Advanced RC

Abdul Razzaq Touqan

Civil Engineering

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 References
1. ReinfoRced concRete Mechanics and design
seventh edition, James K. Wight, 2016

2. Structural Concrete, Theory and Design

Sixth Edition, M. Nadim Hassoun, Akthem Al-Manaseer ,
2015

3. Reinforced Concrete Structures, Park and Pauley, 1974

4. ACI 318-19 + Jordanian code

• Objectives
• Brief history
• Principles of structural design: i.e. MoM (conceptual design)
• Limit states design
– Strength
– Stiffness
– Stability 1
– Stability 2
• Development of member strength
– Ideal strength
– Dependable strength
– Probable strength
– Over strength

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 Introduction

Objectives:

-demonstrate principles of limit state design

 Brief History: beam with fixed ends

• Working Stress design (elastic theory)

• Plastic (strength) design

• Load Resistance Factor Design

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 Principles of Structural Design: i.e. MoM
conceptual design

Compatibility of Strains

Counterbalance (Equilibrium) of forces

Constitutive Equations of the material

 Limit States Design
Limit State:
Condition in which a structure or structural element is no longer
acceptable for its intended use.

Major groups for RC structural limit states

Strength: philosophy of LRFD method

Stiffness (serviceability): deflection and crack width limits at

service loads
Stability: 1. member and structure P-delta effects
short and long columns

2.ductility: material, member, structure

 Strength: Nominal versus design

• The basic strength equation for a section gives the nominal

(theoretical) strength, assuming ideal conditions.

• The design (reliable, dependable) strength of the section is

taken as the nominal strength multiplied by capacity
reduction factors Φ.
 Strength: Nominal versus design

strength required to 
strength provided   
 carry factored loads 
Mn  Mu
Vn  Vu
Strength provided is computed in accordance with rules and
assumptions of behavior prescribed by building codes (n refers
to nominal or ideal strength reduced to design strength by
strength reduction factor Ф) and the strength required is
obtained by performing a structural analysis using factored
loads.
 Loads and Load Combinations
Types of Loads

Gravity: Lateral
Dead Wind
Live Earthquake
Impact Soil lateral pressure
Snow Thermal
Rain/floods Centrifugal
 Strength Reduction Factors, Φ

Φ allows for approximations in calculations, variation in

material strength, and inaccuracies in workmanship.
Larger for critical elements with the least understood
behavior.
tension-controlled sections
Compression-controlled sections,
spirally reinforced
tied
Shear and torsion
Bearing on concrete
 Stiffness (serviceability)

• Members proportioned on the basis of the required

strength, may have small sections and sections with little
compression steel which lead to high stresses and
deformations at the service load. Therefore, it must be
verified that deflections at service load are within
acceptable limits.

• The crack widths at the service load should not exceed

specified limits for the sake of appearance and durability.

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 Stability 1

• Equilibrium equations are written based on undeformed

configuration of structure.

• Structures deform under gravity and lateral loads, thus it is

important to know the circumstances for which our
assumption is correct.

• For 5% difference in results it is ok to assume undeformed,

otherwise consider effect of loads on deformed structure
(member and structure P-delta effects).

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 Stability 2: (ductility)

• It is important to ensure that in the extreme event of a structure

being loaded to failure, it will behave in a ductile manner. The large
deflections at near-maximum load give ample warning of failure, and
by maintaining load carrying capacity, total collapse may be
prevented and lives saved.

• Also, ductile behavior of members enables the use in design of

distributions of bending moments that take into account the
redistribution possible from the elastic bending moment pattern.

• To ensure ductile behavior designers should give special attention to

details ensuring that all brittle types of failure (example failure due to
shear) are avoided.
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 Development of Member Strength
• In design it is often necessary to evaluate the possible upper and
lower bounds of the likely strength of structural components:
– To ensure a desired sequence of strength attainment (example
develop strength of beam before strength of the column).
– To avoid all types of nonductile failure modes.

• Real structures contain variations:

– in the strengths of the concrete and steel from specified values.
– in the specified dimensions due to constructional tolerances.
– in assumptions made in the derivation of strength equations.
Hence it is difficult to calculate exactly the real strength of a structure;
but it is possible to define levels of possible strength of members
like ideal strength, dependable strength, probable strength and
over strength.
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 Ideal Strength

• The ideal or nominal or theoritical strength of a

section of a member, is obtained from theory
predicting the failure behavior of the section and
on assumed section geometry and specified
material strengths.

• The major part of this course deals with the

derivation of the ideal strength, to which other
strength levels can be conveniently related.

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 Dependable Strength

• Using capacity reduction factors allow the

dependable or reliable strength (also called design
strength)to be related to the ideal strength, by the
capacity reduction factors less than 1.

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 Probable Strength

• The probable strength takes into account the fact that the
materials strengths are generally greater than the specified
strengths (example: steel yield strength may be 20% higher than
the specified strength, and the concrete strength may be as
much as 30% higher than the specified concrete strength).

The probable strengths of the materials can be obtained from

routine testing, normally conducted during construction of
the structure. If the information is required at the design stage,
the probable strengths must be based on previous experience
with the materials. The probable strength is obtained by
multiplying the ideal strength by a factor greater than 1 allowing
for materials being stronger than specified.
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 Over strength

• The over strength takes into account all the possible factors that may
cause a strength increase:
– A steel strength higher than the specified yield strength plus
additional steel strength due to strain hardening at large
deformations
– A concrete strength higher than specified
– Section sizes larger than assumed
– Additional reinforcement placed for construction purposes or
unaccounted for in calculations.
• The overstrength can be obtained by multiplying the ideal strength by
a factor greater than 1 allowing for all sources of strength increase
and is greater than 1.
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