HOME WORK NO.

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SSP032 – M02

MEMBERS

Group 2

Cabañero, Karl Andre

Buyser, Renzie Rafael

Cabalda, Mary Rose Manbatac

Cabuntagon, Angelo Cañete

Canama, Lorence Clare Egao

Darla Mae P. Casero

SDG 1 : NO POVERTY
BURUNDI

Has GPD per capita of $263.67. A land-locked, low-income country in East Africa,
Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 185th out of 189 countries in the
2019 Human Development Index. More than 65 percent of the population lives in poverty.
Burundi has the highest hunger score and is the 9th food security crisis in the world, sharing
similar levels with Somalia, according to the 2018 World Food Security Report. More than 50%
of the population is chronically food insecure in a country where the total annual production of
food would only cover for 55 days per person per year (FAO, Dec 2017). One in three
Burundians is in need of urgent humanitarian assistance.

Bulgaria Annual Household Income per Capita reached 4,079.651 USD in Dec 2020,
compared with the previous value of 3,773.252 USD in Dec 2019. Bulgaria Annual Household
Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1999 to Dec 2020, with an
averaged value of 2,622.078 USD. The data reached an all-time high of 4,079.651 USD in Dec
2020 and a record low of 727.326 USD in Dec 2001. CEIC converts Annual Household Income
per Capita into USD. The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria provides Average Household
Income per Capita in local currency. Bulgarian National Bank average market exchange rate is
used for currency conversions. In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Bulgaria grew 16.769 % YoY
in Mar 2021.
SOUTH SUDAN

Has a GDP per capita of $303.15 .About 82% of the population in South Sudan is poor
according to the most recent estimates, based on the $1.90 2011 purchasing power parity
poverty line. South Sudan remains in a serious humanitarian crisis due to the cumulative effects
of years of conflict which has destroyed people’s livelihoods. Extreme levels of acute food
insecurity persist across the country and nearly more than 6 million (about half of the
population) are facing crisis-level food insecurity, with 1.4 million children under 5 years
expected to be actutely malnourished in 2021. Almost 4 million people remain displaced by the
humanitarian crisis, with nearly 1.6 million people displaced internally and some 2.2 million
refugees in six neighboring countries. Women and children continue to be the most affected.

MALAWI

 Has a GDP $399.10

 The mean income per capita from our household survey data is US$306, which is
lower than the measure reported in the national accounts number of US$359.
 15 Income per capita from national accounts is also larger than that from the ISA data in
Tanzania and Uganda

Malawi’s economy has been heavily impacted by COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic.

Growth is estimated at 1.0% for 2020, compared with earlier projections of 4.8%, but is
projected to rebound in 2021 to 2.8%, although the nature of the recovery will depend on the
evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and government’s policy actions. The second wave of the
pandemic has been more intense than the first. The COVID-19 vaccine is not expected to reach
a significant portion of the population until at least mid-2022. As such, stronger social distancing
policies and behavior are expected to weigh on economic activity and suppress domestic
demand.

MOZAMBIQUE

 Has a GDP per capita of $455.01

 Around 18.5 million people live in Mozambique, of whom 54% still live under the
national poverty line (National Household Income Survey, Mozambique National
Institute of Statistics -INE, 2003). The average annual income (GNI) per person is
US$250, or about £140

Combating inequality remains a key challenge to Mozambique’s development.

Newfound growth has not been shared by all, as poverty continues to plague the country’s rural
population. Welfare levels diverge greatly from the urban south to the rural north, largely due to
increased connectedness to job markets in urban areas. Many rural Mozambicans remain stuck
in a cycle of poverty because they are cut off from the larger economic landscape.
The International Fund for Agricultural Development is working to fix this dilemma with its Rural
Enterprise Finance Project. The initiative is dedicated to improving national and regional access
for nearly 300,000 rural people involved in agriculture, fisheries and small to medium-sized
enterprises.
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

 Has GDP per capita of $456.89

 Average Salary / Congo Democratic Republic. Average salary in Congo
Democratic Republic is 96,359,468 CDF per year. The most typical earning is
33,642,992 CDF. All data are based on 29 salary surveys

DRC has the third largest population of poor globally. Poverty in DRC is high, remains
widespread and pervasive, and is increasing due to impacts from COVID-19. In 2018, it was
estimated that 73% of the Congolese population, equaling 60 million people, lived on less than
$1.90 a day (the international poverty rate). As such, about one out of six people living in
extreme poverty in SSA - live in DRC.

DRC’s economic growth decelerated from its pre-COVID level of 4.4% in 2019, to an
estimated 0.8% in 2020. Growth was driven by the extractives sector which, helped by robust
demand from China, expanded by 6.9% in 2020 (compared to 1% in 2019). Meanwhile, non-
mining sectors contracted by 1.6% (vs. growth of 5.7% in 2019) due to pandemic-related
mobility restrictions, weaker trading activities and constrained government spending. Private
consumption and government investment fell in 2020 by an estimated 1.0 and 10.2%,
respectively.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

 Has GDP per capita of $480.50

 The economy of the Central African Republic is one of the world's least developed,
with an estimated annual per capita income of just $805 as measured by purchasing
power parity in 2019

The Central African Republic is one of the world’s least developed countries. The country
has been economically unstable since achieving its independence from France in 1960.
Agriculture is an extensive source of stress, making it one of the larger causes of poverty in
Central African Republic. Their economy is based on the cultivation and sale of crops, such as
yams, maize and millet. Around 67 percent of total income is from agricultural production for the
rural poor.

The nation runs on export trade; however, it is difficult to develop enough revenue because
CAR is a landlocked country. This leaves farmers with little to no opportunities for growth in the
agricultural sector. Only 4 percent of arable land is used each year because of the lack of
opportunity for exportation. Subsistence farming dominates for many communities. Additionally,
one-third of all children under the age of five are underdeveloped and suffering from chronic
malnutrition.
AFGHANISTAN

 Has a GDP of $499.44

 A person working in Afghanistan typically earns around 77,900 AFN per
month. Salaries range from 19,700 AFN (lowest average) to 348,000 AFN (highest
average, actual maximum salary is higher). This is the average monthly salary including
housing, transport, and other benefits

In recent memory, people often think of Afghanistan as the nation of the Taliban, who
provided sanctuary to terrorists like Osama bin Laden. However, they do not tend to think about
how a country falls into the grip of such extremism. Often, when poverty is widespread,
terrorism and instability take hold. Poverty in Afghanistan has been a serious problem for nearly
three decades, starting with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

This instability can make poverty alleviation an uphill battle. According to the World
Bank’s 2017 Poverty Status Update Report regarding socioeconomic progress in Afghanistan,
the 15 years of growth that the country has seen are now jeopardized by a recent rise in
insecurity. The World Bank Country Director for Afghanistan, Shubham Chaudhuri, explains that
with poverty rising from 36 to 39 percent of the Afghan population, there need to be
reinforcements to guarantee that economic growth reaches Afghan families. For further
information about the living conditions of the Afghan people, here are 10 facts about poverty in
Afghanistan.
MADAGASCAR

 Has GDP of $514.85

 Currently, 75% of the population of Madagascar lives on less than $1.90 per day.

Problems
 Extreme poverty pushes children in Madagascar into child labor. Approximately
5.7 million children, about half of the population under 18, participate in labor of
some kind. Many of these children work instead of attending school. One in four
child laborers perform work that is potentially damaging to their health.
 The island nation’s unique and isolated geography is also a contributing factor to
poverty. For the country’s rural poor, who largely subsist on farming and
fishing, climate change has been particularly detrimental. Water levels continue
to rise, and Madagascar’s location makes it very susceptible to cyclones. These
factors lead to drought and food insecurity in the already poor nation.
 Madagascar’s poor infrastructure also negatively affects its economy. Of the
more than 30,000 miles of roads in the country, only about 11% are paved. Many
of these roads become impossible to pass during the nation’s rainy season.
Furthermore, railroads are not in much better shape; there are two unconnected
lines in poor condition.
 The island nation’s unique and isolated geography is also a contributing factor to
poverty. For the country’s rural poor, who largely subsist on farming and
fishing, climate change has been particularly detrimental. Water levels continue
to rise, and Madagascar’s location makes it very susceptible to cyclones. These
factors lead to drought and food insecurity in the already poor nation.
SIERRA LEONE

 Has GDP of $518.47

 Average Salary / Sierra Leone. Average salary in Sierra Leone is 240,996,847 SLL per
year. The most typical earning is 40,840,001 SLL. All data are based on
18 salary surveys

Experts believe that four primary factors contribute to Sierra Leone’s overwhelming levels of
poverty: government corruption, a lack of an established education system, absence of civil
rights and poor infrastructure. These factors make poverty difficult to beat. With the
unestablished infrastructure for roads and electricity, high transportation costs pose barriers to
trade and limit economic growth.

Additionally, an absence of funding for educational programs leaves Sierra Leone behind in
terms of gaining knowledge about civil rights or responsibilities. This contributes to gender
inequality and the marginalization of women. The effects of gender inequality include women’s
inability to join the workforce and a cultural view of women as servants for men. These ideas
inhibit Sierra Leone’s development in a world that values education and women’s rights.
NIGER

 Population: 19.8 million

 49% of the country lives in poverty, earning less than $1.90 per day
 81% of the population lives in rural areas
 20% of the population does not have enough food
 Has GDP $535.83

Problems:

NIGER HAS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING POPULATIONS IN THE WORLD

NIGER IS EXTREMELY VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE SHOCKS

Landlocked Niger is not just one of the world’s poorest countries, it is also one of the hottest.
Four fifths of the northern part of the country is desert and one-fifth of the southern part is
savanna, making agricultural production a challenge and that’s without the erratic rainfall
patterns and frequent droughts. When crops don’t grow, people simply are unable to eat.

NIGER STRUGGLES WITH HUNGER

Niger is almost twice the size of France, yet in this vast country of around 20 million
people, 20% don’t have enough food to eat. This is particularly true for the 81% of the
population that lives in rural areas, where there is little access to markets. This year alone,
almost two million will need some form of food assistance, despite a relatively average harvest.
More than 40% of children under five here suffer from malnutrition, but it is a challenge to get
children the proper treatment they need with limited health services.
TOP 10 AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES THAT ARE CONSIDERED POOR:

1. LANAO DEL SUR

CURRENT STATUS:
Unfortunately, despite its tremendous potential, Lanao del Sur has remained
impoverished, and it is now considered the Philippines' worst province, with a poverty
incidence of 68.9 percent. Lanao del Sur has the highest per capita poverty and food
thresholds in ARMM, with PhP14,769 and PhP10,312 respectively. This sad situation is
mostly due to the collapse of peace and order that has afflicted this area of the south for
so long, as well as the failure to adequately develop the agricultural sector. Lanao's
politics have been dominated by a few dynasty clans from its inception, with citizens
forced to rely on their patrons for survival. Rido or family feuds, abduction, car napping,
theft, gambling, and illegal narcotics define the anarchic condition. There is insufficient
access to the government's social services and economic development initiatives, and
socioeconomic challenges are exacerbated by a shaky and badly maintained road
network caused by neglect.

2. APAYAO

CURRENT STATUS:
Despite its agricultural development, Apayao remains the Philippines' second
poorest province, with a poverty rate of 59.8 percent. For the First Semester, the
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) poverty line was assessed to be PhP12,352 per
capita. This indicates that a monthly average income of PhP2,059 was required to cover
both basic food and non-food requirements. Apayao has the highest per capita poverty
and food thresholds in Cordillera, with PhP 10,469 and PhP 7,310 respectively.
3. EASTERN SAMAR

CURRENT STATUS:
In 2018, the poverty rate among families in Eastern Samar was predicted to be
59.4 percent, ranking it third in the Philippines. One in every four households in the
region is poor or has an income that is less than the poverty line, which is the amount
necessary to fulfill basic food and non-food needs. Farming and fishing continue to be
the province's primary economic activity, employing about three-fourths of the total
estimated working people. Agriculture and fisheries production continue to be a drag on
the province's economy. Eastern Samar has the lowest palay production in the whole
area. One of the primary issues in rice cultivation is the absence of functioning irrigation
infrastructure, the infestation of rice black bug and other pests and illnesses, and
farmers' reliance on coconut production. On this basis, the province continues to import
rice from other provinces and neighboring areas.

4. MAGUINDANAO

CURRENT STATUS:
The poverty incidence among families in Maguindanao was estimated to 57.8
percent, despite a 92 percent employment rate and an annual per capita poverty
threshold of PhP 15,556.00, which is somewhat higher than the national average,
Maguindanao remains one of the poorest provinces in the country. With a population of
over one million people in 2006, the province's poverty rate is over three times greater
than the national average. Maguindanao is also a "mainstay" on the list of the 10
provinces with the greatest income disparity, poverty gap, and severity of poverty. Even
with a higher yearly per capita food threshold, i.e. the "cost of the food required to meet
nutritional needs for economically essential and socially desirable physical activities,"
subsidence among families is twice as high as the national average of 11%.
5. ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

CURRENT STATUS:
With a poverty rate of about 50.3 percent and the highest magnitude of poor
population in Zamboanga Peninsula. Zamboanga del Norte is ranked fifth in the
Philippines. Furthermore, impoverished households have five people and a monthly
income of less than Php8, 778. Majority of municipalities (24 out of 27 municipalities)
belonged to high poverty incidence areas except dipolog and dapitan cities including
sindangan municipality. In terms of significant indicators on poverty incidence of this
province, it was found out that the population, proportion of households with no access
to potable water, no sanitary toilet, elementary cohort survival rate, secondary
participation rate and households with lot owned or amortized did influence the poverty
situation in zamboanga del norte. The present findings of the study suggested that in
order to alleviate poverty in the province of zamboanga del norte, the concerned
agencies of the government i.e. The deped, doh and da must address or solve the
problems of the municipalities anent health and sanitation, education and land tenure.

6. DAVAO ORIENTAL

CURRENT STATUS:
Davao Oriental has the slowest growth rate of the six provinces (Compostela
Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Sarangani, and South
Cotabato) and two highly urbanized cities in Southern Mindanao (Davao City and
General Santos City). With the poverty incidence of 48%, Davao Oriental is the sixth
poorest province in the Philippines. The intensity of rainfall is expected to grow by 69
percent in the future, resulting in an increase in the size of floods. The resultant flood risk
 map reveals that 95.91 percent of Davao Oriental is currently in the low and moderate
flood risk categories, with those categories expected to drop somewhat in the future to
95.75 percent. Approximately 3% of the land area is covered by high and extremely high
flood risk zones. The high and extremely high flood risk regions now cover roughly 3% of
the province and show no significant change in the future. Currently, 28 of the 183
barangays (towns) are at high or very high risk of flooding, while only one barangay will
be added to the very high risk of flooding in the next years. These barangays in the high
and very high flood risk categories are mostly located on riverbanks and along
coastlines. As a result, quick action by decision-makers is required to establish a
community-based catastrophe risk strategy under future conditions.

7. IFUGAO

CURRENT STATUS:
The poverty threshold of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) for the First
Semester of 2018 was estimated at PhP12,352 per capita. This means that, an
individual needed a minimum monthly average income of PhP2,059 to meet both basic
food and non-food needs. This translates to a minimum of PhP10,293 monthly take
home income for a family of five to be considered not poor. The province of Ifugao
recorded the second highest threshold with PhP12,944, an increase of 3.1 percent from
PhP12,553 poverty threshold. The current poverty in Ifugao is 47.5 percent that placed it
as the 7th poorest province in the Philippines. This happen due to the failure to
adequately develop their agricultural sector.

8. SARANGANI
 CURRENT STATUS:
The province of Sarangani was described as self-sufficient, competitive, and
globalized. However, in past years, studies have identified the province as one of the 20
poorest in the country. It was ranked third poorest in 2004, 11th poorest in 2006, and is
currently ranked 8th, with a poverty incidence of 46.5 percent. The following factors are
used to determine which provinces are among the top 20 poorest in the country: school
quality, access to health care, and access to drinkable water.

9. NEGROS ORIENTAL

CURRENT STATUS:
According to the most recent study, Negros Oriental remains in the top ten list of
the poorest provinces in the country, with a poverty incidence of 45.3 percent. Negros
Oriental remains among the top 10 of the country's 16 poorest provinces, and the
majority of municipalities with high poverty incidence are situated in the first district.
According to the report, one in every four persons in Negros Oriental do not have access
to a proper toilet and must rely on open defecation. The problem is that most tourism
money goes to Dumaguete, and the beach resorts are primarily in the 3rd District. It may
be claimed that because Dumaguete and the Third District are also part of Negros
Oriental, any commercial activity that occurs there helps the entire Province. However,
until development is spread fairly across the three electoral districts, Negros Oriental will
continue to have the problem and the stigma of being a region where one out of every
four inhabitants lacks access to a good toilet.
 10. MASBATE

CURRENT STATUS:
Masbate is rich in natural resources, yet it is also one of the poorest provinces in
the country, with a poverty rate of 44.2 percent. Poverty is a serious issue that continues
because the poor lack access to and control over essential resources needed to
enhance income in many economic activities. Ninety percent (90%) of the rural poor in
the province are farmers involved in the rice business. Farmers are the most
disadvantaged agents in the rice sector, according to the value chain study, and they are
confronted with a web of discriminatory circumstances that explain why farmers stay
impoverished. Farmers' impoverishment is caused by two primary factors: their
incapacity to govern their own resources and their lack of access to support services.
Despite these challenges, possibilities and potentials abound that are simply waiting to
be realized in order to reverse the province's poverty trajectory.

COMMON PROBLEMS and SOLUTIONS:

FAILURE TO FULLY DEVELOP THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR

In a forum organized by Greenpeace Philippines, Nheden Sarne of the Agricultural

Commodities Division of the National Economic and Development Authority said there are a lot
more improvements needed before the country’s agricultural sector achieves its full potential.
While the bulk of the programs of the Department of Agriculture (DA) are commodity-centric.
1. Encourage investments in agriculture that promote area-based development

The Philippines is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. There is no
problem of getting left behind as each area is prioritized through specific development
programs.
2. Prioritize investments that can increase and sustain productivity

Agriculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, according to a

new report by the Irish government. The report says there are many opportunities for
growth in the sector if it is improved from production to marketing.
3. Ensure well-functioning irrigation systems and an efficient transport
infrastructure

A Filipino farmer, says an improved irrigation system in the Philippines can

increase productivity by 15% to 20%.
4. Invest in programs that will increase resilience to climate risks and disasters, as
well as pests and diseases

Climate change has contributed to the burden that hinders growth in the sector.
Farmers are the most affected by typhoons and other effects of climate change,
according to a report from the Department of Agriculture DA. If possible, climate-resilient
crops should be available.
5. Promote greater private sector investments and support
Agri-business schemes such as contract farming can be used by the private
sector. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines contract farming as
"agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and
farmers".
Prioritize farmers

The FAO has called on the government to consider the welfare of farmers when
implementing agriculture programs and projects. Both farmers and private institutions
can benefit from contract farming, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture
Organization FAO. The agency said it is important to keep in mind that farmers should
be kept in mind.
LOW TO MODERATE ECONOMIC GROWTH

As the Philippines emerges from strict lockdown, it has become the government’s
highest priority to prevent an economic crisis: the country is in its first recession in three
decades. To support the Philippine Government’s economic recovery program, Australia
works innovatively with key partners to strengthen policies and institutions and advance
inclusive economic growth.
1. Advancing Multilateral Partnerships for Economic Development (AMPED)
Advancing Multilateral Partnerships for Economic Development (AMPED)
supports inclusive economic growth by working with key multilateral financial institutions
(MFIs) to strengthen the Philippine Government’s economic management capacity.
AMPED is a catalytic investment designed to leverage substantially larger MFI resources
to positively influence Philippine Government development policies.
2. Strengthening Public Private Partnership (PPP) Program
The Strengthening Philippines PPP Program seeks to assist the Philippines’
government create an environment that harnesses more private sector finance and to
use that finance more effectively to deliver infrastructure and facilitate the faster
movement of people, goods, and services within the Philippines.
Agreements are delivered through the Asian Development Bank (ADB), World
Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
3. A Future that Works

The A Future That Works Project supports key industries with workforce
development initiatives to manage the challenge of technological disruption. It will
facilitate collaboration among business leaders and with relevant government agencies
through the establishment of Sector Skills Councils that will identify and address
emerging skills needs.
4. Direct Aid Program (DAP)
The Direct Aid Program (DAP) contributes to the COVID-19 response efforts of
Australia in the Philippines by assisting NGOs and community organizations implement
 activities that respond to the needs of vulnerable groups affected by the pandemic.
Initiatives supported under this flexible small grants facility include:
 Income generation and sustainable livelihoods to enable people affected by
COVID-19 to participate in local economic activities
 Provision of essential relief to vulnerable groups and communities badly
affected by COVID-19
 Provision of community water and sanitation facilities to promote hygiene
 Support to ancillary activities addressing associated COVID-19 risks including
public health messaging and promoting safeguards during quarantine.
5. Investing in Women

Women's economic empowerment is a priority for the Australian Government. A

program that champions women and girls, the Investing in Women initiative was
established to improve women's economic participation, build markets for women and
influence the private and public sector to promote women's economic empowerment in
the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Indonesia. The initiative works with the private
sector to achieve business and workplace gender equality, and partner with
governments and civil society to design laws, policies, and programs to ensure
institutional and regulatory standards are effectively implemented and benefit women
and girls. The initiative is focusing on the following priority areas:
 improving women's participation in the workforce, and as business leaders.
 enhancing women's voice in decision making and leadership, and
 influencing the private and public sectors to recognize and promote the value
of gender equality.

HIGH LEVELS OF POPULATION GROWTH

1) Empowering women and girls

Empowering women and girls is one of the most powerful solutions to our
greatest environmental and social crises. Where women are empowered to choose what
happens to their bodies and lives, fertility rates plummet. This means freedom to pursue
education and a career, economic independence, and easy access to sexual and
reproductive healthcare.
2) Removing barriers to contraception
Currently, more than 200 million women who want to avoid pregnancy are not
using modern contraception. This is due to lack of access, concerns about side-effects
and social pressure from male partners. Overseas aid support for family planning is
essential in ensuring levels are high enough.
3) Quality education for all

Many kids in developing countries are out of school, with girls affected more than
boys due to gender inequality. Education opens doors and provides disadvantaged kids
and young people with a "way out", says 's Jodie Whittaker. African women with no
education have 5.4 children; women who have completed secondary school have 2.7.
4) Alleviating poverty and global justice
The UN projects that population growth over the next century will be driven by
the world's very poorest countries. International aid, fair trade and global justice are all
tools to help bring global population back to sustainable levels. The solutions above all
help to decrease poverty and lower child mortality.
5) Exercising the choice

In the developed world, most of us have the power to choose the size of our
families. In the UK, for instance, each individual produces 70 times more carbon dioxide
emissions than someone from Niger. Smaller families are one positive choice we can
make, according to a new report.
SDG 2: Zero Hunger
10 Countries Experiencing hunger in their area.

NIGERIA

Nigeria is Africa’s wealthiest, most populous nation, and its fastest-growing economy.
Despite this, more than half of the country lives below the poverty line, and northern Nigeria
suffers the world’s third highest level of chronic undernutrition among children. Northeastern
Nigeria has faced insecurity due to conflict with armed insurgent groups. Civilians have
limited access to assistance, and food remains a major need in displacement settlements.
Prolonged absence of food security, livelihoods, healthcare, education, clean water, and
sanitation and hygiene facilities exacerbate risks. After more than a decade of conflict, the
humanitarian crisis in Northeastern Nigeria remains one of the most serious in the world. In
2019, the security situation worsened, and risks for humanitarian workers increased.

Today different organization is helping the country to solve this problem such as providing
Food assistance, including emergency feeding and cash. Also doctors from different parts of
the globe are forming groups to help diagnose and treatment of childhood malnutrition.
Water and sanitation to prevent water-related diseases and provide water for irrigation.
AFGHANISTAN

Recently experienced its worst drought in decades, brought on by the effects of La

Niña. The impact waned in 2019, Amidst a country recovering from drought and conflict,
COVID-19 threatens to increase the severity of food insecurity in Afghanistan. Food
insecurity and hunger persist in Afghanistan; many people do not have the resources or
access to consistently obtain enough nutritious food to live a healthy life. And as war
spanning nearly two decades has also contributed to mass hunger in Afghanistan. Since
2001, the conflict between the Taliban and the United States, allied with the Afghan Northern
Alliance, has killed tens of thousands of civilians and intensified problems of food insecurity,
poverty and poor sanitation.

As the World Food Programmed notes, however, the country’s engaged government, natural
resources, and young and diverse population all give it the potential to make progress
towards Zero Hunger by 2030 through interventions around climate change, disaster risk
reduction, gender inequality, and underemployment.
LESOTHO

El Niño droughts in Lesotho in 2019 left over 30% of the country’s population facing
acute levels of food insecurity that was expected to affect families until March of 2020. This
came on top of years of crop failures that, combined inflation, left 41% of rural Lesotho’s
spending more than half of their income on food. The impact of COVID-19, which reached
the country in May 2020, is expected to have a knock-on effect on financial stability and food
security. Finally, the long-term effects of climate change will likely only continue to challenge
more than 70% of the country’s population, who rely on subsistence farming for their food
and livelihoods.

WFP provides capacity strengthening to the Government of Lesotho and other actors
regarding multi-sectorial coordination, planning, evidence building and implementation of
equitable nutrition policies and programs.
SIERRA LEONE

In Sierra Leone 26% of the country still faces chronic hunger, and it has one of the
world’s highest child mortality rates at 10.5%. While still recovering from the economic and
personal loss of the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic (like neighboring Liberia, see below), it is now
also faced with additional challenges from school and business closures to curb the spread
of COVID-19. According to the 2017 climate change vulnerability index (CCVI), Sierra
Leone is the fourth most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change, and is
categorized as extremely vulnerable in terms of impact on food production, poverty,
migration and social stability. Climate related shocks in recent years have been
common, including major flooding in 2015 and August 2019, and a devastating flooding and
landslide in 2017.

WFP is supporting the integrated school feeding program providing over 300,000 primary
school children with fortified food in two of the most food insecure districts of the country.
The program will attempt to link local farmers to school feeding supply chains to provide a
market opportunity to increase household income and support rural development.
LIBERIA

Because of the country’s low agricultural production and poor household incomes,
Liberia has suffered from chronic food insecurity since the civil war. Healthcare systems are
also struggling to recover and the Ebola epidemic of 2014 proved that the system was still
too weak. Chronic malnutrition at 32 percent is among the highest in the world. Finally, a
decline in funding has reduced NGO resources, slowing down the country’s recovery.

WFP provides daily meals to children in more than 700 primary schools in nine counties with
low enrolment, high dropout and repetition rates, wide gender disparities, and high stunting
levels. Action Against Hunger's team in Liberia screened and treated malnutrition in women
and children in 8 of Liberia's 15 counties, and worked to improve their nutrition status
through interventions at health centers and in communities. In partnership with the Scaling
Up Nutrition Civil Society Alliance in Liberia
HAITI

Haiti continues to have the highest level of hunger in the Western Hemisphere and
has made limited progress since 2000. The island nation has suffered from a destructive
combination of political instability and natural disasters including the ongoing effects of the
country’s 2010 earthquake and Hurricane Matthew in 2016. At the beginning of 2019, 2.6
million Haitians were food insecure. Just one year later, those levels rose to nearly 3.7
million, including 1 million in a situation classified as an emergency due in part to the
country’s ongoing crisis.

In 2019, Action Against Hunger provided cash transfers to 5,822 families to reduce food
insecurity. Where they trained 201 Lead Mothers in improved nutrition practices and how to
detect undernutrition early - these Lead Mothers subsequently trained 19,289 vulnerable
people. Our teams built or rehabilitated 95 latrines in 16 schools, benefitting 168 teachers
and 4124 students. Additionally, we rehabilitated 18 water points in cholera-prone areas and
distributed 39,331 hygiene kits.
MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, along with the following two countries on this list, is one of three
countries with full GHI data for 2020 that is classified as having an “alarming” level of food
insecurity. One of the reasons is a troubling uptick in undernourishment rates, from 30% in
2009-11 to nearly 42% in 2017-19. Child stunting rates are 41.6%, and political instability
combined with more extreme weather patterns (resulting in an average of 1.5 cyclones
hitting the country per year) has left nearly half of the country’s districts classified at crisis-
level food insecurity

To help people survive and build resilience against worsening climate change-related
shocks, our teams implemented a multi-sectoral program that works to improve health,
nutrition, access to water and sanitation, hygiene, and food security. Action Against Hunger
also works to strengthen and sustain both local and national resilience capacity.
TIMOR-LESTE

One-third of Timor-Leste’s 1.2 million citizens suffer chronic food insecurity. A

number of factors have contributed to chronic food insecurity in the country, which ranked
eighth on the 2019 Global Hunger Index. Agricultural productivity is low. People’s food
consumption is inadequate in both quality and quantity, and many people depend on single,
low-value livelihoods. Combined with this is a poor infrastructure for water, sanitation, and
hygiene, which means a higher rate of waterborne diseases that can prevent people
(especially children) from absorbing nutrients. This also has left over half of Timor-Leste’s
children estimated to be stunted, and 15% suffering from wasting.

USAID efforts are also working to combat hunger and malnutrition in Timor-Leste with 2
large programs. USAID’s Avansa Agrikultura Project works to increase agricultural
productivity especially for vegetables, fruits and legumes. It also focuses on strengthening
agricultural markets, food accessibility and sustainability in the midst of climate change.
CHAD

Chad is a mainstay on the Global Hunger Index, ranking third in 2019 and second in
2018 and 2017. The ongoing effects of climate change in the country have contributed to
widespread food insecurity, which in turn is exacerbated by an influx of refugees from
conflict-torn Nigeria, Sudan, and the Central African Republic — all of whom need
emergency food assistance.

At 39.6%, Chad’s undernourishment rate is the fourth highest in this report. Its
child stunting rate (39.8%) and child wasting rate (13.3%) are both considered high and
contribute to a nearly 12% mortality rate in children under 5. This makes Chad one of the
few countries in the world where more than 1 in 10 children dies before their fifth birthday.

In 2019, Action Against Hunger helped 579,092 Chadians combat food insecurity. The
organization reached those in need with programs focusing on nutrition and health,
sanitation and hygiene and food security and livelihood. Action Against Hunger has worked
to create solutions for the long term. For example, it initiated health and nutrition courses in
Kanem, Bar El Gazal and Logone Oriental. Moreover, to promote behavioral change, the
organization implemented husbands’ schools and care groups.
MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique enters the ten hungriest countries list this year at number 5 as one of
the many countries facing increasing levels of food insecurity. This is especially distressing
as, in 2015, the country reached its MDG of reducing the number of food-insecure
Mozambicans by half. Currently, its rate of undernourishment is 32.6%, indicating that nearly
one-third of Mozambicans face chronic hunger. Child stunting rates are also high at just over
42%

WFP is supporting food-insecure families including refugees, internally displace people and
those affected by the cyclones- with food or cash transfers during seasonal gaps in return for
participation in the creation of community and household assets aimed at supporting
community food security, livelihoods and resilience to future shocks and climate change.
3 AREA IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. SOCCSKSARGEN

PROBLEM

Poor infrastructure contributes to hunger by making it difficult, if not impossible, to

transport food to areas of a country where there is a scarcity. People have died of
starvation in one region of a country while there was plenty of food in another. Because
the roads were so bad, it was impossible to reach everyone who needed food to survive.
Crops require water to grow. Most farmers in developing countries cannot afford
irrigation infrastructure. Hunger and malnutrition are exacerbated by a lack of water and
sanitation infrastructure.

TANGIBLE SOLUTION

Create markets for infrastructure projects and services,

The rationale is to change the way infrastructure is managed: “Governments typically
approach infrastructure procurement on a project-by-project basis, resulting in
 uncoordinated and fragmented interactions with the market.” When government demand
is lumpy and „stop-go,' it can increase the cost of infrastructure and lower the quality of
market responses.”

 long term pipeline of projects,

 strong private sector participation and ownership,
 a shift from assets to outcomes and service delivery,
 innovation, responsiveness, and ability to scale-up,
 full cost recovery,
 regulations to protect the long term interests of consumers in the absence of market
competition.

Enhance the attractiveness of infrastructure projects for private funding

 To implement a consistent and unified methodology for cost benefit appraisals to have
better comparability, and ensure full transparency for all public projects listed for
consideration including those rejected,
 A culture of continuous improvement for project evaluations by reviewing them upon
completion and 10 years after,
 To align infrastructure funding and capital market development through long-term bond
market development, superannuation and pension fund preferences, and
 To enhance investment attractiveness through higher asset utilization: For this, price
signals should guide supply and demand for infrastructure; full cost recovery should
improve the attractiveness of private investment; and new technologies can enhance
asset utilization.

Overhaul infrastructure for radical innovation and productivity growth

 Placing outcomes as the central premise in infrastructure procurement is an innovation

in itself, but also a catalyst for innovation in the provision infrastructure services as it
shifts the focus from the physical attributes of an asset to the service to be delivered.
 High quality decisions which reflect the whole of government considerations ensure
consistency and a streamlined approval process which is the most important
precondition for efficient implementation.
 Long–term strategic land acquisition based on prior identification of strategic land
corridors in cities and regions speeds up project implementation as it avoids delays from
property disputes.
 Well qualified, multidisciplinary and teams in the relevant government agencies,
equipped with the necessary decision making power and actively involving the project
contractor are crucial for speed and quality of the delivery process.
 Better information and analytics for infrastructure construction and operation and the use
of big data for infrastructure service planning can dramatically boost the performance of
existing infrastructure assets as well as the efficiency and optimization of new
infrastructure service offerings
2. Caraga

PROBLEM

Food scarcity is common in developing countries. Smallholder farmers and their families
are the most vulnerable, as they rely on their own surplus to survive between harvests.
The period preceding a harvest is referred to as the "hungry season." Food from the
previous harvest runs out, and families reduce their meal consumption. Depending on
the size of the previous harvest, this period could last months.

TANGIBLE SOLUTION

Opportunities for short-term measures include:

 exploring other food commodity chains and locations

 addressing knowledge gaps that have arisen from the assessment
 encouraging innovative synergies between producers and consumer segments
 realigning government recovery funds to support food security.

Opportunities for intermediate- and longer-term measures include:

  improving coordination systems for food logistics
 improving the efficiency and flexibility of value chains
 exploring and mainstreaming mechanisms with which agriculture can support inclusive
social protection
 exploring processing and storage to address food waste
 developing national food security infrastructure such as food depots that incorporate
aspects of food availability, access and utilization.

3 .Northern Mindanao

PROBLEM

Hunger is both a cause and an effect of conflict and war. Widespread poverty and
hunger create frustration and resentment toward governments that appear to ignore the
plight of hungry people. During war and conflict, the poorest members of society suffer
the most. Homes are destroyed, and entire communities are uprooted. When peace
does arrive, it is frequently tepid. The physical infrastructure required for reconstruction
has been damaged and may have been destroyed.

TANGIBLE SOLUTION

The government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the largest of these groups,
signed a peace agreement in March 2014. However, not all rebel groups in Mindanao
and the Sulu archipelago have signed the agreement, and clashes in early 2015
highlight the difficulties associated with this long and protracted conflict.
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING
1. Deadly Diseases or Sickness in the World
 Ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is also called ischemic heart disease, CAD
occurs when the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart become narrowed.
Untreated CAD can lead to chest pain, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
 Stroke
A stroke occurs when an artery in your brain is blocked or leaks. This causes the
oxygen-deprived brain cells to begin dying within minutes. During a stroke, you
feel sudden numbness and confusion or have trouble walking and seeing. If left
untreated, a stroke can cause long-term disability.
 Lower Respiratory Infection
A lower respiratory infection is an infection in your airways and lungs. It can be
due to: influenza, or the flu, pneumonia, Bronchitis, tuberculosis.
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term, progressive lung
disease that makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are
types of COPD. In 2004, about 64 million people Trusted Source around the
world were living with COPD.
 Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers
Respiratory cancers include cancers of the trachea, larynx, bronchus, and lungs.
The main causes are smoking, secondhand smoke, and environmental toxins.
But household pollutions such as fuels and mold also contribute.
 Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes is a group of diseases that affect insulin production and use. In type 1
diabetes, the pancreas can’t produce insulin. The cause isn’t known. In type 2
diabetes, the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or insulin can’t be used
effectively. Type 2 diabetes can be caused by a number of factors, including poor
diet, lack of exercise, and being overweight
 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
When you think of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, you might think of a loss of
memory, but you might not think of a loss of life. Alzheimer’s disease is a
progressive disease that destroys memory and interrupts normal mental
functions. These include thinking, reasoning, and typical behavior.
 Dehydration due to diarrheal diseases
Diarrhea is when you pass three or more loose stools in a day. If your diarrhea
lasts more than a few days, your body loses too
death. Diarrhea is usually caused by an intestinal virus or bacteria transmitted
through contaminated water or food. It’s particularly widespread in developing
nations with poor sanitary conditions.
 Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a lung condition caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It’s a treatable airborne bacterium, although some strains are
resistant to conventional treatments. TB is one of the top causes of death in
 people who have HIV. About 35 percent Trusted Source of HIV-related deaths
are due to TB.
 Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is the result of chronic or long-term scarring and damage to the liver.
The damage may be the result of a kidney disease, or it can be caused by
conditions like hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. A healthy liver filters harmful
substances from your blood and sends healthy blood into your body. As
substances damage the liver, scar tissue forms. As more scar tissue forms, the
liver has to work harder to function properly. Ultimately, the liver may stop
working.

2. Top 3 Best and Top 3 Worst Healthcare Systems in the World

Top 3 Best Healthcare System

 France
o Primary Healthcare

Primary healthcare is provided in France by GPs (médecins généraliste).

GPs refer patients to specialists and/or hospitals, acting as ‘gatekeepers’
according to a new coordinated consultation procedure (‘parcours de soins
coordonné’). They are also responsible for following diseases on a routine
basis, that is, between acute phases which require specialist intervention.
GPs are legally obliged – based on a roster system – to contribute to
night and weekend duty. In emergency care, GPs can be called by the
SAMU, the emergency ambulatory medical service, to visit a patient’s home.
Such visits are also required when a patient cannot travel for consultation (for
example, with the elderly or children).
o Funding of health care in France.
The French health care system is funded in part by obligatory
health contributions levied on all salaries, and paid by employers,
employees and the self employed; in part by central government funding;
and in part by users who normally have to pay a small fraction of the cost
of most acts of health care that they receive.

 Italy
o Pharmacies and medication

Most pharmacies in Italy are small, family-run establishments

which only deal with medical items. However, they can generally fill most
prescriptions. Pharmacists in Italy tend to be knowledgeable and efficient,
and it is often possible for pharmacists to recommend medication without
a doctor’s prescription. Expats living in larger cities will find that 24-hour
pharmacies are readily available, while those in who live in rural areas
may have more difficulty sourcing the medication they need afterhours.
Those who have state health cover will qualify for subsidised rates
that reduce the cost of most medication. It is advisable to find out the
 generic name of any long-term prescription drug, as brand names tend to
vary from one country to another.

o Emergency services and important numbers

In the event of a medical emergency in Italy the number to call would be 118. However,
those with a limited understanding of Italian may struggle to find an English-speaking operator.
English speakers and those who speak foreign languages can make use of the general EU
emergency number, 112.

Emergency services in Italy tend to be responsive and reliable. Expats should be aware
that that waiting times for ambulances may be longer in rural areas. It is also advisable that
visitors and expats have the number of their home country’s embassy or consulate on hand for
cases of emergency.

 San Marino

o Healthcare Coverage for Expats

Sammarinese locals and foreign national residents of San Marino

are entitled to free, comprehensive health care from public hospitals. All
employees in San Marino are required to register with the Azienda
Sanitaria Locale health insurance fund, as well as the social security
system. Their employers will make the contributions on their behalf
through salary deductions. Upon registration, employees will be issued a
health card and number, and dependent family members of the employee
are also part of the coverage.

o Visiting a Doctor

Medical staff in public hospitals and health facilities is highly

qualified. This country has an estimated total of 251 physicians, 506
nurses, 41 dentists, and 26 midwives per 100,000 people. Doctors in San
Marino are called medico dottore and are the ones who provide primary
care for non-emergency medical needs. Once an expat registers with the
national health fund, he will also be automatically registered with a
General Practitioner in his neighbourhood. Waiting times to see a GP in
San Marino vary depending on whether patients go to a private or a
public hospital but the queue on the latter is usually longer.
 WORST HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

Central Africa

Problems or Challenges Encountered

DYING DUE TO LACK OF MEDICINES

Tangible solution for the problems:

There’s over 1.6million Africans died because of Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV related
illnesses in the year 2015 even though these can be prevented but mostly can’t be treated
due to lack of medicines that is affordable and accessible. The solution for these problem is
simple they should have a good leaders and not the corrupt one and they should start
developing the right policies and infrastructure so that they could start stimulating local
production for their own medicines.

COUNTERFEIT DRUGS

Tangible solution for the problems:

We all know that many countries are willing to help the Africans to solve their problem
about solving the issue about the counterfeit drugs that’s why there is what we called
foreign support that is making the action by leveraging local efforts in fighting against the
fake drugs. The European Union is planning a backing project for Africans called ENACT
which helps tackle fake drugs on its continent.

Republic of congo
Problem or challenges encountered

CHILD MALNUTRITION

Tangible solution for the problems:

Actually UNICEF pays a big role in fighting against the child malnutrition in the Republic of
Congo but in order to fight more until they defeat that crisis the government should seek
more companion, allies, partners and take more action,

LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE

Tangible solution for the problems:

The government should build more infrastructures like Medical Health Centre to the areas
that is very affected like North Kivu. Also they should start developing their own productions
of medicine so that the government can provide medicines that are accessible to their
citizens.

Nigeria

Problem or challenges encountered

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE)

Tangible solution for the problems:

They should negotiate foreign investors in building infrastructure so that they could produce
more PPE’s also they should coordinate to other countries because many countries
nowadays help each other in resolving the current crisis.

FUNDING

Tangible solution for the problems:

The government should be more open in foreign investors so that their economy will rise
also they should put more budget allocation in their health system so that they will not be
easily affected to some future crisis that is linked to health related crisis.