Al-Hussein Bin Talal University

Structural Steel Design

(0504413)
By: Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat
husam.alsanat@ahu.edu.jo
1st Semester / 2020
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 1
 Course Outline
Method of Delivery: Online (Recorded) – Attendance is required
Time and place: 8:00 -9:00 am
Pre-requisite: Structural Analysis 2 (0504312)
Textbook: Structural Steel Design, 5th edition, Jack C. McCormac.
Manual: Steel Construction Manual, 13th edition, AISC.
Student Assessments:
• Online-based assessment: Excel assignments and Quizzes (20%),
• Paper-based assessment: Mid-exam (30%) & Final Exam (50%)
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 2
 Course Content
• Design philosophies
• Introduction to Steel Structures
• Design of Tension Members
• Design of Compression Members
• Design of Beams
• Design of Welded Connections
• Design of Bolted Connections
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 3
 Structural Steel Design (0504413)

Chapter 1&2: Introduction and Methods of Design

By: Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat

husam.alsanat@ahu.edu.jo
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 4
 Steel Structures
• Structural member is physically distinguishable part of
structure with independent structural function, e.g.
member elements, cable, beams, sections etc.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 5

 Steel Structures Advantages
• High strength
• The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per
unit weight)
• Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
• Withstand extensive deformation without failure even
under high tensile stress.
• Elasticity, uniformity of material
• Predictability of properties, close to design assumption
• Ease of fabrication and speed of erection TYNE BRIDGE,UK

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 6

 Steel Structures Disadvantages

• Susceptibility to corrosion

• Maintenance costs / thin-walled structure

• Loss of strength at elevated temperature

• Fireproofing costs

• Susceptibility to buckling

• Fatigue and brittle fracture

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 7

 Structural Steel
• The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural engineers can be
examined by plotting the results of a tensile test. If a test specimen is subjected to an axial
load P, as shown in Figure 1.3a, the stress and strain can be computed as follows:

where
f = axial tensile stress
A = cross-sectional area
ε = axial strain
L = length of specimen
∆L = change in length

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 8

 Steel Types
• Carbon has a major effect on steel
properties. Carbon is the primary High Yielding Strength Deformed Steel
hardening element in steel. Hardness
and tensile strength increases as carbon
content increases up to about 0.85%.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 9

 A36 Steel

• One of the most commonly used structural

steels is a mild steel designated as ASTM A36, or
A36 for short. it has the following tensile
properties.

• Yield stress: Fy = 36,000 psi (36 ksi)

• Tensile strength: Fu = 58,000 psi to 80,000 psi (58 ksi
to 80 ksi)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 10

 Limit State Design
The Limit State of a structure is a term that describes when the structure is on the ' limit ' of becoming unfit for
use . This may occur as a result of failure of one or more members , overturning instability , excessive deflection
or any event which results in the structure failing to meet its design purpose .

When designing structures , we use the Limit State Design method , which requires the structure to satisfy two
principal criteria :
• Strength limit states
• Serviceability limit states

The two distinct procedures employed by designers are Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load & Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD).

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 11

Limit State Design The Limit State Design method , requires the structure to satisfy two principal criteria : Ultimate limit state ( ULS ) Serviceability limit state ( SLS ) Deflection Vibration Strength ( yield , buckling ) Stab

Limit State Design

The Limit State Design method , requires the structure to satisfy two principal
criteria :
Strength limit states Serviceability limit states

• Strength ( yield , buckling ) . • Deflection

• Stability against overturning and sway • Vibration
• Fracture due to fatigue • Fatigue checks ( including reparable
• Plastic collapse damage due to fatigue )
• Brittle Fracture • Corrosion
• Fire
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 12
 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• Safety in the design is obtained by
specifying, that the effect of the loads should
produce stresses that is a fraction of the
yield stress (fy,) say one half.

• This is equivalent to:

Factor of Safety (FOS) = fy/0.5fy = 2

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 13

 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• Mathematical Description of ASD

where
Ra = required strength
Rn = nominal strength
Ω = safety factor
Rn /Ω = allowable strength

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 14

 ASD Drawbacks

• ASD does not give reasonable measure of strength, which is more

fundamental measure of resistance than is allowable stress.

• The safety is applied only to stress level. Loads are considered to be

deterministic (without variation).

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 15

 Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)

• To overcome the deficiencies of ASD, the LRFD method is based on:

Strength of Materials

• It consider the variability not only in resistance but also in the effects of load.
• It provides measure of safety related to probability of failure.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 16

 Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)
• Mathematical Description of LRFD

where
Ru = required strength = sum of factored load effects (forces or moments)
Rn = nominal strength (same as for ASD)
∅ = resistance factor (∅ = 1.5 /Ω)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 17

 LRFD vs ASD

LRFD
Combination 1: 1.4D
Combination 2: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
Combination 3: 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
Combination 4: 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
Combination 5: 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
Combination 6: 0.9D + 1.0W
Combination 7: 0.9D + 1.0E
ASD
Combination 1: D
Combination 2: D + L
Combination 3: D + (Lr or S or R)
Combination 4: D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
Combination 5: D ± (0.6W or 0.7E)
Combination 6a: D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or
R)
Combination 6b: D + 0.75L ± 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
Combinations 7 and 8: 0.6D ± (0.6W or 0.7E)

where
D = dead load L = live load due to occupancy Lr =roof live load
S = snow load R = rain or ice load W = wind load E = earthquake (seismic load)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 18

 Structural Steel Design (0504413)

Chapter 3: Analysis of Tension members

By: Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat

husam.alsanat@ahu.edu.jo
Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 1
 INTRODUCTION

• The stress in an axially loaded tension member is given by:

• Tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:

• excessive deformation:
Pn = FyAg  ((Agross(g) = area of Sec. a-a))

• Fracture:
Pn = FuAe  ((Aeffective net (e) = area of Sec. b-b))
(Ae< Anet(n))

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 2

 INTRODUCTION

For LRFD  Ru = ∅Rn  Pu ≤ ∅t Pn For ASD  

For yielding, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 1.67)

For yielding, ∅t = 0.90
Pu ≤ 0.9 Fy Ag ≤Ω  ≤ .
= 0.6
t

For fracture, ∅t = 0.75 For fracture, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 2.0)

Pu ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae
≤Ω  ≤ .
= 0.5
t

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 3

Example 1 (Problems 3-8): Compute the net area of each of the
given members for The built-up section shown in the Figure for
which ¾ in Ø bolts are used.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 4

 Staggered Holes

An= Ag -Aholes+(s2/4g)t
• s is the longitudinal spacing (or pitch) of any two holes and
• g is the transverse spacing (or gage) of the same holes.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 5

Example 2 (Example 3-4): Determine the net
area of the W12 x 16 (Ag = 4.71 in2 shown in
the Figure, assuming that the holes are for 1-in
bolts.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 6

Example 3 (Example 3-5): Determine the net area along route ABCDEF for the C15 x
33.9 (Ag = 10.00 in2) shown in the Figure. Holes are for 3/4-in bolts.

Solution:

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 7

 EFFECTIVE NET AREAS
̅
Ae= AnU =1−
"
• U is the reduction coefficient,
U is affected by:
1) The cross section of the member ( ̅ )
̅ is the distance from the connection to the
centroid of the area of the whole section

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 8

 EFFECTIVE NET AREAS
̅
=1−
"
U is affected by:
2)The length of its connection (L).
L is the length of the line with the
maximum number of bolts OR the length
of welded Area.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 9

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 10
 EFFECTIVE NET AREAS
̅
Ae= AnU =1−
"
• U is the Shear Lag Factor,
U is affected by:
1) The cross section of the member ( ̅ )
̅ is the distance from the connection to the
centroid of the area of the whole section

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 11

 EFFECTIVE NET AREAS
1) The cross section of the member ( ̅ )
̅ is the distance from the connection to the
centroid of the area of the whole section

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 12

 EFFECTIVE NET AREAS
̅
=1−
"
U is affected by:
2)The length of its connection (L).
L is the length of the line with the
maximum number of bolts OR the length
of welded Area.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 13

Lecture 1 14
 INTRODUCTION

For LRFD  Ru = ∅Rn  Pu ≤ ∅t Pn For ASD  

For yielding, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 1.67)

For yielding, ∅t = 0.90
Pu ≤ 0.9 Fy Ag ≤Ω  ≤ .
= 0.6
t

For fracture, ∅t = 0.75 For fracture, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 2.0)

Pu ≤ 0.75 Fu Ae
≤Ω  ≤ .
= 0.5
t

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 15

Example 3-6: Determine the LRFD design tensile strength and the
ASD allowable design tensile strength for a W10x45 with two lines
of 3/4-in diameter bolts in each flange using A572 Grade 50 steel,
with Fy = 50ksi and Fu = 65 ksi and the AISC Specification. There
are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line 4 in on center, and
the bolts are not staggered with respect to each other.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 16

Example 3-6: Determine the LRFD design tensile strength and the
ASD allowable design tensile strength for a W10x45 with two lines
of 3/4-in diameter bolts in each flange using A572 Grade 50 steel,
with Fy = 50ksi and Fu = 65 ksi and the AISC Specification. There
are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line 4 in on center, and
the bolts are not staggered with respect to each other.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 17

Example 3-6: Determine the LRFD design tensile strength and the
ASD allowable design tensile strength for a W10x45 with two lines
of 3/4-in diameter bolts in each flange using A572 Grade 50 steel,
with Fy = 50ksi and Fu = 65 ksi and the AISC Specification. There
are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line 4 in on center, and
the bolts are not staggered with respect to each other.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 18

Example 3-7: (((Please Read)))

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 19

Example 3-8 : The plate shown in Fig. 3.13 is connected to
a plate with longitudinal fillet welds to transfer a tensile
load. Determine the LRFD design tensile strength and the
ASD allowable tensile strength of the member if Fy = 50 ksi
and Fu = 65 ksi.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 20

Example 3-9: Compute the LRFD design tensile strength and the ASD allowable tensile
strength of the angle shown in Fig. 3.14. It is welded on the end (transverse) and sides
(longitudinal) of the 8-in leg only. Fy = 50 ksi and Fu = 70 ksi.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 21

 BLOCK SHEAR

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 22

 Reduction Factor (Ubs)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 23

Example 3-11: The A572 Grade 50 (Fu = 65ksi) tension member shown in Fig. 3.19 is
connected with three 3/4-in bolts. Determine the LRFD block shear rupture strength and the
ASD allowable block-shear rupture strength of the member. Also calculate the LRFD design
tensile strength and the ASD allowable tensile strength of the member.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 24

Example 3-12: (( Please Read))

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 25

Example 3-13: Determine the LRFD tensile design strength
and the ASD tensile strength of W12x 30 (Fy = 50ksi and Fu
= 65ksi) the shown in Fig. 3.21.if 7/8 in bolts are used in the
connection. Include block shear calculations for the flanges.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 26

 Structural Steel Design (0504413)

Chapter 4: Design of Tension Members

By: Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat
husam.alsanat@ahu.edu.jo
Lecture 1
SummerDr. Husam
Semester
Rabah Alsanat
/ 2020 27
 Selection of Sections
For LRFD  Ru = ∅Rn  Pu ≤ ∅t Pn For ASD  

For yielding, ∅t = 0.90 For yielding, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 1.67)

Pu = 0.6 Fy Ag  min = 0.6F
Pu = 0.9 Fy Ag  min = y
0.9Fy
For fracture, (Ω = 1.5 /∅  Ω = 2.0)
For fracture, ∅t = 0.75
Pu = 0.5 Fu Ae  min & = 0.5F U
Pu = 0.75 Fu Ae  min & = '
0.75F'U min = 0.5F U +
 *+, -
min = 0.75F U + '
 *+, -
'

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 28

 Slenderness Ratio Check
" 1
min . = .=
300

r = radius of gyration (in)

2 3456 78 9:2;82 6<:= >?@ 2
L = member length (in)
I = moment of inertia (in4)

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 29

Example 4-1: Select a 30-ft-long W12 section of A992
steel to support a tensile service dead load PD = 130k and
a tensile service live load PL = 110k. As shown in Fig. 4.1,
the member is to have two lines of bolts in each flange for
7/8-in bolts (at least three in a line 4 in on center).

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 30

Example 4-2: Design a 9-ft single-angle tension member to support a dead tensile working
load of 30 k and a live tensile working load of 40 k. The member is to be connected to one leg
only with 7/8-in bolts (at least four in a line 3 in on center). Assume that only one bolt is to be
located at any one cross section. Use A36 steel with Fy = 36 ksi and Fu = 58 ksi.

Lecture 1 Dr. Husam Rabah Alsanat 31