Design of Concrete Structures

Dr Sandip A Vasanwala
 Philosophy of Structural Design
• Conceptual design
• A range of potential structural forms and materials are considered

• Preliminary design
• Simple and approximate hand computations are made
• Assess the viability of various alternative conceptual solutions

• Detailed design
• To conclude comprehensive analysis and calculation for the selected scheme
of design

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 Loading Standards
•  Dead Loads
• Self weight of material used As per IS 875 (part-I)
• Live loads
• Transient loads that changes with time due to people using the structure
• Taken as per IS 875 (part-II)
• Wind Loads
• Wind load acts on a exposed area of structure
• It is influenced by plan dimensions, height of structure, location and design
wind pressure as specified in IS 875 (part-III)
• Design wind pressure Pd = 0.6 Vz2
• Design wind force

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•  Seismic Loads
• It is to be considered as per IS 1893-2016
• India is divided in different seismic zones depending upon severity of intensity of
earthquake
• The horizontal seismic force is computed as

• α = horizontal seismic coefficient depending on location

• β = a coefficient depending on soil formation system ranging from 1 to 1.5
• ɸ = depending upon importance of structure varying from 1 to 1.5
• G = dead load above the section considered.

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 Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements

• Reinforced concrete element is a composite material,

consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete.
• Concrete has high compressive strength and low tensile
strength.
• Steel bars resist high tensile stresses but very much
expensive than concrete.
• Economy can be achieved by providing steel in tension zones

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Elements of a Structure

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 Load Transfer Mechanism
• SLAB

• BEAM

• COLUMN

• FOOTING

• SOIL

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 Limit state method
• In this method, the structure has to be designed to withstand safely
all loads and deformations likely to occur on it throughout its life.
• Designs should ensure that the structure does not become unfit for
the use for which it is required.
• The state at which the structure becomes unfit for use is called a limit
state.
• Design should be based on the characteristics value for material
strength and applied loads.

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 LIMIT STATE METHOD
 The working stress method provides structural designs performing
satisfactorily at working loads, but it is unrealistic at the ultimate
state of collapse.
 The most efficient method shall include the consideration of
ultimate strength of the structure as well as the serviceability and
durability requirements at the service loads. The limit state method
has evolved to include both the aspects of design.
 In the limit state method, a structure component is designed for
safety against collapse load and checked for serviceability at the
working loads.
 LIMIT STATE METHOD
A limit state is a state of impending failure beyond which a structure
ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, both in terms of
safety against collapse load and serviceability at working loads.
 Objectives:
 As per IS:456-2000, various limit states will be considered in designed to
ensure safety and serviceability.
 The section shall be designed for the most critical limit state and shall
checked for other limit states.
 Design shall be based on characteristic strengths and other values.
 LIMIT STATE METHOD
I. Limit states of collapse: II. Limit states of serviceability:
a) In flexure a) Limit state of deflection
b) In compression b) Limit state of cracking
c) In compression under c) Other limit states, such as
uniaxial/biaxial bending durability, vibration, fire
d) In shear resistance, etc.
e) In bond
f) In torsion
g) In tension
 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH
•The characteristic strength of material according to
the Indian standard code of practice (IS:456-2000) is
defined as that value of the strength below which not
more than 5% of strength results fall (i.e. there is
probability that the actual strength may be less than
the characteristic strength in 5% cases.)
Characteristic strength () = − k ∙ s
Where,
= Characteristic strength of material
= Mean strength of material
k = Statistical constant (approx. 1.65)
s = Standard deviation for the set of test
results according to quality control.
•   value of standard deviation
The
s=
Where,
= Strength of sample,
= Mean strength of n samples,
n = Number of samples tested ( as per
IS:456-2000, n ≥ 30).
Characteristic strength of concrete () is taken as its
compressive (crushing) strength as measured by 150
mm size cubes after 28 days moist curing and
expressed in (MPa). Concrete grades are grouped into
three categories as Ordinary (M10-M20), standard
(M25-M50) and High strength (M55-M80).
 DESIGN STRENGTH
•Design
  strength () of concrete is given as
=
Where,
= Characteristic strength of material
= Design strength in limit state or load factor methods
= Partial safety factor for the material.
The partial safety factor for the cement concrete is generally taken as 1.50,
according to IS:456-2000 in the limit state method.
 DESIGN LOAD
•For
  the purpose of design, the characteristic load is also enhanced by using partial
safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading, i.e.
Design load =
Where,
= Design load
= Characteristic load
= Partial safety factor based on the nature of loading (as specified
in IS:456-2000)
 IDEALISED STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
FOR CONCRETE
The stress-strain curve for cement
concrete is prepared with respect
to the compressive stress in the
cube up to crushing stage.
The curve generally remains
parabolic up to a strain of 0.002
and then it becomes straight.
 IDEALISED STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
FOR MILD STEEL
•The
  modulus of elasticity () for
steels is taken as = = 2 x .
The design stress in the limit state
of steel is equal to = = 0.87.
 IDEALISED STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
FOR TOR STEEL
 For HYSD bars the yield point is
not easily defined based on the
shape of the stress-strain curve;
hence an offset yield point is
arbitrarily defined at 0.2% of the
strain.
 Since these HYSD bars are twisted,
these are also specified as Fe 415
(TOR 40) and Fe 500 (TOR 50).
Deformed bars are provided with
lugs or ribs for enhancing their
bond strength.
 CHARACTERISTIC & PERMISSIBLE
STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT STEELS
Yield stress or Characteristic
Type of reinforcement Permissible tensile
0.2% proof stress strength ()
(steel bars) strength () ()
() ()

High yield strength

deformed bars
conforming to IS:1109 415 415 230
or Fe 415 grade of
IS:1786-1979

High yield strength

deformed bars of grade
500 500 275
Fe 500 of IS:1786-
1979