‫الدرس السابع‬

‫اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‪ :[٨٢‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮوف )‪:(Biliteral signs‬‬

‫)ل( ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺮوﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺣﺮف ‪:s‬‬

‫‪is‬‬ ‫)‪ms (mś‬‬ ‫)‪ns (nś‬‬

‫‪Hs‬‬ ‫)‪Ss (Sś‬‬ ‫)‪gs (gś‬‬
 ‫)م( ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺮوﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺣﺮف ‪:Q‬‬

‫‪oQ‬‬
‫)ن( ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺮوﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺣﺮف ‪:k‬‬

‫)‪sk (śk‬‬
‫)ش( ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺮوﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺣﺮف ‪:t‬‬

‫‪mt‬‬ ‫)‪mt (also mwt‬‬ ‫‪Xt‬‬

‫)‪st (śt‬‬

‫إﻋﺮاب اﻷﺳﻤﺎء واﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬

‫)‪(Syntax of Nouns and Pronouns‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‪ :[٨٣‬اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل )‪:(Subject and object‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺒــﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ اﻟﻤــﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤــﺔ أي أﺛــﺮ ﻻﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻬﺎﻳــﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ﻟﻠﺤــﺎﻻت اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳــﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳــﺸﺎر إﻟــﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎت اﻹﻋﺮاﺑﻴــﺔ ﺑــﻴﻦ اﻷﺳـﻤﺎء إﻣــﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴــﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤــﺎت )‪) (word-order‬راﺟـﻊ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟﺨــﺎﻣﺲ( أو ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫ﺣــﺮوف اﻟﺠــﺮ )‪ (prepositions‬وﻣــﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻬــﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣــﻦ أﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ذﻟــﻚ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ‪" "to" n‬إﻟــﻰ"‪" "for" ،‬ﻷﺟــﻞ"‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻷﺟﻠﻪ )‪) (dative‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ(‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋـﻦ ﻓﺎﻋـﻞ )‪ (subject‬اﻷﻓﻌـﺎل اﻟﻘﺼـﺼﻴﺔ )‪ (narrative verbs‬ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻠﺔ ‪(suffix-‬‬

‫)‪ ،pronouns‬وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺸﺨـﺼﻴﺔ )‪ ،(personal pronouns‬وﻋـﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻮل ﺑـﻪ‬

‫)‪ (object‬ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ )‪) (dependent pronouns‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫إن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ "‪" "vocative‬ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻨـﺎدى" و "‪" "dative‬اﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻮل ﻷﺟﻠـﻪ"‪ ،‬إﻟـﻰ‬
‫آﺧﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﺪ أﻣﺮاً ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻤـﻀﺎف‬
‫إﻟﻴﻪ "‪ ،"genitive‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺣﺎل‪.‬‬

‫]الفقرة‪ :[٨٤‬اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(Tansitive verbs with two direct objects‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺪر وﺟﻮد اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ .‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮن ‪ m‬اﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ ‪(m of‬‬

‫)‪ predication‬ﻟﻴﻌﺒـﺮوا ﻋﻤـﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑـﻞ "‪" "predicative adjunct‬اﻟﻤﻔﻌـﻮل اﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻲ"‪ ١‬ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ "اﻟﻌﻤﻞ " )‪" ،(making‬اﻟﺼﻴﺮورة" )‪ ،(becoming‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ir.n wi ory.i m rXXy‬‬ ‫‪"my pen made me‬‬

‫‪celebrated", lit. as a known one.‬‬
‫"ﺟﻌﻠﻨﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮراً"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻛﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﺮوف‪.‬‬

‫‪rdi.n.f wi m Hry niwt.f‬‬ ‫‪"he placed me as a‬‬

‫‪chief (or, he made me chief) over his town".‬‬
‫"ﻫﻮ ﻋﻴﻨﻨﻲ ﻛﺮﺋﻴﺲ )أو‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻠﻨﻲ رﺋﻴﺴﺎً( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Xpr.f m 19 "it becomes 19".‬‬

‫"ﻫﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪."١٩‬‬

‫وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ )‪ ،(seeing‬واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ )‪ (knowing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ١‬اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "‪ "predicative adjunct‬ﻫﻮ "اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻢ اﻟﺨﺒﺮي"‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪".‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ )ﻣﺜﻞ(" ")‪", "regard (as‬ﻳﺮى" "‪m## "see‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻳﻤﻴﺰ‪-‬ﻳﺪرك )ﻣﺜﻞ(" ")‪si# "recognize (as‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻳﺠﺪ )ﻣﺜﻞ(" ")‪gm "find (as‬‬

‫"‪" "to‬إﻟﻰ" ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻷن‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ )‪ ، (appointing‬واﻟﻌﻤﻞ )‪ (making‬ﻓﺈن‬

‫ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ‪ m‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎرق ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪ ،‬إن ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﺎرﻗﺎً‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪rdi.n.f sw r r-pot H#ty-o‬‬ ‫‪"he placed him as (lit.‬‬

‫‪into, i.e. so as to be) prince and chieftain".‬‬
‫"ﻫﻮ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺄﻣﻴﺮ )ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ ،‬أي‪ :‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن( ورﺋﻴﺲ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "teach" sb#‬ﻳﻌﻠﻢ‪-‬ﻳﺪرس" ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ )‪ (direct object‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫‪" "concerning" r‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ب"‪.‬‬ ‫ـﻌﻠﻢ ب‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘَ َ ّ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ُﻳﺴﺒﻖ اﻟﺸﻲء ُ‬

‫]الفقرة‪)٨٤‬أ([‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻦ ذوات اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‪:‬‬

‫‪(Direct object after verbs of apparently intransitive or passive sense):‬‬

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﺴﻰ )ب(" ")‪wnX "be clad (in‬‬

‫‪َ ُ ".‬‬
‫‪ُ".‬ﻳﺪﻫﻦ )ب(" ")‪wrH "be anointed (with‬‬

‫‪mn "be ill (of)" a disease or "(in)" a limb.‬‬

 ‫ﻳﺼﺎب ﺑﻤﺮض"‪ ،‬أو ")ﻓﻲ(" ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ُ َ ُ‬

‫‪".‬ﻳﺮﻗﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﺎً )ﻓﻮق(" ")‪Htp "rest (upon‬‬

‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪wrH(w).k tpt "mayst thou (may you) be anointed‬‬

‫‪with first-quality oil".‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺴﺢ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ"‪.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻌﻠﻚ ُ َ‬

‫‪ir mn.f mnt.f "if he is suffering in his thigh".‬‬

‫"ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻓﺨﺬﻩ"‪.‬‬

‫‪iw Htp.n nTr st.f wrt "the god rested on his great‬‬
‫‪".‬ارﺗﺎح اﻹﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻌﺪﻩ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ" "‪seat‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٨٥‬اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(Genitive‬‬

‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪ ،(direct genitive‬وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪.(indirect genitive‬‬

‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪:(direct genitive‬‬ ‫)أ(‬

‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﺑﺪون أداة رﺑﻂ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪imy-r pr "overseer of the house, i.e. steward".‬‬

‫"ﻣﺸﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺰل"‪ ،‬أي "رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺨﺪم"‪.‬‬

‫‪nb jm#X "possessor of veneration, venerable".‬‬

‫"ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺘﺒﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺒﺠﻞ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪rX Xrt ib nb.f "knowing the desire of his lord".‬‬
‫"ﻋﺎرف رﻏﺒﺔ ﺳﻴﺪﻩ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻌﺘﺎدة ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف واﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻫــﻮ اﻟﺤــﺎل ﻓــﻲ اﻷﻟﻘــﺎب )‪ ،(titles‬واﻟﻌﺒــﺎرات اﻟﺠﺎﻣــﺪة )‪ ،(set phrases‬إﻟــﻲ آﺧــﺮﻩ‪ .‬وﻣــﻦ ﺛــﻢ ﻓــﺈن اﻟﻨﻌــﺖ‬

‫)‪ (epithet‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪imy-r sXtyw mnX "an efficient overseer of‬‬

‫‪fowlers".‬‬
‫"ﻣﺸﺮف ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﺼﺎﺋﺪي اﻟﻄﻴﻮر"‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻦ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫"إﻟـﻪ"‪"king" ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮات ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤـﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓـﻲ أﺳـﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن اﻷﺳـﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄـﺎة ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘـﻲ "‪"god‬‬

‫"ﻣﻠﻚ" ﻫﻲ أﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺰى إﻟﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺠﻴﻞ )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ(‪:‬‬

‫‪Hm-nTr "priest", lit. "servant of god".‬‬

‫"ﻛﺎﻫﻦ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺧﺎدم اﻹﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Hwt-nTr "temple", lit. "house of god".‬‬

‫"ﻣﻌﺒﺪ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻣﻨﺰل إﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪pr-nsw "palace", lit. "house of the king".‬‬

‫"ﻗﺼﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺰل اﻟﻤﻠﻚ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪s#-nsw "prince", lit. "son of the king".‬‬
‫"أﻣﻴﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬اﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪(direct‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ــﺪ اﻷﺳ ــﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ــﺔ ﻋ ــﺸﺮة‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧ ــﺖ ﺻــﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻨ ــﻮة ﻳﻌﺒ ــﺮ ﻋﻨﻬ ــﺎ أﺣﻴﺎﻧــﺎً ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﺿ ــﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷ ــﺮة‬

‫)‪ ،genitive‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪IoH-ms s# Ibn "oAHmose, son of Yeben".‬‬

‫"أﺣﻤﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻳﺒﻦ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة وﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻜﺲ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫‪Nhry s# $nm-Htp s# $nm-Htp‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫"‪"KhnemHotepe, son of KhnemHotepe, son of NeHri‬‬

‫وﻟﻴﺲ‪:‬‬

‫"‪NeHri, son of KhnemHotepe, son of KhnemHotepe‬‬

‫اﻟــﺬي ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺳــﺘﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻧﻔــﺲ اﻟﻌﺒــﺎرة ﺑﻌــﺪ ﻋــﺼﺮ اﻷﺳــﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ ﻋــﺸﺮة‪ .‬وﻫﻨــﺎ‪ ،‬وﻛﻤــﺎ ﻫــﻮ ﻣﻌﺘــﺎد ‪ ،‬ﻓــﻼ ﻳﻮﺟــﺪ ﻣﺨــﺼﺺ‬

‫)‪ (determinative‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﻤﻲ اﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑـﺔ اﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎت ﻋﺪﻳـﺪة‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬

‫"‪""son‬اﺑﻦ" ﺗﺤﺬف أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪ (direct‬أﻳـ ــﻀﺎً اﺳـ ــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـ ــﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘـ ــﺼﻠﺔ ‪(suffix-‬‬ ‫وﻣـ ــﻦ أﻣﺜﻠـ ــﺔ اﻹﺿـ ــﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷـ ــﺮة )‪genitive‬‬

‫)‪ pronouns‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء )‪ (nouns‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (possessive adjectives‬ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،"your ،"my") :‬إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮﻩ‪ ،‬راﺟﻊ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ(‪.‬‬

 ‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[٨٦‬ب‪-‬اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪:(indirect genitive‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪ (indirect genitive‬ﻳﺴﺒﻖ اﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺄداة اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪(genitival adjective‬‬

‫‪" "to" n‬إﻟﻰ"‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ny‬وﺗﻌﻨﻰ "‪ " "belonging to‬ﻳﺨﺺ‪ -‬ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ"‪ ،‬وﻫﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

‫"‪" "for‬ﻷﺟــﻞ" ﺑﺈﺿــﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ) -y‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟــﺴﺎدس(‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻔــﻖ أداة اﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ ﻣــﻊ اﻻﺳــﻢ اﻟﻤــﻀﺎف ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻌــﺪد‬

‫)‪(number‬واﻟﺠﻨﺲ )‪ (gender‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪.ny‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪.nyt‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪.nyw‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪.nywt‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺎدران‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪.nywy‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﻟﻔﺎظ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪.nyty‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪:‬‬

‫إن ﻃﺮﻳﻘــﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑــﺔ اﻟﻨﻄــﻖ اﻟﻤــﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﺮﺿــﺘﻪ دراﺳــﺔ أﺻــﻮﻟﻬﺎ وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬــﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜــﻦ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤــﻞ أن ﺗﻜــﻮن ﻫــﺬﻩ‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻗﺪ اﺧﺘﺼﺮت ﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك أﺳﺎس ﻣﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ اﻷﻳـﺴﺮ ﻓـﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺔ اﻟﻨﻄـﻖ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ‪ ،nw‬و ‪ nt‬ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮد واﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻫﻰ ‪ n‬ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ ‪،‬‬

‫أﻇﻬـﺮت أداة اﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (genitival adjective‬ﻣﻨـﺬ زﻣـﻦ ﻣﺒﻜـﺮ ﻧﺰﻋـﺔ ﻷن ﺗـﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮة ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺗﺤـﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴـﺮاً ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﺑ ـ‬ ‫ـﺼﺎﻋﺪا‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﺟﺪا؛ وﻣﻨـﺬ ﻋـﺼﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟـﺔ اﻟﻮﺳـﻄﻰ ﻓ‬
‫‪ .‬واﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻧﺎدر ً‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺣﺪوث ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﺤﻞ‬
 nsw n Kmt "the king of Egypt".
."‫"ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﺼﺮ‬

niwt nt nHH "the city of eternity".

."‫"ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻷﺑﺪﻳﺔ‬

wrw nw #bDw "the great ones of Abydos".

."‫"ﻋﻈﻤﺎء أﺑﻴﺪوس‬

o#w n sXty pn "the asses of this peasant".

."‫"ﺣﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮوي‬

Hmwt nt wrw "the wives of the chiefs".

."‫"زوﺟﺎت اﻟﺮؤﺳﺎء‬

‫ ﻓ ــﺈن‬،‫( أو اﻟﻜﻠﻤ ــﺎت اﻷﺧ ــﺮى ﺑ ــﻴﻦ اﻟﻤ ــﻀﺎف واﻟﻤ ــﻀﺎف إﻟﻴ ــﻪ‬adjectives) ‫ﻋﻨ ــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺤ ــﻢ إﺣ ــﺪى اﻟ ــﺼﻔﺎت‬

:‫ وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫( ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬indirect genitive) ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬

inw nb nfr n sXt "all good produce of the

country".
."‫"ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬

imyw-r.k nw rwyt "thy (your) overseers of the

portal".
 ‫"ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪sD#wt im.f nt pr-HD "valuables were in it‬‬

‫‪belonging to the treasury".‬‬
‫"ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺺ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "lord" nb‬ﺳﻴﺪ" ﻧﺠﺪ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪ ،(indirect genitive‬وﻟﻴﺴﺖ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫)‪ ،(direct genitive‬ﻣــﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻨــﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺻــﻒ اﻻﺳــﻢ اﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻬــﺎ ﺑــﺼﻔﺔ )‪ (adjective‬أو ﺑــﻀﻤﻴﺮ إﺷــﺎرة‬

‫)‪ ،(demonstrative pronoun‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪nb n X#st nb(t) "the lord of every foreign land".‬‬

‫"ﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ أﺟﻨﺒﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nb n is pn "the lord of this chamber".‬‬

‫"ﺳﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ"‪.‬‬