OCCUPANT

PROTECTION
BY: ELLA LEDESMA
 NEED FOR OCCUPANT
PROTECTION

❑ IN THE UNITED STATES, HUNDREDS

OF PEOPLE ARE ACCIDENTALLY
ELECTROCUTED EACH YEAR.
❑ ELECTROCUTION OCCURS WHEN A
SMALL AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL
CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE
HEART FOR 1 TO 3 SECONDS.

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 TAMPER-RESISTANT
RECEPTACLES
❑ TAMPER-RESISTANT R E C E P TA C L E S
HAS BUILT-IN SHUTTER SYSTEMS
T HAT P RE V ENT FORE IGN OB JE CT S
FROM TOUCHING ELECT RICALLY
LIVE COMPONENTS WHEN THESE
ARE INSERTED INTO THE SLOTS.

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 GROUND FAULT
INTERRUPTION
❑ THE UNINTENTIONAL FLOW OF ELECTRICAL
CURRENT BETWEEN A POWER SOURCE,
SUCH AS UNGROUNDED (HOT) WIRE, AND A
GROUNDED SURFACE.

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 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER
(GFCI)

❑ AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE T HAT

DETECTS AN EXT REME LY LOW
LEAK OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT
AND ACT S QUICKLY TO SHUT OFF
POWER

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 3 TYPES OF GFCI
❑RECEPTACLE OUTLET TYPE
GENERALLY USED IN PLACE OF STANDARD DUPLEX CONVENIENCE
OUTLETS THAT ARE COMMONLY FOUND THROUGHTOUT THE
HOUSE.
❑CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPE
CAN BE INSTALLED IN THE PANELBOARD IN BUILDINGS EQUIPPED WITH
CIRCUIT BREAKER.
GIVES PROTECTION TO THE ENTIRE BRANCH CIRCUIT.
❑PORTABLE TYPE
WHERE PERMANENT GFCIs ARE NOT POSSIBLE OR PRACTICAL,
PORTABLE GFCIs MAY BE USED. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OR PORTABLE
GFCI. ONE TYPE CONTAINS THE GFCI CIRCUITRY IN A PLASTIC
ENCLOSURE WITH PLUG BLADES IN THE BACK AND CONVENIENCE
OUTLET SLOTS IN THE FRONT. ANOTHER TYPE OF PORTABLE GFCI IS
ONE THAT IS PART OF AN EXTENSION CORD, SUCH AS THOSE
REQUIRED ON NEW- MODEL HAIR DRYERS.

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 ARC FAULT PROTECTION

❑ AN ARC FA U LT IS AN UNINTENTIONAL
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERIZED BY
L O W A N D E R R AT I C C U R R E N T.
❑ A R C FA U LT S A R E C A U S E D B Y T H E B R E A K D O W N
OF THE PROTECTIVE I N S U L AT I O N T H AT
SURROUNDS HOUSEHOLD WIRING.

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 TYPES OF ARC FAULTS COMMON IN BUILDING
WIRING
❑ Parallel arcing faults result from direct contact of two wires of
o p p o s i t e p o l a r i t y. E x a m p l e s o f t h i s t y p e o f f a u l t i n c l u d e a p p l i a n c e
or extension cords that are frayed or ruptured; staples or other
fasteners that pierce or pinch insulation on construction wire and
appliance or extension cords; and wire or cord insulation that has
cracked from age, heat, corrosion, or bending stress.
❑ Ground arcing faults are arcs between a single conductor and
ground, such as in the cases of wire or cords that touch vibrating
metal; in appliances, wall plugs or switches where the internal
wires were not installed properly; and where connections became
loose.
❑ Series arcing faults occur across the break of a single conductor—
for example, in the case of an electrical wire cut by a nail or screw
used to mount a wall hanging.

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 ARC FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER (AFCI)

❑ A S A F E T Y D E V I C E T H AT P R O V I D E S E N H A N C E D
P R O T E C T I O N F R O M F I R E S R E S U LT I N G F R O M A R C
FA U LT S . T H I S D E V I C E U S E S E L E C T R O N I C S T O
R E C O G N I Z E A N A R C FA U LT A N D I N T E R R U P T S T H E
C I R C U I T W H E N T H E FA U LT O C C U R S .

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4 BASIC TYPES OF AFCI
❑ C i r c u i t B r e a k e r Ty p e
A branch/feeder AFCI breaker with protection provided
to branch-circuit wiring in the form of a c i r c u i t b r e a k e r.
❑ C o n v e n i e n c e O u t l e t Ty p e
An outlet AFCI for protecting connected cord sets and
power supply cords in the form of an outlet
receptacle.
❑ P o r t a b l e Ty p e
A portable AFCI for protecting connected cord sets and
power supply cords that can be moved from outlet to
outlet.
❑ Cord-Mounted type
A cord-mounted AFCI for protecting the power-supply
cord connected to it.

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 NUISANCE TRIPPING
❑ Because GFCIs and AFCIs are extremely sensitive,
t h e y h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o t r i p f r e q u e n t l y. T h i s
repeated tripping is referred to as nuisance
tripping, as the general public sees it only as a
nuisance.

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 EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
❑ Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are
silent, invisible magnetic fields produced any time
electricity runs through a wire, an appliance, or piece of
equipment.
❑ In the United States, EMF is measured in units called
milligauss (mG). In most of the world and the scientific
c o m m u n i t y, m a g n e t i c f i e l d s a r e m e a s u r e d i n u n i t s o f
microtesla (μT). The relationship between these two units
is 1 μT 10 mG.
❑ EMF measurement is performed with an instrument called
a n E L F m e t e r.

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 EMF EXPOSURE
❑ Most Americans get their greatest exposure to EMFs from
household appliances or business equipment, not power lines.
❑ Household appliances that have the highest EMF are those with
high currents or high-speed electric motors.
❑ The usual background levels of exposure in the typical household
are 1.5 to 2.0 mG (0.15 to 0.2 μT).
❑ Power passing through electrical circuits in some commercial
buildings can create areas with relatively high magnetic fields,
typically near transformer vaults, network protectors, secondary
feeders, switchboards, distribution busways, and electrical rooms.

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 EMF EXPOSURE
❑ EMF exposure can also come from video displays,
computers, networks, electronic instruments,
audio/video equipment, and magnetic media.
❑ net-current -mistakes in wiring that causes current
to take an alternative (and improper) neutral path
back to ground.

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 EMF HEALTH STUDIES
❑ The International Agency for Research on
Cancer classified EMF as “possibly
carcinogenic” to humans, requiring further
research.

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 EMF MITIGATION
❑ Several methods are successful in reducing EMF
exposure. First, the source generating EMF or the work
area or equipment affected by high EMF can be
relocated away from the field, if practical. If relocation
is not possible or economical, shielding of magnetic
fields can be employed to reduce EMF levels.

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 EMF MITIGATION
Passive shielding - can be accomplished by using a
conductive sheet material, similar to a window screen, in
front of the appliance or equipment.

Active shielding - uses a system that senses the existence

of a magnetic field in the building area to be shielded and
generates a current on additional conductors such that it
reduces (cancels the effect of) the magnetic field.

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 THANK YOU !!!

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