Mod 1

ES 202 - Theory of structures-IV
Dr. Beena K. P.
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Theory of structures -IV
ES 202 - Theory of Structures - IV 2-1-0-0
Tuesday 8:30 – 9:00 am and 9.15 – 9.45 am

Thursday 10.10-10.40 am
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Course Plan
Module Hours Semester Exam End Semester
Marks % Exam Marks
Module I 6 15% 9
Module II 6 15% 9
FIRST INTERNAL TEST (40 marks)
Module III 6 15% 9
Module IV 6 15% 9
SECOND INTERNAL TEST (40 marks)
Module V 7 20% 12
Module VI 7 20% 12
END SEMESTER EXAM (60 marks)
INTERNAL MARKS -40 (ASSIGNMENT -10 marks, SERIES Tests-30 marks)
Syllabus
ES 202 - Theory of Structures I 2-1-0-0
Module –I (6 hrs -15%)

 Design philosophy of Limit state method
 Analysis and design of singly reinforced beams under flexure
and shear by limit state method
 Check for deflection, serviceability.
Module –II (6 hrs-15%)
 Design of Doubly reinforced beams under flexure and

shear by limit state method
 T-Beams and L-beams (analysis only)
Module –III(6 hrs-15%)
 Slabs – Classification.
 Design of One Way slab under flexure and shear.
Module –IV(6 hrs-15%)
 Design of Two way slab under flexure and shear with

corners free to lift up and held down.
 Check for deflection.
Module –V(7 hrs-20%)
 Design of short column subjected to axial loads.

 Column interaction curves.
 Design of column subjected to combined axial load and
uniaxial bending by limit state method.[ Use SP 16 Charts].
Module –VI(7 hrs-20%)
 Footings-Types of footings.
 Design of isolated footings
 Square and Rectangular shapes only
 Subjected to Axial compressive loads.
Course Objectives
 To develop an overall understanding and interest in

structural system
 To introduce the limit state design of RCC structures
 To enable the design of Reinforced concrete structural
elements by limit state method.
Expected Outcome
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

 Understand design philosophies
 Analyse and design beams, slabs, columns and footings
Reference Books
 S.N. Sinha, Reinforced Concrete Design – Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,New Delhi, 1998.
 Shah, Reinforced Concrete, Vol. 1 and 2 – Charotar
Publishing House, Anand, 1998
 S. Unnikrishnan Pillai and Devadas Menon, Reinforced
Concrete Design – Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1999. References Books:
 P. Dayaratnam, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1983.
Reference Books
 C. Sinha and S.K. Roy, Fundamentals of Reinforced
Concrete, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1983.
 Dr. B.C. Punmia, Reinforced Concrete Structures, Vol, 1
& 2 Laxmi publications, Delhi, 1994.
 IS 456:2000, Indian Standard, Plain and Reinforced
Concrete – Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards.
 SP -16 Design Aids for IS 456
Module –I(6 hrs-15%)
 Design philosophy of Limit state method

 Analysis and design of singly reinforced beams under
flexure and shear by limit state method
 Check for deflection, service ability.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Materials - Concrete and steel

- to be loaded only to its limiting strength
concrete - good in compression
steel - good in tension
Reinforced Concrete Design
Methods of Design
1. Limit State Method

2. Working Stress Method
3. Ultimate Load Method
Limit State Method
Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)

The concept is
- The structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable
to act on the structures throughout its life.
- The collapse of the structure do not take place
- The design also satisfies serviceability requirement
• Deflection
• Cracking
- The acceptable limit for safety and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called limit state
Limit State Method
Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)

Limit State of Collapse
- Flexure
- Shear
- Compression
- Torsion
Limit State of Serviceability
- Deflection
- Cracking
Limit State Method
Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)- Materials

Characteristic Strength(fck) of Concrete
The term ‘characteristic strength’ means that value of strength
of the material below which not more than 5% of the test results are
expected to fall.
Section 2, Pg No 16, Table 2 (IS 456:2000)
M 10 – M refers to mix, 10 refers to the specified compressive
strength of 150mm size cube expressed in N/mm2
Ordinary concrete –M 10 ,M 15 ,M 20
Standard Concrete – M 25 ,M 30 ,M 35 ,M 40 ,M 45, M 50, M 55
High Strength Concrete – M 60 ,M 65 ,M 70 ,M 75 ,M 80
Limit State Method
Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)- Materials
Characteristic Strength(fy) of Steel

Minimum Yield Strength (fy) or 0.2% Proof Stress ( for high strength
steel)
Mild steel – Yield Strength- fy= 250 MPa
High Yield Strength Deformed Bar (HYSD Bars)fy=415 Mpa
Tor steel
CTD(Cold Twisted Deformed) steel bar fy=415MPa
TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars ranging
from 415 Mpa to 600 Mpa (Fe 415, Fe 500, Fe 500D etc.)
Limit State Method
Materials
𝒓𝒎 − 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
For steel -1.15 and concrete -1.5 for limit state of collapse
Accounts for
- possibility of deviation of the strength of the material
- deviation of the sectional dimensions
- accuracy of the calculation procedure
- risk to life and economic consequences
𝒇
Design Strength 𝒇𝒅 = 𝒓 𝒇 - characteristic Strength
𝒎
𝒓𝒎 − 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

Limit State Method
Characteristic Load
The term ‘characteristic load’ means that value of load which
has a 95% probability of not being exceeded during the life of the
structure
Loads (Table 18, IS 456-2000)
𝒓𝒇 − 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 -1.5 – limit state of collapse
Accounts for
- unusual increase in loads beyond that is used for deriving
characteristic values
- unforeseen stress distribution
- inaccurate assessment of the effect of loading
- importance of the limit state considered.
Limit State Method
Section 5, Pg No 68, IS 456:2000

Design Load , 𝑭𝒅 = 𝑭𝒓𝒇 𝑭 - characteristic Load
𝒓𝒇 − 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
Loads
Dead Load - IS 875 Part 1

Live Load or Imposed Loads - IS 875 Part 2
Wind Load - IS 875 Part 3
Snow Load - IS 875 Part 4
Earthquake Load - IS 1893
Limit State Method
Loads – Partial Safety Factors (Table 18, IS 456-2000)

Beams
- Beams are structural members

- one dimension considerably larger than the other dimensions
- subjected to transverse loads- a system of external forces
acting right angle to its axis
- offers resistance by bending deformation
- resists by shear and bending moment
Bending - Flexure
Sagging – top fibres under compression, bottom fibres under

tension
Hogging - top fibres under tension, bottom fibres under
compression
Limit State of Collapse-Flexure
Mechanical Properties (Stress – Strain relation ) of concrete

is influenced by
- type of aggregate and concrete mix
- strength of concrete
- age of concrete
- shape and size of concrete specimen
- creep
Limit State of Collapse -Flexure
Design is based on the following Assumptions

a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after
bending
b) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost
compression fibre is taken as .0035
c) The stress- strain curve for compression side is assumed
as
for design , compressive stress= 0.67 fck
on applying partial safety factor of 1.5,
0.67 fck
stress= =0.446fck
1.5
0.446fck
d) Tensile strength of concrete is ignored

e) The stress strain curve for reinforcing steel as shown in fig.
for design purpose partial safety factor 𝒓𝒎 =1.15 shall be applied
f) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at

𝑓𝑦
failure shall not be less than + 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠
Where fy=characteristic strength of steel and
Es= modulus of elasticity of steel
Design stress block parameters 0.0035 0.002

=
𝑥𝑢 𝑥2
xu – depth of neutral axis
0.002 𝑥𝑢 4
-both tension and compression zero 𝑥2 =
0.0035
= 𝑥𝑢
7
xu=x1+x2 3
𝑥1 = 𝑥 = 0.429𝑥𝑢
0.446fck 0.0035 7 𝑢
x1
0.002
x2
Area of stress block = Area of rectangular portion + Area of

parabolic portion
3
Area of rectangular portion = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑥𝑢 = 0.191𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢
7
2 2 4
Area of parabola= 𝑏ℎ = ∗ 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑥𝑢 = 0.17𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢
3 3 7
Total area =0.361𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 0.446fck
Total compressive force

= stress * area
= 0.361𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b
Point through which the total force acts

𝑎1𝑥
ഥ 1 +𝑎2𝑥
ഥ2
𝑥ҧ =
𝑎1 +𝑎2
3 3
0.191𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 ∗14𝑥𝑢 +0.17𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 ∗ 8𝑥2 +𝑥1
=
0.361𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢
3 3 4 3
0.191∗ 𝑥𝑢 +0.17∗ ∗ 𝑥𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢
14 8 7 7
=
0.361
=0.417𝑥𝑢
𝑥ҧ =0.42𝑥𝑢
Analysis of Beam Sections
Rectangular Sections – subjected to sagging moment
Εc=.0035 0.446fck
x1 0.42xu
0.002 0.361𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b
xu
x2
NA
4
𝑥2 = 𝑥
7 𝑢
d
3
𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑢
𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
0.87fy 7
𝒔
= 0.429𝑥𝑢
b 𝑓𝑦
Cross section Strain diagram Stress diagram εs= + 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠
Analysis and Design of Beam Sections
Analysis
For a given cross section and reinforcement
- determine the maximum value of ultimate
moment of resistance
Design
For a given ultimate moment, find the cross section
and reinforcing steel required
Beam Sections (C/S)

- Rectangular sections
- I sections
- T sections
- L sections
Singly reinforced section d

Reinforcement in the tension zone alone.
b
Doubly reinforced section
Reinforcement in the tension and compression zone. d
b
Ultimate Moment of Resistance depends on whether the beam

is
under-reinforced - tension steel attains yield
strength before concrete attains
Balanced - both concrete and steel attains
their ultimate capacity
simultaneously
Over-reinforced - concrete attain ultimate capacity
and steel remains in elastic stage
Rectangular Sections – subjected to sagging moment – Balanced section
Εc=.0035 0.446fck
x1 0.42xu
0.002 0.361𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b
xu
x2
NA
4
𝑥2 = 𝑥
7 𝑢
d
3
𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑢
𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
0.87fy 7
𝒔
= 0.429𝑥𝑢
b 𝑓𝑦
1.15𝐸𝑠
For balanced section xu=xu,max –limiting depth of neutral

axis
Singly reinforced Sections
xu=xu,max xu<xu,max xu>xu,max
Εc=.0035 Εc<.0035 Εc=.0035
0.002 0.002
xu,max xu xu
NA
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 εs= + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒇𝒚
εs< 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬𝒔 𝒔
b
Cross section Balanced Under reinforced Over reinforced
xu=xu,max xu<xu,max xu>xu,max
Εc=.0035 Εc<.0035 Εc=.0035
0.002
xu, max xu xu
NA
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 εs= + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒇𝒚
εs< 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬𝒔 𝒔
b
Cross section Balanced Under reinforced Over reinforced
xu=xu,max - balanced section

- sudden failure, less alarming deflection
xu<xu,max – Under reinforced section

- sufficient alarm before failure, tension failure
xu > xu,max – Over reinforced section

- sudden brittle failure, failure due to crushing
of concrete
Under reinforced Sections

- with increase in load after reaching the yield
strength of steel, tension steel undergoes large plastic
deformation while tensile force remains constant.
- This results in increase in the strain in the extreme
compression fibre of concrete and shifting the neutral axis
upward.
- The flexural strength of the section is reached when
the extreme compression fibre of concrete attains its
ultimate strain.
Under reinforced section

xu=xu,max xu<xu, max
Εc=.0035 Εc<.0035
0.002
xu,lim xu
NA
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 εs= + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬𝒔
b
Cross section Balanced Under reinforced
TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD
Stress–Strain Curve for Mild Steel
OA - straight line portion wherein stress is

Y
proportional to strain; termed as “line of
F́
proportionality”.
E A - Limit of Proportionality (stress beyond
Ć F
stress
B
C D which the linear variation ceases)
A
B - Elastic Limit (the maximum stress at which
a specimen regains its original length on
E
removal of the applied force)
X
Ć - Upper Yield Stress (stress at the instant
O strain
when first decrease in force is observed)
C - Lower Yield stress (lowest value of stress
during plastic yielding)
TensionTest, Dr. Beena K P, College of Engineering
Trivandrum
To find the limiting depth of neutral axis

Εc=.0035
0.002
xu,max
NA
D d
b- width of section
d’ 𝒇𝒚
D-overall depth of section
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔 d-effective depth of section
b d=D-d’-diameter of bar/2
Cross section Balanced section d’- effective cover to steel
0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.002 +
1.15𝐸𝑠
0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
0.002 +
= 1.15𝐸𝑠 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
=
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
−1
0.002 +
1.15𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
0.002 + 𝑑 0.0055 +
𝑑 1.15𝐸𝑠 1.15𝐸𝑠
= +1 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
0.0055 +
1.15𝐸𝑠
Singly reinforced Sections – limiting depth of Neutral axis
For steel Es=2X105MPa
Mild steel fy=250 MPa

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035 0.0035
= 𝑓𝑦 = 250 = 0.53
𝑑 0.0055+ 0.0055+1.15∗2∗105
1.15𝐸𝑠
Fe415 fy=415 MPa
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
𝑑
= 415 = 0.48
0.0055+
1.15∗2∗105
Fe500 fy=500 MPa
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.0035
𝑑
= 500 = 0.46
0.0055+
1.15∗2∗105
Analysis
- first find the value of xu.
- compare the value of xu and xu,max
-balanced
-under reinforced
-over reinforced
- find the ultimate moment of resistance using
appropriate equations
Singly reinforced sections -Analysis
To find xu - Equate tension and compression
Εc=.0035 0.446fck
x1 0.42xu
0.002 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b=C
xu
x2
NA
4
𝑥2 = 𝑥𝑢
7
d
3
T 𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑢
Ast
𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
0.87fy 7
𝒔
= 0.429𝑥𝑢
b 𝑓𝑦
1.15𝐸𝑠
Total compression, C =0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b
Total tension, T = 0.87fyAst Ast – area of steel reinforcement
C = T for equilibrium
0.87fyAst 𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b = 0.87fyAst 𝑥𝑢 = =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 b 𝑑 0.36fck b𝑑
Ultimate Moment of Resistance,
Ε =.0035
Mu 0.446fck
c
x1 0.42xu
0.002 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 b=C
xu
x2
NA
d (d-0.42xu)
T
𝒇𝒚 0.87fy
Ast εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔
b
Cross section Strain diagram Stress diagram
xu<xu,max - Under reinforced section
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, Mu= 0.87fyAst (d-0.42xu)
xu=xu,max – balanced section and
xu > xu,max – Over reinforced section
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, Mu= 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 b (d-0.42xu)
Annexure G 1-IS 456-2000
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
< 𝑑
- Under reinforced section
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= – balanced section and
𝑑 𝑑
> – Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
Pbm 1) A rectangular beam of width 230mm and 520mm

effective depth is reinforced with 4 nos 16mm dia bars. The
materials are M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel
A) Find out depth of neutral axis and specify the type of
beam
B) Find the depth of neutral axis if the reinforcement is
increased to 5 nos 16mm dia bars
b = 230mm
d = 520 mm
Diameter of steel bar, D d
ds=16mm Ast
d’
Characteristic Compressive strength of concrete, fck=15 N/mm2

Characteristic strength of steel, fy=415 N/mm2
Annexure G 1-IS 456-2000
𝑑
< 𝑑
- Under reinforced section
= – balanced section and
𝑑 𝑑
> – Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥𝑢
A) To find
𝑑
No of bars = 4
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of steel, Ast= 4* 4 =
𝜋∗162
D d
4* =804.25mm2
4 Ast
d’
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
= b
𝑑 0.36fck bd
0.87∗415∗804.25
=0.36∗15∗230∗520
=0.4496
=0.48, for Fe 415
𝑑
< - 0.4496<0.48, Under reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
B) No of bars increased to 5
Area of steel,
𝜋∗162
Ast= 5* =1005.31mm2 D d
4
Ast
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst d’
=
𝑑 0.36fck bd b
0.87∗415∗1005.31
= 0.36∗15∗230∗520
=0.562
=0.48, for Fe 415
𝑑
> - 0.562>0.48, Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
Pbm 2) A singly reinforced rectangular beam of width

230mm and depth 500mm overall with a clear cover of
30mm is reinforced with 4 nos 20mm dia bars. The
materials used are M15 concrete and mild steel. Find out the
ultimate moment of resistance of the section. Also find the
moment of resistance if the reinforcement is increased to 5
nos 20mm dia bars
b = 230mm
D = 500 mm
d’=30mm D d
Diameter of steel bar, Ast
d’
ds=20mm
b
d=D-d’-ds/2=500-30-10=460mm
Characteristic Compressive strength of concrete, fck=15

N/mm2
Case 1
No of bars = 4
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of steel, Ast= 4* = D
4 d
𝜋∗202
4* =1256.64mm2 Ast
4
d’
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
= b
𝑑 0.36fck bd
0.87∗250∗1256.64
= 0.36∗15∗230∗460
=0.4783
=0.53, for Fe 250
𝑑
𝑑
<
𝑑
- 0.4783<0.53, Under reinforced section
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
250∗1256.64
= 0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 1256.64 ∗ 460 1 −
15∗230∗460
= 100.5kNm
Case 2
No of bars = 5
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of steel, Ast= 5* =
4
𝜋∗202 D d
5* =1570.8mm2
4
Ast
d’
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
=
𝑑 0.36fck bd b
0.87∗250∗1570.8
=0.36∗15∗230∗460
=0.598
=0.53, for Fe 250
𝑑
𝑑
>
𝑑
- 0.598>0.53, Over reinforced section
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.36*0.53(1-0.42*0.53)*230*460*460*15
=108.28kNm
Pbm 3) The overall dimensions of a singly reinforced

rectangular beam is 230X 600mm. The effective cover to
steel is 50mm. The beam is reinforced with 4 bars of 16mm
diameter HYSD bars. Find the working live load(UDL) that
the beam can carry without failure. Use M20 concrete. Span
5m
b = 230mm
D = 600 mm
Effective cover D d
=d’ +ds/2=50mm Ast
d’
Diameter of steel bar,
b
ds=16mm
d=D-d’-ds/2=600-50=550mm

No of bars = 4
𝜋𝑑 2
4
𝜋∗162
4* =804.25mm2 D
4 d
Ast
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
= d’
𝑑 0.36fck bd
0.87∗415∗804.25 b
=0.36∗20∗230∗550
=0.3188
=0.48, for Fe 415
𝑑
< - 0.3188<0.48, Under reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
250∗804.25
= 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 804.25 ∗ 550 1 − 20∗230∗550
= 136 kNm
Working moment = 136/1.5=92.2 kNm
𝑤𝑙 2
8
= 92.2𝑋106Nmm
8∗92.2∗106
𝑤= = 29.504𝑁/𝑚𝑚
50002
𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑚 = + 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑚 = 29.504𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 25kN 3.45𝑘𝑁 3.45𝑁

= 0.23 ∗ 0.6 ∗ = =
𝑚 𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 29.504 − 3.45 = 26.054𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑚
Pbm 4) An R C C Beam of overall dimension 300mmX550 mm is
reinforced with 4 bars of 20mm dia tor steel. The cover to the centre of
the bar is 50mm. Yield strength of steel is 415 N/mm2. M20 grade
concrete is used. Determine its ultimate moment capacity.
fck=20N/mm2
fy=415N/mm2
b=300mm
D d
D=550mm
d’+ds/2=50mm Ast
d’
d=550-50=500mm
b
𝜋∗𝑑 2
4
𝜋∗202
4* 4 =1256.64mm2
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst
=
𝑑 0.36fck bd
0.87∗415∗1256.64
= 0.36∗20∗300∗500
=0.4201
=0.48, for Fe 415
𝑑
< - 0.4201<0.48, under reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
415∗1256.64
= 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 1256.64 ∗ 500 1 −
20∗300∗500
= 186.83 kNm
Singly reinforced sections -Design
Steps.
1. Assume width of section(usually 200 to 230mm) if not
given
2. For given load(Dead and Live Load),
Find depth of section(normally minimum 300mm)
a) from serviceability criteria (Deflection), if
load and span is given ( l/d ratio)-section 23.2, IS 456-2000
b) from flexure criteria-for balanced section
Take the larger value
3. Find Area of steel required
4. Check the section for shear, for the given load
Pbm 5) Design a balanced singly reinforced rectangular

beam section for an applied moment 48 kNm. The width of
the beam is limited to 150mm. Use M15 and mild steel
reinforcement.
M=48 kNm
Factored moment=48*1.5=72 kNm
D d
b=150mm
Ast
fck=15N/mm 2 d’
fy=250N/mm2 b
To get the depth required (from flexure criteria)

For a balanced section
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.53 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑑
72 ∗ 106 = 0.36 ∗ 0.53 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.53 150 ∗ 15 ∗ 𝑑2
d=464.48 ≈465mm
Overall depth of beam= 500mm
Size of the beam is 150mmX500mm
To get the value of Ast
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 D d
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 Ast
d’
b
250∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
72X106 = 0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 465 1 −
15∗150∗465
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 914.9mm2, provide 3 -20mm dia bars
Note:- No check for shear and deflection – as span is not given

Pbm 6) Find the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced

concrete beam of 200mm width 400mm effective depth
reinforced with 4 mild steel bars of 20mm dia. Use M15
concrete. Redesign the beam if necessary.
b = 200mm
Diameter of steel bar,
D d
ds=20mm
Ast
d=400mm d’

No of bars = 4
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of steel, Ast= 4* 4 =
𝜋∗202
4* 4 =1256.64mm2
D d
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst Ast
= d’
𝑑 0.36fck bd
0.87∗250∗1256.64 b
= 0.36∗15∗200∗400
=0.633
=0.53, for Fe 250
𝑑
> - 0.633>0.53, Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.36*0.53(1-0.42*0.53)*200*400*400*15
=71.2kNm
Redesigning the section as under reinforced section
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 − 0.42
𝑑
71.2*106= 0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 400 1 − 0.42 ∗ .53
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1052.728mm2
1052.728∗4
Number of bars = = 3.35 ≈ 3 or provide 5, 16mm bars
202 ∗𝜋
Note:- No check for shear and deflection – as span is not given
Pbm 7) A reinforced concrete beam 300mm wide, 600mm deep has

a span of 6ms. Find the necessary tension reinforcement at the mid
span to enable the beam to carry a load of 7.5kN/m in addition to its
self wt. Use M15 concrete Fe 415 steel
fck=15N/mm2
fy=415N/mm2
Length =6m
b=300mm
D=600mm
Live load =7.5kN/m
Dead load =25*0.3*0.6=4.5kN/m
Total Load=7.5+4.5=12kN/m
Factored Load= 1.5*12=18kN/m

𝑤𝑙 2
Factored BendingMoment=
8
18 ∗ 6000 ∗ 6000
= = 81𝑘𝑁𝑚
8
Assuming an effective cover of 40mm,
d=600-40=560mm
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 − Ast, 3-
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 16mm dia
d’
b
415∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
81X106= 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 560 1 −
15∗300∗560
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 431mm2, provide 3 -16 mm dia bars
Check for shear and deflection can be done as span and load
is given
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE- SHEAR
Check for shear

Pg 72, section 40, IS 456-2000
𝑉𝑢
Nominal Shear stress, 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑
Vu-shear force due to design loads
b- width of section
d- effective depth of section
When 𝜏𝑣 is less than 𝜏𝑐 given in Table 19,minimum shear
reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6.
100𝐴𝑠
Calculate 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Find 𝜏𝑐 from Table 19, pg 73 IS 456-2000
𝑏𝑑
As – area longitudinal tension reinforcement
Check for shear

Total Factored Load=18kN/m
𝑤𝑙
Factored Shear Force, Vu= 2
18∗6
= =54kN
2
𝑉𝑢 54∗103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.321 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 300∗560
𝜋 ∗ 162
𝐴𝑠 = 3∗ =602.88mm2
4
100𝐴𝑠 100∗602.88
= =0.3588,
𝑏𝑑 300∗560
𝜏𝑐 from Table 19 corresponding to M15 is 0.395
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 , 0.321<0.395 hence safe.

Minimum shear reinforcement is enough.
0.4∗𝑏∗𝑆𝑣 0.4∗300∗300
Minimum Shear reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = = = 99.70𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦 0.87∗415
Providing 8mm 2 legged stirrups

𝜋∗82
Asv=2* =100.53mm2
4
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
=
𝑏𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.87∗415∗100.53
𝑠𝑣 = = = 302.32 ≈
0.4∗𝑏 0.4∗300
300𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Spacing normally between 100mm and 300mm( 300mm
maximum specified in the code section 26.5.1.5 IS 456)
Check for deflection (serviceability criteria)
l/d=6000/560=10.71<20 hence safe

5𝑊𝐿4
Deflection , δ=
384𝐸𝐼
𝑏𝑑 3 300∗5603
𝐼= = = 4390.4𝑋106𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐸𝑐 = 5700√𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/mm2 for concrete
𝐸𝑐 = 5700 15 = 22076N/mm2
5𝑊𝐿4
Deflection , δ=
384𝐸𝐼
5∗18∗60004
= = 0.5223𝑚𝑚.
384∗22076∗4390.4𝑋106
Span/350=6000/350=17.14mm(Section 23.2, IS 456)

0.5223<17.14
Hence safe
Pbm 8) Design a simply supported rectangular beam 4m

effective span which is subjected to a dead load of 15kN/m
and a live load of 10kN/m. Use M15 and mild steel.
fck=15N/mm2
fy=250N/mm2
Width, depth not given , Moment not given
Find depth from both serviceability and flexure criteria
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY- DEFLECTION
Minimum depth of section required
From serviceability criteria (Clause 42.1)
Section 23.2
Total deflection <l/250
<l/350 or 20mm whichever is less
Clause 23.2.1 pg 37 of IS 456-2000
l/d=20 for simply supported beams
l/d=20=> 4000/d=20
d>200
Effective depth is taken as 300mm. Overall depth =350mm
Assume a width of 230mm
Minimum depth of section required
From flexure criteria
Load Calculation
Dead Load = 15 kN/m
Live Load = 12 kN/m
Self weight of concrete = 25*230*350*10-6
= 2.013kN/m
Total Load = 15 + 12 + 2.013= 29.013 kN/m
𝑤𝑙 2
Maximum Bending Moment =
8
29.013∗4000∗4000
= 8
= 58.026𝑘𝑁𝑚
Factored Moment = 58.026*1.5=87.039kNm
Depth of section
For a balanced section
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.53 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑑
87.039 ∗ 106 = 0.36 ∗ 0.53 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.53 230 ∗ 15 ∗ 𝑑 2
d=412.42 ≈ 420mm
Overall depth =450mm
New Self weight of concrete =
= 25*230*450*10-6
= 2.5875kN/m
Total Load = 15 + 12 + 2.5875= 29.5875 kN/m

𝑤𝑙 2
Maximum Bending Moment = 8
29.5875 ∗ 4000 ∗ 4000
= = 59.125𝑘𝑁𝑚
8
Factored Moment = 59.125*1.5=88.7625kNm
88.7625 ∗ 106 = 0.36 ∗ 0.53 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.53 230 ∗ 15 ∗ 𝑑 2
d=416.48< 420mm Hence safe
Overall depth is finalised as 450mm
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 − Ast, 4-
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 20mm dia
d’
b
250∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
88.7625X106= 0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 420 1 −
15∗230∗420
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1241.33mm2, provide 4 -20mm dia bars
Check for shear

Total Load=29.5875kN/m
𝑤𝑙
Maximum Shear Force= 2
29.5875∗4
= =59.175kN
2
Factored shear force, Vu=59.175*1.5=88.7625kN
𝑉𝑢 88.7625∗103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.9188 ≈ 0.92 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 230∗420
𝜋 ∗ 202
𝐴𝑠 = 4∗ =1256.64mm2
4
100𝐴𝑠 100∗1256.64
= =1.3,
𝑏𝑑 230∗420
𝜏𝑐 from Table 19 corresponding to M15 is 0.648
𝜏𝑣 >𝜏𝑐 , hence not safe. shear reinforcement is required.

Minimum shear reinforcement,
0.4 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑆𝑣 0.4 ∗ 230 ∗ 300

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = = = 126.89𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦 0.87 ∗ 250
Providing 10mm 2 legged stirrups
𝜋∗102
Asv=2* =157mm2
4
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
=
𝑏𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑠𝑣 =
0.4∗𝑏
0.87∗250∗157
= 0.4∗230
= 371.17 ≈300mm(maximum spacing)
 Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − τ𝑐 𝑏𝑑
For vertical stirrups
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 =
𝑠𝑣
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 88.7625 − 0.648 ∗ 230 ∗ 420 = 26.1657𝑘𝑁
Spacing of 2 legged 10mm vertical stirrups,
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑆𝑣 =
𝑉𝑢𝑠
0.87∗250∗157∗420
= =548mm≈300mm(maximum spacing), hence
26165.7
here also minimum reinforcement is enough
Check for deflection (serviceability criteria)
l/d=4000/420=9.52<20 hence safe

5𝑊𝐿4
Deflection , δ=
384𝐸𝐼
𝑏𝑑 3 230∗4203
𝐼= = = 1420.02𝑋106𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝐸𝑐 = 5700√𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/mm2 for concrete
𝐸𝑐 = 5700 15 = 22076N/mm2
5𝑊𝐿4
Deflection , δ=
384𝐸𝐼
5∗29.5875∗1.5∗40004
= = 4.71𝑚𝑚.
384∗22076∗1420.02𝑋106
Span/350=4000/350=11.43mm(Section 23.2, IS 456)

11.43<17.14
Hence safe
Thank You
Vision and Mission –College of Engineering Trivandrum
VISION
 A Centre of Excellence for moulding technically competent and
ethically strong Civil Engineering Professionals with global
perspective.
MISSION
 M1. To impart quality education in Civil Engineering by integrating
theory, practice and research keeping pace with emerging
technologies .
 M2. To equip students with technical expertise so as to take up the
challenges in the field of Civil Engineering.
 M3. To encourage students for pursuing higher education and
research.
 M4. To create competent professionals who are capable of
upholding ethical values and principles of sustainable development.
Program Educational Objectives-NBA
The Program Educational Objectives for Civil Engineering program are designed to
produce competent professionals capable of contributing effectively to the domain of
Civil Engineering and to cater to the needs of the society
 PEO 1. Fundamental Knowledge: To bring out graduates who have the expertise
and ability to apply knowledge of basic science and engineering to identify,
formulate, and solve Civil Engineering problems.
 PEO 2. Core Competence: To train students to comprehend, analyse, design and
execute Civil Engineering projects by adopting appropriate engineering techniques
and tools.
 PEO 3. Professionalism: To inculcate in students professional and ethical
responsibility, effective communication skills, multi-disciplinary teamwork and
leadership skills, sustainability concepts for effective execution and management
of projects.
 PEO 4. Life-long Learning: To prepare graduates who can recognize the need to
engage in life-long learning and to adapt to changing professional and societal
needs.
Program Outcomes-NBA
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics science

engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution
of complex engineering problems
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate

techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including
prediction and modeling to complex engineerin g activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities legal and cultural
issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics
and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a

member or leader in diverse teams and individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context
of technological change.
Program Outcomes Civil Engineering Course-NBA
The programme is targeted at developing the following abilities

amongst students:
 PO 1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering for
the solution of Civil Engineering problems.
 PO 2. Identify, formulate and analyse Civil Engineering problems.
 PO 3. Design Civil Engineering systems, components or process to
meet desired needs within realistic constraints.
 PO 4. Conduct investigations of complex Civil Engineering
problems using research methods, design and conduct experiments,
analyse data and arrive at valid conclusions.
 PO 5. Use modern engineering tools and software necessary for
solution of Civil engineering problems.
 PO 6. Assess societal, health, safety and legal issues relevant to
professional engineering practice.
Program Outcomes Civil Engineering Course-NBA
The programme is targeted at developing the following abilities

amongst students:
 PO 7. Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,
economic, environmental and societal context and understand the
need for sustainable development.
 PO 8. Acquire and demonstrate ethical principles required for
professional practice.
 PO 9. Function effectively as an individual and as a member in
diverse teams.
 PO 10. Communicate effectively in verbal, written and visual forms.
 PO 11. Understand and demonstrate engineering and management
principles required for construction projects.
 PO 12. Adapt to the technological advancements through life-long
learning.

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ES 202 - Theory of structures-IV

ES 202 - Theory of Structures - IV 2-1-0-0

Tuesday 8:30 – 9:00 am and 9.15 – 9.45 am

Join with Google Meet

Module –I (6 hrs -15%)

Module –II (6 hrs-15%)

 Design of Doubly reinforced beams under flexure and

Module –III(6 hrs-15%)

Module –IV(6 hrs-15%)

 Design of Two way slab under flexure and shear with

Module –V(7 hrs-20%)

 Design of short column subjected to axial loads.

Module –VI(7 hrs-20%)

 To develop an overall understanding and interest in

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Module –I(6 hrs-15%)

 Design philosophy of Limit state method

Materials - Concrete and steel

1. Limit State Method

Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)

Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)

Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)- Materials

Section 5, Pg No 67(IS 456:2000)- Materials

Characteristic Strength(fy) of Steel

𝒓𝒎 − 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

Section 5, Pg No 68, IS 456:2000

Dead Load - IS 875 Part 1

Loads – Partial Safety Factors (Table 18, IS 456-2000)

- Beams are structural members

Sagging – top fibres under compression, bottom fibres under

Mechanical Properties (Stress – Strain relation ) of concrete

Design is based on the following Assumptions

d) Tensile strength of concrete is ignored

f) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at

Design stress block parameters 0.0035 0.002

Area of stress block = Area of rectangular portion + Area of

Total compressive force

Point through which the total force acts

Rectangular Sections – subjected to sagging moment

Analysis and Design of Beam Sections

Beam Sections (C/S)

Singly reinforced section d

Ultimate Moment of Resistance depends on whether the beam

Rectangular Sections – subjected to sagging moment – Balanced section

For balanced section xu=xu,max –limiting depth of neutral

xu=xu,max xu<xu,max xu>xu,max

Εc=.0035 Εc<.0035 Εc=.0035

xu=xu,max xu<xu,max xu>xu,max

Εc=.0035 Εc<.0035 Εc=.0035

xu=xu,max - balanced section

xu<xu,max – Under reinforced section

xu > xu,max – Over reinforced section

Under reinforced Sections

Under reinforced section

OA - straight line portion wherein stress is

To find the limiting depth of neutral axis

For steel Es=2X105MPa

Mild steel fy=250 MPa

Fe415 fy=415 MPa

Fe500 fy=500 MPa

Total tension, T = 0.87fyAst Ast – area of steel reinforcement

Annexure G 1-IS 456-2000

Pbm 1) A rectangular beam of width 230mm and 520mm