24
26.7
c= + 0.500 = 13.85 in.
2
Required moment of inertia: I = Sc = 4986 in 4

  26.7 0.500 
2
1 
4986 = 2850 + 2 (b)(0.500)  +  + (b)(0.500) 3 
  2 2  12 
= 2850 + 184.981b
(b) b = 11.55 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.148
For the tapered beam shown, determine (a) the transverse
section in which the maximum normal stress occurs, (b) the
largest distributed load w that can be applied, knowing
that σ all = 140 MPa.
SOLUTION
1
RA = RB = wL ↑ L = 1.2 m
2
1 x
Σ M J = 0: − wL + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = ( Lx − x2 )
2
w
= x(L − x )
2
For the tapered beam, h = a + kx
a = 120 mm
300 − 120
k= = 300 mm/m
0.6
1 2 1
For rectangular cross section, S= bh = b (a + kx) 2
6 6
M 3w Lx − x2
Bending stress: σ= =
S b (a + kx)2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress, set = 0.
dx
d σ 3w d  Lx − x 2  3w  (a + kx)2 ( L − 2x ) − (Lx − x 2 )2(a + kx)k 

=  =  
dx b dx  (a + kx)2  b  (a + kx )3 
3w  (a + kx)( L − 2 x) − 2k ( Lx − x2 ) 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL + kLx − 2ax − 2kx2 − 2kLx + 2kx2 
=  
b  ( a + kx)3 
3w  aL − (2 a + kL) x 
=  =0
b  ( a + kx)3 
without permission.
aL (120) (1.2)
(a) xm = = xm = 0.24 m 
2a + kL (2)(120) + (300) (1.2)
hm = a + kxm = 120 + (300)(0.24) = 192 mm

1 2 1
Sm = bhm = (20) (192) 2 = 122.88 × 103 mm3 = 122.88 × 10 −6 m3
6 6
Allowable value of M m: M m = S mσ all = (122.88 × 10−6 ) (140 ×106 )

= 17.2032 × 103 N ⋅ m
2M m (2) (17.2032 × 103 )

(b) Allowable value of w: w= =
xm ( L − xm ) (0.24) (0.96)
= 149.3 × 103 N/m w = 149.3 kN/m 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.149
For the tapered beam shown, knowing that w = 160 kN/m,
determine (a) the transverse section in which the maximum
normal stress occurs, (b) the corresponding value of the
normal stress.
SOLUTION
1
RA = RB = wL ↑
2
1 x
Σ M J = 0: − wLx + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = ( Lx − x2 )
2
w
= x( L − x )
2
where w = 160 kN/m and L = 1.2 m.
a = 120 mm
300 − 120
k= = 300 mm/m
0.6
1 1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2 = b(a + kx)2
6 6
M 3w Lx − x2
S b ( a + kx)2
dσ
To find location of maximum bending stress, set dx = 0.
dσ 3w d  Lx − x 2  3w  (a + kx)2 ( L − 2x ) − (Lx − x 2 )2(a + kx)k 

=  =  
dx b dx  (a + kx)2  b  (a + kx )4 
3w  (a + kx)( L − 2 x) − 2k ( Lx − x 2 ) 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL + kLx − 2ax − 2kx2 − 2kLx + 2kx2 
=  
b  ( a + kx)3 
3w  aL − 2ax + kLx 
=  =0
b  (a + k x)3 
without permission.
aL (120) (1.2)
(a) xm = = xm = 0.240 m 
2a + kL (2)(120) + (300) (1.2)
hm = a + k xm = 120 + (300)(0.24) = 192 mm
1 2 1
Sm = bhm = (20) (192)2 = 122.88 × 103 mm3 = 122.88 × 10−6 m3
6 6
w 160 × 103
M m = xm ( L − xm ) = (0.24) (0.96) = 18.432 × 103 N ⋅ m
2 2
M m 18.432 × 103
(b) Maximum bending stress: σm = = = 150 × 106 Pa σ m = 150.0 MPa 
S m 122.88 × 10−6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.150
For the tapered beam shown, determine (a) the transverse section
in which the maximum normal stress occurs, (b) the largest
distributed load w that can be applied, knowing that
σ all = 24 ksi.
SOLUTION
1
RA = RB = wL ↑ L = 60 in.
2
1 x
ΣM J = 0: − wLx + wx + M = 0
2 2
w
M = (Lx − x2 )
2
w
= x ( L − x)
2
8−4 2
a = 4 in. k = = in./in.
30 15
1 1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh 2 = b( a + kx) 2
6 6
M 3w Lx − x 2
Bending stress: σ= = ⋅
S b (a + kx )2
dσ
dx
dσ 3w d  Lx − x 2 
=  
dx b dx  ( a + kx )2 
3w  (a + kx )2 ( L − 2 x ) − ( Lx − x 2 )2(a + kx )k 
=  
b  (a + kx)4 
3w  (a + kx )( L − 2 x) − 2k ( Lx − x2 ) 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL + kLx − 2ax − 2kx2 − 2kLx + 2kx 2 
=  
b  (a + kx)3 
3w  aL − (2 a + kL) x 
=  =0
b  ( a + kx )3 
without permission.
aL (4)(60)
(a) xm = = xm = 15 in. 
2a + kL (2)(4) + ( 152 ) (6.0)
 2
hm = a + kxm = 4 +   (15) = 6.00 in.
 15 
1  1  3 
Sm = bhm3 =    (6.00) 2 = 4.50 in 3
6  6  4 
Allowable value of M m : M m = Sm σ all = (4.50)(24) = 180.0 kip ⋅ in
2M m (2)(108.0)
(b) Allowable value of w: w= = = 0.320 kip/in
xm ( L − xm ) (15)(45)
w = 320 lb/in 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.151
For the tapered beam shown, determine (a) the transverse

section in which the maximum normal stress occurs, (b) the
largest concentrated load P that can be applied, knowing
that σ all = 24 ksi.
SOLUTION
P
RA = RB = ↑
2
Px
Σ M J = 0: − +M =0
2
Px  L
M= 0 < x < 2 
2  
For a tapered beam, h = a + kx
1 1
For a rectangular cross section, S = bh2 = b ( a + kx)2
6 6
M 3 Px
S b (a + kx ) 2
dσ
dx
d σ 3P d  x  3P (a + kx )2 − x − 2(a + kx )k
=  =
dx b dx  (a + kx) 2  b (a + kx)4
3P a − kx a
= =0 xm =
b (a + kx)3 k
8−4
Data: a = 4 in., k= = 0.13333 in/in
30
4
(a) xm = = 30 in. xm = 30.0 in. 
0.13333
hm = a + kxm = 8 in.
1 2  1  3  2
Sm = bhm =    (8) = 8 in3
6  6  4 
M m = σ all Sm = (24) (8) = 192 kip ⋅ in
2M m (2) (192)
(b) P= = = 12.8 kips P = 12.80 kips 
xm 30
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.152
loading shown, and determine the maximum absolute value (a) of
the shear, (b) of the bending moment.
SOLUTION
ΣM G = 0: − 16C + (36)(400) + (12)(1600)

− (12)(400) = 0 C = 1800 lb
ΣFx = 0: − C + G x = 0 Gx = 1800 lb
ΣFy = 0: −400 − 1600 + G y − 400 = 0 G y = 2400 lb
A to E: V = −400 lb
E to F: V = −2000 lb
F to B: V = 400 lb
At A and B, M =0
At D −, ΣM D = 0: (12)(400) + M = 0 M = −4800 lb ⋅ in
At D +, ΣM D = 0: (12)(400) − (8)(1800) + M = 0 M = 9600 lb ⋅ in

At E, ΣM E = 0: (24)(400) − (8)(1800) + M = 0 M = 4800 lb ⋅ in
−
At F, ΣM F = 0: −M − (8)(1800) − (12)(400) = 0 M = −19200 lb ⋅ in
At F ,+ ΣM F = 0: −M − (12)(400) = 0 M = −4800 lb ⋅ in
(a) Maximum |V | = 2000 lb 

(b) Maximum |M | = 19200 lb ⋅ in 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.153
and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal
SOLUTION
Free body EFGH. Note that M E = 0 due to hinge.
Σ M E = 0: 0.6 H − (0.2) (40) − (0.40)(300) = 0

H = 213.33 N
Σ Fy = 0: VE − 40 − 300 + 213.33 = 0
VE = 126 ⋅ 67 N
Shear:
E to F : V = 126.67 N ⋅ m
F to G : V = 86.67 N ⋅ m
G to H : V = −213.33 N ⋅ m
Bending moment at F:
Σ M F = 0: M F − (0.2) (126.67) = 0
M F = 25.33 N ⋅ m
Bending moment at G:
Σ M G = 0: −M G + (0.2) (213.33) = 0
M G = 42.67 N ⋅ m
Free body ABCDE.
Σ M B = 0: 0.6 A + (0.4) (300) + (0.2)(300)
− (0.2)(126.63) = 0
A = 257.78 N
Σ M A = 0: −(0.2)(300) − (0.4)(300) − (0.8)(126.67) + 0.6 D = 0

D = 468.89 N
without permission.
Bending moment at B.
Σ M B = 0: − (0.2)(257.78) + M B = 0 max M = 51.56 N ⋅ m

M B = 51.56 N ⋅ m 1 2 1
S = bh = (20)(30)2
6 6
Bending moment at C. = 3 × 103 mm3 = 3 × 10 −6 m 3
Σ M C = 0: − (0.4)(257.78) + (0.2)(300) Normal stress.
+ MC = 0 51.56
σ = = 17.19 × 106 Pa
M C = 43.11 N ⋅ m 3 × 10−6
σ = 17.19 MPa 
Bending moment at D.
Σ M D = 0: − M D − (0.2)(213.33) = 0
M D = −25.33 N ⋅ m
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.154
Determine (a) the distance a for which the maximum absolute

value of the bending moment in the beam is as small as
possible, (b) the corresponding maximum normal stress due to
bending. (See hint of Prob. 5.27.)
SOLUTION
Reaction at B: Σ M C = 0: 5a − (8)(10) + 13 RB = 0
1
RB = (80 − 5 a)
18
Bending moment at D:
Σ M D = 0: −M D + 5RB = 0
5
M D = 5RB = (80 − 5 a)
13
Bending moment at C:
M C = 0 5a + M C = 0
M C = −5a
Equate: −M C = M D
5
5a = (80 − 5a )
13
a = 4.4444 ft (a) a = 4.44 ft 
Then − M C = M D = (5)(4.4444) = 22.222 kip ⋅ ft
|M |max = 22.222 kip ⋅ ft = 266.67 kip ⋅ in

M 266.67
Normal stress: σ = = = 9.20 ksi (b) 9.20 ksi 
S 29.0
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.155
Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves

for the beam and loading shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of
the bending moment in the beam.
SOLUTION
dV  x2 
(a) = − w = − w0  1 + 2 
dx  L 
 x 
3
V = − w0  x + 2  + C1
 3L 
V = 0 at x = L.
 1  4
0 = − w0  L + L  + C1 C1 = w0 L
 3  3
dM 4 1 x3 
= V = w0  L − x −  
dx 3 3 L2 
4 1 1 x4 
M = w0  Lx − x 2 −  + C2
3 2 12 L2 
4 1 1 
M = 0 at x = L. w0  L2 − L2 − L2  + C2 = 0
3 2 12 
3
C2 = − w0 L2
4
4 1 1 x4 3 2 
M = w0  Lx − x 2 − − L  
3 2 12 L2 4 
3
(b) |M | max occurs at x = 0. |M | max = w0 L2 
4
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.156

and loading shown, and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: −2.5 A + (1.75)(1.5)(16) = 0
A = 16.8 kN
ΣM A = 0: −(0.75) + (1.5)(16) + 2.5 B = 0
B = 7.2 kN
Shear diagram:
VA = 16.8 kN
VC = 16.8 − (1.5)(16) = −7.2 kN
VB = −7.2 kN
d 1.5 − d
= 24d = 25.2
16.8 7.2
d = 1.05 m 1.5 − d = 0.45 m
1
A to D:  Vdx =  2  (1.05)(16.8) = 8.82 kN ⋅ m
1
D to C:  Vdx =  2  (0.45)(−7.2) = −1.62 kN ⋅ m
C to B:  Vdx = (1)(−7.2) = −7.2 kN ⋅ m
Bending moments:
MA = 0
M D = 0 + 8.82 = 8.82 kN ⋅ m
M C = 8.82 − 1.62 = 7.2 kN ⋅ m
M B = 7.2 − 7.2 = 0
Maximum |M | = 8.82 kN ⋅ m = 8.82 × 103 N ⋅ m
For S150 × 18.6 rolled steel section, S = 120 × 103 mm 3 = 120 ×10 −6 m 3
|M | 8.82 × 103
Normal stress: σ= = = 73.5 × 10 6 Pa
S 120 × 10 −6
σ = 73.5 MPa 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.157
Knowing that beam AB is in equilibrium under the loading shown,

draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to bending.
SOLUTION
A to C: 0 < x < 1.2 ft

 x 
w = 50 1 −  = 50 − 41.667 x
 1.2 
dV
= − w = 41.667 x − 50
dx
x
V = VA +  0
(41.667 x − 50)dx
dM
= 0 + 20.833 x 2 − 50 x =
dx
x
M = MA +  0
V dx
x
=0+  0
(20.833 x 2 − 50 x) dx
= 6.944 x3 − 25x 2
At x = 1.2 ft, V = −30 lb
M = −24 lb ⋅ in
C to B: Use symmetry conditions.
Maximum |M | = 24 lb ⋅ ft = 288 lb ⋅ in
d 1
Cross section: c= = (0.75) = 0.375 in.
2  2 
π π 
I= c 4 =   (0.375) = 15.532 × 10 −3 in 4
4 4
|M | c (2.88)(0.375)
Normal stress: σ= = = 6.95 × 103 psi σ = 6.95 ksi 
I 15.532 ×10−3
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.158
normal stress of 1750 psi.
SOLUTION
For equilibrium, B = E = 2.8 kips

Shear diagram:
A to B −: V = −4.8 kips
+ −
B to C : V = −4.8 + 2.8 = −2 kips
+ −
C to D : V = −2 + 2 = 0
+ −
D to E : V = 0 + 2 = 2 kips
+
E to F: V = 2 + 2.8 = 4.8 kips
A to B: (2)(−4.8) = −9.6 kip ⋅ ft
B to C: (2)(−2) = −4 kip ⋅ ft
C to D: (3)(0) = 0
D to E: (2)(2) = 4 kip ⋅ ft
E to F: (2)(4.8) = 9.6 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 0 − 9.6 = −9.6 kip ⋅ ft
M C = −9.6 − 4 = −13.6 kip ⋅ ft
M D = −13.6 + 0 = − 13.6 kip ⋅ ft
M E = −13.6 + 4 = −9.6 kip ⋅ ft
M F = −9.6 + 9.6 = 0
|M |max = 13.6 kip ⋅ ft = 162.3 kip ⋅ in = 162.3 × 103 lb ⋅ in

Required value for S:
|M |max 162.3 × 103
S= = = 93.257 in 3
σ all 1750
1 3 1 I bh2 (b)(9.5)2
For a rectangular section, I = bh , c = h S= = = = 15.0417b
12 2 c 6 6
Equating the two expressions for S, 15.0417 b = 93.257 b = 6.20 in. 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.159
SOLUTION
ΣM D = 0: −3.2 B + (24)(3.2)(50) = 0 B = 120 kN
ΣM B = 0: 3.2 D − (0.8)(3.2)(50) = 0 D = 40 kN
Shear: VA = 0
VB− = 0 − (0.8)(50) = −40 kN
VB+ = −40 + 120 = 80 kN
VC = 80 − (2.4)(50) = −40 kN
VD = −40 + 0 = −40 kN

e 2.4 − e
= 120e = 192
80 40
e = 1.6 m 2.4 − e = 0.8 m
1
Areas: A to B :  Vdx =  2  (0.8)(−40) = −16 kN ⋅ m
1
B to E : Vdx =  2 (1.6)(80) = 64 kN ⋅ m
1
E to C : Vdx =  2  (0.8)(−40) = −16 kN ⋅ m
C to D :  Vdx = (0.8)(−40) = −32 kN ⋅ m
M B = 0 − 16 = −16 kN ⋅ m
M E = −16 + 64 = 48 kN ⋅ m
M C = 48 − 16 = 32 kN ⋅ m
M D = 32 − 32 = 0
without permission.
Maximum |M | = 48 kN ⋅ m = 48 × 103 N ⋅ m
σ all = 160 MPa = 160 × 10 6 Pa

|M | 48 × 103
S min = = = 300 × 10 −6 m3 = 300 × 103 mm 3
σ all 160 × 106
Shape S (103 mm3 )

W 310 × 32.7 415
W 250 × 28.4 308 ← Lightest wide flange beam: W 250 × 28.4 @ 28.4 kg/m 
W 200 × 35.9 342
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.160
Determine the largest permissible value of P for the beam and

loading shown, knowing that the allowable normal stress is
+8 ksi in tension and −18 ksi in compression.
SOLUTION
Reactions: B = D = 1.5 P ↑
Shear diagram:
A to B −: V = −P
+ −
B to C : V = − P + 1.5 P = 0.5 P
C + to D −: V = 0.5 P − P = −0.5 P
+
D to E : V = −0.5 P + 1.5 P = P
Areas:
A to B : (10)( − P) = −10 P
B to C : (60) (0.5 P) = 30 P
C to D : (60) ( −0.5 P) = −30 P
D to E : (10) ( P) = 10 P
M B = 0 − 10 P = −10 P
M C = −10 P + 30 P = 20 P
M D = 20 P − 30 P = −10 P
M E = −10 P + 10 P = 0
Largest positive bending moment: 20 P
Largest negative bending moment: −10 P
Part A, in 2 y0 , in. Ay0 , in 3 d , in. Ad 2, in 4 I , in 4

 5 3.5 17.5 1.75 15.3125 10.417
 7 0.5 3.5 1.25 10.9375 0.583
Σ 12 21 26.25 11.000
21
Y= = 1.75 in. I = Σ Ad 2 + Σ I = 37.25 in 4
12
My
Top: y = 4.25 in. Bottom: y = −1.75 in. σ =−
I
without permission.
( −10 P)(4.25)
Top, tension: 8=− P = 7.01 kips
37.25
(20 P)(4.25)
Top, comp.: −18 = − P = 7.89 kips
37.25
(20 P)( −1.75)
Bottom. tension: 8=− P = 8.51 kips
37.25
(−10 P)( −1.75)
Bottom. comp.: −18 = − P = 38.3 kips
37.25
Smallest value of P is the allowable value. P = 7.01 kips 
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.161
(a) Using singularity functions, find the magnitude and

location of the maximum bending moment for the beam and
loading shown. (b) Determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.
SOLUTION
ΣM B = 0: − 4.5 A + (2.25)(4.5)(40) + (2.7)(60) + (0.9)(60) = 0
A = 138 kN ↑
ΣM A = 0: − (2.25)(4.5)(40) − (1.8)(60) − (3.6)(60) + 4.5 B = 0
B = 162 kN ↑
dV
w = 40 kN/m =
dx
dM
V = −40 x + 138 − 60 x − 1.8 0 − 60 x − 3.6 0 =
dx
M = −20 x 2 − 138x − 60 x − 1.81 − 60 x − 3.61
VC+ = −(40)(1.8) + 138 − 60 = 6 kN
VD− = −(40)(3.6) + 138 − 60 = −66 kN
Locate point E where V = 0. It lies between C and D.

VE = − 40 xE + 138 − 60 + 0 = 0 xE = 1.95 m
M E = −(20)(1.95)2 + (138)(1.95) − (60)(1.95 − 1.8) = 184 kN ⋅ m
(a) |M |max = 184 kN ⋅ m = 184 × 103 N ⋅ m at x = 1.950 m 
For W 530 × 66 rolled steel section, S = 1340 × 103 mm 3 = 1340 ×10 −6 m3
|M |max 184 × 103

(b) Normal stress: σ= = = 137.3 × 106 Pa σ = 137.3 MPa 
S 1340 × 10 −6
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.162
The beam AB, consisting of an aluminum plate of uniform thickness b

and length L, is to support the load shown. (a) Knowing that the beam is
to be of constant strength, express h in terms of x, L, and h0 for portion
AC of the beam. (b) Determine the maximum allowable load if
L = 800 mm, h0 = 200 mm, b = 25 mm, and σ all = 72 MPa.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, A= B
1 1
ΣFy = 0: A − w0 L + B = 0 A=B = w0 L ↑
2 4
L 2 w0 x dV 2w x w0 x 2
For 0 ≤ x ≤ , w= = −w = − 0 V = C1 −
2 L dx L L
1 1
At x = 0, V= w0 L : C1 = w0 L
4 4
dM 1 w x2 1 1 w0 x3
= V = w0 L − 0 M = C2 + w0 Lx −
dx 4 L 4 3 L
At x = 0, M = 0: C2 = 0
1 w0
M= (3L2 − 4 x3 )
2 L
1 w0  2  L   L   1
3
L 2
(a) At x = , M = MC =  3 L  2   2   = 12 w0 L
− 4
2 12 L      
M M0 MC S M 1
For constant strength, S= , S0 = = = = (3 L2 x − 4 x3 )
σ all σ all σ all S0 M 0 L3
2
1 1 S  h 
For a rectangular section, S = bh 2 S0 = bh02 = 
6 6 S0  h0 
3L2 x − 4 x 3
h = h0 
L3
(b) Data: L = 800 mm h0 = 200 mm b = 25 mm σ all = 72 MPa
1 1
S0 = bh02 = (25)(200)2 = 166.667 × 103 mm3 = 166.667 × 10−6 m3
6 6
M C = σ all S0 = (72 ×106 )(166.667 × 10 −6 ) = 12 ×103 N ⋅ m
12 M C (12)(12 × 103 )
w0 = = = 225 × 103 N/m w0 = 225 kN/m 
L2 (0.800) 2
without permission.
PROBLEM 5.163
A transverse force P is applied as shown at end A of the conical taper AB.

Denoting by d 0 the diameter of the taper at A, show that the maximum
normal stress occurs at point H, which is contained in a transverse section
of diameter d = 1.5d 0 .
SOLUTION
dM
V = −P = M = − Px
dx
Let d = d0 + k x
π π
For a solid circular section, I= c4 = d3
4 64
d I π π
c= S = = d 3 = (d 0 + k x ) 3
2 c 32 32
dS 3π 3π
= ( d 0 + k x) 2 k = d 2k
dx 32 32
|M | Px
Stress: σ= =
S S
dσ 1  dS 
At H, = 2  PS − PxH =0
dx S  dx 
dS π 3 3π 2
S − xH = d − xH d k
dx 32 32
1 1 1
k xH = d = ( d0 + k H xH ) k xH = d0
3 3 2
1 3
d = d0 + d 0 = d0 d = 1.5d 0 
2 2
without permission.

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PROBLEM 5.

From B to C: a< x< L

Free body diagram for determining reactions.

From A to B (0 < x < a) :

From B to C: a< x< L−a

Place section cut at x. Replace distributed load by equivalent concentrated

From C to D: L−a< x< L

Reactions:  M C = 0 : (300)(4) − (240)(3) − (360)(7) + 12 B = 0 B = 170 lb ↑

 Fy = 0 : − 300 + C − 240 − 360 + 170 = 0 C = 730 lb ↑

 Fy = 0 : V − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = −100N

 MC = 0 : − M − (0.225)(200) + (0.525)(500) − (0.75)(200) = 0

 Fy = 0 : V − 200 − 200 + 500 − 200 = 0 V = 100 N

MA = 0 : − M − (0.3)(200) − (0.525)(200) + (0.825)(500) − (1.05)(200) = 0

MA = 0 : 2C − (1)(24) − (3)(40) = 0

From the diagrams, (a) V max

 M D = 0: (6)(8) − M = 0 M = −48 kip ⋅ ft

MB = 0 : − (10)(8) − (4)(15) − M = 0

From the diagrams: (a) V max

FEF = 640 kips

 Fx = 0 : Ax − 640 = 0 Ax = 640 kips →

From A to C: (0 < x < 8 in.)

 M J = 0 : M − 120 x = 0 M = 120 x kip ⋅ in

From C to D: (8 in. < x < 16 in.)

MJ = 0 : M − 120 x + 60( x − 8) = 0

From D to B: (16 in. < x < 24 in.)

Reaction at A: M B = 0: −0.750 RA + (0.550) (75) + (0.300) (75) = 0

Just to the right of C,

(b) |M |max = 21.25 N ⋅ m 

ΣFy = 0: 12 w − (3)(2) − 24 − (3)(2) = 0 w = 3 kips/ft

ΣFy = 0: 3 x − (2)(3) − V = 0 V = (3x − 6) kips

(a) |V |max = 12.00 kips 

(b) |M |max = 27.0 kip ⋅ ft 

ΣFy = 0: 1.5w − 1.5 − 1.5 = 0 w = 2 kN/m

V = 0.6 kN, M = 0.090 kN ⋅ m

ΣFy = 0: 2 x − 1.5 − V = 0 V = (2 x − 1.5) kN

(a) Maximum |V | = 0.9 kN = 900 N 

Mc (8.55 × 103 )(0.150)

For W310 × 60 : S = 844 × 103 mm 3

Using left half of beam as free body,

M = 104 kN ⋅ m = 104 × 103 N ⋅ m

For W310 × 52 : S = 747 × 103 mm 3

For S 8 × 18.4, S = 14.4 in3

−4.8 A + (3.6)(216) + (1.6)(150) + (0.8)(150) = 0

Use portion AC as free body.

For W460 × 113, S = 2390 × 106 mm3

(11)(25) − 10C + (8)(25) + (2)(25) = 0 C = 52.5 kips

(1)(25) − (2)(25) − (8)(25) + 10 B = 0 B = 22.5 kips

C+ to D−: V = 27.5 kips

D+ to E−: V = 2.5 kips

At E, ME = 0 : − M + (2)(22.5) = 0 M = 45 kip ⋅ ft

max M = 45 kip ⋅ ft = 540 kip ⋅ in

For S12 × 35 rolled steel section: S = 38.1 in 3

For S250 × 52 section, S = 482 × 103 mm3

 M C = 0 : M = −(96)(0.6) − (48)(0.3) = −72 kN

From the diagram:

For W310 × 60 rolled steel shape,

S x = 844 × 103 mm3

A to C: 0 < x < 1.6 m

Normal stress: For W200 × 31.3, S = 298 × 103 mm 3

Reaction at C: Σ M B = 0: (18)(5) − 13C +(5)(10) = 0

Reaction at B: M C = 0: (5)(5) − (8)(10) + 13 B = 0

|M |max occurs at C. |M |max = 25 kip ⋅ ft = 300 kip ⋅ in 